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assist in formatting, such as <span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Leo_Singer&defaults=y">reFill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill" title="Wikipedia:ReFill">documentation</a>)</span> and <span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Leo_Singer">Citation bot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">documentation</a>)</span>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singer%27s_Midgets_-_carnival_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Singer%27s_Midgets_-_carnival_poster.jpg/300px-Singer%27s_Midgets_-_carnival_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Singer%27s_Midgets_-_carnival_poster.jpg/450px-Singer%27s_Midgets_-_carnival_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Singer%27s_Midgets_-_carnival_poster.jpg/600px-Singer%27s_Midgets_-_carnival_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Poster advertising "Singer's Midgets" (circa 1915)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Leopold von Singer</b> (May 3, 1877 – March 5, 1951) was an Austrian-born <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> manager of an entertainment troupe called <b>Singer's Midgets</b>, that were a popular <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> group in the first half of the twentieth century. He was responsible for casting many performers in the iconic 1939 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>. </p><p>Singer was born to a prominent family in <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna, Austria</a>. He was reportedly inspired to form Singer's Midgets in 1912 or 1913, after he and his daughter Trudy were entertained by a troupe of <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">little people</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Prater" title="Prater">Vienna Prater</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Singer_Midgets">The Singer Midgets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Singer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Singer Midgets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leopold Singer and his wife Walberga recruited <a href="/wiki/Midgets" class="mw-redirect" title="Midgets">midgets</a> (later called "little people") for his own troupe, The Singer Midgets, and began building the Liliputstadt, a "midget city" at the "Venice in Vienna" amusement park, where they could perform.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singer mainly sought out little people with proportionately-sized body parts – generally called "<a href="/wiki/Midgets" class="mw-redirect" title="Midgets">midgets</a>", thus the name of the troupe – so that they could move and dance with ease.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liliputstadt was a major success, Singer began to tour with his performers throughout Europe and, in the process, recruited new members. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, the troupe traveled to the United States, and remained there for the remainder of the act's existence. They performed in vaudeville theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because he was Austrian, the Bureau of Investigation (later the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>) investigated Singer during World War I. In the end, the agents agreed with Singer’s claim that the accusations against him were based on “professional jealousy.”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, some of Singer's Midgets began appearing in films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_the_Ape_Man_(1932_film)" title="Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)">Tarzan the Ape Man</a></i> (1932), <i><a href="/wiki/They_Gave_Him_a_Gun" title="They Gave Him a Gun">They Gave Him a Gun</a></i> (1937), <i><a href="/wiki/Block-Heads" title="Block-Heads">Block-Heads</a></i> (1938), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terror_of_Tiny_Town" title="The Terror of Tiny Town">The Terror of Tiny Town</a></i>, a 1938 Western with an all-dwarf cast. Also in 1938, Singer signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> to provide 124 actors and stand-ins to play <a href="/wiki/Munchkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchkins">Munchkins</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1939). Some of the members of his troupe formed a portion of the group, and he traveled throughout the United States to recruit others.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singer was a somewhat controversial figure in his day. The actor <a href="/wiki/Billy_Curtis" title="Billy Curtis">Billy Curtis</a> once noted that Singer "had a reputation for cheating his midgets."<sup id="cite_ref-harmetz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harmetz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the filming of <i>The Wizard of Oz</i>, Singer reportedly kept half of his performers' weekly pay. Nevertheless, his troupe members often spoke positively of him. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nita_Krebs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nita Krebs (page does not exist)">Nita Krebs</a> said that he "always treated his people fine," and Grace Williams said, "He had private tutors to give them an education. He treated them fine and gave them beautiful hotel suites."<sup id="cite_ref-harmetz_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harmetz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern_Formica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fern Formica (page does not exist)">Fern Formica</a> recalled, "He was like a father. He was a good man."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Singer's Midgets affectionately referred to their manager as "Papa."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Singer Midgets disbanded in the mid-1940s, with many members either returning home to their native Europe or professionally joining the <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringling Bros. Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. Barnum & Bailey Circus</a> tours.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Singer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singer retired to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in the mid 1940s. He died there on March 5, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Singer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 7-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173256/https://spotlights.fold3.com/2012/10/17/lollipop-guild-in-league-with-the-germans/">"Lollipop Guild in League with the Germans? FOLD3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spotlights.fold3.com/2012/10/17/lollipop-guild-in-league-with-the-germans/">the original</a> on 2017-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lollipop+Guild+in+League+with+the+Germans%3F+FOLD3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspotlights.fold3.com%2F2012%2F10%2F17%2Flollipop-guild-in-league-with-the-germans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harmetz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harmetz_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harmetz_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmetz, pp.193-194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog, Buck. "Singer's Midget Troupe Given Pre-Show Party". <i>Milwaukee Sentinel</i> (December 12, 1940) p.24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sideshowworld.com/43-Little-Folks/2015/Grace.html">"Sideshow World, Sideshow Performers from around the world, Freak, Central"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sideshow+World%2C+Sideshow+Performers+from+around+the+world%2C+Freak%2C+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sideshowworld.com%2F43-Little-Folks%2F2015%2FGrace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.valdostadailytimes.com/news/local_news/lakeland-world-record-holder-dies/article_782acf3200b0d-512e-908b-4bc1ce9d4568.html">https://www.valdostadailytimes.com/news/local_news/lakeland-world-record-holder-dies/article_782acf3200b0d-512e-908b-4bc1ce9d4568.html</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 35.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li>Cox, Stephen. <i>The Munchkins of Oz</i>. Cumberland House Publishing, 2002.</li> <li>Harmetz, Aljean. <i>The Making of the Wizard of Oz</i>. Hyperion, 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Singer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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