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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Povijest</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnetizam_u_drevnoj_Kini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetizam_u_drevnoj_Kini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Magnetizam u drevnoj Kini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetizam_u_drevnoj_Kini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetizam_u_srednjem_vijeku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetizam_u_srednjem_vijeku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Magnetizam u srednjem vijeku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetizam_u_srednjem_vijeku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svojstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svojstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Svojstva</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Svojstva-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Svojstva</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Svojstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dijamagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijamagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dijamagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dijamagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paramagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Paramagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feromagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feromagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Feromagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feromagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferimagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferimagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ferimagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferimagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Metamagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektromagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektromagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Elektromagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektromagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiferomagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiferomagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Antiferomagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiferomagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zemljin_magnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zemljin_magnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zemljin magnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zemljin_magnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ampèreova_teorija_magnetizma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ampèreova_teorija_magnetizma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ampèreova teorija magnetizma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ampèreova_teorija_magnetizma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetizam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 92 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="चुंबकत्व – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चुंबकत्व" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مغناطيسية – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغناطيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismu" title="Magnetismu – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnetismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqnetizm" title="Maqnetizm – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maqnetizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Magnetismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнетызм – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магнетызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнэтызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Магнэтызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Магнетизъм – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнетизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="চুম্বকত্ব – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চুম্বকত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ཁབ་ལེན་ – tibetski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁབ་ལེན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwarellegezh" title="Gwarellegezh – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwarellegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizam" title="Magnetizam – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Magnetizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnetismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнетизм – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Магнетизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnetismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μαγνητισμός – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Magnetism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnetism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مغناطیس – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغناطیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismi" title="Magnetismi – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnetismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%B5tism" title="Magnõtism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Magnõtism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tisme" title="Magnétisme – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnétisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maighn%C3%A9adas" title="Maighnéadas – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maighnéadas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מגנטיות – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגנטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="चुम्बकत्व – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुम्बकत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1gness%C3%A9g" title="Mágnesség – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mágnesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մագնիսականություն – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնիսականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մագնիսականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մագնիսականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segulmagn" title="Segulmagn – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Segulmagn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="磁性 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="磁性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/makykai" title="makykai – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="makykai" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მაგნეტიზმი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგნეტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3t%CA%8B_h%C9%94m_%C9%96o%C5%8B_(magn%C3%A9tisme)" title="Ñɩɣtʋ hɔm ɖoŋ (magnétisme) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣtʋ hɔm ɖoŋ (magnétisme)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнетизм – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магнетизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಾಂತತೆ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂತತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0" title="자기 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнетизм – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магнетизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Magnetismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizmas" title="Magnetizmas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnetizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C4%93tisms" title="Magnētisms – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Magnētisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Магнетизам – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магнетизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4" title="കാന്തികത – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാന്തികത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemagnetan" title="Kemagnetan – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemagnetan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="သံလိုက်ဓာတ် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံလိုက်ဓာတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnetisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੁੰਬਕਤਾ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੁੰਬਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetyzm" title="Magnetyzm – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnetyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مقناطیسیت – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مقناطیسیت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llut%27ariy" title="Llut'ariy – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llut'ariy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnetism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнетизм – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнетизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitismu" title="Magnitismu – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnitismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مقناطيسيت – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مقناطيسيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizam" title="Magnetizam – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnetizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnetism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizmus" title="Magnetizmus – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Magnetizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizem" title="Magnetizem – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magnetizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizmi" title="Magnetizmi – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magnetizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Магнетизам – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнетизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tisme" title="Magnétisme – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Magnétisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnetism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usumaku" title="Usumaku – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usumaku" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="காந்தவியல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காந்தவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="అయస్కాంతత్వం – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయస్కాంతత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="ความเป็นแม่เหล็ก – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเป็นแม่เหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyetizma" title="Manyetizma – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manyetizma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнетизм – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магнетизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مقناطیسیت – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقناطیسیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizm" title="Magnetizm – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magnetizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Từ học – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magnetismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="磁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BB-kh%C3%AC" 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:300px; float: right; clear: right; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DCF0FF"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetizam" title="Elektromagnetizam">Elektromagnetizam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/220px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/330px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/440px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektricitet" title="Elektricitet">Elektricitet</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnetizam</a> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika">Elektrostatika</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">Električni naboj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coulombov_zakon" title="Coulombov zakon">Coulombov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">Električno polje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_tok" title="Električni tok">Električni tok</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaussov_zakon" title="Gaussov zakon">Gaussov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_potencijal" title="Električni potencijal">Električni potencijal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektrostatska_indukcija" title="Elektrostatska indukcija">Elektrostatska indukcija</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_dipolni_moment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Električni dipolni moment (stranica ne postoji)">Električni dipolni moment</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gusto%C4%87a_polarizacije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustoća polarizacije (stranica ne postoji)">Gustoća polarizacije</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetostatika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetostatika (stranica ne postoji)">Magnetostatika</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8reov_zakon_za_petlju" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampèreov zakon za petlju">Ampèreov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">Električna struja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">Magnetsko polje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magnetizacija" title="Magnetizacija">Magnetizacija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_tok" title="Magnetski tok">Magnetski tok</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biot%E2%80%93Savartov_zakon" title="Biot–Savartov zakon">Biot–Savartov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">Magnetski dipolni moment</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaussov_zakon_za_magnetizam" title="Gaussov zakon za magnetizam">Gaussov zakon za magnetizam</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasi%C4%8Dni_elektromagnetizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasični elektromagnetizam (stranica ne postoji)">Elektrodinamika</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zrakoprazan_prostor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zrakoprazan prostor (stranica ne postoji)">Zrakoprazan prostor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lorentzova_sila" title="Lorentzova sila">Lorentzov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetska_sila" title="Elektromagnetska sila">ems</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetska_indukcija" title="Elektromagnetska indukcija">Elektromagnetska indukcija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faradayev_zakon_indukcije" title="Faradayev zakon indukcije">Faradayev zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lenzov_zakon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenzov zakon">Lenzov zakon</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struja_pomaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struja pomaka (stranica ne postoji)">Struja pomaka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe">Maxwellove jednadžbe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_polje" title="Elektromagnetsko polje">EM polje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">Elektromagnetsko zračenje</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%A9nard-Wiechertov_potencijal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liénard-Wiechertov potencijal (stranica ne postoji)">Liénard-Wiechertov potencijal</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwellov_tenzor_stresa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwellov tenzor stresa (stranica ne postoji)">Maxwellov tenzor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vrtlo%C5%BEne_struje" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrtložne struje">Vrtložne struje</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Elektroenergetski_sustav" title="Elektroenergetski sustav">Električna mreža</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_vodljivost" title="Električna vodljivost">Električna vodljivost</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">Električni otpor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_kapacitet" title="Električni kapacitet">Električni kapacitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_induktivitet" title="Električni induktivitet">Električni induktivitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_impedancija" title="Električna impedancija">Impedancija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rezonator#Elektromagnetski" class="mw-disambig" title="Rezonator">Rezonantne šupljine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodi%C4%8D_valova_(elektromagnetizam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodič valova (elektromagnetizam) (stranica ne postoji)">Vodiči valova</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovarijantna_formulacija_klasi%C4%8Dnog_elektromagnetizma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovarijantna formulacija klasičnog elektromagnetizma (stranica ne postoji)">Kovarijantna formulacija</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektromagnetski_tenzor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektromagnetski tenzor (stranica ne postoji)">Elektromagnetski tenzor</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektromagnetski_stres-energijski_tenzor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektromagnetski stres-energijski tenzor (stranica ne postoji)">EM Stres-energijski tenzor</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cetvero-struja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Četvero-struja (stranica ne postoji)">Četvero-struja</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektromagnetski_%C4%8Detvero-potencijal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektromagnetski četvero-potencijal (stranica ne postoji)">Elektromagnetski četvero-potencijal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF;">Znanstvenici </th></tr> <tr style="line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/300px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/450px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/600px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Model prvobitnog <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">kompasa</a> (<i>sinan</i>) iz <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Han" title="Dinastija Han">dinastije Han</a> (206. pr. Kr. – 220.) za koji se pretpostavlja da je napravljen od prirodnog <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magneta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Magnet0873.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Magnet0873.png/300px-Magnet0873.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Magnet0873.png 1.5x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">Magnetske silnice</a> mogu se <a href="/wiki/Pokus" title="Pokus">pokusom</a> zapaziti ako se iznad <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magneta</a> postavi <a href="/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo">staklena</a> ploča i na nju pospe <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezna</a> pilovina te se ploča lagano potrese. Slova N i S predstavljaju položaje sjevernog i južnog pola.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Magpins1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Magpins1.JPG/300px-Magpins1.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Magpins1.JPG/450px-Magpins1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Magpins1.JPG/600px-Magpins1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Djelovanje <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magneta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Permeability_by_Zureks.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg/300px-Permeability_by_Zureks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg/450px-Permeability_by_Zureks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Permeability_by_Zureks.svg/600px-Permeability_by_Zureks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Pojednostavljeni usporedni pregled <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_permeabilnost" title="Magnetska permeabilnost">magnetske permeabilnosti</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feromagnetizam" title="Feromagnetizam">feromagnetika</a> (μ<sub>f</sub>), paramagnetika(μ<sub>p</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuuma</a> (μ<sub>0</sub>) i dijamagnetika (μ<sub>d</sub>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Diamagnetic_graphite_levitation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Diamagnetic_graphite_levitation.jpg/300px-Diamagnetic_graphite_levitation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Diamagnetic_graphite_levitation.jpg/450px-Diamagnetic_graphite_levitation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Diamagnetic_graphite_levitation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dijamagnetizam" title="Dijamagnetizam">Dijamagnetička</a> svojstva zlata: lebdenje ili <a href="/wiki/Levitacija" title="Levitacija">levitacija</a> pirolitičkog <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Magnet_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Magnet_4.jpg/300px-Magnet_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Magnet_4.jpg/450px-Magnet_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Magnet_4.jpg/600px-Magnet_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">Magnet</a> koji lebdi iznad <a href="/wiki/Supravodljivost" title="Supravodljivost">supravodiča</a> zbog <a href="/wiki/Meissnerov_u%C4%8Dinak" title="Meissnerov učinak">Meissnerovog učinka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:MagnetEZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/300px-MagnetEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/450px-MagnetEZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alnico" title="Alnico">Alnico</a> <a href="/wiki/Feromagnetizam" title="Feromagnetizam">feromagnet</a> u obliku potkove.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Simple_electromagnet2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Simple_electromagnet2.gif/300px-Simple_electromagnet2.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Simple_electromagnet2.gif/450px-Simple_electromagnet2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Simple_electromagnet2.gif 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Jednostavan <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnet" title="Elektromagnet">elektromagnet</a> se sastoji od zavojnice izoliranog <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnog vodiča</a> koji je namotan ono <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezne</a> jezgre. Jakost magnetskog polja <i>H</i> je sukladna s jačinom električne struje <i>i</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Barite-Hematite-k243a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barite-Hematite-k243a.jpg/300px-Barite-Hematite-k243a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barite-Hematite-k243a.jpg/450px-Barite-Hematite-k243a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barite-Hematite-k243a.jpg/600px-Barite-Hematite-k243a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hematit" title="Hematit">Hematit</a> je <a href="/wiki/Antiferomagnetizam" title="Antiferomagnetizam">antiferomagnet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Geomagnetisme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Geomagnetisme.svg/300px-Geomagnetisme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Geomagnetisme.svg/450px-Geomagnetisme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Geomagnetisme.svg/600px-Geomagnetisme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zemljino_magnetsko_polje" title="Zemljino magnetsko polje">Zemljino magnetsko polje</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Magnetizam</b> (prema <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetu</a> koje dolazi od <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>magnes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a> <i>magnetis</i> < <a href="/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik">grč</a>. <i>Μαγνῆτıς λίϑος</i>: kamen iz Magnezije) je skup pojava povezanih s <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetskim poljem</a> i s ponašanjem tvari u magnetskom polju. Magnetska svojstva tvari potječu od <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">magnetskih momenta</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> i njihovih međudjelovanja koja mogu stvoriti kolektivno magnetsko uređenje. Magnetizam atoma posljedica je magnetizma <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> i njihovih međudjelovanja. Razlikuje se orbitalni magnetski moment, zbog gibanja elektrona oko atomske jezgre, i <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spinski</a> magnetski moment, kao vlastito <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnomehaničko</a> svojstvo elektrona i jezgre. S obzirom na ponašanje u magnetskom polju, sve se tvari odlikuju svojom <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_permeabilnost" title="Magnetska permeabilnost">magnetskom permeabilnošću</a>. Tako se mogu razlikovati dijamagnetične, paramagnetične, feromagnetične, ferimagnetične i antiferomagnetične tvari.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Po <a href="/wiki/Legenda" title="Legenda">predaji</a>, do naziva magnet došlo je tako što je svojstva magneta zapazio pastir Magnus na <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka">grčkom</a> otoku <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreti</a>. Po toj predaji, on je na <a href="/wiki/Sandale" title="Sandale">sandalama</a> imao <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezne</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cavao" title="Čavao">čavle</a> te je, dok je išao preko kamenja, primijetio da mu to kamenje privlači sandale. Dakako, to kamenje je bila <a href="/wiki/Mineralne_sirovine" title="Mineralne sirovine">rudača</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Tales Milećanin</a>, a poslije i drugi grčki <a href="/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof">filozofi</a>, pisao je o neobičnom ponašanju željezne rudače koja privlači željezne predmete. Naime, oblikovana željezna rudača - magnetit, crna <a href="/wiki/Mineralne_sirovine" title="Mineralne sirovine">ruda</a> metalnog sjaja, ima sposobnost privlačenja <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>. Ruda magnetit kopala se u <a href="/wiki/Mala_Azija" title="Mala Azija">maloazijskom</a> mjestu Magnezijum, po kojem je neobična pojava svojstvena oblikovanim komadima magnetita dobila naziv magnetizam. Dakle, za tijela koja imaju svojstvo privlačenja željeznih predmeta kaže se da su magnetična i nazivaju se <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magneti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetizam_u_drevnoj_Kini">Magnetizam u drevnoj Kini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Magnetizam u drevnoj Kini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Magnetizam u drevnoj Kini"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija_drevne_Kine" title="Tehnologija drevne Kine">Tehnologija drevne Kine</a></div></i></div> <p>Za razliku od papira, magnetski <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">kompas</a> je bio <a href="/wiki/Naprava" title="Naprava">naprava</a> bez koje je kineska civilizacija mogla živjeti isto kao i s njom, ali ovaj slučaj upravo pokazuje ono malo veza između <a href="/wiki/Znanost" title="Znanost">znanosti</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologije</a> u drevnoj Kini. Tajnovita svojstva <i>magnetnog kamena</i> (prirodni <a class="mw-selflink selflink">magnetizam</a> minerala <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetita</a>) bila su poznata do 300. pr. Kr. i isprva su korištena kao sredstvo <a href="/wiki/Proricanje" title="Proricanje">proricanja</a>. Do 100. pr. Kr. je postalo poznato da se magnetna igla usmjerava duž pravca sjever-jug i to je svojstvo korišteno u geomantiji ili umijeću <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a>, pravilnom postavljanju kuća, hramova, grobnica, cesta i drugih <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%91evina" class="mw-redirect" title="Građevina">građevina</a>. Kasnije se pojavila razrađena naturalistička teorija koja je objašnjavala gibanje magnetne igle kao odziv na strujanje energije kroz i oko Zemlje, što je primjer koji pokazuje da tehnologija ponekad potiče pretpostavke o prirodi, a ne samo obratno, kako se danas uobičajeno misli. </p><p>U Kini su kasnije magneti proizvođeni na različite načine: trljanjem željeza magnetitom ili magnetiziranim <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanjem</a> zagrijane željezne trake postavljene u smjeru sjever-jug, te naglim uranjanjem zagrijane željezne šipke, postavljene u smjeru sjever-jug, u vodu. Prvi pouzdani prikaz primitivnog, ali uporabivog kompasa ili <i>sinana</i>, nalazi se u knjizi iz 83., dok ostali izvori sežu možda i do 4. st. pr. Kr. Komad magnetita bi se izdubio u oblik zaimače (<a href="/wiki/Grabilica" title="Grabilica">grabilice</a> za uzimanje i prenošenje juha), koja bi se postavila na kamenu ploču ravne, uglačane površine, a drška bi se potom usmjerila prema jugu. Izvori navode da je osim u geomantiji korišten i za orijentaciju tijekom putovanja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetizam_u_srednjem_vijeku">Magnetizam u srednjem vijeku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Magnetizam u srednjem vijeku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Magnetizam u srednjem vijeku"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U <a href="/wiki/13._stolje%C4%87e" title="13. stoljeće">13. stoljeću</a> utvrđeno je da i željezo postaje magnetično ako se preko njega prelazi drugim magnetom. Tako nastaju umjetni magneti. Magneti mogu biti različitih oblika. Najčešće su u obliku igle, štapića i potkove. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrus_Peregrinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrus Peregrinus (stranica ne postoji)">Petrus Peregrinus</a> prvi je u Europi (1269.) detaljnije opisao <a href="/wiki/Navigacija" title="Navigacija">navigaciju</a> s pomoću magnetne igle. <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert" title="William Gilbert">William Gilbert</a> (1600.) otkrio je <a href="/wiki/Zemljino_magnetsko_polje" title="Zemljino magnetsko polje">magnetizam Zemlje</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> postavio je 1785. zakon o privlačenju i odbijanju magnetnih polova. Do početka 19. stoljeća smatralo se da električne i magnetske pojave nisu povezane. Epohalno je otkriće <a href="/wiki/Danska" title="Danska">danskog</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičara</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hansa Christiana Ørsteda</a>, koji je (1820.) utvrdio da <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električna struja</a> djeluje na magnetnu iglu. Pet godina poslije <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> otkrio je zakon o silama među vodičima kojima teče električna struja. Tada je konstruiran i prvi <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnet" title="Elektromagnet">elektromagnet</a>. Oko 1830. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lenz" title="Heinrich Lenz">Heinrich Lenz</a> otkrili su <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetska_indukcija" title="Elektromagnetska indukcija">elektromagnetsku indukciju</a> i njezine zakonitosti, a <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> je 1873. sjedinio Ørstedove i Faradayeve spoznaje u zaokruženu cjelinu <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetizam" title="Elektromagnetizam">električnih i magnetskih pojava</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svojstva">Svojstva</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Svojstva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Svojstva"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osim <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">prirodnih magneta</a>, postoje i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umjetni_magnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umjetni magnet (stranica ne postoji)">umjetni magneti</a>, koji se dijele na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalni_magnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stalni magnet (stranica ne postoji)">stalne magnete</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnet" title="Elektromagnet">elektromagnete</a>. Stalni magneti izrađuju se od posebnih željeznih <a href="/wiki/Legura" title="Legura">legura</a> (tzv. tvrdih feromagnetskih materijala) i trajno zadržavaju magnetska svojstva. Uz stalne magnete postoje i elektromagneti (zavojnice s jezgrom od mekog željeza), koji su magneti samo dok kroz njihovu zavojnicu teče <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električna struja</a>. </p><p>Ako se magnet u obliku tankog štapa objesi tako da se može slobodno vrtjeti u horizontalnoj ravnini, magnetski štap će se okrenuti tako da jednim krajem pokazuje približno prema <a href="/wiki/Sjever" title="Sjever">sjeveru</a>. Taj kraj se naziva sjevernim polom magnetskog štapa i označava se slovom N (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">eng</a>. <i>north</i>). Drugi je kraj okrenut prema <a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">jugu</a> pa se označava slovom S (eng. <i>south</i>). Približi li se sjeverni pol jednog <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magneta</a> sjevernom polu slobodno obješene magnetne igle, oni će se međusobno udaljavati. Slično se događa i za južne polove. Naprotiv, sjeverni pol magneta privlači južni pol magnetske igle i obrnuto. Posljedica međudjelovanja magneta je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetska_sila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetska sila (stranica ne postoji)">magnetska sila</a> koja može biti odbojna i privlačna. U blizini polova magneta magnetske sile su najjače. Peregrinusovim pokusom se može zaključiti da se magnet sastoji od velikog broja malih, elementarnih magneta koji tvore nizove, a na krajevima imaju slobodne polove N i S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dijamagnetizam">Dijamagnetizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Dijamagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dijamagnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Dijamagnetizam" title="Dijamagnetizam">Dijamagnetizam</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Dijamagnetizam</b> je svojstvo mnogih <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijskih elemenata</a> (npr. <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cink" title="Cink">cinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicij" title="Silicij">silicija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi">plemenitih plinova</a>) i većine <a href="/wiki/Organska_kemija" title="Organska kemija">organskih spojeva</a>, koje obilježava slaba <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_permeabilnost" title="Magnetska permeabilnost">magnetska permeabilnost</a>. To su dijamagnetici, njihova je relativna magnetska permeabilnost manja od 1 i gotovo ne ovisi o <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturi</a>. Kod tih se tvari vanjsko <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a> neutralizira poljem koje stvara kružno gibanje <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, takozvana <b>Larmorova precesija</b> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a>), pa je zbog toga gustoća <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_tok" title="Magnetski tok">magnetskoga toka</a> zapravo manja od gustoće toka u vanjskome magnetskome polju. <b>Anomalni dijamagnetici</b>, na primjer <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut">bizmut</a>, imaju većinu svojstava dijamagnetičnih tvari, ali im je magnetska permeabilnost 10 do 100 puta veća od permeabilnosti ostalih dijamagnetika i na niskim temperaturama ovisi o temperaturi. Kod svih dijamagnetičnih tvari <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a> prolazi gotovo nedeformirano (strogo uzevši samo za magnetsku permeabilnost 1), pa se te tvari u makroskopskim uvjetima očituju kao "nemagnetične" (ne privlači ih magnet). Dijamagnetska svojstva pokazuju i tvari kod kojih se javlja <a href="/wiki/Supravodljivost" title="Supravodljivost">supravodljivost</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramagnetizam">Paramagnetizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Paramagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Paramagnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetizam" title="Paramagnetizam">Paramagnetizam</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Paramagnetizam</b> je svojstvo mnogih tvari, kemijskih elemenata (na primjer <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>) i kemijskih spojeva, koje obilježava relativna <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_permeabilnost" title="Magnetska permeabilnost">magnetska permeabilnost</a> nešto veća od 1. To je u prirodi najčešći oblik magnetizma. Paramagnetične tvari u magnetskom polju dobivaju slab dodatni <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_induktivitet" title="Električni induktivitet">inducirani</a> magnetizam istoga smjera kao i polje, koji nastaje djelomičnim usmjeravanjem atomskih <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">magnetskih momenata</a> i veći je na nižoj temperaturi. U paramagnetskom stanju magnetski momenti <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> slabo međusobno djeluju i nisu kolektivno uređeni. I te tvari ne pokazuju makroskopsku "magnetičnost", ali se, na primjer, kuglica od aluminija pri padu kroz jako polje potkovasta magneta usporava. Kod njih se zbog toplinskoga gibanja atoma ili <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a> stalno mijenjaju smjerovi rezultantnih magnetskih momenata tako da je ukupni magnetski moment jednak nuli iako su im rezultantni magnetski momenti različiti od nule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feromagnetizam">Feromagnetizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Feromagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Feromagnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Feromagnetizam" title="Feromagnetizam">Feromagnetizam</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Feromagnetizam</b> je svojstvo karakteristično za <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikal" title="Nikal">nikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gadolinij" title="Gadolinij">gadolinij</a>, za njihove međusobne <a href="/wiki/Slitine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slitine">slitine</a> i neke spojeve s drugim elementima, a samo za malen broj tvari u kojima se ta četiri elementa ne pojavljuju. Feromagnetične tvari imaju izrazitu relativnu magnetsku permeabilnost, znatno veću od 1 (od 1000 do 10 000). Feromagnetizam nastaje kao posljedica jakih međudjelovanja (interakcija) magnetskih momenata atoma, zbog čega nastaje kolektivno magnetsko uređenje, takozvana <b>spontana magnetizacija</b>, koja se s porastom temperature smanjuje. Zbog toga feromagnetične tvari pokazuju jaku "magnetičnost", u vanjskome magnetskome polju postaju inducirani magneti koje zatim to polje privlači. To inducirano polje mogu zadržati neko vrijeme, pa i stalno. </p><p>Osobito je važna <a href="/wiki/Curiejeva_temperatura" title="Curiejeva temperatura">Curiejeva točka</a>, tj. granična temperatura iznad koje te tvari gube feromagnetična svojstva i postaju paramagnetici (za <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a> 758 <a href="/wiki/Celzij" title="Celzij">°C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikal" title="Nikal">nikal</a> 360 °C, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> 1075 °C, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinij" title="Gadolinij">gadolinij</a> 16 °C). <a href="/wiki/Hla%C4%91enje" title="Hlađenje">Hlađenjem</a> na temperaturu nižu od Curiejeve ponovno nastaje feromagnetsko stanje. Feromagnetične tvari imaju više ili manje izražen takozvani remanentni magnetizam ili <b>zaostali magnetizam</b>: ako ih se dovede u <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a> i zatim djelovanje polja ukloni, njihova magnetizacija ne iščezne potpuno (<a href="/wiki/Histereza" title="Histereza">histereza</a>). Tako se od tvari s velikim remanentnim magnetizmom dobivaju jaki stalni ili permanentni magneti. Posebnu skupinu feromagnetičnih materijala čine tvari poznate pod nazivom <a href="/wiki/Ferit_(magnet)" title="Ferit (magnet)">ferit</a>. </p><p><b>Antiferomagnetici</b> (npr. <a href="/wiki/Manganov(II)_oksid" title="Manganov(II) oksid">manganov oksid</a>, manganov sulfid, željezni sulfid) su tvari kojima magnetska permeabilnost na kritičnoj temperaturi (slično Curievoj točki) prolazi kroz maksimum. Te su tvari po ostalim magnetskim svojstvima vrlo slične feromagneticima, odnosno iznad takozvane antiferomagnetske Curiejeve točke paramagneticima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferimagnetizam">Ferimagnetizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Ferimagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ferimagnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Ferimagnetizam" title="Ferimagnetizam">Ferimagnetizam</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Ferimagnetizam</b> je pojava kod koje se <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">magnetski momenti</a> susjednih <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a> u ograničenim područjima <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristala</a> (domena), koja su feromagnetska, međusobno poništavaju, slično nizu permanentnih magneta nasuprotnih orijentacija. Takve tvari, ponajviše <a href="/wiki/Ferit_(magnet)" title="Ferit (magnet)">feriti</a>, odlikuju se velikom <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">električnom otpornošću</a> koja je uzrokovana prelascima elektrona na granicama domena, a na temperaturama višima od Curiejeve, kao i feromagnetične, prelaze u paramagnetične tvari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamagnetizam">Metamagnetizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Metamagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Metamagnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Metamagnetizam" title="Metamagnetizam">Metamagnetizam</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Metamagnetici</b> pokazuju jaku <a href="/wiki/Anizotropija" title="Anizotropija">anizotropiju</a> magnetskih svojstava; u smjeru su jedne <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalne</a> osi paramagnetici, a u smjeru druge feromagnetici. Takvih je tvari vrlo malo, na primjer <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kalcijev_klorid" title="Kalcijev klorid">kalcijev klorid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektromagnetizam">Elektromagnetizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Elektromagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Elektromagnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetizam" title="Elektromagnetizam">Elektromagnetizam</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Elektromagnetizam</b> je pojava <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetskoga polja</a> izazvana promjenama <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električnoga polja</a>, odnosno tokom <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električne struje</a>. Tu je pojavu prvi uočio <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, a teoretski razjasnio <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>. Električno i magnetsko polje usko su povezani i svaka promjena jednog od polja izaziva promjenu drugoga, pa se shvaćaju kao jedinstveno <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_polje" title="Elektromagnetsko polje">elektromagnetsko polje</a> (elektrodinamika). Ta su dva polja u svakoj točki prostora međusobno okomita. Prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biot-Savartov_zakon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biot-Savartov zakon (stranica ne postoji)">Biot-Savartovu zakonu</a> svi djelići (duljine <i>ds</i>) nekog <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnog vodiča</a> kojim teče <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električna struja</a> (<i>i</i>) stvaraju u točki na udaljenosti (<i>r</i>) <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a> jakosti (<i>H</i>), koje je određeno jednakošću: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\frac {i}{c}}\int {\frac {d\mathbf {s} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{|\mathbf {r} |^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>i</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\frac {i}{c}}\int {\frac {d\mathbf {s} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{|\mathbf {r} |^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b2ee65c984e4c41d5c83f7377005991100f9f7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:17.285ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\frac {i}{c}}\int {\frac {d\mathbf {s} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{|\mathbf {r} |^{3}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je <i>c</i> brzina prostiranja magnetskoga polja, to jest <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzina svjetlosti</a>. S pomoću te jednakosti može se izračunati jakost magnetskoga polja u svakoj točki prostora bilo kako oblikovanoga vodiča struje (elektrodinamičko djelovanje). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiferomagnetizam">Antiferomagnetizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Antiferomagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Antiferomagnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Antiferomagnetizam" title="Antiferomagnetizam">Antiferomagnetizam</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Antiferomagnetizam</b> je način <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetskoga</a> uređenja <a href="/wiki/Krutine" title="Krutine">krute tvari</a>, pri čemu su <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">magnetski momenti</a> susjednih <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> usmjereni antiparalelno jedan drugomu tako da je ukupna <a href="/wiki/Magnetizacija" title="Magnetizacija">magnetizacija</a> u odsutnosti vanjskoga magnetskoga polja jednaka nuli. Postoji u većini <a href="/wiki/Anorganska_kemija" title="Anorganska kemija">anorganskih spojeva</a> <a href="/wiki/Prijelazni_metali" title="Prijelazni metali">prijelaznih metala</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rijetke_zemlje" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijetke zemlje">rijetkih zemalja</a>. Također je uočen kod nekih <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Krom" title="Krom">krom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> i drugi) i <a href="/wiki/Slitina" class="mw-redirect" title="Slitina">slitina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grijanje" title="Grijanje">Grijanjem</a> se takvo antiparalelno uređenje narušava, da bi potpuno nestalo iznad određene temperature, nazvane <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9elova_temperatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Néelova temperatura">Néelova temperatura</a> <i>T<sub>N</sub></i>, po <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eugene_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugene Félix Néel">L.E.F. Néelu</a> koji je 1936. predložio prvo objašnjenje antiferomagnetizma. Néelova temperatura je značajka pojedinog materijala (za MnF<sub>2</sub> je <i>T<sub>N</sub></i> = 67,4 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>; za NiO je <i>T<sub>N</sub></i> = 520 K; za Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> je <i>T<sub>N</sub></i> = 310 K). Antiferomagneti pokazuju malu pozitivnu magnetsku susceptibilnost koja dostiže maksimum na <i>T<sub>N</sub></i>. Iznad temperature prijelaza antiferomagneti postaju <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetizam" title="Paramagnetizam">paramagneti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zemljin_magnetizam">Zemljin magnetizam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Zemljin magnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zemljin magnetizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Zemljino_magnetsko_polje" title="Zemljino magnetsko polje">Zemljino magnetsko polje</a></div></i></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a> predstavlja golemi <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>. U njezinom magnetskom polju svaki slobodno pokretljivi magnet orijentira se tako da mu je jedna strana okrenuta približno prema sjeveru, a druga prema jugu. Kad se <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetna</a> igla objesi tako da se može vrtjeti u vodoravnoj ravnini, orijentirat će se približno u smjeru sjever - jug. Kraj magnetne igle koji pokazuje prema sjeveru naziva se sjevernim polom N, dok je drugi južni pol S. To svojstvo magnetne igle se primjenjuje u <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">kompasu</a> za određivanje strana svijeta. </p><p>Međutim, polovi magneta i geografski polovi Zemlje se ne poklapaju u potpunosti, to jest smjer magnetske igle se ne podudara u potpunosti s pravcem sjever - jug. Odstupanje od tog pravca se naziva <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_deklinacija" title="Magnetska deklinacija">magnetska deklinacija</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a> deklinacije između Zemljine osi i magnetske osi označavamo s <i>δ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dko_pismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grčko pismo">grčki</a> <a href="/wiki/Delta" title="Delta">delta</a>) i iznosi 15° (15 <a href="/wiki/Stupanj_(kut)" title="Stupanj (kut)">stupnjeva</a>). <a href="/wiki/Deklinacija_(astronomija)" title="Deklinacija (astronomija)">Deklinacija</a> se sada može <a href="/wiki/Definicija" title="Definicija">definirati</a> kao kut između geografskog i magnetskog <a href="/wiki/Meridijan" title="Meridijan">meridijana</a>. Ipak, odstupanje od točnog smjera sjever - jug se za mnoge praktične svrhe može zanemariti. Za utvrđivanje smjera sjevera koristi se lagani magnet koji čini kompas ili busolu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ampèreova_teorija_magnetizma"><span id="Amp.C3.A8reova_teorija_magnetizma"></span>Ampèreova teorija magnetizma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Ampèreova teorija magnetizma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ampèreova teorija magnetizma"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a></div></i></div> <p>Na osnovi <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetskog</a> djelovanja <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električne struje</a>, Ampère je postavio <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipotezu</a> da svako <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a> ima svoj uzrok u električnoj struji. Dijeleći <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> na sitne djeliće, svaki djelić čini za sebe potpuni magnet. Prema tome se može uzeti da je svaka molekula magnet s polovima na suprotnim krajevima. Magnetizam <a href="/wiki/Molekule" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekule">molekule</a> tumači se time što oko molekule teče molekularna električna struja. Pod utjecajem magnetskog polja, kada se tijelo magnetizira, sve njegove molekularne struje zauzimaju isti smjer, te se time ispoljava magnetizam tijela.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>magnetizam</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr//natuknica.aspx?ID=38035">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Velimir Kruz: "Tehnička fizika za tehničke škole", "Školska knjiga" Zagreb, 1969.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Web courseware Povijest fizike</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802174002/http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 2. kolovoza 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&oldid=6923152">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetizam&oldid=6923152</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Elektromagnetizam" title="Kategorija:Elektromagnetizam">Elektromagnetizam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Geofizika" title="Kategorija:Geofizika">Geofizika</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 30. travnja 2024. u 17:30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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