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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Risk transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_smoothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_smoothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Income smoothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_smoothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surplus_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surplus_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Surplus relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surplus_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Arbitrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reinsurer's_expertise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinsurer's_expertise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reinsurer's expertise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinsurer's_expertise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_a_manageable_and_profitable_portfolio_of_insured_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_a_manageable_and_profitable_portfolio_of_insured_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Creating a manageable and profitable portfolio of insured risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_a_manageable_and_profitable_portfolio_of_insured_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_reinsurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_reinsurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of reinsurance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_reinsurance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of reinsurance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_reinsurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proportional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Proportional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-proportional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-proportional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Non-proportional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-proportional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_attaching_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_attaching_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Risks attaching basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_attaching_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losses_occurring_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses_occurring_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Losses occurring basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Losses_occurring_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims-made_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims-made_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Claims-made basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims-made_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fronting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fronting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fronting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fronting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reinsurance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herversekering" title="Herversekering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herversekering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="إعادة تأمين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعادة تأمين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="পুনঃবীমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুনঃবীমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Презастраховане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Презастраховане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaji%C5%A1%C5%A5ovna" title="Zajišťovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zajišťovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genforsikring" title="Genforsikring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genforsikring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCckversicherung" title="Rückversicherung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rückversicherung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaseguro" title="Reaseguro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reaseguro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berraseguru" title="Berraseguru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berraseguru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بیمه اتکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیمه اتکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9assurance" title="Réassurance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réassurance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%B3%B4%ED%97%98" title="재보험 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재보험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վերաապահովագրում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերաապահովագրում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पुनर्बीमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुनर्बीमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasuransi" title="Reasuransi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reasuransi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riassicurazione" title="Riassicurazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riassicurazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ביטוח משנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביטוח משנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಮರುವಿಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರುವಿಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Қайта сақтандыру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қайта сақтандыру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rapdro%C5%A1in%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Pārapdrošināšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārapdrošināšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reassurance" title="Reassurance – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Reassurance" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdraudimas" title="Perdraudimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perdraudimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viszontbiztos%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Viszontbiztosítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viszontbiztosítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurans_semula" title="Insurans semula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Insurans semula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herverzekering" title="Herverzekering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herverzekering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%BA" title="再保険 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="再保険" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenforsikring" title="Gjenforsikring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gjenforsikring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasekuracja" title="Reasekuracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reasekuracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resseguro" title="Resseguro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Resseguro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Перестрахование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перестрахование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reinsurance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Реосигурање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Реосигурање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4lleenvakuuttaminen" title="Jälleenvakuuttaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jälleenvakuuttaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85terf%C3%B6rs%C3%A4kring" title="Återförsäkring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Återförsäkring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மறுகாப்பீடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறுகாப்பீடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reas%C3%BCrans" title="Reasürans – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reasürans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Перестрахування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перестрахування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1i_b%E1%BA%A3o_hi%E1%BB%83m" title="Tái bảo hiểm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tái bảo 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Insurance purchased by an insurance company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reinsurance%22">"Reinsurance"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reinsurance%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reinsurance%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reinsurance%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reinsurance%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reinsurance%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wzwz_schwabing_16_munich_re_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wzwz_schwabing_16_munich_re_building.JPG/220px-Wzwz_schwabing_16_munich_re_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wzwz_schwabing_16_munich_re_building.JPG/330px-Wzwz_schwabing_16_munich_re_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wzwz_schwabing_16_munich_re_building.JPG/440px-Wzwz_schwabing_16_munich_re_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial markets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking up at a computerized stocks-value board at the Philippine Stock Exchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg/200px-Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg/300px-Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg/400px-Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Public market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">Exchange</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Securities</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Bond_market" title="Bond market">Bond market</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_valuation" title="Bond valuation">Bond valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_bond" title="Corporate bond">Corporate bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_income" title="Fixed income">Fixed income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">Government bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-yield_debt" title="High-yield debt">High-yield debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Securitization" title="Securitization">Securitization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_stock" title="Common stock">Common stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_stock" title="Growth stock">Growth stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_stock" title="Preferred stock">Preferred stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_share" title="Registered share">Registered share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">Shareholder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbroker" title="Stockbroker">Stockbroker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_certificate" title="Stock certificate">Stock certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_stock" title="Watered stock">Watered stock</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Other markets</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Derivatives_market" title="Derivatives market">Derivatives</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Credit_derivative" title="Credit derivative">Credit derivative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">Futures exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_security" title="Hybrid security">Hybrid security</a>)</li></ul></div> </div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">Foreign exchange</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">Exchange rate</a>)</li></ul></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">ETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market" title="Money market">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">Mutual fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_product" title="Structured product">Structured product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Swap (finance)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_(finance)" title="Over-the-counter (finance)">Over-the-counter (off-exchange)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forward_contract" title="Forward contract">Forwards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">Options</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spot_market" title="Spot market">Spot market</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Swaps</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Trader_(finance)" title="Trader (finance)">Trading</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">Participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_investment" title="Alternative investment">Alternative investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_investor" title="Angel investor">Angel investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_(economics)" title="Asset (economics)">Asset (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_pricing" title="Asset pricing">Asset pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banks and banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(stock_market_speculator)" title="Bull (stock market speculator)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_betting" title="Financial betting">betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crime" title="Financial crime">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_forecast" title="Financial forecast">forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">Fintech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_investing" title="Growth investing">Growth investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">Investment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">Market trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_attack" title="Speculative attack">Speculative attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">Sustainable development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_markets" title="Template:Financial markets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_markets" title="Template talk:Financial markets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_markets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial markets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reinsurance</b> is <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> that an <a href="/wiki/Insurance_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance company">insurance company</a> purchases from another insurance company to insulate itself (at least in part) from the risk of a major claims event.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With reinsurance, the company passes on ("cedes") some part of its own insurance liabilities to the other insurance company. The company that purchases the reinsurance policy is referred to as the "ceding company" or "cedent".<sup id="cite_ref-Cedent_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cedent-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company issuing the reinsurance policy is referred to as the "reinsurer". In the classic case, reinsurance allows insurance companies to remain <a href="/wiki/Solvency" title="Solvency">solvent</a> after major claims events, such as major disasters like hurricanes or wildfires. In addition to its basic role in <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>, reinsurance is sometimes used to reduce the ceding company's capital requirements, or for tax mitigation or other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reinsurer may be either a specialist reinsurance company, which only undertakes reinsurance business, or another insurance company. Insurance companies that accept reinsurance refer to the business as "<a href="/wiki/Assumption_reinsurance" title="Assumption reinsurance">assumed reinsurance</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two basic methods of reinsurance: </p> <ol><li><b>Facultative Reinsurance</b>, which is negotiated separately for each insurance policy that is reinsured. Facultative reinsurance is normally purchased by ceding companies for individual risks not covered, or insufficiently covered, by their reinsurance treaties, for amounts in excess of the monetary limits of their reinsurance treaties and for unusual risks. Underwriting expenses, and in particular personnel costs, are higher for such business because each risk is individually underwritten and administered. However, as they can separately evaluate each risk reinsured, the reinsurer's underwriter can price the contract more accurately to reflect the risks involved. Ultimately, a facultative certificate is issued by the reinsurance company to the ceding company reinsuring that one policy, and is used for high-value or hazardous risks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Treaty Reinsurance</b> means that the ceding company and the reinsurer negotiate and execute a <b>reinsurance contract</b> under which the reinsurer covers the specified share of all the insurance policies issued by the ceding company which come within the scope of that contract. The reinsurance contract may obligate the reinsurer to accept reinsurance of all contracts within the scope (known as "obligatory" reinsurance), or it may allow the insurer to choose which risks it wants to cede, with the reinsurer obligated to accept such risks (known as "facultative-obligatory" or "fac oblig" reinsurance). These types of contracts are typically annual.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>There are two main types of treaty reinsurance, 'proportional and non-proportional, which are detailed below. Under <i>proportional reinsurance,</i> the reinsurer's share of the risk is defined for each separate policy, while under <i>non-proportional reinsurance</i> the reinsurer's liability is based on the aggregate claims incurred by the ceding office. In the past 30 years there has been a major shift from proportional to non-proportional reinsurance in the <a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casualty_insurance" title="Casualty insurance">casualty</a> fields. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all insurance companies have a reinsurance program. The ultimate goal of that program is to reduce their exposure to loss by passing part of the risk of loss to a reinsurer or a group of reinsurers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_transfer">Risk transfer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With reinsurance, the <i>insurer</i> can issue policies with higher limits than would otherwise be allowed, thus being able to take on more risk because some of that risk is now transferred to the re-insurer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_smoothing">Income smoothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Income smoothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reinsurance can make an insurance company's results more predictable by absorbing large losses. This is likely to reduce the amount of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> needed to provide coverage. The risks are spread, with the reinsurer or reinsurers bearing some of the loss incurred by the insurance company. The income smoothing arises because the losses of the cedent are limited. This fosters stability in claim payouts and caps indemnification costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surplus_relief">Surplus relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surplus relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proportional Treaties (or "pro-rata" treaties) provide the cedent with "surplus relief"; surplus relief being the capacity to write more business and/or at larger limits.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitrage">Arbitrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arbitrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The insurance company may be motivated by <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a> in purchasing reinsurance coverage at a lower rate than they charge the insured for the underlying risk, whatever the class of insurance. </p><p>In general, the reinsurer may be able to cover the risk at a lower premium than the insurer because: </p> <ul><li>The reinsurer may have some intrinsic cost advantage due to <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> or some other efficiency.</li> <li>Reinsurers may operate under weaker regulation than their clients. This enables them to use less capital to cover any risk, and to make less conservative assumptions when valuing the risk.</li> <li>Reinsurers may operate under a more favourable tax regime than their clients.</li> <li>Reinsurers will often have better access to underwriting expertise and to claims experience data, enabling them to assess the risk more accurately and reduce the need for contingency margins in pricing the risk</li> <li>Even if the regulatory standards are the same, the <i>reinsurer</i> may be able to hold smaller <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_reserves" title="Actuarial reserves">actuarial reserves</a> than the cedent if it thinks the premiums charged by the cedent are excessively conservative.</li> <li>The reinsurer may have a more diverse portfolio of assets and especially liabilities than the cedent. This may create opportunities for hedging that the cedent could not exploit alone. Depending on the regulations imposed on the reinsurer, this may mean they can hold fewer assets to cover the risk.</li> <li>The reinsurer may have a greater risk appetite than the insurer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinsurer's_expertise"><span id="Reinsurer.27s_expertise"></span>Reinsurer's expertise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reinsurer's expertise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The insurance company may want to avail itself of the expertise of a <i>reinsurer</i>, or the reinsurer's ability to set an appropriate premium, in regard to a specific (specialised) risk. The reinsurer will also wish to apply this expertise to the underwriting in order to protect their own interests. This is especially the case in Facultative Reinsurance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_a_manageable_and_profitable_portfolio_of_insured_risks">Creating a manageable and profitable portfolio of insured risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Creating a manageable and profitable portfolio of insured risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By choosing a particular type of reinsurance method, the insurance company may be able to create a more balanced and homogeneous portfolio of insured risks. This would make its results more predictable on a net basis (i.e. allowing for the reinsurance). This is usually one of the objectives of reinsurance arrangements for the insurance companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_reinsurance">Types of reinsurance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of reinsurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proportional">Proportional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Proportional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under proportional reinsurance, one or more reinsurers take a stated percentage share of each policy that an insurer issues ("writes"). The reinsurer will then receive that stated percentage of the premiums and will pay the stated percentage of claims. In addition, the reinsurer will allow a "ceding <a href="/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" title="Commission (remuneration)">commission</a>" to the insurer to cover the costs incurred by the ceding insurer (mainly acquisition and administration, as well as the expected profit that the cedent is giving up). </p><p>The arrangement may be "quota share" or "surplus reinsurance" (also known as surplus of line or variable quota share treaty) or a combination of the two. Under a quota share arrangement, a fixed percentage (say 75%) of each insurance policy is reinsured. Under a surplus share arrangement, the ceding company decides on a "retention limit": say $100,000. The ceding company retains the full amount of each risk, up to a maximum of $100,000 per policy or per risk, and the excess over this retention limit is reinsured. </p><p>The ceding company may seek a quota share arrangement for several reasons. First, it may not have sufficient <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capital</a> to prudently retain all of the business that it can sell. For example, it may only be able to offer a total of $100 million in coverage, but by reinsuring 75% of it, it can sell four times as much, and retain some of the profits on the additional business via the ceding commission. </p><p>The ceding company may seek surplus reinsurance to limit the losses it might incur from a small number of large claims as a result of random fluctuations in experience. In a 9 line surplus treaty the reinsurer would then accept up to $900,000 (9 lines). So if the insurance company issues a policy for $100,000, they would keep all of the premiums and losses from that policy. If they issue a $200,000 policy, they would give (cede) half of the premiums and losses to the <i>reinsurer</i> (1 line each). The maximum automatic underwriting capacity of the cedent would be $1,000,000 in this example. Any policy larger than this would require facultative reinsurance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-proportional">Non-proportional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Non-proportional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <b>non-proportional reinsurance</b> the reinsurer only pays out if the total claim(s) suffered by the insurer exceed a stated amount, which is called the "retention" or "priority". For instance the insurer may be prepared to accept a total loss up to $1 million, and purchases a layer of reinsurance of $4 million in excess of this $1 million. If a loss of $3 million were then to occur, the insurer would bear $1 million of the loss and would recover $2 million from its reinsurer. In this example, the insurer also retains any loss over $5 million unless it has purchased a further excess layer of reinsurance. </p><p>The main forms of non-proportional reinsurance are <b>excess of loss</b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Stop-loss_insurance" title="Stop-loss insurance">stop loss</a></b>. </p><p><b>Excess of loss</b> reinsurance can have three forms - "<b>Per Risk</b> XL" (Working XL), "Per Occurrence or Per Event XL" (<b>Catastrophe</b> or Cat XL), and "<b>Aggregate</b> XL". </p><p>In <b>per risk</b>, the cedent's insurance policy limits are greater than the reinsurance retention. For example, an insurance company might insure <a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">commercial property</a> risks with policy limits up to $10 million, and then buy per risk reinsurance of $5 million in excess of $5 million. In this case a loss of $6 million on that policy will result in the recovery of $1 million from the reinsurer. These contracts usually contain event limits to prevent their misuse as a substitute for Catastrophe XLs. </p><p>In <b>catastrophe</b> excess of loss, the cedent's retention is usually a multiple of the underlying policy limits, and the reinsurance contract usually contains a two risk warranty (i.e. they are designed to protect the cedent against catastrophic events that involve more than one policy, usually very many policies). For example, an insurance company issues homeowners' policies with limits of up to $500,000 and then buys catastrophe reinsurance of $22,000,000 in excess of $3,000,000. In that case, the insurance company would only recover from reinsurers in the event of multiple policy losses in one event (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, flood). </p><p><b>Aggregate</b> XL affords a frequency protection to the reinsured. For instance if the company retains $1 million net any one vessel, $5 million annual aggregate limit in excess of $5m annual aggregate deductible, the cover would equate to 5 total losses (or more partial losses) in excess of 5 total losses (or more partial losses). Aggregate covers can also be linked to the cedent's gross premium income during a 12-month period, with limit and <a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">deductible</a> expressed as percentages and amounts. Such covers are then known as <b>"<a href="/wiki/Stop-loss_insurance" title="Stop-loss insurance">stop loss</a>"</b> contracts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks_attaching_basis">Risks attaching basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Risks attaching basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A basis under which reinsurance is provided for claims arising from policies commencing during the period to which the reinsurance relates. The <i>insurer</i> knows there is coverage during the whole policy period even if claims are only discovered or made later on. </p><p>All claims from cedent underlying policies incepting during the period of the reinsurance contract are covered even if they occur after the expiration date of the reinsurance contract. Any claims from cedent underlying policies incepting outside the period of the reinsurance contract are not covered even if they occur during the period of the reinsurance contract. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Losses_occurring_basis">Losses occurring basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Losses occurring basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Reinsurance treaty under which all claims occurring during the period of the contract, irrespective of when the underlying policies incepted, are covered. Any losses occurring after the contract expiration date are not covered. </p><p>As opposed to claims-made or risks attaching contracts. Insurance coverage is provided for losses occurring in the defined period. This is the usual basis of cover for short tail business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims-made_basis">Claims-made basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Claims-made basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A policy which covers all claims reported to an <i>insurer</i> within the policy period irrespective of when they occurred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contracts">Contracts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the above examples concern reinsurance contracts (treaty contracts) that cover more than one policy. Reinsurance can also be purchased on a per policy basis, in which case it is known as <b>facultative reinsurance</b>. Facultative reinsurance can be written on either a proportional or excess of loss basis. Facultative reinsurance contracts are commonly memorialized in relatively brief contracts known as facultative certificates and often are used for large or unusual risks that do not fit within standard reinsurance treaties due to their exclusions. The term of a facultative agreement coincides with the term of the policy. Facultative reinsurance is usually purchased by the insurance underwriter who underwrote the original insurance policy, whereas treaty reinsurance is typically purchased by an outwards reinsurance manager, or other senior executive at the insurance company. </p><p>The reinsurer's liability will usually cover the whole lifetime of the original insurance, once it is written. However the question arises of when either party can choose to cease the reinsurance in respect of future new business. Reinsurance treaties can either be written on a "continuous" or "term" basis. A continuous contract has no predetermined end date, but generally either party can give 90 days notice to cancel or amend the treaty for new business. A term agreement has a built-in expiration date. It is common for insurers and reinsurers to have long-term relationships that span many years. Reinsurance treaties are typically longer documents than facultative certificates, containing many of their own terms that are distinct from the terms of the direct insurance policies that they reinsure. However, even most reinsurance treaties are relatively short documents considering the number and variety of risks and lines of business that the treaties reinsure and the dollars involved in the transactions. They rely heavily on industry practice. There are not "standard" reinsurance contracts. However, many reinsurance contracts do include some commonly used provisions and provisions imbued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with considerable industry common and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fronting">Fronting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fronting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes insurance companies wish to offer insurance in jurisdictions where they are not licensed, or where it considers that local regulations are too onerous: for example, an insurer may wish to offer an insurance programme to a multinational company, to cover property and liability risks in many countries around the world. In such situations, the insurance company may find a local insurance company which is authorised in the relevant country, arrange for the local insurer to issue an insurance policy covering the risks in that country, and enter into a reinsurance contract with the local insurer to transfer the risks to itself. In the event of a loss, the policyholder would claim against the local insurer under the local insurance policy, the local insurer would pay the claim and would claim reimbursement under the reinsurance contract. Such an arrangement is called "fronting". Fronting is also sometimes used where an insurance buyer requires its insurers to have a certain financial strength rating and the prospective insurer does not satisfy that requirement: the prospective insurer may be able to persuade another insurer, with the requisite credit rating, to provide the coverage to the insurance buyer, and to take out reinsurance in respect of the risk. An insurer which acts as a "fronting insurer" receives a fronting fee for this service to cover administration and the potential default of the reinsurer. The fronting insurer is taking a risk in such transactions, because it has an obligation to pay its insurance claims even if the reinsurer becomes insolvent and fails to reimburse the claims. </p><p>Many reinsurance placements are not placed with a single reinsurer but are shared between a number of reinsurers. For example, a $30,000,000 excess of $20,000,000 layer may be shared by 30 or more reinsurers. The reinsurer who sets the terms (premium and contract conditions) for the reinsurance contract is called the lead reinsurer; the other companies subscribing to the contract are called following reinsurers. Alternatively, one reinsurer can accept the whole of the reinsurance and then retrocede it (pass it on in a further reinsurance arrangement) to other companies. </p><p>Using <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game-theoretic</a> modeling, Professors <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Powers" title="Michael R. Powers">Michael R. Powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Shubik" title="Martin Shubik">Martin Shubik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>) have argued that the number of active reinsurers in a given national market should be approximately equal to the square-root of the number of primary insurers active in the same market.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometric analysis</a> has provided empirical support for the Powers-Shubik rule.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceding companies often choose their reinsurers with great care as they are exchanging insurance risk for credit risk. Risk managers monitor reinsurers' financial ratings (<a href="/wiki/S%26P_Global_Ratings" title="S&P Global Ratings">S&P</a>, <a href="/wiki/AM_Best" title="AM Best">A.M. Best</a>, etc.) and aggregated exposures regularly. </p><p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> effect<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> insurance/cedent companies can have on society, reinsurers can indirectly have societal impact as well, due to reinsurer underwriting and claims philosophies imposed on those underlying carriers which affects how the cedents offer coverage in the market. However, reinsurer governance is voluntarily accepted by cedents via contract to allow cedents the opportunity to rent reinsurer capital to expand cedent market share or limit their risk.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_reinsurance" title="Assumption reinsurance">Assumption reinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_bond" title="Catastrophe bond">Catastrophe bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_modeling" title="Catastrophe modeling">Catastrophe modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_reinsurance" title="Financial reinsurance">Financial reinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Loss_Warranties" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry Loss Warranties">Industry Loss Warranties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitization" title="Securitization">Life insurance securitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_sidecar" title="Reinsurance sidecar">Reinsurance sidecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop-loss_insurance" title="Stop-loss insurance">Stop-loss insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_loss_table" title="Year loss table">Year loss table</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iii.org/publications/insurance-handbook/regulatory-and-financial-environment/reinsurance">"Reinsurance"</a>. <i>Insurance 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Federal Insurance Office, U.S. Department of the Treasury. December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.atitle=The+Breadth+and+Scope+of+the+Global+Reinsurance+Market+and+the+Critical+Role+Such+Market+Plays+in+Supporting+Insurance+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Finitiatives%2Ffio%2Freports-and-notices%2FDocuments%2FFIO%2520-Reinsurance%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinsurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reinsurance Professional's Deskbook A Practical Guide</i>. Thomson Reuters DRI. 2015. pp. Chapter 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinsurance+Professional%27s+Deskbook+A+Practical+Guide&rft.pages=Chapter+6&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters+DRI&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinsurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, M. R. and Shubik, M., 2006, "A 'Square-Root Rule' for Reinsurance," Revista de Contabilidade e Finanças (Review of Accounting and Finance), 17, 5, 101-107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venezian, E. C., Viswanathan, K. S., and Jucá, Iana B., 2005, "A 'Square-Root Rule' for Reinsurance? Evidence from Several National Markets," Journal of Risk Finance, 6, 4, 319-334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, 68-70, 129 (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253">https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinsurance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/reinsurance" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/reinsurance">reinsurance</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Captive Review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.CaptiveReview.com">Captive Review</a></li> <li>Reinsurance, by Gary Patrick <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.casact.org/library/studynotes/ch7.pdf">[1]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Youtube: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQJe0dck3G8">"What is Reinsurance?"</a>, by Sebastian Lischewski</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insurance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insurance" title="Template:Insurance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insurance" title="Template talk:Insurance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insurance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br />insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death_and_dismemberment_insurance" title="Accidental death and dismemberment insurance">Accidental death and dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_insurance" title="Dental insurance">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_permanent_disability_insurance" title="Total permanent disability insurance">Total permanent disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_overhead_expense_disability_insurance" title="Business overhead expense disability insurance">Business overhead expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_protection_insurance" title="Income protection insurance">Income protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care_insurance" title="Long-term care insurance">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_life_insurance" title="Mortgage life insurance">Mortgage life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_life_insurance" title="Term life insurance">Term life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitised_insurance_fund" title="Unitised insurance fund">Unitised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_life_insurance" title="Universal life insurance">Universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_universal_life_insurance" title="Variable universal life insurance">Variable universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_life_insurance" title="Whole life insurance">Whole life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_insurance" title="Bond insurance">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_interruption_insurance" title="Business interruption insurance">Business interruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_owner%27s_policy" title="Business owner's policy">Business owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_protection_insurance" title="Collateral protection insurance">Collateral protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_and_officers_liability_insurance" title="Directors and officers liability insurance">Directors and officers liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_bond" title="Fidelity bond">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-redemption_insurance" title="Over-redemption insurance">Over-redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_insurance" title="Pollution insurance">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_liability_insurance" title="Professional liability insurance">Professional liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_and_indemnity_insurance" title="Protection and indemnity insurance">Protection and indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_credit_insurance" title="Trade credit insurance">Trade credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">Umbrella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler insurance">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_risk_insurance" title="Builder's risk insurance">Builder's risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_insurance" title="Contents insurance">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_insurance" title="Earthquake insurance">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_insurance" title="Flood insurance">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_insurance" title="Home insurance">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlords%27_insurance" title="Landlords' insurance">Landlords'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance" title="Lenders mortgage insurance">Lenders mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renters%27_insurance" title="Renters' insurance">Renters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_insurance" title="Title insurance">Title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport/<br />Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAP_insurance" title="GAP insurance">GAP insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_marine_insurance" title="Inland marine insurance">Inland marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_auto_insurance" title="Public auto insurance">Public auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_insurance" title="Satellite insurance">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reinsurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_bond" title="Catastrophe bond">Catastrophe bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance-linked_security" title="Insurance-linked security">Insurance-linked securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_insurance" title="Casualty insurance">Casualty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Casualty_insurance" title="Insurance">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_insurance" title="Crop insurance">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_crop_insurance" title="Catastrophic crop insurance">Catastrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-peril_crop_insurance" title="Multi-peril crop insurance">Multi-peril</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_insurance" title="Cyber insurance">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate_insurance" title="Expatriate insurance">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_warranty" title="Extended warranty">Extended warranty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_insurance" title="Group insurance">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index-based_insurance" title="Index-based insurance">Index-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_insurance" title="Parametric insurance">Parametric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_insurance" title="Interest rate insurance">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnap_and_ransom_insurance" title="Kidnap and ransom insurance">Kidnap and ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_expenses_insurance" title="Legal expenses insurance">Legal expenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liability_insurance" title="Liability insurance">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_insurance" title="No-fault insurance">No-fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_insurance" title="Pet insurance">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk_insurance" title="Political risk insurance">Political risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_indemnity_insurance" title="Prize indemnity insurance">Prize indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_insurance" title="Tuition insurance">Tuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_risk_insurance" title="War risk insurance">War risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_insurance" title="Weather insurance">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">Insurance <br />policy</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">Adverse selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">Knightian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_life" title="Value of life">Value of life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_cash_value" title="Actual cash value">Actual cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_value" title="Cash value">Cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_broker" title="Insurance broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(insurance)" title="Cancellation (insurance)">Cancellation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_rata" title="Pro rata">Pro rata</a></i></li> <li>Short rate table</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">Claim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">Claims adjuster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">Deductible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-insurance" title="Co-insurance">Co-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copayment" title="Copayment">Copayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">Out-of-pocket expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation_of_benefits" title="Explanation of benefits">Explanation of benefits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">Indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurability" title="Insurability">Insurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurable_interest" title="Insurable interest">Insurable interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">Proximate cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_value" title="Replacement value">Replacement value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insurance" title="Self-insurance">Self-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_loss" title="Total loss">Total loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underinsured" title="Underinsured">Underinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">Underwriting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_profit" title="Underwriting profit">Profit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurance <br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_industry_in_China" title="Insurance industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">Health insurance coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Vehicle insurance in the United States">Vehicle insurance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">Mesopotamian banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§100–105; §126</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§234</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§235–238; §240</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§275–277</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_cycle" title="Insurance cycle">Insurance cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurance" title="Category:Insurance">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Insurance" title="Outline of finance">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_insurance_and_reinsurance_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_insurance_companies" title="Template:Major insurance companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_insurance_companies" title="Template talk:Major insurance companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_insurance_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major insurance companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_insurance_and_reinsurance_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">reinsurance</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflac" title="Aflac">Aflac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambac" title="Ambac">Ambac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Insurance" title="American Family Insurance">American Family Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubb_Limited" title="Chubb Limited">Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigna" title="Cigna">Cigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNA_Financial" title="CNA Financial">CNA Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUNA_Mutual_Group" title="CUNA Mutual Group">CUNA Mutual Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_Global" title="FM Global">FM Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hartford" title="The Hartford">The Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humana" title="Humana">Humana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Mutual" title="Liberty Mutual">Liberty Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Markel Corporation">Markel Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manulife" title="Manulife">Manulife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MassMutual" title="MassMutual">MassMutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetLife" title="MetLife">MetLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_of_America" title="Mutual of America">Mutual of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_of_Omaha" title="Mutual of Omaha">Mutual of Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Life_Group" title="National Life Group">National Life Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Mutual_Insurance_Company" title="Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company">Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Life_Insurance_Company" title="New York Life Insurance Company">New York Life Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mutual" title="Northwestern Mutual">Northwestern Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_National_Life_Insurance_Company" title="Ohio National Life Insurance Company">Ohio National Life Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Life" title="Pacific Life">Pacific Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Corporation" title="Progressive Corporation">Progressive Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_Financial" title="Prudential Financial">Prudential Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Farm" title="State Farm">State Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Life_Financial" title="Sun Life Financial">Sun Life Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group" title="UnitedHealth Group">UnitedHealth Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unum" title="Unum">Unum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAA" title="USAA">USAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_%26_Southern_Financial_Group" title="Western & Southern Financial Group">Western & Southern Financial Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Europe,_the_Middle_East_and_Africa" title="Europe, the Middle East and Africa">EMEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegon_N.V." class="mw-redirect" title="Aegon N.V.">Aegon N.V.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageas" title="Ageas">Ageas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aon_(company)" title="Aon (company)">Aon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assicurazioni_Generali" title="Assicurazioni Generali">Assicurazioni Generali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axa" title="Axa">Axa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A2loise" title="Bâloise">Bâloise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNP_Assurances" title="CNP Assurances">CNP Assurances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksam" title="Folksam">Folksam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupama" title="Groupama">Groupama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4hiTapiola" title="LähiTapiola">LähiTapiola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapfre" title="Mapfre">Mapfre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutua_Madrile%C3%B1a" title="Mutua Madrileña">Mutua Madrileña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NN_Group" title="NN Group">NN Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mutual" title="Old Mutual">Old Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Group" title="Phoenix Group">Phoenix Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_plc" title="Prudential plc">Prudential plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_London_Group" title="Royal London Group">Royal London Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_Insurance_Group" title="RSA Insurance Group">RSA Insurance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_Group" title="Sampo Group">Sampo Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storebrand" title="Storebrand">Storebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suva_(insurer)" title="Suva (insurer)">Suva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Life" title="Swiss Life">Swiss Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varma_Mutual_Pension_Insurance_Company" title="Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company">Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group">Zurich Insurance Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">APAC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIA_Group" title="AIA Group">AIA Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Life_Insurance_Company" title="China Life Insurance Company">China Life Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Pacific_Insurance_Company" title="China Pacific Insurance Company">China Pacific Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Life" title="Great Eastern Life">Great Eastern Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyobo_Life_Insurance" title="Kyobo Life Insurance">Kyobo Life Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Insurance_Corporation" title="Life Insurance Corporation">Life Insurance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Yasuda_Life" title="Meiji Yasuda Life">Meiji Yasuda Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD Insurance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Life" title="Nippon Life">Nippon Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Insurance" title="Income Insurance">Income Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_An_Insurance" title="Ping An Insurance">Ping An Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBE_Insurance" title="QBE Insurance">QBE Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlife" title="Singlife">Singlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOMPO_Holdings" title="SOMPO Holdings">SOMPO Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Life" title="Sumitomo Life">Sumitomo Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%26D_Holdings" title="T&D Holdings">T&D Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikang_Life_Insurance" title="Taikang Life Insurance">Taikang Life Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokio_Marine" title="Tokio Marine">Tokio Marine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Reinsurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Capital_Group" title="Arch Capital Group">Arch Capital Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axa_XL" title="Axa XL">Axa XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Re" title="China Re">China Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everest_Group" title="Everest Group">Everest Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Insurance_Corporation_of_India" title="General Insurance Corporation of India">General Insurance Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannover_Re" title="Hannover Re">Hannover Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Resseguros_do_Brasil" title="Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil">Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Reinsurance" title="Korean Reinsurance">Korean Reinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Re" title="Munich Re">Munich Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Group_of_America" title="Reinsurance Group of America">Reinsurance Group of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenaissanceRe" title="RenaissanceRe">RenaissanceRe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCOR_SE" title="SCOR SE">SCOR SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Re" title="Swiss Re">Swiss Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransRe" title="TransRe">TransRe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i>Methodology: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Wealth_Fund_Institute" title="Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute">SWFI</a> ranking by Total Assets</i></small><br /> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_insurance_companies" title="List of largest insurance companies">List of largest insurance companies</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476118#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rückversicherung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050860-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Reinsurance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85112467">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Réassurance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974686g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Réassurance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974686g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569992">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zajištění (pojišťovnictví)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph229518&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529505405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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