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Le roi Henri\u00a0III octroie d'importants privil\u00e8ges \u00e0 la jeune universit\u00e9 . Le premier coll\u00e8ge, Peterhouse, est fond\u00e9 par Hugo de Balsham en 1284. Cambridge est officiellement sacr\u00e9e Studium generale par le pape Jean\u00a0XXII en 1318. Au si\u00e8cle suivant, sa r\u00e9putation est \u00e9tablie dans toute l'Europe. En 1511, \u00c9rasme y vient enseigner. 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data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT229535_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT229535_0"></i><p> En 1209, des étudiants et des maîtres d'Oxford, fuyant la colère de la populace, s'installent sur les bords de la rivière Cam à quatre-vingt kilomètres au nord de Londres.</p><p>Le roi Henri III octroie d'importants privilèges à la jeune <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Université a longtemps constitué l'exemple presque parfait d'une « institution » au sens traditionnel de ce terme, c'est-à-dire d'une organisation reposant sur des valeurs reconnues comme légitimes et centrales pour la société ; étroitement associée à la classe dirigeante et gérée selon des normes décidées par les autorités politiques centrales. Elle était alors davantag..." title="Article : UNIVERSITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/universite/">université</a>. Le premier collège, Peterhouse, est fondé par Hugo de Balsham en 1284. Cambridge est officiellement sacrée <em>Studium generale</em> par le pape Jean XXII en 1318. Au siècle suivant, sa réputation est établie dans toute l'Europe. En 1511, Érasme y vient enseigner. Après une éclipse lors de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Église chrétienne d'Occident, qui a réussi à surmonter plusieurs hérésies au Moyen Âge, a vu au cours du xvi e siècle, entre 1517 et 1570, de larges secteurs géographiques lui échapper définitivement, une opposition se créant ainsi entre l'Europe méditerranéenne, latine et romaine, et l'Europe protestante du Nord-Ouest et du Nord. Malgré le maintien de nombreux rapports entre l..." title="Article : RÉFORME" href="/encyclopedie/reforme/">Réforme</a> et de la dissolution des monastères, elle retrouve vigueur et notoriété sous le règne d'Élisabeth I<sup>re</sup> ; celle-ci lui donne une nouvelle organisation qui subsistera, à peu de chose près, pendant trois siècles.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH998629" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : St John's College à Cambridge (Angleterre)" href="/media/st-johns-college-a-cambridge-angleterre-ph998629/"><img id="PH998629" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/d/csm_ph998629_6ba9bb58d6.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="St John's College à Cambridge (Angleterre) - crédits : Prisma Bildagentur/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" data-description="Fondé en 1511 à la place de l'ancien hôpital, le St John's College est connu pour être, de par sa taille et sa réputation universitaire, le second collège de Cambridge (Angleterre). À droite se dresse le Bridge of Sighs, ou pont des Soupirs (1831), dont l'architecture couverte et les gondoliers…" data-copyright="Prisma Bildagentur/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="683" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> St John's College à Cambridge (Angleterre) </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Prisma Bildagentur/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Cambridge est divisé en collèges qui sont autant de corps constitués, régis par leurs propres statuts, en accord avec les lois supérieures de l'Université. Les collèges masculins sont, par ordre chronologique : Peterhouse (1284), Clare College (1326), Pembroke College (1347), Gonville and Caius College (1348), Trinity Hall (1350), Corpus Christi College (1352), King's College (1441), Queen's College (1448), St. Catherine's College (1473), Jesus College (1496), Christ's College (1505), St. John's College (1511), Magdalene College (1542), Trinity College (1546), Emmanuel College (1584), Sidney Sussex College (1596), Downing College (1800), Selwyn College (1882) et St. Edmund's College (1896). Les collèges féminins sont Girton College (1869) et Newnham College (1871). Bien que n'ayant pas le statut de collège proprement dit, on doit citer également Fitzwilliam House (1869) et Hughes Hall (1885). Une commission royale nommée en 1920 a recommandé une assistance financière de l'État et une réforme des statuts de l'Université. Depuis lors, sept nouvelles institutions se sont ajoutées aux anciens collèges : New Hall (1954), Churchill College (1960), Darwin College (1964), Wolfson College (1965), Lucy Cavendish Collegiate Society (1965), Clare Hall (1966) et Robinson College (1977). Le <em>chancellor</em> est officiellement le chef de l'université, mais, dans la pratique, c'est le <em>vice-chancellor</em>, élu généralement pour deux ans, qui en est le chef réel. Chaque collège est dirigé par un <em>master</em> (ou <em>provost</em> ou président) et un certain nombre de <em>fellows</em>. Les étudiants doivent obligatoirement être inscrits dans un collège après avoir subi un concours d'entrée extrêmement sévère et acquitté une pension élevée, souvent prise en charge par l'État. Ils sont placés sous la responsabilité de <em>tutors</em> et suivis dans leurs études par un <em>director of studies</em>. Cambridge a formé des humanistes tels que Milton, Dryden, Byron, ainsi que de nombreux titulaires des grandes charges de l'État. Mais elle a une orientation plus scientifique qu'Oxford (Newton y a enseigné). Les mathématiques y sont reines et, depuis la Première Guerre mondiale, l'économie s'est taillé une place de choix puisque J. M. Keynes y fut étudiant puis professeur. Politiquement, l'université de Cambridge est de tendance plus radicale et contestataire que sa vénérable rivale. La bibliothèque de Trinity College, majestueux bâtiment soutenu par des piliers et construit par sir <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de WREN sir CHRISTOPHER. Wren est le plus célèbre architecte anglais et, dans ses projets les plus réussis, probablement le plus éminent. Son œuvre est inégale, en partie à cause de son absence de formation, mais aussi parce que ses protecteurs et surtout la Couronne ne disposaient pas des fonds nécessaires pour exécuter ses plans les plus ambitieux. Sa production fut prodigi..." title="Article : WREN sir CHRISTOPHER" href="/encyclopedie/wren-sir-christopher/">Christopher Wren</a>, contient une splendide collection de livres, de manuscrits et de bustes de savants. Ce mariage heureux entre l'architecture la plus ancienne et les spéculations les plus modernes, à proximité d'une rivière serpentine bordée par d'immenses prairies de jonquilles, fait tout le charme et la grandeur d'une université qui est, avec Oxford, un des piliers de la tradition britannique.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Pierre JOANNON</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? 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À droite se dresse le Bridge of Sighs, ou pont des Soupirs (1831), dont l'architecture couverte et les gondoliers…" data-copyright="Prisma Bildagentur/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="683" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> St John's College à Cambridge (Angleterre) </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Prisma Bildagentur/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT229535_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/john-fisher/"> <span class="rg">JOHN FISHER </span><span class="rm">saint (1469-1535)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">768 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Humaniste et prélat anglais célèbre par la résistance qu'il opposa, au nom de sa fidélité au pape et à l'Église catholique, à Henri VIII d'Angleterre en refusant de reconnaître la suprématie royale et l'abolition de la juridiction pontificale sur l'Église d'Angleterre....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/wren-sir-christopher/#c35148"> <span class="rg">WREN </span><span class="rm">sir </span><span class="pc">CHRISTOPHER </span><span class="rm">(1632-1723)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Margaret Dickens WHINNEY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 127 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : WREN sir CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)" href="/encyclopedie/wren-sir-christopher/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Cathédrale Saint-Paul, à Londres - crédits : English Heritage/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/3/csm_ph998922_834c9d915a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...d'édifices religieux qu'il conçut, Wren reçut également de multiples commandes civiles importantes. La première fut la bibliothèque du Trinity College à Cambridge (1676-1684). 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