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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_for_war:_1933–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Preparing for war: 1933–1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_for_war:_1933–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wever_years,_1933–1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wever_years,_1933–1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Wever years, 1933–1936 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wever_years,_1933–1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_direction,_1936–37" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_direction,_1936–37"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Change of direction, 1936–37 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_direction,_1936–37-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dive-bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dive-bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Dive-bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dive-bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobilisation,_1938–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobilisation,_1938–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Mobilisation, 1938–1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobilisation,_1938–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luftwaffe_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luftwaffe_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Luftwaffe organisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luftwaffe_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luftwaffe_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luftwaffe_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Luftwaffe commanders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luftwaffe_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_and_chain_of_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_and_chain_of_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Organisation and chain of command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation_and_chain_of_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Spanish Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omissions_and_failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omissions_and_failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Omissions and failures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Omissions_and_failures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Omissions and failures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Omissions_and_failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_aerial_defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_aerial_defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Lack of aerial defence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_aerial_defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Development and equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges_in_directly_addressing_combat_pilots'_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_in_directly_addressing_combat_pilots'_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Challenges in directly addressing combat pilots' issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_in_directly_addressing_combat_pilots'_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Production failures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Engine development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel_and_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel_and_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Personnel and leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel_and_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luftwaffe_ground_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luftwaffe_ground_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Luftwaffe ground forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luftwaffe_ground_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forced_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Forced labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Human experimentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerial_bombing_of_non-military_targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial_bombing_of_non-military_targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Aerial bombing of non-military targets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial_bombing_of_non-military_targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Luftwaffe</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87" title="لوفتفافه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوفتفافه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCftvaffe" title="Lüftvaffe – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lüftvaffe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8D" title="Люфтвафэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Люфтвафэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Луфтвафе на Третия райх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луфтвафе на Третия райх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87" title="لوفت‌وافه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوفت‌وافه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%B0%94%ED%8E%98" title="루프트바페 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루프트바페" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A5" title="Լուֆթվաֆե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուֆթվաֆե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="लुफ़्तफ़ाफ़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुफ़्तफ़ाफ़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%94_(%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%98)" title="לופטוואפה (ורמאכט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לופטוואפה (ורמאכט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuftvaf%C4%97" title="Liuftvafė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liuftvafė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Луфтвафе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луфтвафе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84" title="Люфтвафф – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Люфтвафф" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D)" title="ドイツ空軍 (国防軍) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ空軍 (国防軍)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82)" title="Люфтваффе (вермахт) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люфтваффе (вермахт)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forca_Ajrore_Gjermane_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Forca Ajrore Gjermane (1935–1945) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Forca Ajrore Gjermane (1935–1945)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82)" title="Луфтвафе (Вермахт) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луфтвафе (Вермахт)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_flygvapen_under_andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Tysklands flygvapen under andra världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tysklands flygvapen under andra världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87" title="லூப்டுவாபே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூப்டுவாபே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C)" title="กองทัพอากาศ (แวร์มัคท์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพอากาศ (แวร์มัคท์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Luftwaffe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%83" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the German military during World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the air force of Germany during the Second World War. For the current air force of Germany, see <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a>. For the First World War army-affiliated air force of Germany, see <a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Luftwaffe (disambiguation)">Luftwaffe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Luftwaffe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_Luftwaffe_eagle_silver_(looking_left).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COA_Luftwaffe_eagle_silver_%28looking_left%29.svg/220px-COA_Luftwaffe_eagle_silver_%28looking_left%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COA_Luftwaffe_eagle_silver_%28looking_left%29.svg/330px-COA_Luftwaffe_eagle_silver_%28looking_left%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COA_Luftwaffe_eagle_silver_%28looking_left%29.svg/440px-COA_Luftwaffe_eagle_silver_%28looking_left%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="301" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Luftwaffe in silver</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1935</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">1946<a href="#cite_note-2">[N 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg/23px-Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg/35px-Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg/46px-Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="670" /> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Air force</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">Aircraft: 119,871<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> (total production) Personnel: 3,400,000 (total in service at any time for 1939–45)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939) World War II (1939–1945)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">OKL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See list</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Inspector_of_Fighters" title="Inspector of Fighters">Inspector of Fighters</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See list</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Inspector_of_Bombers" title="Inspector of Bombers">Inspector of Bombers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See list</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert R. von Greim</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Balkenkreuz" title="Balkenkreuz">Balkenkreuz</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkenkreuz_fuselage_underwing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Balkenkreuz_fuselage_underwing.svg/100px-Balkenkreuz_fuselage_underwing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Balkenkreuz_fuselage_underwing.svg/150px-Balkenkreuz_fuselage_underwing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Balkenkreuz_fuselage_underwing.svg/200px-Balkenkreuz_fuselage_underwing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Balkenkreuz (alternate)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkenkreuz_upperwing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Balkenkreuz_upperwing.svg/100px-Balkenkreuz_upperwing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Balkenkreuz_upperwing.svg/150px-Balkenkreuz_upperwing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Balkenkreuz_upperwing.svg/200px-Balkenkreuz_upperwing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hakenkreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakenkreuz">Hakenkreuz</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftwaffe_swastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Luftwaffe_swastika.svg/100px-Luftwaffe_swastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Luftwaffe_swastika.svg/150px-Luftwaffe_swastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Luftwaffe_swastika.svg/200px-Luftwaffe_swastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aircraft flown</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of World War II military aircraft of Germany">List of German WWII planes</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Goering_-_Nuremberg2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hermann_Goering_-_Nuremberg2.jpg/170px-Hermann_Goering_-_Nuremberg2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hermann_Goering_-_Nuremberg2.jpg/255px-Hermann_Goering_-_Nuremberg2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hermann_Goering_-_Nuremberg2.jpg/340px-Hermann_Goering_-_Nuremberg2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, the first Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe (in office: 1935–1945)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-401-0204-25,_Robert_Ritter_v._Greim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-401-0204-25%2C_Robert_Ritter_v._Greim.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-401-0204-25%2C_Robert_Ritter_v._Greim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-401-0204-25%2C_Robert_Ritter_v._Greim.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-401-0204-25%2C_Robert_Ritter_v._Greim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-401-0204-25%2C_Robert_Ritter_v._Greim.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-401-0204-25%2C_Robert_Ritter_v._Greim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a>, the second and last Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe (in office: April–May 1945)</figcaption></figure> The Luftwaffe<a href="#cite_note-7">[N 2]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlʊftvafə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/De-Luftwaffe.ogg\/De-Luftwaffe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Luftwaffe.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/De-Luftwaffe.ogg/De-Luftwaffe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Luftwaffe.ogg" title="File:De-Luftwaffe.ogg">ⓘ</a>) was the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial-warfare</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> before and during World War II. <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>'s military air arms during World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marineflieger" title="Marineflieger">Marine-Fliegerabteilung</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial Navy</a>, had been disbanded in May 1920 in accordance with the terms of the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> which banned Germany from having any air force. During the interwar period, German pilots were trained secretly in violation of the treaty at <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipetsk (air base)">Lipetsk Air Base</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and the repudiation of the Versailles Treaty, the Luftwaffe's existence was publicly acknowledged and officially established on 26 February 1935, just over two weeks before open defiance of the Versailles Treaty through <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a> and conscription would be announced on 16 March.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>, a Luftwaffe detachment sent to aid <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War</a>, provided the force with a valuable testing ground for new tactics and aircraft. Partially as a result of this combat experience, the Luftwaffe had become one of the most sophisticated, technologically advanced, and battle-experienced air forces in the world when World War II broke out in September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> By the summer of 1939, the Luftwaffe had twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Geschwader</a> <a href="/wiki/Wing_(military_unit)" title="Wing (military unit)">(wings)</a>. The Luftwaffe also operated a <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratrooper</a> force known as the <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">Fallschirmjäger</a>. The Luftwaffe proved instrumental in the German victories across Poland and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Western Europe</a> in 1939 and 1940. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, however, despite inflicting severe damage to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a>'s infrastructure and, during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the subsequent Blitz</a>, devastating many British cities, the German Air Force failed to batter the beleaguered British into submission. From 1942, Allied bombing campaigns gradually destroyed the Luftwaffe's fighter arm. From late 1942, the Luftwaffe used its surplus ground support and other personnel to raise <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_Field_Divisions" title="Luftwaffe Field Divisions">Luftwaffe Field Divisions</a>. In addition to its service on <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">the Western front</a>, the Luftwaffe operated over the Soviet Union, North Africa, and Southern Europe. Despite its belated use of advanced turbojet and rocket-propelled aircraft for the destruction of Allied bombers, the Luftwaffe was overwhelmed by the Allies' superior numbers and improved tactics, and a lack of trained pilots and aviation fuel. In January 1945, during the closing stages of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, the Luftwaffe <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">made a last-ditch effort to win air superiority</a>, and met with failure. With rapidly dwindling supplies of petroleum, oil, and lubricants after this campaign, and as part of the entire combined Wehrmacht military forces as a whole, the Luftwaffe ceased to be an effective fighting force. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the Luftwaffe was disbanded in 1946. During World War II, German pilots claimed roughly 70,000 aerial victories, while over 75,000 Luftwaffe aircraft were destroyed or significantly damaged. Of these, nearly 40,000 were lost entirely. The Luftwaffe had only two commanders-in-chief throughout its history: <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a> for the last two weeks of the war. The Luftwaffe was deeply involved in <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Nazi war crimes</a>. By the end of the war, a significant percentage of aircraft production originated in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, an industry employing tens of thousands of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-production-10">[N 3]</a> The Luftwaffe's demand for labour was one of the factors that led to the deportation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews in 1944. The Luftwaffe frequently bombed non-military targets, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Oberkommando der Luftwaffe</a> organised <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a>, and Luftwaffe ground troops committed massacres in Italy, Greece, and Poland. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0430-501,_Jagdstaffel_11,_Manfred_v._Richthofen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0430-501%2C_Jagdstaffel_11%2C_Manfred_v._Richthofen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0430-501%2C_Jagdstaffel_11%2C_Manfred_v._Richthofen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0430-501%2C_Jagdstaffel_11%2C_Manfred_v._Richthofen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0430-501%2C_Jagdstaffel_11%2C_Manfred_v._Richthofen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0430-501%2C_Jagdstaffel_11%2C_Manfred_v._Richthofen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0430-501%2C_Jagdstaffel_11%2C_Manfred_v._Richthofen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Manfred von Richthofen</a> with other members of <a href="/wiki/Jagdstaffel_11" title="Jagdstaffel 11">Jasta 11</a>, 1917 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a></figcaption></figure> The Imperial German Army Air Service was founded in 1910 with the name Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches, most often shortened to Fliegertruppe. It was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a> on 8 October 1916.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> The air war on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> received the most attention in the annals of the earliest accounts of military aviation, since it produced aces such as <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Manfred von Richthofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Boelcke" title="Oswald Boelcke">Oswald Boelcke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Immelmann" title="Max Immelmann">Max Immelmann</a>. After the defeat of Germany, the service was dissolved on 8 May 1920 under the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, which also mandated the destruction of all German military aircraft. Since the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany to have an air force, German pilots trained in secret. Initially, civil aviation schools within Germany were used, yet only light <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">trainers</a> could be used in order to maintain the façade that the trainees were going to fly with civil airlines such as <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Luft_Hansa" title="Deutsche Luft Hansa">Deutsche Luft Hansa</a>. To train its pilots on the latest combat aircraft, Germany solicited the help of the Soviet Union, which was also isolated in Europe. A <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_fighter-pilot_school" title="Lipetsk fighter-pilot school">secret training airfield was established at Lipetsk</a> in 1924 and operated for approximately nine years using mostly Dutch and Soviet, but also some German, training aircraft before being closed in 1933. This base was officially known as the 4th squadron of the 40th wing of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Hundreds of Luftwaffe pilots and technical personnel visited, studied, and were trained at Soviet Air Force schools in several locations in Central Russia.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> Roessing, Blume, Fosse, Teetsemann, Heini, Makratzki, Blumendaat, and many other future Luftwaffe aces were trained in the USSR in joint Soviet-German schools that were set up under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_August_K%C3%B6string" title="Ernst August Köstring">Ernst August Köstring</a>. The first steps towards the Luftwaffe's formation were undertaken just months after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, a World War I ace, became National Kommissar for aviation with former Luft Hansa director <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a> as his deputy. In April 1933 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Reich Aviation Ministry</a> (Reichsluftfahrtministerium or RLM) was established. The RLM was in charge of the development and production of aircraft. Göring's control over all aspects of aviation became absolute. On 25 March 1933 the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Sports_Association" title="German Air Sports Association">German Air Sports Association</a> absorbed all private and national organisations, while retaining its 'sports' title. On 15 May 1933, all military aviation organisations in the RLM were merged, forming the Luftwaffe; its official 'birthday'.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">National Socialist Flyers Corps</a> (Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps or NSFK) was formed in 1937 to give pre-military flying training to male youths, and to engage adult sport aviators in the Nazi movement. Military-age members of the NSFK were drafted into the Luftwaffe. As all such prior NSFK members were also Nazi Party members, this gave the new Luftwaffe a strong Nazi ideological base in contrast to the other branches of the Wehrmacht (the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a> (army) and the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> (navy)). Göring played a leading role in the buildup of the Luftwaffe in 1933–36, but had little further involvement in the development of the force after 1936, and Milch became the "de facto" minister until 1937.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> The absence of Göring in planning and production matters was fortunate. Göring had little knowledge of current aviation, had last flown in 1922, and had not kept himself informed of the latest events. Göring also displayed a lack of understanding of doctrine and technical issues in aerial warfare which he left to others more competent. The Commander-in-Chief left the organisation and building of the Luftwaffe, after 1936, to Erhard Milch. However Göring, as a part of Hitler's inner circle, provided access to financial resources and materiel for rearming and equipping the Luftwaffe.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Another prominent figure in German air power construction this time was <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Wilberg" title="Helmuth Wilberg">Helmuth Wilberg</a>. Wilberg later played a large role in the development of German air doctrine. Having headed the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> air staff for eight years in the 1920s, Wilberg had considerable experience and was ideal for a senior staff position.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Göring considered making Wilberg Chief of Staff (CS). However, it was revealed Wilberg had a Jewish mother. For that reason, Göring could not have him as CS. Not wishing his talent to go to waste, Göring ensured the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> did not apply to him. Wilberg remained in the air staff, and under <a href="/wiki/Walther_Wever_(general)" title="Walther Wever (general)">Walther Wever</a> helped draw up the Luftwaffe's principle doctrinal texts, "The Conduct of the Aerial War" and "Regulation 16".<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparing_for_war:_1933–1939">Preparing for war: 1933–1939</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preparing for war: 1933–1939">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wever_years,_1933–1936">Wever years, 1933–1936</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wever years, 1933–1936">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-026-04A,_Walter_Wever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-026-04A%2C_Walter_Wever.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-026-04A%2C_Walter_Wever.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-026-04A%2C_Walter_Wever.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-026-04A%2C_Walter_Wever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-026-04A%2C_Walter_Wever.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-026-04A%2C_Walter_Wever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walther_Wever_(general)" title="Walther Wever (general)">Walther Wever</a>, Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff, 1933–1936</figcaption></figure> The German officer corps was keen to develop <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> capabilities against its enemies. However, economic and geopolitical considerations had to take priority. The German air power theorists continued to develop strategic theories, but emphasis was given to army support, as Germany was a continental power and expected to face ground operations following any declaration of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> For these reasons, between 1933 and 1934, the Luftwaffe's leadership was primarily concerned with tactical and operational methods. In aerial terms, the army concept of <a href="/wiki/Truppenf%C3%BChrung" title="Truppenführung">Truppenführung</a> was an operational concept, as well as a tactical doctrine. In World War I, the Fliegertruppe's initial, 1914–15 era <a href="/wiki/Feldflieger_Abteilung" title="Feldflieger Abteilung">Feldflieger Abteilung</a> observation/reconnaissance air units, each with six two-seater aircraft apiece, had been attached to specific army formations and acted as support. <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">Dive bomber</a> units were considered essential to Truppenführung, attacking enemy headquarters and lines of communications.<a href="#cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._129-20">[17]</a> Luftwaffe "Regulation 10: The Bomber" (Dienstvorschrift 10: Das Kampfflugzeug), published in 1934, advocated air superiority and approaches to ground attack tactics without dealing with operational matters. Until 1935, the 1926 manual "Directives for the Conduct of the Operational Air War" continued to act as the main guide for German air operations. The manual directed OKL to focus on limited operations (not strategic operations): the protection of specific areas and support of the army in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._129-20">[17]</a> With an effective tactical-operational concept,<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> the German air power theorists needed a strategic doctrine and organisation. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Knauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Knauss (page does not exist)">Robert Knauss</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Knauss" class="extiw" title="de:Robert Knauss">de</a>], a serviceman (not a pilot) in the Luftstreitkräfte during World War I, and later an experienced pilot with Lufthansa,<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> was a prominent theorist of air power. Knauss promoted the <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Douhet" title="Giulio Douhet">Giulio Douhet</a> theory that air power could win wars alone by destroying enemy industry and breaking enemy morale by "terrorising the population" of major cities. This advocated attacks on civilians.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The General Staff blocked the entry of Douhet's theory into doctrine, fearing revenge strikes against German civilians and cities.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> In December 1934, Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff <a href="/wiki/Walther_Wever_(general)" title="Walther Wever (general)">Walther Wever</a> sought to mold the Luftwaffe's battle doctrine into a strategic plan. At this time, Wever conducted war games (simulated against France) in a bid to establish his theory of a strategic bombing force that would, he thought, prove decisive by winning the war through the destruction of enemy industry, even though these exercises also included tactical strikes against enemy ground forces and communications. In 1935, "Luftwaffe Regulation 16: The Conduct of the Air War" was drawn up. In the proposal, it concluded, "The mission of the Luftwaffe is to serve these goals."<a href="#cite_note-Hooton_2007,_''Luftwaffe_at_War:_Gathering_Storm'',_p._34-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">James Corum</a> states that under this doctrine, the Luftwaffe leadership rejected the practice of "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">terror bombing</a>" (see <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Luftwaffe" title="Blitzkrieg">Luftwaffe strategic bombing doctrine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._7-27">[24]</a> According to Corum, terror bombing was deemed to be "counter-productive", increasing rather than destroying the enemy's will to resist.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Such bombing campaigns were regarded as diversion from the Luftwaffe's main operations; destruction of the enemy armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Nevertheless, Wever recognised the importance of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a>. In newly introduced doctrine, The Conduct of the Aerial Air War in 1935, Wever rejected the theory of Douhet<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> and outlined five key points to air strategy:<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> <blockquote> <ol><li>To destroy the enemy air force by bombing its bases and aircraft factories, and defeating enemy air forces attacking German targets</li> <li>To prevent the movement of large enemy ground forces to the decisive areas by destroying railways and roads, particularly bridges and tunnels, which are indispensable for the movement and supply of forces</li> <li>To support the operations of the army formations, independent of railways, i.e, armoured forces and motorised forces, by impeding the enemy advance and participating directly in ground operations</li> <li>To support naval operations by attacking naval bases, protecting Germany's naval bases and participating directly in naval battles</li> <li>To paralyze the enemy armed forces by stopping production in the armaments factories</li></ol> </blockquote> Wever began planning for a strategic bomber force and sought to incorporate strategic bombing into a war strategy. He believed that tactical aircraft should only be used as a step to developing a strategic air force. In May 1934, Wever initiated a seven-year project to develop the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Ural_bomber" title="Ural bomber">Ural bomber</a>", which could strike as far as into the heart of the Soviet Union. In 1935, this design competition led to the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_19" title="Dornier Do 19">Dornier Do 19</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_89" title="Junkers Ju 89">Junkers Ju 89</a> prototypes, although both were underpowered. In April 1936, Wever issued requirements for the 'Bomber A' design competition: a range of 6,700 kilometres (4,200 mi) with a 900 kilograms (2,000 lb) bomb load. However Wever's vision of a "Ural" bomber was never realised,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> and his emphasis on strategic aerial operations was lost.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The only design submittal for Wever's 'Bomber A' that reached production was <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a>'s Projekt 1041, which culminated in the production and frontline service as Germany's only operational heavy bomber, the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177_Greif" title="Heinkel He 177 Greif">Heinkel He 177</a>, on 5 November 1937, the date on which it received its <a href="/wiki/List_of_RLM_aircraft_designations#101-200" title="List of RLM aircraft designations">RLM airframe number</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriehlDressel19989-34">[31]</a> In 1935, the military functions of the RLM were grouped into the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Oberkommando der Luftwaffe</a> (OKL; "Air Force High Command"). Following the untimely death of Wever in early June 1936 in an <a href="/wiki/Gust_lock#Safety" title="Gust lock">aviation-related accident</a>, by the late 1930s the Luftwaffe had no clear purpose. The air force was not subordinated to the army support role, and it was not given any particular strategic mission. German doctrine fell between the two concepts. The Luftwaffe was to be an organisation capable of carrying out broad and general support tasks rather than any specific mission. Mainly, this path was chosen to encourage more flexible use of air power and offer the ground forces the right conditions for a decisive victory. In fact, on the outbreak of war, only 15% of the Luftwaffe's aircraft were devoted to ground support operations, counter to the long-held myth that the Luftwaffe was designed for only tactical and operational missions.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_of_direction,_1936–37">Change of direction, 1936–37</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Change of direction, 1936–37">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-112-13,_Ernst_Udet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-112-13%2C_Ernst_Udet.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-112-13%2C_Ernst_Udet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-112-13%2C_Ernst_Udet.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-112-13%2C_Ernst_Udet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-112-13%2C_Ernst_Udet.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1984-112-13%2C_Ernst_Udet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a>, Udet was responsible for establishing the design trend of German aircraft. His focus was on tactical army support air forces.</figcaption></figure> Wever's participation in the construction of the Luftwaffe came to an abrupt end on 3 June 1936 when he was killed along with his engineer in a <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_70_Blitz" title="Heinkel He 70 Blitz">Heinkel He 70</a> Blitz, ironically on the very day that his "Bomber A" heavy bomber design competition was announced. After Wever's death, Göring began taking more of an interest in the appointment of Luftwaffe staff officers. Göring appointed his successor <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a> as Chief of Staff and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a> to head the Reich's Air Ministry Technical Office (Technisches Amt), although he was not a technical expert. Despite this Udet helped change the Luftwaffe's tactical direction towards fast medium bombers to destroy enemy air power in the battle zone rather than through industrial bombing of its aviation production.<a href="#cite_note-Hooton_2007,_''Luftwaffe_at_War:_Gathering_Storm'',_p._34-25">[22]</a> Kesselring and Udet did not get on. During Kesselring's time as CS, 1936–1937, a power struggle developed between the two as Udet attempted to extend his own power within the Luftwaffe. Kesselring also had to contend with Göring appointing "yes men" to positions of importance.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Udet realised his limitations, and his failures in the production and development of German aircraft would have serious long term consequences.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> The failure of the Luftwaffe to progress further towards attaining a strategic bombing force was attributable to several reasons. Many in the Luftwaffe command believed medium bombers to be sufficient power to launch strategic bombing operations against Germany's most likely enemies; France, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The United Kingdom presented greater problems. <a href="/wiki/General_der_Flieger" title="General der Flieger">General der Flieger</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Felmy" title="Hellmuth Felmy">Hellmuth Felmy</a>, commander of <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_2" title="Luftflotte 2">Luftflotte 2</a> in 1939, was charged with devising a plan for an air war over the British Isles. Felmy was convinced that Britain could be defeated through morale bombing. Felmy noted the alleged panic that had broken out in London during the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich crisis</a>, evidence he believed of British weakness. A second reason was technical. German designers had never solved the issues of the Heinkel He 177A's design difficulties, brought on by the requirement from its inception on 5 November 1937 to have moderate dive-bombing capabilities in a 30-meter wingspan aircraft. Moreover, Germany did not possess the economic resources to match the later British and American effort of 1943–1944, particularly in large-scale mass production of <a href="/wiki/Bomber_B#High-output_aviation_engines_for_the_Luftwaffe" title="Bomber B">high power output aircraft engines</a> (with output of over least 1,500 kW (2,000 hp). In addition, the OKL had not foreseen the industrial and military effort strategic bombing would require. By 1939 the Luftwaffe was not much better prepared than its enemies to conduct a strategic bombing campaign,<a href="#cite_note-auto-39">[36]</a> with fatal results during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The German rearmament programme faced difficulties acquiring raw materials. Germany imported most of its essential materials for rebuilding the Luftwaffe, in particular rubber and aluminum. Petroleum imports were particularly vulnerable to blockade. Germany pushed for synthetic fuel plants but still failed to meet demands. In 1937 Germany imported more fuel than it had at the start of the decade. By summer 1938, only 25% of the requirements could be covered. In steel materials, industry was operating at barely 83% of capacity, and by November 1938 Göring reported the economic situation was serious.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> (OKW), the overall command for all German military forces, ordered reductions in raw materials and steel used for armament production. The figures for reduction were substantial: 30% steel, 20% copper, 47% aluminum, and 14% rubber.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Under such circumstances, it was not possible for Milch, Udet, or Kesselring to produce a formidable strategic bombing force even had they wanted to do so.<a href="#cite_note-auto-39">[36]</a> The development of aircraft was now confined to the production of twin-engined medium bombers that required much less material, manpower, and aviation production capacity than Wever's "Ural Bomber". German industry could build two medium bombers for one heavy bomber and the RLM would not gamble on developing a heavy bomber which would also take time. Göring remarked, "the Führer will not ask how big the bombers there are, but only how many there are."<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> The premature death of Wever, one of the Luftwaffe's finest officers, left the Luftwaffe without a strategic air force during World War II, which eventually proved fatal to the German war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Hooton_2007,_''Luftwaffe_at_War:_Gathering_Storm'',_p._34-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDresselGriehl1994176-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> The lack of strategic capability should have been apparent much earlier. The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Sudeten Crisis</a> highlighted German unpreparedness to conduct a strategic air war (although the British and French were in a much weaker position), and Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe be expanded to five times its earlier size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetleyRolfe19963-46">[43]</a> The OKL badly neglected the need for transport aircraft; even in 1943, transport units were described as Kampfgeschwadern zur besonderen Verwendung (Bomber Units on Special Duties, KGzbV).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetleyRolfe19967-47">[44]</a> and only grouping them together into dedicated cargo and personnel transport wings (Transportgeschwader) during that year. In March 1938, as the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> was taking place, Göring ordered Felmy to investigate the prospect of air raids against Britain. Felmy concluded it was not possible until bases in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were obtained and the Luftwaffe had heavy bombers. It mattered little, as war was avoided by the Munich Agreement, and the need for long-range aircraft did not arise.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> These failures were not exposed until wartime. In the meantime, German designs of mid-1930s origin such as the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> Stuka, and the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_17" title="Dornier Do 17">Dornier Do 17</a>, performed very well. All first saw active service in the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a> against Soviet-supplied aircraft. The Luftwaffe also quickly realised the days of the biplane fighter were finished, the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_51" title="Heinkel He 51">Heinkel He 51</a> being switched to service as a trainer. Particularly impressive were the Heinkel and Dornier, which fulfilled the Luftwaffe's requirements for bombers that were faster than 1930s-era fighters, many of which were biplanes or strut-braced monoplanes. Despite the participation of these aircraft (mainly from 1938 onward), it was the venerable <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> (which soon became the backbone of the Transportgruppen) that made the main contribution. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> Hitler remarked, "Franco ought to erect a monument to the glory of the Junkers Ju 52. It is the aircraft which the Spanish revolution has to thank for its victory."<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dive-bombing">Dive-bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dive-bombing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17,_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a>Ds over the Eastern Front, winter 1943–44</figcaption></figure> Poor accuracy from level bombers in 1937 led the Luftwaffe to grasp the benefits of dive-bombing. The latter could achieve far better accuracy against tactical ground targets than heavier conventional bombers. Range was not a key criterion for this mission. It was not always feasible for the army to move heavy artillery over recently captured territory to bombard fortifications or support ground forces, and dive bombers could do the job faster. Dive bombers, often single-engine two-man machines, could achieve better results than larger six or seven-man aircraft, at a tenth of the cost and four times the accuracy. This led to Udet championing the dive bomber, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Udet's "love affair" with dive-bombing seriously affected the long-term development of the Luftwaffe, especially after Wever's death. The tactical strike aircraft programmes were meant to serve as interim solutions until the next generation of aircraft arrived. In 1936 the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> was the backbone of the German bomber fleet. This led to a rush on the part of the RLM to produce the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">Junkers Ju 86</a>, the Heinkel He 111, and the Dornier Do 17 before a proper evaluation was made. The Ju 86 was poor while the He 111 showed the most promise. The Spanish Civil War convinced Udet (along with limited output from the German munitions industry) that wastage was not acceptable in munition terms. Udet sought to build dive-bombing into the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88</a> and conveyed the same idea, initiated specifically by the OKL for the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177_Greif" title="Heinkel He 177 Greif">Heinkel He 177</a>, approved in early November 1937. In the case of the Ju 88, 50,000 modifications had to be made. The weight was increased from seven to twelve tons. This resulted in a speed loss of 200 km/h. Udet merely conveyed the OKL's own dive-bombing capability request to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinkel" title="Ernst Heinkel">Ernst Heinkel</a> concerning the He 177, who vehemently opposed such an idea, which ruined its development as a heavy bomber.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Göring was not able to rescind the dive-bombing requirement for the He 177A until September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriehlDressel199853-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobilisation,_1938–1941">Mobilisation, 1938–1941</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobilisation, 1938–1941">edit</a>]</div> By the summer of 1939, the Luftwaffe had ready for combat nine Jagdgeschwader (fighter wings) mostly equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109_variants" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants">Messerschmitt Bf 109E</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Zerstörergeschwader</a> (destroyer wings) equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a> heavy fighters, 11 <a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader" title="Kampfgeschwader">Kampfgeschwader</a> (bomber wings) equipped mainly with the Heinkel He 111 and the Dornier Do 17Z, and four Sturzkampfgeschwader (dive bomber wing") primarily armed with the iconic Junkers Ju 87B Stuka.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The Luftwaffe was just starting to accept the Junkers Ju 88A for service, as it had encountered design difficulties, with only a dozen aircraft of the type considered combat-ready. The Luftwaffe's strength at this time stood at 373,000 personnel (208,000 flying troops, 107,000 in the Flak Corps, and 58,000 in the Signals Corps). Aircraft strength was 4,201 operational aircraft: 1,191 bombers, 361 dive bombers, 788 fighters, 431 heavy fighters, and 488 transports. Despite deficiencies, it was an impressive force.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> However, even by the spring of 1940, the Luftwaffe still had not mobilised fully. Despite the shortage of raw materials, Udet had increased production through introducing a 10-hour working day for aviation industries and rationalising production. During this period 30 Kampfstaffeln and 16 Jagdstaffeln were raised and equipped. A further five Zerstörergruppen ("Destroyer groups") were created (JGr 101, 102, 126, 152 and 176), all equipped with the Bf 110.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> The Luftwaffe also greatly expanded its aircrew training programmes by 42%, to 63 flying schools. These facilities were moved to eastern Germany, away from possible Allied threats. The number of aircrew reached 4,727, an increase of 31%. However, the rush to complete this rapid expansion scheme resulted in the deaths of 997 personnel and another 700 wounded. 946 aircraft were also destroyed in these accidents. The number of aircrew completing their training was up to 3,941, The Luftwaffe's entire strength was now 2.2 million personnel.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> In April and May 1941, Udet headed the Luftwaffe delegation inspecting the Soviet aviation industry in compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>. Udet informed Göring "that Soviet air forces are very strong and technically advanced." Göring decided not to report the facts to Hitler, hoping that a surprise attack would quickly destroy the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-RF-57">[54]</a> Udet realised that the upcoming war with the USSR might cripple Germany. Udet, torn between truth and loyalty, suffered a psychological breakdown and even tried to tell Hitler the truth, but Göring told Hitler that Udet was lying, then took Udet under control by giving him drugs at drinking parties and hunting trips. Udet's drinking and psychological condition became a problem, but Göring used Udet's dependency to manipulate him.<a href="#cite_note-RF2-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luftwaffe_organisation">Luftwaffe organisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Luftwaffe organisation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)">Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luftwaffe_commanders">Luftwaffe commanders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Luftwaffe commanders">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/220px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/330px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/440px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>Defendants in the dock during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. The main target of the prosecution was <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> (at the left edge on the first row of benches), considered to be the most important surviving Nazi official after Adolf Hitler's death.</figcaption></figure> Throughout the history of Nazi Germany, the Luftwaffe had only two commanders-in-chief. The first was Göring, with the second and last being <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a>. His appointment as commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe was concomitant with his promotion to Generalfeldmarschall, the last German officer in World War II to be promoted to the highest rank. Other officers promoted to the second highest military rank in Germany were Kesselring, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle">Hugo Sperrle</a>, Milch, and <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Richthofen" title="Wolfram von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a>. At the end of the war, with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin surrounded by the Red Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ring_telegram" title="Göring telegram">Göring suggested to Hitler that he take over leadership of the Reich.</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Hitler ordered his arrest and execution, but Göring's SS guards did not carry out the order, and Göring survived to be <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">tried at Nuremberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Sperrle was prosecuted at the <a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">OKW trial</a>, one of the last twelve of the Nuremberg trials after the war. He was acquitted on all four counts. He died in Munich in 1953. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation_and_chain_of_command">Organisation and chain of command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organisation and chain of command">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)">Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)</a></div> At the start of the war the Luftwaffe had four Luftflotten (air fleets), each responsible for roughly a quarter of Germany. As the war progressed more air fleets were created as the areas under German rule expanded. As one example, <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_5" title="Luftflotte 5">Luftflotte 5</a> was created in 1940 to direct operations in Norway and Denmark, and other Luftflotten were created as necessary. Each Luftflotte would contain several Fliegerkorps (Air Corps), Fliegerdivision (Air Division), Jagdkorps (Fighter Corps), Jagddivision (Air Division), or Jagdfliegerführer (Fighter Air Command). Each formations would have attached to it a number of units, usually several Geschwader, but also independent Staffeln and <a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">Kampfgruppen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation-61">[58]</a> Luftflotten were also responsible for the training aircraft and schools in their operational areas.<a href="#cite_note-Ketley_and_Rolfe,_p._4-62">[59]</a> A Geschwader was commanded by a <a href="/wiki/Geschwaderkommodore" title="Geschwaderkommodore">Geschwaderkommodore</a>, with the rank of either major, <a href="/wiki/Oberstleutnant" title="Oberstleutnant">Oberstleutnant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>). Other "staff" officers within the unit with administrative duties included the adjutant, technical officer, and operations officer, who were usually (though not always) experienced aircrew or pilots still flying on operations. Other specialist staff were navigation, signals, and intelligence personnel. A Stabschwarm (headquarters <a href="/wiki/Flight_(military_unit)" title="Flight (military unit)">flight</a>) was attached to each Geschwader.<a href="#cite_note-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation-61">[58]</a> A Jagdgeschwader (hunting wing) (JG) was a single-seat day fighter Geschwader, typically equipped with Bf 109 or Fw 190 aircraft flying in the fighter or fighter-bomber roles. Late in the war, by 1944–45, <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_7" title="Jagdgeschwader 7">JG 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_400" title="Jagdgeschwader 400">JG 400</a> (and the jet specialist <a href="/wiki/Jagdverband_44" title="Jagdverband 44">JV 44</a>) flew much more advanced aircraft, with <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_II)" title="Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)">JG 1</a> working up with the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_162" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 162">Heinkel He 162</a> "emergency fighter" at war's end. A Geschwader consisted of groups (Gruppen), which in turn consisted of Jagdstaffel (fighter squadrons). Hence, Fighter Wing 1 was JG 1, its first Gruppe (group) was I./JG 1, using a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numeral</a> for the Gruppe number only, and its first Staffel (squadron) was 1./JG 1. Geschwader strength was usually 120–125 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation-61">[58]</a> Each Gruppe was commanded by a Kommandeur, and a Staffel by a Staffelkapitän. However, these were "appointments", not ranks, within the Luftwaffe. Usually, the Kommodore would hold the rank of Oberstleutnant or, exceptionally, an Oberst. Even a Leutnant (second lieutenant) could find himself commanding a Staffel. Similarly, a bomber wing was a Kampfgeschwader (KG), a night fighter wing was a Nachtjagdgeschwader (NJG), a dive bomber wing was a Stukageschwader (StG), and units equivalent to those in RAF Coastal Command, with specific responsibilities for coastal patrols and search and rescue duties, were Küstenfliegergruppen (Kü.Fl. Gr.). Specialist bomber groups were known as Kampfgruppen (KGr). The strength of a bomber Geschwader was about 80–90 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_personnel_structure" title="Luftwaffe personnel structure">Luftwaffe personnel structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Ranks and insignia of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Luftwaffe strength during the fall of 1941<a href="#cite_note-Zentner-63">[60]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left" width="150">Forces </th> <th align="left" width="50">Personnel strength </th></tr> <tr> <td>Flying units </td> <td style="text-align: right;">500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anti-aircraft units </td> <td style="text-align: right;">500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Air signal units </td> <td style="text-align: right;">250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Construction units </td> <td style="text-align: right;">150,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsturm" title="Landsturm">Landsturm</a> (militia) units </td> <td style="text-align: right;">36,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> The peacetime strength of the Luftwaffe in the spring of 1939 was 370,000 men. After mobilisation in 1939 almost 900,000 men served, and just before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in 1941 personnel strength had reached 1.5 million men.<a href="#cite_note-Zentner-63">[60]</a> The Luftwaffe reached its largest personnel strength during the period November 1943 to June 1944, with almost three million men and women in uniform; 1.7 million of these were male soldiers, 1 million male <a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)#Armed_Forces_officials_(Wehrmachtbeamte)" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Army (1935–1945)">Wehrmachtsbeamte</a> and civilian employees, and almost 300,000 female and male auxiliaries (<a href="/wiki/Luftwaffenhelfer" title="Luftwaffenhelfer">Luftwaffenhelfer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> In October 1944, the anti-aircraft units had 600,000 soldiers and 530,000 auxiliaries, including 60,000 male members of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Labour_Service" title="Reich Labour Service">Reichsarbeitsdienst</a>, 50,000 Luftwaffenhelfer (males age 15–17), 80,000 Flakwehrmänner (males above military age) and Flak-V-soldaten (males unfit for military service), and 160,000 female Flakwaffenhelferinnen and RAD-Maiden, as well as 160,000 foreign personnel (<a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operational_history_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational history of the Luftwaffe (1939–45)">Operational history of the Luftwaffe (1939–45)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Ruins of Guernica</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> The Luftwaffe's Condor Legion experimented with new doctrine and aircraft during the Spanish Civil War. It helped the <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> to defeat the Republican forces. Over 20,000 German airmen gained combat experience that would give the Luftwaffe an important advantage going into the Second World War. One infamous operation was the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica">Guernica</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque country</a>. It is commonly assumed this attack was the result of a "terror doctrine" in Luftwaffe doctrine. The raids on Guernica and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> caused many civilian casualties and a wave of protests from abroad. It has been suggested that the bombing of Guernica was carried out for military tactical reasons, in support of ground operations, but the town was not directly involved in any fighting at that point in time. It was not until 1942 that the Germans started to develop a bombing policy in which civilians were the primary targets, although <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> on London and many other British cities involved indiscriminate bombing of civilian areas,<a href="#cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._7-27">[24]</a> 'nuisance raids' which could even involve the machine-gunning of civilians and livestock.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spitfires_camera_gun_film_shows_tracer_ammunition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Spitfires_camera_gun_film_shows_tracer_ammunition.jpg/220px-Spitfires_camera_gun_film_shows_tracer_ammunition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Spitfires_camera_gun_film_shows_tracer_ammunition.jpg/330px-Spitfires_camera_gun_film_shows_tracer_ammunition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Spitfires_camera_gun_film_shows_tracer_ammunition.jpg/440px-Spitfires_camera_gun_film_shows_tracer_ammunition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gun_camera" title="Gun camera">Gun camera</a> film showing tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire hitting a <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> bomber on its starboard quarter</figcaption></figure> When World War II began in 1939, the Luftwaffe was one of the most technologically advanced air forces in the world. During the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Polish Campaign</a> that triggered the war, it quickly established air superiority, and then air supremacy. It supported the German Army operations which ended the campaign in five weeks. The Luftwaffe's performance was as the OKL had hoped. The Luftwaffe rendered invaluable support to the army,<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> mopping up pockets of resistance. Göring was delighted with the performance.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Command and control problems occurred, but flexibility and improvisation in both the army and the Luftwaffe solved these problems. The Luftwaffe was to have in place a ground-to-air communication system, which played a vital role in the success of 1940's <a href="/wiki/Manstein_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manstein Plan">Fall Gelb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> In the spring of 1940 the Luftwaffe assisted the Kriegsmarine and Heer in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">invasion of Norway</a>. Flying in reinforcements and winning air superiority, the Luftwaffe contributed decisively to the German conquest.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> In May and June 1940, the Luftwaffe contributed to the unexpected German success in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. It destroyed three Allied Air Forces and helped secure the defeat of France in just over six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> However, it could not <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">destroy the British Expeditionary Force at Dunkirk</a> despite intense bombing. The <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">BEF</a> escaped to continue the war.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> During the Battle of Britain in summer 1940, the Luftwaffe inflicted severe damage on Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, but did not achieve the air superiority that Hitler had demanded for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">the proposed invasion of Britain</a>, which was postponed and then canceled in December 1940.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> The Luftwaffe ravaged British cities during the Blitz of 1940–1941, but failed to break British morale, and the RAF shot down German planes by over a two to one ratio. Hitler had already ordered preparations for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. In spring 1941 the Luftwaffe helped its <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> partner, Italy, secure victory in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign</a> and continued to support Italy or the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean, Middle East and African theaters</a> until May 1945. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Despite destroying <a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_air_war_22_June_1941" title="German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941">thousands of Soviet aircraft</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> the Luftwaffe failed to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Red Air Force</a> altogether. Lacking strategic bombers (the very "Ural bombers" that Wever had asked for six years before) the Luftwaffe could not strike at Soviet production-centres regularly or with the needed force.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa</a> consumed vast numbers of men and planes. As the war dragged on, the Luftwaffe was eroded in strength. German defeats at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in 1942 and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> in 1943 ensured the gradual decline of the Wehrmacht on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. British historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor_(historian)" title="Frederick Taylor (historian)">Frederick Taylor</a> asserts that "all sides bombed each other's cities during the war. Half a million Soviet citizens, for example, died from German <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">bombing</a> during the invasion and occupation of Russia. That's roughly equivalent to the number of German citizens who died from Allied raids."<a href="#cite_note-Hawley-77">[74]</a> The Luftwaffe defended <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> against the growing offensive power of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> and, starting in the summer of 1942, the steadily building strength of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a>. The mounting demands of the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a> campaign gradually destroyed the Luftwaffe's fighter arm. Despite its belated use of advanced turbojet and rocket-propelled aircraft for bomber-destroyer duties, it was overwhelmed by Allied numbers and a lack of trained pilots and fuel. A last-ditch attempt, known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Operation Bodenplatte</a>, to win air superiority on 1 January 1945 failed. After the Bodenplatte effort, the Luftwaffe ceased to be an effective fighting force. German day- and night-fighter pilots claimed more than 70,000 aerial victories during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Of these, an estimated 745 victories were attributed to <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> jet fighters.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Flak</a> shot down 25,000–30,000 Allied planes. Broken down according to the different Allied forces, about 25,000 were American planes,<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> about 20,000 British, 46,100 Soviet,<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> 1,274 French,<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] 375 Polish,<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> and 81 Dutch as well as aircraft from other Allied nationalities. The highest-scoring day-fighter pilot was <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hartmann" title="Erich Hartmann">Erich Hartmann</a> with 352 confirmed kills, all of them on the Eastern front against the Soviets. The leading aces in the west were <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Marseille" title="Hans-Joachim Marseille">Hans-Joachim Marseille</a> with 158 kills (most of which were against British Commonwealth forces in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desert_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desert campaign (page does not exist)">Desert campaign</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Georg-Peter_Eder" title="Georg-Peter Eder">Georg-Peter Eder</a> with 56 kills of aircraft from the USAAF (of a total of 78). The most successful night-fighter pilot, <a href="/wiki/Heinz-Wolfgang_Schnaufer" title="Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer">Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer</a>, is credited with 121 kills. 103 German fighter pilots shot down more than 100 enemy aircraft for a total of roughly 15,400 aerial victories. Roughly a further 360 pilots claimed between 40 and 100 aerial victories for round about 21,000 victories. Another 500 fighter pilots claimed between 20 and 40 victories for a total of 15,000 victories. Part of the reason German pilots scored such high victory totals was that they were in combat for the duration of the war-unlike the Allies, who rotated their flyers out of combat after a certain amount of time to recuperate or to impart their skills in training other pilots - German pilots flew until they were killed, captured, or too badly wounded to keep flying. It is relatively certain that 2,500 German fighter pilots attained ace status, having achieved at least five aerial victories.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> These achievements were honored with 453 German single and twin-engine (<a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a>) day-fighter pilots receiving the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a>. Intense personal rivalry may have played an important role in motivating high-performing aces (who scored the vast majority of aerial victories). Public recognition in the form of medals and mentions in the army bulletin spurred efforts of peers who had previously flown with award-winners<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> . 85 night-fighter pilots, including 14 crew members, were awarded the Knight's Cross.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-87">[84]</a> Some bomber pilots were also highly successful. Stuka and Schlachtflieger pilot <a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a> flew 2,530 ground-attack missions and claimed the destruction of more than 519 tanks and a battleship, among others. He became the most highly decorated German serviceman of the Second World War. Bomber pilot <a href="/wiki/Hansgeorg_B%C3%A4tcher" title="Hansgeorg Bätcher">Hansgeorg Bätcher</a> flew more than 658 combat missions, destroying numerous ships and other targets. Luftwaffe losses, on the other hand, were high as well. The estimated total number of destroyed and damaged for the war totalled 76,875 aircraft. Of these, about 43,000 were lost in combat, the rest in operational accidents and during training.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] By type, losses totalled 21,452 fighters, 12,037 bombers, 15,428 trainers, 10,221 twin-engine fighters, 5,548 ground attack craft, 6,733 reconnaissance planes, and 6,141 transports.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> According to the General Staff of the Wehrmacht the losses of the flight personnel until February 1945 amounted to:<a href="#cite_note-Hahn,_Fritz_1945-90">[87]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Officers </th> <th>Enlisted </th></tr> <tr> <th>Killed in action </th> <td>6,527 </td> <td>43,517 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wounded in action </th> <td>4,194 </td> <td>27,811 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Missing in action </th> <td>4,361 </td> <td>27,240 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td>15,082 </td> <td>98,568 </td></tr></tbody></table> According to official statistics, total Luftwaffe casualties, including ground personnel, amounted to 138,596 killed and 156,132 missing through 31 January 1945.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Omissions_and_failures">Omissions and failures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Omissions and failures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_aerial_defence">Lack of aerial defence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lack of aerial defence">edit</a>]</div> The failure of the Luftwaffe in the Defence of the Reich campaign was a result of a number of factors. The Luftwaffe lacked an effective air defence system early in the war. Hitler's foreign policy had pushed Germany into war before these defences could be fully developed. The Luftwaffe was forced to improvise and construct its defences during the war. The daylight actions over German-controlled territory were sparse in 1939–1940. The responsibility of the defence of German air space fell to the Luftgaukommandos (air district commands). The defence systems relied mostly on the "flak" arm. The defences were not coordinated and communication was poor. This lack of understanding between the flak and flying branches of the defence would plague the Luftwaffe throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._42-92">[89]</a> Hitler, in particular, wanted the defence to rest on anti-aircraft artillery as it gave the civilian population a "psychological crutch" no matter how ineffective the weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._132-93">[90]</a> Most of the battles fought by the Luftwaffe on the Western Front were against <a href="/wiki/Circus_offensive" title="Circus offensive">the RAF's "Circus" raids</a> and the occasional daylight raid into German air space. This was a fortunate position since the Luftwaffe's strategy of focusing its striking power on one front started to unravel with the failure of the invasion of the Soviet Union. The "peripheral" strategy of the Luftwaffe between 1939 and 1940 had been to deploy its fighter defences at the edges of Axis occupied territory, with little protecting the inner depths.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._46-94">[91]</a> Moreover, the front line units in the West were complaining about the poor numbers and performance of aircraft. Units complained of lack of Zerstörer aircraft with all-weather capabilities and the "lack of climbing power of the Bf 109".<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._46-94">[91]</a> The Luftwaffe's technical edge was slipping as the only formidable new aircraft in the German arsenal was the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a>. Milch was to assist Udet with aircraft production increases and the introduction of more modern types of fighter aircraft. However, they explained at a meeting of the Reich Industrial Council on 18 September 1941 that the new next-generation aircraft had failed to materialise, and production of obsolete types had to continue to meet the growing need for replacements.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._46-94">[91]</a> The buildup of the <a href="/wiki/Jagdwaffe" title="Jagdwaffe">Jagdwaffe</a> ("Fighter Force") was too rapid and its quality suffered. It was not put under a unified command until 1943, which also affected the performance of the nine Jagdgeschwader fighter wings in existence in 1939. No further units were formed until 1942, and the years of 1940–1941 were wasted. The OKL failed to construct a strategy; instead, its command style was reactionary, and its measures not as effective without thorough planning. This was particularly apparent with the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_operational_history" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190 operational history">Sturmböck</a> squadrons, formed to replace the increasingly ineffective twin-engined Zerstörer heavy fighter wings as the primary defence against USAAF daylight raids. The Sturmböcke flew Fw 190A fighters armed with heavy 20mm and 30mm cannon to destroy heavy bombers, but this increased the weight and affected the performance of the Fw 190 at a time when the aircraft were meeting large numbers of equal if not superior Allied types.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Daytime aerial defence against the USAAF's strongly defended heavy bomber forces, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a>, had its successes through the calendar year of 1943. But at the start of 1944, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle#Escort_fighter_tactics" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Eighth AF commander Jimmy Doolittle made a major change in offensive fighter tactics</a>, which defeated the Luftwaffe's day fighter force from that time onwards. Steadily increasing numbers of the superlative <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a> single-engine fighter, leading the USAAF's bombers into German airspace defeated first the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fighter#Germany" title="Heavy fighter">Bf 110 Zerstörer</a> wings, then the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_operational_history#The_Sturmböcke" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190 operational history">Fw 190A Sturmböcke</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_equipment">Development and equipment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Development and equipment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_177A-02_in_flight_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Heinkel_He_177A-02_in_flight_1942.jpg/220px-Heinkel_He_177A-02_in_flight_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Heinkel_He_177A-02_in_flight_1942.jpg/330px-Heinkel_He_177A-02_in_flight_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Heinkel_He_177A-02_in_flight_1942.jpg/440px-Heinkel_He_177A-02_in_flight_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The most troublesome of all German designs during WWII – both in development and in service – was the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177_Greif" title="Heinkel He 177 Greif">He 177</a>A Greif heavy bomber.</figcaption></figure> In terms of technological development, the failure to develop a long-range bomber and capable long-range fighters during this period left the Luftwaffe unable to conduct a meaningful strategic bombing campaign throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> However, Germany at that time suffered from limitations in raw materials such as oil and aluminum, which meant that there were insufficient resources for much beyond a tactical air force: given these circumstances, the Luftwaffe's reliance on tactical mid-range, twin-engined medium bombers and short-range dive-bombers was a pragmatic choice of strategy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> It might also be argued that the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwader medium and heavy bomber wings were perfectly capable of attacking strategic targets, but the lack of capable long-range escort fighters left the bombers unable to carry out their missions effectively against determined and well-organised fighter opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._282-99">[96]</a> The greatest failure for the Kampfgeschwader, however, was being saddled with an aircraft intended as a capable four-engined heavy bomber: the perpetually troubled Heinkel He 177, whose engines were <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177#Engine_difficulties" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">prone to catch fire</a> in flight. Of the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_277#Trio_of_separate_efforts" title="Heinkel He 277">three parallel proposals</a> from the Heinkel engineering departments for a four-engined version of the A-series He 177 <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_277#Trio_of_separate_efforts" title="Heinkel He 277">by February 1943</a>, one of these being <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_277" title="Heinkel He 277">the Heinkel firm's Amerikabomber candidate</a>, only one, the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177#Further_development:_the_Heinkel_He_177B" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">He 177B</a>, emerged in the concluding months of 1943. Only three airworthy prototypes of the B-series He 177 design were produced by early 1944, by which point the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a>, the most successful RAF heavy bomber, was already in widespread service. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-02,_Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_C_Condor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-02%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_C_Condor.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-02%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_C_Condor.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-02%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_C_Condor.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-02%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_C_Condor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-02%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_C_Condor.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-02%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_C_Condor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Arguably, one of the greatest tactical failures was the neglect of naval aviation in the western theatre, 1939–1941 (pictured is a <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_Condor" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor">Focke-Wulf Fw 200</a> C Condor).</figcaption></figure> Another failure of procurement and equipment was the lack of a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval air arm</a>. Felmy had already expressed a desire to build a naval air arm to support Kriegsmarine operations in the Atlantic and British waters. Britain was dependent on food and raw materials from its Empire and North America. Felmy pressed this case firmly throughout 1938 and 1939, and, on 31 October 1939, <a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral" title="Grand admiral">Großadmiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> sent a strongly worded letter to Göring in support of such proposals. The early-war twin-engined <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_115" title="Heinkel He 115">Heinkel He 115</a> floatplane and <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_18" title="Dornier Do 18">Dornier Do 18</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> were too slow and short-ranged. The then-contemporary <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_138" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm & Voss BV 138">Blohm & Voss BV 138</a> Seedrache ("seadragon") flying boat became the Luftwaffe's primary seaborne maritime patrol platform, with nearly 300 examples built; it had a 4,300 km (2,670 mi) maximum range. Another Blohm und Voss design of 1940, the enormous, 46-meter wingspan <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_222" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm & Voss BV 222">Blohm & Voss BV 222</a> Wiking maritime patrol flying boat was capable of a 6,800 km (4,200-mile) range at maximum endurance. The <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_217" title="Dornier Do 217">Dornier Do 217</a> would have been ideal as a land-based choice but suffered production problems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Raeder also complained about the poor standard of aerial torpedoes, although their design was the responsibility of the Kriegsmarine, even considering production of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Type_91_torpedo#Provision_of_the_aerial_torpedo_technology_to_Germany" title="Type 91 torpedo">Type 91 torpedo</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> as the Lufttorpedo LT 850 by August 1942 <a href="#cite_note-100">[a]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> Without specialised naval or land-based, purpose-designed maritime patrol aircraft, the Luftwaffe was forced to improvise. The <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_Condor" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor">Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor</a> – developed as a civilian airliner – lacked the structural strength for combat maneuvering at lower altitudes, making it unsuitable for use as a bomber in maritime patrol duties. The Condor lacked speed, armor and bomb load capacity. Sometimes the fuselage literally "broke its back" or a wing panel dropped loose from the <a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">wing root</a> after a hard landing. Nevertheless, it was adapted for the long-range reconnaissance and anti-shipping roles and, between August 1940 and February 1941, Fw 200s sank 85 vessels for a claimed total of 363,000 GRT. Had the Luftwaffe focused on naval aviation – particularly maritime patrol aircraft with long range, Germany might well have been in a position to win the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, Raeder and the Kriegsmarine failed to press for naval air power until the war began, mitigating the Luftwaffe's responsibility. At the same time Göring regarded any other branch of the German military developing its own aviation as an encroachment on his authority and continually frustrated the navy's attempts to build its own airpower.<a href="#cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._282-99">[96]</a> The absence of a strategic bomber force for the Luftwaffe, following Wever's death in 1936 and the end of the Ural bomber programme was not addressed until the authorisation of the "<a href="/wiki/Bomber_B" title="Bomber B">Bomber B</a>" design competition in July 1939, which sought to replace the medium bomber force with which the Luftwaffe would begin the war, and the partly achieved <a href="/wiki/Schnellbomber" title="Schnellbomber">Schnellbomber</a> high-speed medium bomber concept with more advanced, twin-engined high-speed bomber aircraft fitted with pairs of relatively <a href="/wiki/Bomber_B#High-output_engines" title="Bomber B">"high-power" engines</a> of 1,500 kW (2,000 hp) and upwards as a follow-on to the earlier Schnellbomber project, that would also be able to function as shorter-range heavy bombers. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B19957,_Edgar_Petersen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B19957%2C_Edgar_Petersen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B19957%2C_Edgar_Petersen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B19957%2C_Edgar_Petersen.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B19957%2C_Edgar_Petersen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B19957%2C_Edgar_Petersen.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B19957%2C_Edgar_Petersen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Oberst <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Petersen" title="Edgar Petersen">Edgar Petersen</a>, head of the Luftwaffe's Erprobungsstellen network of test facilities late in the war</figcaption></figure> The spring 1942 <a href="/wiki/Amerikabomber" title="Amerikabomber">Amerikabomber</a> programme sought to produce strategic bomber designs for the Luftwaffe to directly attack the United States from Europe or the Azores. Inevitably, both the Bomber B and Amerikabomber programmes were victims of the continued emphasis of the Wehrmacht combined military's insistence for its Luftwaffe air arm to support the Heer as its primary mission, and the damage to the German aviation industry from Allied bomber attacks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenges_in_directly_addressing_combat_pilots'_issues">Challenges in directly addressing combat pilots' issues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Challenges in directly addressing combat pilots' issues">edit</a>]</div> The RLM's apparent lack of a dedicated "technical-tactical" department, that would have directly been in contact with combat pilots to assess their needs for weaponry upgrades and tactical advice, had never been seriously envisioned as a critically ongoing necessity in the planning of the original German air arm.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> The RLM did have its own Technisches Amt (T-Amt) department to handle aviation technology issues, but this was tasked with handling all aviation technology issues in Nazi Germany, both military and civilian in nature, and also not known to have ever had any clear and actively administrative and consultative links with the front-line forces established for such purposes. On the front-line combat side of the issue, and for direct contact with the German aviation firms making the Luftwaffe's warplanes, the Luftwaffe did have its own reasonably effective system of four military aviation test facilities, or Erprobungstellen located at three coastal sites – <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Airfield" title="Peenemünde Airfield">Peenemünde-West</a> (also incorporating a separate facility in nearby <a href="/wiki/Karlshagen" title="Karlshagen">Karlshagen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tarnewitz_test_site" title="Tarnewitz test site">Tarnewitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priwall_Peninsula" title="Priwall Peninsula">Travemünde</a> – and the central inland site of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCritz_Airpark" title="Müritz Airpark">Rechlin</a>, itself first established as a military airfield in late August 1918 by the German Empire, with the four-facility system commanded later in World War II by Oberst <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Petersen" title="Edgar Petersen">Edgar Petersen</a>. However, due to lack of co-ordination between the RLM and the OKL, all fighter and bomber development was oriented toward short-range aircraft, as they could be produced in greater numbers, rather than quality long-range aircraft, something that put the Luftwaffe at a disadvantage <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_of_the_Battle_of_Britain#German_fighter_fuel_capacity" title="Aircraft of the Battle of Britain">as early as the Battle of Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> The "ramp-up" to production levels required to fulfill the Luftwaffe's front-line needs was also slow, not reaching maximum output until 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> Production of fighters was not given priority until the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Fighter_Program" title="Emergency Fighter Program">Emergency Fighter Program</a> was begun in 1944; <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Galland" title="Adolf Galland">Adolf Galland</a> commented that this should have occurred at least a year earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> Galland also pointed to the mistakes and challenges made in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> including the protracted development time required for its <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004" title="Junkers Jumo 004">Junkers Jumo 004</a> jet engines to achieve reliability. German combat aircraft types that were first designed and flown in the mid-1930s had become obsolete, yet were kept in production, in particular the Ju 87 Stuka, and the Bf 109, because there were no well-developed replacement designs.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_failures">Production failures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production failures">edit</a>]</div> The failure of German production was evident from the start of the Battle of Britain. By the end of 1940, the Luftwaffe had suffered heavy losses and needed to regroup. Deliveries of new aircraft were insufficient to meet the drain on resources; the Luftwaffe, unlike the RAF, was failing to expand its pilot and aircraft numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_1980,_p._32-103">[99]</a> This was partly owing to production planning failures before the war and the demands of the army. Nevertheless, the German aircraft industry was being outproduced in 1940. In terms of fighter aircraft production, the British exceeded their production plans by 43%, while the Germans remained 40% "behind" target by summer 1940. In fact, German production in fighters fell from 227 to 177 per month between July and September 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_1980,_p._32-103">[99]</a> One of the many reasons for the failure of the Luftwaffe in 1940 was that it did not have the operational and material means to destroy the British aircraft industry,<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> something that the much-anticipated Bomber B design competition was intended to address. The so-called "Göring programme", had largely been predicated on the defeat of the Soviet Union in 1941. After the Wehrmacht's failure in front of Moscow, industrial priorities for a possibility in increasing aircraft production were largely abandoned in favor to support the army's increased attrition rates and heavy equipment losses.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._133-105">[101]</a> Milch's reforms expanded production rates. In 1941 an average of 981 aircraft (including 311 fighters) were produced each month.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._133-105">[101]</a> In 1942 this rose to 1,296 aircraft of which 434 were fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._133-105">[101]</a> Milch's planned production increases were initially opposed. But in June, he was granted materials for 900 fighters per month as the average output. By the summer of 1942, the Luftwaffe's operational fighter force had recovered from a low of 39% (44% for fighters and 31% for bombers) in the winter of 1941–1942, to 69% by late June (75% for fighters and 66% for bombers) in 1942. However, after increased commitments in the east, overall operational ready rates fluctuated between 59% and 65% for the remaining year.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._138-106">[102]</a> Throughout 1942 the Luftwaffe was out produced in fighter aircraft by 250% and in twin-engine aircraft by 196%.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._139-107">[103]</a> The appointment of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> as Minister of Armaments increased production of existing designs and the few new designs that had originated from earlier in the war. However, the intensification of Allied bombing caused the dispersion of production and prevented an efficient acceleration of expansion. German aviation production reached about 36,000 combat aircraft for 1944. However, by the time this was achieved the Luftwaffe lacked the fuel and trained pilots to make this achievement worthwhile.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_pp._253-255-108">[104]</a> The failure to maximise production immediately after the failures in the Soviet Union and North Africa ensured the Luftwaffe's effective defeat in the period of September 1943 – February 1944. Despite the tactical victories won, they failed to achieve a decisive victory. By the time production reached acceptable levels, as so many other factors had for the Luftwaffe – and for the entire Wehrmacht's weapons and ordnance technology as a whole – late in the war, it was "too little, too late".<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1983,_pp._253-255-108">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine_development">Engine development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Engine development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daimler_Benz_DB_610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Daimler_Benz_DB_610.jpg/220px-Daimler_Benz_DB_610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Daimler_Benz_DB_610.jpg/330px-Daimler_Benz_DB_610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Daimler_Benz_DB_610.jpg/440px-Daimler_Benz_DB_610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A restored DB 610 "power system" engine, comprising a pair of DB 605 inverted V12s – the top of its central space-frame motor-mount structure can be seen.</figcaption></figure> By the late 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a> construction methods had progressed to the point where airframes could be built to any required size,<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> especially in Germany with aircraft like the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_X" title="Dornier Do X">Dornier Do X</a> flying boat and the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_G.38" title="Junkers G.38">Junkers G 38</a> airliner. However, powering such designs was a major challenge. Mid-1930s aero engines were limited to about 600 hp and the first 1000 hp engines were just entering the prototype stage – for Nazi Germany's then-new Luftwaffe air arm, this meant liquid-cooled inverted V12 designs like the <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601" title="Daimler-Benz DB 601">Daimler-Benz DB 601</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> Nazi Germany's initial need for substantially more powerful aviation engines originated with the private venture <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_119" title="Heinkel He 119">Heinkel He 119</a> high-speed reconnaissance design, and the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_261" title="Messerschmitt Me 261">Messerschmitt Me 261</a> for maritime reconnaissance duties. To give enough power in each engine installation, Daimler-Benz coupled two DB 601 engines as single "power system" with the propeller gear reduction housing across the front ends of the two engines. The combined powerplant, known as the DB 606, gave 2,700 metric horsepower (2,000 kW) maximum output in February 1937, for a total weight of around 1.5 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-weldedtogether-606-111">[107]</a> Daimler-Benz's was at the same time developing a 1,500 kW class <a href="/wiki/X_engine" title="X engine">X-configuration</a> engine design resulting in the twenty-four cylinder <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_604" title="Daimler-Benz DB 604">Daimler-Benz DB 604</a> (four banks of six cylinders each). Possessing essentially the same displacement of 46.5 litres (2,840 in3) as the initial version of the liquid-cooled <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_222" title="Junkers Jumo 222">Junkers Jumo 222</a> multibank engine, six banks of four inline cylinders apiece instead; coincidentally, both the original Jumo 222 design and the DB 604 each weighed about a third less (at some 1,080 kilograms or 2,380 pounds of dry weight) than the DB 606. The DB 604's protracted development was diverting valuable German aviation powerplant research resources, and with more development of the "twinned-<a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_605" title="Daimler-Benz DB 605">DB 605</a>" based DB 610 coupled engine (itself initiated in June 1940 with a top output level of 2,950 PS (2,170 kW),<a href="#cite_note-weldedtogether-606-111">[107]</a> and brought together in the same way – with the same all-up weight of 1.5 tonnes – as the DB 606 had been) giving improved results at the time, the Reich Air Ministry stopped all work on the DB 604 in September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> Such "coupled powerplants" were the exclusive choice of power for the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177_Greif" title="Heinkel He 177 Greif">Heinkel He 177A Greif</a> heavy bomber, mistasked from its beginnings in being intended to do moderate-angle "dive bombing" for a 30-meter wingspan class, heavy bomber design – the twin nacelles for a pair of DB 606s or 610s did reduce drag for such a combat "requirement", but the poor design of the He 177A's engine accommodations for these twin-crankcase "power systems" caused <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177#Engine_difficulties" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">repeated outbreaks of engine fires</a>, causing the "dive bombing" requirement for the He 177A to be cancelled by mid-September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> BMW worked on what was essentially an enlarged version of its highly successful <a href="/wiki/BMW_801" title="BMW 801">BMW 801</a> design from the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a>A. This led to the 53.7-litre displacement <a href="/wiki/BMW_802" title="BMW 802">BMW 802</a> in 1943, an eighteen-cylinder air-cooled radial, weighing 1,530 kg (3,370 lb) matching that of the 24-cylinder liquid-cooled inline DB 606; and the even larger, 83.5-litre displacement <a href="/wiki/BMW_803" title="BMW 803">BMW 803</a> 28-cylinder liquid-cooled radial, which from post-war statements from BMW development personnel were each considered to be "secondary priority" development programmes at best.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This situation with the 802 and 803 designs led to the company's engineering personnel being redirected to place all efforts on improving the 801 to develop it to its full potential.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> The BMW 801F radial development, through its use of features coming from the 801E subtype, was able to substantially exceed the over-1,500 kW output level.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> The twinned-up <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601" title="Daimler-Benz DB 601">Daimler-Benz DB 601</a>-based, 1,750 kW output DB 606, and its more powerful descendant, the 2,130 kW output DB 605-based DB 610, weighing some 1.5 tonnes apiece, were the only 1,500 kW-plus output level aircraft powerplants to ever be produced by Germany for Luftwaffe combat aircraft, mostly for the Heinkel He 177A heavy bomber. Even the largest-displacement inverted V12 aircraft powerplant built in Germany, the 44.52-litre (2,717 cu. in.) <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_603" title="Daimler-Benz DB 603">Daimler-Benz DB 603</a>, which saw widespread use in twin-engined designs, could not exceed 1,500 kW output without more development. By March 1940, even the DB 603 was being "twinned-up"<a href="#cite_note-weldedtogether-606-111">[107]</a> as the 601/606 and 605/610 had been, to become their replacement "power system": this was the strictly experimental, approximately 1.8-tonne weight apiece, twin-crankcase DB 613; capable of over 2,570 kW (3,495 PS) output, but which never left its test phase.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The proposed over-1,500 kW output subtypes of German aviation industry's existing piston aviation engine designs—which adhered to using just a single crankcase that were able to substantially exceed the aforementioned over-1,500 kW output level—were the DB 603 LM (1,800 kW at take-off, in production), the DB 603 N (2,205 kW at take-off, planned for 1946) and the BMW 801F (1,765 kW (2,400 PS) engines. The pioneering nature of jet engine technology in the 1940s resulted in numerous development problems for both of Germany's major jet engine designs to see mass production, the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004" title="Junkers Jumo 004">Jumo 004</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW_003" title="BMW 003">BMW 003</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">axial flow</a> designs), with the more powerful <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_011" title="Heinkel HeS 011">Heinkel HeS 011</a> never leaving the test phase.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel_and_leadership">Personnel and leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personnel and leadership">edit</a>]</div> The bomber arm was given preference and received the "better" pilots. Later, fighter pilot leaders were few in numbers as a result of this. As with the late shift to fighter production, the Luftwaffe pilot schools did not give the fighter pilot schools preference soon enough. The Luftwaffe, the OKW argued, was still an offensive weapon, and its primary focus was on producing bomber pilots. This attitude prevailed until the second half of 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> During the Defence of the Reich campaign in 1943 and 1944, there were not enough commissioned fighter pilots and leaders to meet attrition rates;<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> as the need arose to replace aircrew (as attrition rates increased), the quality of <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich#Pilot_selection_and_training" title="Defence of the Reich">pilot training deteriorated</a> rapidly. Later this was made worse by fuel shortages for pilot training caused by the <a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Allied strategic bombing campaign against German oil production</a>. Overall this meant reduced training on operational types, formation flying, gunnery training, and combat training, and a total lack of instrument training.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> At the beginning of the war, commanders were replaced with younger commanders too quickly. These younger commanders had to learn "in the field" rather than entering a front-line post fully qualified. Training of formation leaders was not systematic until 1943, which was far too late, with the Luftwaffe already stretched. The Luftwaffe thus lacked a cadre of staff officers to set up new combat units with carefully selected and skilled combat personnel, and pass on experience.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">[98]</a> Moreover, Luftwaffe leadership from the start poached the training command, which undermined its ability to replace losses,<a href="#cite_note-Ketley_and_Rolfe,_p._4-62">[59]</a> while also planning for "short sharp campaigns",<a href="#cite_note-Ketley_and_Rolfe,_p._8-117">[113]</a> which did not pertain. Moreover, no plans were laid for <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ketley_and_Rolfe,_p._8-117">[113]</a> In fact, when protests were raised, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jeschonnek" title="Hans Jeschonnek">Hans Jeschonnek</a>, Chief of the General Staff of the Luftwaffe, said, "First we've got to beat Russia, then we can start training!"<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luftwaffe_ground_forces">Luftwaffe ground forces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Luftwaffe ground forces">edit</a>]</div> The Luftwaffe was unusual among contemporary independent air forces in possessing an organic <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratrooper</a> force called <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">Fallschirmjäger</a>. Established in 1938, they were deployed in parachute operations in 1940 and 1941 and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_%C3%89ben-%C3%89mael" title="Battle of Fort Ében-Émael">Battle of Fort Eben-Emael</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">Battle for The Hague</a> (alongside the German Army's 22nd Air Landing Division) in May 1940, and en masse during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> in May 1941. However, more than 4,000 Fallschirmjäger were killed during the Crete operation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> The associated losses of aircraft and the belief that paratroops no longer enjoyed the advantage of surprise led to reduction in airborne operations. Afterwards, although continuing to be trained in parachute delivery, paratroopers were only used in a parachute role for smaller-scale operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">the rescue of Benito Mussolini in 1943</a>. Fallschirmjäger formations were mainly used as <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> in all theatres of the war. Their losses up to February 1945 were 22,041 killed, 57,594 wounded and 44,785 missing.<a href="#cite_note-Hahn,_Fritz_1945-90">[87]</a> During 1942 surplus Luftwaffe personnel was used to form <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_Field_Divisions" title="Luftwaffe Field Divisions">Luftwaffe Field Divisions</a>, standard infantry divisions that were used chiefly as <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">rear echelon units</a> to free up front line troops. From 1943, the Luftwaffe also had an armoured division called <a href="/wiki/1st_Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring">Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring</a>, which was expanded to a <a href="/wiki/Panzer_corps" title="Panzer corps">Panzerkorps</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Ground support and combat units from the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Labour_Service" title="Reich Labour Service">Reichsarbeitsdienst</a> (RAD), the <a href="/wiki/Luftschutzpolizei" title="Luftschutzpolizei">Luftschutzpolizei</a> (LSP), the National Socialist Flyers Corps (NSFK), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">National Socialist Motor Corps</a> (NSKK) were also put at the Luftwaffe's disposal during the war. In 1942 56 RAD companies served with the Luftwaffe in the West as airfield construction troops. In 1943 420 RAD companies were trained as crews of anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) and posted to existing Luftwaffe AAA battalions in the homeland. At the end of the war, these units were also fighting Allied tanks. Beginning in 1939 with a transport regiment, the NSKK had in 1942 a complete division-sized transportation unit serving the Luftwaffe, the NSKK Transportgruppe Luftwaffe serving in France and at the Eastern front. The overwhelming number of its 12,000 members were Belgian, Dutch, and French collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labour">Forced labour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Forced labour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4gerstab" title="Jägerstab">Jägerstab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies involved in the Holocaust">Companies involved in the Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentration_camp_prisoners_at_Messerschmitt_factory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Concentration_camp_prisoners_at_Messerschmitt_factory.png/180px-Concentration_camp_prisoners_at_Messerschmitt_factory.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Concentration_camp_prisoners_at_Messerschmitt_factory.png/270px-Concentration_camp_prisoners_at_Messerschmitt_factory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Concentration_camp_prisoners_at_Messerschmitt_factory.png/360px-Concentration_camp_prisoners_at_Messerschmitt_factory.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>Concentration camp prisoners forced to work at a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitt</a> aircraft factory</figcaption></figure> In 1943 and 1944, aircraft production was moved to concentration camps in order to alleviate labour shortages and to protect production from Allied air raids. The two largest aircraft factories in Germany were located at <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a> concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000194-122">[118]</a> Aircraft parts were also manufactured at <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajdaDancey1998118-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUziel2011180,_185-124">[120]</a> In 1944 and 1945, as many as 90,000 concentration prisoners worked in the aviation industry, and were about one tenth of the concentration camp population over the winter of 1944–45.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuggeln201445-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-production-10">[N 3]</a> Partly in response to the Luftwaffe's demand for more forced labourers to increase fighter production, the concentration camp more than doubled between mid-1943 (224,000) and mid-1944 (524,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuggeln201444-134">[130]</a> Part of this increase was due to the deportation of Hungarian Jews; the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4gerstab" title="Jägerstab">Jägerstab</a> programme was used to justify the deportations to the Hungarian government. Of the 437,000 Hungarian Jews deported between May and July 1944, about 320,000 were gassed on arrival at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> and the remainder forced to work. Only 50,000 survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1994155–156-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuggeln201446,_48-136">[132]</a> Almost 1,000 fuselages of the jet fighter Messerschmitt Me 262 were produced at Gusen, a subcamp of Mauthausen and a brutal labour camp,<a href="#cite_note-gusen-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartropDickerman2017427-138">[134]</a> where the average life expectancy was six months.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> By 1944, one-third of production at the crucial <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> plant that produced the Bf 109, the backbone of the Luftwaffe fighter arm, originated in Gusen and Flossenbürg alone.<a href="#cite_note-gusen-137">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_oil" title="Synthetic oil">Synthetic oil</a> was produced from <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">shale oil</a> deposits by prisoners of Mittlebau-Dora as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert" title="Operation Desert">Operation Desert</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Geilenberg" title="Edmund Geilenberg">Edmund Geilenberg</a> in order to make up for the decrease in oil production due to Allied bombing. For oil production, three subcamps were constructed and 15,000 prisoners forced to work in the plant. More than 3,500 people died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009969,_1012–3-140">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> was also established for shale oil extraction;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20091292-141">[137]</a> about 20,000 prisoners worked there and more than 1,500 died at Vaivara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20091294-142">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17,_Niedersachswerfen,_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a> cruise missiles and <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2</a> rockets in the <a href="/wiki/Mittelwerk" title="Mittelwerk">Mittelwerk</a> tunnels resulted in the deaths of more than 12,000 people.</figcaption></figure> Luftwaffe airfields were frequently maintained using forced labour. Thousands of inmates from five subcamps of <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a> worked on the airfields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20091426,_1479-143">[139]</a> Airfields and bases near several other concentration camps<a href="#cite_note-150">[N 4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">ghettos</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[N 5]</a> were constructed or maintained by prisoners. On the orders of the Luftwaffe, prisoners from Buchenwald and Herzogenbusch were forced to defuse bombs that had fallen around Düsseldorf<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009336-155">[149]</a> and Leeuwarden respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009820–1-156">[150]</a> Thousands of Luftwaffe personnel <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">worked as concentration camp guards</a>. Auschwitz included a munitions factory guarded by Luftwaffe soldiers;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009222-157">[151]</a> 2,700 Luftwaffe personnel worked as guards at Buchenwald.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009291-158">[152]</a> Dozens of camps and subcamps were staffed primarily by Luftwaffe soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-camps-159">[N 6]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a>, it was typical for camps devoted to armaments production to be run by the branch of the Wehrmacht that used the products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009955-130">[126]</a> In 1944, many Luftwaffe soldiers were transferred to concentration camps to alleviate personnel shortages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20091016–7-160">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacres">Massacres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Massacres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wehrmacht_and_Waffen-SS_divisions_that_committed_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="List of Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions that committed war crimes in Italy">List of Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions that committed war crimes in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-04,_Kreta,_Kondomari,_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-04%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-04%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-04%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-04%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-04%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-04%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Civilians murdered by <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">Luftwaffe paratroopers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kondomari" title="Kondomari">Kondomari</a>, Crete</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">Luftwaffe paratroopers</a> committed many war crimes in Crete following the Battle of Crete, including the <a href="/wiki/Alikianos_executions" title="Alikianos executions">Alikianos executions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Kondomari" title="Massacre of Kondomari">Massacre of Kondomari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Razing_of_Kandanos" title="Razing of Kandanos">Razing of Kandanos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> Several Luftwaffe divisions, including the <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Parachute Division (Germany)">1st Parachute Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Onepara-164">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="2nd Parachute Division (Germany)">2nd Parachute Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="4th Parachute Division (Germany)">4th Parachute Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">19th Luftwaffe Field Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">20th Luftwaffe Field Division</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> and the 1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division,<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> committed war crimes in Italy, murdering hundreds of civilians. Luftwaffe troops participated in the murder of Jews imprisoned in ghettos in Eastern Europe. For example, they assisted in the murder of 2,680 Jews at the Nemirov ghetto,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20121550-170">[163]</a> participated in a series of massacres at the Opoczno ghetto,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2012267-171">[164]</a> and helped to liquidate the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_D%C4%99blin_and_Irena_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews in Dęblin and Irena during World War II">Dęblin–Irena Ghetto</a> by deporting thousands of Jews to <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka extermination camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2012638-172">[165]</a> Between 1942 and 1944, two Luftwaffe security battalions were stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> for Bandenbekämpfung<a href="#cite_note-173">[N 7]</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood2010249-174">[166]</a> Encouraged by Göring, they murdered thousands of Jews and other civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood2010251,_266-175">[167]</a> Luftwaffe soldiers frequently <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">executed</a> Polish civilians at random with baseless accusations of being "<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> agents", in order to keep the population in line,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood2010256-176">[168]</a> or as reprisal for partisan activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood2010262-177">[169]</a> The performance of the troops was measured by the <a href="/wiki/Body_count" title="Body count">body count</a> of people murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood2010258-178">[170]</a> 10,000 Luftwaffe troops were stationed on the Eastern Front for such "anti-partisan" operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood2010252-179">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_experimentation">Human experimentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Human experimentation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a></div> Throughout the war, concentration camp prisoners were forced to serve as <a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">human subjects</a> in testing Luftwaffe equipment. Some of these experiments were carried out by Luftwaffe personnel and others were performed by the SS on the orders of the OKL. In 1941, experiments with the intent of discovering how to prevent and treat <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> were carried out for the Luftwaffe, which had lost aircrew to immersion hypothermia after <a href="/wiki/Water_landing" title="Water landing">ditchings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009444-180">[172]</a> The experiments were conducted at Dachau and Auschwitz. <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Rascher" title="Sigmund Rascher">Sigmund Rascher</a>, a Luftwaffe<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009444-180">[172]</a> doctor based at Dachau, published the results at the 1942 medical conference entitled "Medical Problems Arising from Sea and Winter".<a href="#cite_note-NOVA-181">[173]</a> Of about 400 prisoners forced to participate in cold-water experiments, 80 to 90 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009444-180">[172]</a> In early 1942, prisoners at Dachau were used by Rascher in experiments to perfect <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">ejection seats</a> at high altitudes. A <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">low-pressure chamber</a> containing these prisoners was used to simulate conditions at altitudes of up to 20,000 metres (66,000 ft). It was rumored that Rascher performed <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">vivisections</a> on the brains of victims who survived the initial experiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnSt._Clair1999149–150-182">[174]</a> Of the 200 subjects, 80 died from the experimentation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009444-180">[172]</a> and the others were executed.<a href="#cite_note-NOVA-181">[173]</a> Eugen Hagen, head doctor of the Luftwaffe, infected inmates of Natzweiler concentration camp with <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> in order to test the efficacy of proposed vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20091005-183">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerial_bombing_of_non-military_targets">Aerial bombing of non-military targets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aerial bombing of non-military targets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Bombing of Wieluń</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">Operation Retribution (1941)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1005,_Belgrad,_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1005%2C_Belgrad%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1005%2C_Belgrad%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1005%2C_Belgrad%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1005%2C_Belgrad%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1005%2C_Belgrad%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1005%2C_Belgrad%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Bomb-damaged buildings in Belgrade in April 1941</figcaption></figure> No <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">positive</a> or specific <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary</a> <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> with respect to aerial warfare existed prior to or during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> This is also why no Luftwaffe officers were prosecuted at the post-World War II Allied war crime trials for the aerial raids.<a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">bombing of Wieluń</a> was an air raid on the Polish town of <a href="/wiki/Wielu%C5%84" title="Wieluń">Wieluń</a> by the Luftwaffe on 1 September 1939. The Luftwaffe started bombing Wieluń at 04:40, five minutes before the shelling of <a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a>, which has traditionally been considered the beginning of World War II in Europe. The air raid on the town was one of the first aerial bombings of the war.<a href="#cite_note-commentators-186">[178]</a> About 1,300 civilians were killed, hundreds were injured, and 90 percent of the town centre was destroyed. The casualty rate was more than twice as high as Guernica.<a href="#cite_note-commentators-186">[178]</a> A 1989 <a href="/wiki/Sender_Freies_Berlin" title="Sender Freies Berlin">Sender Freies Berlin</a> documentary stated that there were no military or industrial targets in the area,<a href="#cite_note-Słomińska-187">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trenkner-188">[180]</a> except for a small sugar factory in the outskirts of the town. Furthermore, Trenkner stated that German bombers first destroyed the town's hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Trenkner-188">[180]</a> Two attempts, in 1978 and 1983, to prosecute individuals for the bombing of the Wieluń hospital were dismissed by West German judges when prosecutors stated that the pilots had been unable to make out the nature of the structure due to fog.<a href="#cite_note-Trenkner1-189">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly2010501-190">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">Operation Retribution</a> was the April 1941 German bombing of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The bombing deliberately targeted the killing of civilians as punishment and resulted in 17,000 civilian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow2014255-191">[183]</a> It occurred in the first days of the German-led Axis <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a>. The operation commenced on 6 April and concluded on 7 or 8 April, resulting in the paralysis of Yugoslav civilian and military command and control, widespread destruction in the centre of the city and many civilian casualties. Following the Yugoslav capitulation, Luftwaffe engineers conducted a bomb damage assessment in Belgrade. The report stated that 218.5 metric tons (215.0 long tons; 240.9 short tons) of bombs were dropped, with 10 to 14 percent being incendiaries. It listed all the targets of the bombing, which included: the royal palace, the war ministry, military headquarters, the central post office, the telegraph office, passenger and goods railway stations, power stations, and barracks. It also mentioned that seven aerial mines were dropped and that areas in the centre and northwest of the city had been destroyed, comprising 20 to 25 percent of its total area. Some aspects of the bombing remain unexplained, particularly the use of aerial mines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006366-192">[184]</a> In contrast, Pavlowitch states that almost 50 percent of housing in Belgrade was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200717–18-193">[185]</a> After the invasion, the Germans forced between 3,500 and 4,000 Jews to collect rubble that was caused by the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006131-194">[186]</a> The biggest attacks at civilian targets occurred in the Battle of Britain when the Luftwaffe attacked the British Isles and primarily hit non military targets. This resulted in over 22,000 civilians being killed and over 30,000 being wounded. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials">Trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Trials">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Luftwaffe_personnel_convicted_of_war_crimes" title="List of Luftwaffe personnel convicted of war crimes">List of Luftwaffe personnel convicted of war crimes</a></div> Several prominent Luftwaffe commanders were convicted of war crimes, including General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_L%C3%B6hr" title="Alexander Löhr">Alexander Löhr</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001756–757-195">[187]</a> and Field Marshal Albert Kesselring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Lingen2009110–118-196">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Adler" title="Der Adler">Der Adler</a>, Luftwaffe's propaganda magazine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Fighter_Program" title="Emergency Fighter Program">Emergency Fighter Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Fleets_in_World_War_II" title="German Air Fleets in World War II">German Air Fleets in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)">List of flags of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_aircraft_projects,_1939%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45">List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_World_War_II_jet_aces" title="List of German World War II jet aces">List of German World War II jet aces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_World_War_II_night_fighter_aces" title="List of German World War II night fighter aces">List of German World War II night fighter aces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Luftwaffe_personnel_convicted_of_war_crimes" title="List of Luftwaffe personnel convicted of war crimes">List of Luftwaffe personnel convicted of war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany_during_World_War_II" title="List of weapons of military aircraft of Germany during World War II">List of weapons of military aircraft of Germany during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Germany" title="List of World War II aces from Germany">List of World War II aces from Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of World War II military aircraft of Germany">List of World War II military aircraft of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_serviceable_aircraft_strengths_(1940%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffe serviceable aircraft strengths (1940–45)">Luftwaffe serviceable aircraft strengths (1940–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftnachrichten_Abteilung_350" title="Luftnachrichten Abteilung 350">Luftnachrichten Abteilung 350</a> – the Luftwaffe signal intelligence organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Ranks_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Ranks of the Luftwaffe (1935–45)">Military Ranks of the Luftwaffe (1935–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milch_Trial" title="Milch Trial">Milch Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–45)">Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–45)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Official dissolution of the Wehrmacht, including the Luftwaffe, began with Proclamation No. 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> on 20 September 1945 and was not complete until Order No. 34 of 20 August 1946.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Luftwaffe is also the generic term in <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="German language in Europe">German-speaking countries</a> for any national <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a> service, and the names of air forces in other countries are usually translated into German as "Luftwaffe" (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> is often translated as "britische Luftwaffe").<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> However, Luftstreitkräfte, or "air armed force", is also sometimes used as a translation of "air force" for post-World War I air arms, as it was used as the first word of the official German name of the former <a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army" title="Air Forces of the National People's Army">East German Air Force</a>. Since German Luft translates into English as "air", and "Waffe" may be translated into English as either "weapon" or "arm", "Air Arm" may be considered the most literal English translation of Luftwaffe (cf. <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a>).<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-production-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-production_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-production_10-1">b</a> In January 1944, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitt</a> and contractors were using 7564 concentration camp prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a> and subsidiaries employed a further 9724, and <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a> used 1571.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajdaDancey1998118-123">[119]</a> Heinkel used forced labor at <a href="/wiki/Mielec_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mielec concentration camp">Mielec</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009870-126">[122]</a> and the Mauthausen subcamps Wien-Floridsdorf,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009958-127">[123]</a> Hinterbrühl,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009959-128">[124]</a> and Schwechat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009962-129">[125]</a> Junkers had factories at <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Neudorf" title="Wiener Neudorf">Wiener Neudorf</a> (also a subcamp of Mauthausen);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009955-130">[126]</a> and operated factories at Buchenwald subcamps Mühlhausen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009396-131">[127]</a> Stempeda<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009999-132">[128]</a> and Harzungen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009984-133">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Buchenwald,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009352-144">[140]</a> Dachau,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009527-145">[141]</a> Flossenbürg,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009652-146">[142]</a> Gross-Rosen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009702-147">[143]</a> Herzogenbusch,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009820-148">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinzert" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinzert">Hinzert</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2009834-149">[145]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Krewo ghetto,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20121078-151">[146]</a> Baranowicze ghetto,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20121166-152">[147]</a> and Stołpce ghetto<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM20121288-153">[148]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-camps-159"><a href="#cite_ref-camps_159-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps</a> for a full list. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Literally "bandit fighting", the word referred to ethnic cleansing and genocide under the guise of anti-partisan warfare. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Yanagi_missions" title="Yanagi missions">Yanagi missions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111_operational_history#Torpedo_bomber_operations" title="Heinkel He 111 operational history">Heinkel He 111 torpedo bomber operations</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/de/de45-49/kr-gesetz34.htm.">"Control Council Law No. 34, Resolution of the Wehrmacht of 20 August 1946" (in German).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630150330/http://www.verfassungen.de/404.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official Gazette of the Control Council for Germany, 1 May 2004 – 7 June 2004, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTom_Philo" class="citation web cs1">Tom Philo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taphilo.com/history/WWII/Production-Figures-WWII.shtml">"WWII production figures"</a>. Taphilo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230732/http://www.taphilo.com/history/WWII/Production-Figures-WWII.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWII+production+figures&rft.pub=Taphilo.com&rft.au=Tom+Philo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taphilo.com%2Fhistory%2FWWII%2FProduction-Figures-WWII.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Pipes2008" class="citation web cs1">Jason Pipes (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feldgrau.com/WW2-Germany-Statistics-and-Numbers/">"Statistics and Numbers"</a>. Feldgrau.com. Retrieved 26 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+and+Numbers&rft.pub=Feldgrau.com&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Jason+Pipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feldgrau.com%2FWW2-Germany-Statistics-and-Numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Britische%20Luftwaffe">"Entry in German dictionary Duden"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224023506/http://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Britische%20Luftwaffe">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entry+in+German+dictionary+Duden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Fsuchen%2Fdudenonline%2FBritische%2520Luftwaffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStedman2012">Stedman 2012</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1995">Fischer 1995</a>, p. 408 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillen2003">Killen 2003</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumberg2014">Blumberg 2014</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein1962">Stein 1962</a>, pp. 54–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2007a">Hooton 2007a</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2007a">Hooton 2007a</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, pp. 124–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2010">Hooton 2010</a>, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._129-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corum_1997,_p._129_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corum_1997,_p._129_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooton_2007,_''Luftwaffe_at_War:_Gathering_Storm'',_p._34-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hooton_2007,_''Luftwaffe_at_War:_Gathering_Storm'',_p._34_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooton_2007,_''Luftwaffe_at_War:_Gathering_Storm'',_p._34_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooton_2007,_''Luftwaffe_at_War:_Gathering_Storm'',_p._34_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2007a">Hooton 2007a</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2010">Hooton 2010</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._7-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corum_1997,_p._7_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corum_1997,_p._7_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, pp. 143–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2007a">Hooton 2007a</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriehlDressel19989-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriehlDressel19989_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriehlDressel1998">Griehl & Dressel1998</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley1998">Buckley 1998</a>, pp. 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 227 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1980">Overy 1980</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomze1976">Homze 1976</a>, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDresselGriehl1994176-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDresselGriehl1994176_44-0">^</a> 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Яуза-пресс, по "Rise and fall of the German Air Force", Лондон 1948 г., пер. П.Смирнов, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9955-0028-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9955-0028-5">978-5-9955-0028-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RF2-58"><a href="#cite_ref-RF2_58-0">^</a> Who is who in the Third Reich (Кто был кто в Третьем рейхе. Биографический энциклопедический словарь. М., 2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillen2003">Killen 2003</a>, p. 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillen2003">Killen 2003</a>, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luftwaffe_Tactical_Organisation_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feldgrau.com/WW2-German-Luftwaffe-High-Command/">"High Command of the Luftwaffe"</a>. feldgrau.com. Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=feldgrau.com&rft.atitle=High+Command+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feldgrau.com%2FWW2-German-Luftwaffe-High-Command%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketley_and_Rolfe,_p._4-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketley_and_Rolfe,_p._4_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketley_and_Rolfe,_p._4_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKetleyRolfe1996">Ketley & Rolfe 1996</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zentner-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zentner_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zentner_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZentner1963">Zentner 1963</a>, p. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichhardt2002">Richhardt 2002</a>, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zweiter-weltkrieg-lexikon.de/geschuetze-/13-flugabwehrkanonen-flak/1058-der-einsatz-von-behelfspersonal-bei-der-flak">Der Einsatz von Behelfspersonal bei der Flak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921202651/http://zweiter-weltkrieg-lexikon.de/geschuetze-/13-flugabwehrkanonen-flak/1058-der-einsatz-von-behelfspersonal-bei-der-flak">Archived</a> 21 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.at/news03/0813_luftkrieg_ostmark/luftwaffe.htm">Die Deutsche Luftwaffe in der Ostmark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426010724/http://www.airpower.at/news03/0813_luftkrieg_ostmark/luftwaffe.htm">Archived</a> 26 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeitzelWeltzer2012">Neitzel & Weltzer 2012</a>, pp. 57–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2007b">Hooton 2007b</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooton2007b">Hooton 2007b</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley1998">Buckley 1998</a>, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, pp. 274–275 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, pp. 275–277 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillen2003">Killen 2003</a>, pp. 114–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillen2003">Killen 2003</a>, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahel2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel, David</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-bubnhoueEC">Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East</a>. Cambridge Military Histories (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press (published 2012). p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521768474" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521768474"><bdi>978-0521768474</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-758X">1754-758X</a>. Retrieved 16 July 2021. <q>In the opening days of Barbarossa the Luftwaffe inflicted carnage on the Soviet air force [...]. One authority put the figure at 4,614 Soviet aircraft destroyed by the end of June, 3,176 of these being eliminated on the ground and 1,438 in the air. By comparison, German losses amounted to just 330 planes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Barbarossa+and+Germany%27s+Defeat+in+the+East&rft.series=Cambridge+Military+Histories&rft.pages=301&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1754-758X&rft.isbn=978-0521768474&rft.aulast=Stahel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-bubnhoueEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillen2003">Killen 2003</a>, pp. 171–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawley-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawley_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2005" class="citation news cs1">Hawley, Charles (11 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,341239,00.html">"Spiegel Interview: 'Dresden Bombing Is To Be Regretted Enormously'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629145324/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,341239,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Spiegel+Interview%3A+%27Dresden+Bombing+Is+To+Be+Regretted+Enormously%27&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C341239%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDierich1976">Dierich 1976</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganWeal1998" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Hugh; Weal, John (1998). German Jet Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces No 17. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855326347" title="Special:BookSources/9781855326347"><bdi>9781855326347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Jet+Aces+of+World+War+2&rft.place=London&rft.series=Aircraft+of+the+Aces+No+17&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781855326347&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Weal%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> SAF/FMCE, USAF Summaries for 1945–2005, United States Air Force Statistical Digest, 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Г. Ф. Кривошеев, Россия и СССР в войнах XX века – Потери вооруженных сил Статистическое исследование, Москва "Олма-Пресс", 2001, p. 430 (G. F. Krivoseev, Russia and USSR in the XX century wars. Armed forces losses: statistical research, Olma-Press, Moscow, 2001, p. 430) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> E.R. Hooton, Luftwaffe at War – Blitzkrieg in the West: Volume 2, Chevron/Ian Allan, London, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-272-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-272-6">978-1-85780-272-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> John Ellis, World War II: A Statistical Survey: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants, Facts on File Inc., 1993, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-84"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObermaier1989">Obermaier 1989</a>, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Uwe Feist, The Fighting Me 109, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1993, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgerBursztynLeuchtVoth2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ager, Philipp; Bursztyn, Leonardo; Leucht, Lukas; Voth, Hans-Joachim (October 2022). "Killer Incentives: Rivalry, Performance and Risk-Taking among German Fighter Pilots, 1939–45". The Review of Economic Studies. 89 (5): 2257–2292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frestud%2Frdab085">10.1093/restud/rdab085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Killer+Incentives%3A+Rivalry%2C+Performance+and+Risk-Taking+among+German+Fighter+Pilots%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2257-2292&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frestud%2Frdab085&rft.aulast=Ager&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Bursztyn%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Leucht%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Voth%2C+Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-87"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObermaier1989">Obermaier 1989</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Alessandro Giorgi, Chronology of World War II 1939–1945, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> John Ellis, World War II: A Statistical Survey: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants, Facts on File Inc., 1993, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahn,_Fritz_1945-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn,_Fritz_1945_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn,_Fritz_1945_90-1">b</a> Hahn, Fritz. Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–1945. Band I. Infanteriewaffen, Pionierwaffen, Artilleriewaffen, Pulver, Spreng- und Kampfstoffe Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1986 – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-5830-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7637-5830-5">3-7637-5830-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchramm2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schramm, Percy E. (21 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/1949/43/die-deutschen-verluste-im-zweiten-weltkrieg/">"Die deutschen Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg"</a>. Die Zeit (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010422/https://www.zeit.de/1949/43/die-deutschen-verluste-im-zweiten-weltkrieg">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Die+deutschen+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft.aulast=Schramm&rft.aufirst=Percy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1949%2F43%2Fdie-deutschen-verluste-im-zweiten-weltkrieg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._42-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._42_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007">Caldwell & Muller 2007</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._132-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_p._132_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._46-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._46_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._46_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._46_94-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007">Caldwell & Muller 2007</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007">Caldwell & Muller 2007</a>, p. 286 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergström2007">Bergström 2007</a>, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomze1976">Homze 1976</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergström2007">Bergström 2007</a>, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-Corum_1997,_p._282-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corum_1997,_p._282_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corum_1997,_p._282_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_and_Muller_2007,_p._287_102-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007">Caldwell & Muller 2007</a>, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-Overy_1980,_p._32-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_1980,_p._32_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_1980,_p._32_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1980">Overy 1980</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1980">Overy 1980</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._133-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_p._133_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_p._133_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_p._133_105-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._138-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_p._138_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_1983,_p._139-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_p._139_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_1983,_pp._253-255-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_pp._253-255_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_1983,_pp._253-255_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, pp. 253–255 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> founded on the all-metal airframe design technologies pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Junkers" title="Hugo Junkers">Hugo Junkers</a> <a href="/wiki/Junkers_J_1" title="Junkers J 1">Junkers J 1</a> in 1915 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantelli-Brown-_Kittel-Graf2019" class="citation book cs1">Mantelli-Brown- Kittel-Graf (11 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2CHDwAAQBAJ">The Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>. Edizioni R.E.I. France. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37297-359-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-37297-359-5"><bdi>978-2-37297-359-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messerschmitt+Bf+109&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Edizioni+R.E.I.+France&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft.isbn=978-2-37297-359-5&rft.au=Mantelli-Brown-+Kittel-Graf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2CHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weldedtogether-606-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weldedtogether-606_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weldedtogether-606_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weldedtogether-606_111-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriehlDressel1998">Griehl & Dressel 1998</a>, p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_GersdorffSchubert2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Gersdorff, Kyrill; Schubert, Helmut (2007). 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Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mauthausen-memorial.org&rft.atitle=Messerschmitt+GmbH+Regensburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauthausen-memorial.org%2Fen%2FGusen%2FThe-Concentration-Camp-Gusen%2FForced-Labour%2FMesserschmitt-GmbH-Regensburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartropDickerman2017427-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartropDickerman2017427_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartropDickerman2017">Bartrop & Dickerman 2017</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006144">"Gusen"</a>. www.ushmm.org. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708075648/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006144">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. 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The Pappas Post. 3 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822081125/http://www.pappaspost.com/what-happened-to-the-cretan-village-of-kandanos-when-its-citizens-defended-their-homes-from-invading-nazis/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2018. 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Retrieved 20 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlante+delle+Stragi+Naziste+e+Fasciste+in+Italia&rft.atitle=III.+Gruppe%2FLuftwaffe-Artillerie-Regiment+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straginazifasciste.it%2F%3Fpage_id%3D297%26ricerca%3D1094%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=1087&lang=en">"20. Luftwaffe-Feld-Division"</a>. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921153438/http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=1087&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlante+delle+Stragi+Naziste+e+Fasciste+in+Italia&rft.atitle=20.+Luftwaffe-Feld-Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straginazifasciste.it%2F%3Fpage_id%3D297%26ricerca%3D1087%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=190&lang=en">"Fallschirm-Panzer-Division "Hermann Goring""</a>. 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Retrieved 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=We+must+not+forget+the+real+causes+of+the+war&rft.date=2009-08-29&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcommentators%2Fwe-must-not-forget-the-real-causes-of-the-war-1778973.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Słomińska-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Słomińska_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSłomińska" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Słomińska, Sylwia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105195335/http://www.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl/1wrzesnia2.html">"Wieluń, 1 września 1939 r"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl/1wrzesnia2.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wielu%C5%84%2C+1+wrze%C5%9Bnia+1939+r&rft.aulast=S%C5%82omi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Sylwia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl%2F1wrzesnia2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trenkner-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trenkner_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenkner_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenkner2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trenkner, Joachim (29 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317212148/http://schron.szczecin.pl/files/artykul-wielun.pdf">"Wieluń, czwarta czterdzieści"</a> [Wieluń, four forty am] (PDF) (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schron.szczecin.pl/files/artykul-wielun.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 March 2012. <q>file, direct download 67.9 KB</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wielu%C5%84%2C+czwarta+czterdzie%C5%9Bci&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.aulast=Trenkner&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schron.szczecin.pl%2Ffiles%2Fartykul-wielun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trenkner1-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Trenkner1_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenkner2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trenkner, Joachim (1 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2003/07/A-Wielun?page=all">"Ziel vernichtet"</a> [Target destroyed]. Die Zeit (in German). 2003 (7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908034445/http://www.zeit.de/2003/07/A-Wielun?page=all">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Ziel+vernichtet&rft.volume=2003&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.aulast=Trenkner&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2003%2F07%2FA-Wielun%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly2010501-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly2010501_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJolly2010">Jolly 2010</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow2014255-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrow2014255_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrow2014">Morrow 2014</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006366-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006366_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2006">Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2006</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200717–18-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200717–18_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavlowitch2007">Pavlowitch 2007</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006131-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006131_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001756–757-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001756–757_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 756–757. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Lingen2009110–118-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Lingen2009110–118_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Lingen2009">von Lingen 2009</a>, pp. 110–118. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgerBursztynLeuchtVoth2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ager, Philipp; Bursztyn, Leonardo; Leucht, Lukas; Voth, Hans-Joachim (October 2022). 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The Review of Economic Studies. 89 (5): 2257–2292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frestud%2Frdab085">10.1093/restud/rdab085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Killer+Incentives%3A+Rivalry%2C+Performance+and+Risk-Taking+among+German+Fighter+Pilots%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2257-2292&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frestud%2Frdab085&rft.aulast=Ager&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Bursztyn%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Leucht%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Voth%2C+Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartropDickerman2017" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4I2DwAAQBAJ">The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440840845" title="Special:BookSources/9781440840845"><bdi>9781440840845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781440840845&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Dickerman%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4I2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Bauer, Yehuda</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Y-oQgAACAAJ">Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300059137" title="Special:BookSources/9780300059137"><bdi>9780300059137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+for+Sale%3F%3A+Nazi-Jewish+Negotiations%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780300059137&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Y-oQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bekkerm Cajus. Angriffshohe 4000 (in German). Munich, Germany: Heyne, 1964.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergström2007" class="citation cs2">Bergström, Christer (2007), Barbarossa: The Air Battle: July–December 1941, London: Chevron/Ian Allan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2"><bdi>978-1-85780-270-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa%3A+The+Air+Battle%3A+July%E2%80%93December+1941&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chevron%2FIan+Allan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-270-2&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bergstrom, Christer. Stalingrad: The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4">978-1-85780-276-4</a>.</li> <li>Bergström, Christer, Kursk: The Air Battle: July 1943. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-88-8">978-1-903223-88-8</a>.</li> <li>Bergström, Christer and Andrey Mikhailov. Black Cross/Red Star – Vol. 1, Operation Barbarossa 1941. London: Classic Colours, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935553-48-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935553-48-2">978-0-935553-48-2</a>.</li> <li>Bergström, Christer and Martin Pegg. Jagdwaffe: The War in Russia: January–October 1942. London: Classic Colours, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903223-23-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-903223-23-7">1-903223-23-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood2001" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip W. Blood">Blood, Philip W.</a> (2001). Holmes, E. R. (ed.). Bandenbekämpfung: Nazi occupation security in Eastern Europe and Soviet Russia 1942–45 (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung%3A+Nazi+occupation+security+in+Eastern+Europe+and+Soviet+Russia+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Cranfield+University&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Blood, Philip W. (3 August 2010). "Securing Hitler's Lebensraum: The Luftwaffe and Bialowieza Forest, 1942–1944". <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a>. 24 (2): 247–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcq024">10.1093/hgs/dcq024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144825154">144825154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Securing+Hitler%27s+Lebensraum%3A+The+Luftwaffe+and+Bialowieza+Forest%2C+1942%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-272&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcq024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144825154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bowman, Martin and Theo Boiten. Battles with the Luftwaffe: The Air War Over Germany 1942–1945. London: Collins, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711363-7">978-0-00-711363-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Blumberg, Arnold (November 2014). "The First Ground-Pounders". Aviation History. 25 (Aviation History).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+History&rft.atitle=The+First+Ground-Pounders&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=Aviation+History&rft.date=2014-11&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Boog" title="Horst Boog">Boog, Horst</a>; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIHKkzcf_bcC">Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822889-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822889-9"><bdi>978-0-19-822889-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+Volume+VII%3A+The+Strategic+Air+War+in+Europe+and+the+War+in+the+West+and+East+Asia%2C+1943%E2%80%931944%2F5&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822889-9&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIHKkzcf_bcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1998" class="citation cs2">Buckley, John (1998), Air Power in the Age of Total War, West Midlands, UK: UCL Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-589-5"><bdi>978-1-85728-589-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+in+the+Age+of+Total+War&rft.place=West+Midlands%2C+UK&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-589-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuggeln2014" class="citation book cs1">Buggeln, Marc (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsuSBQAAQBAJ">Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191017643" title="Special:BookSources/9780191017643"><bdi>9780191017643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+Labor+in+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191017643&rft.aulast=Buggeln&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsuSBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bungay, Stephen. The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain. London: Aurum Press, 2000.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-721-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85410-721-6">1-85410-721-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Donald; Muller, Richard (2007). The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London: <a href="/wiki/Greenhill_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhill Books">Greenhill Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-712-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-712-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe+over+Germany%3A+Defense+of+the+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-712-0&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Muller%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburnSt._Clair1999" class="citation book cs1">Cockburn, Alexander; St. Clair, Jeffrey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiteoutciadrugs00cock">Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press</a>. Brooklyn, New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-139-6"><bdi>978-1-85984-139-6</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whiteout%3A+The+CIA%2C+Drugs%2C+and+the+Press&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-139-6&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=St.+Clair%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhiteoutciadrugs00cock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cooper, Matthew. The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure. New York: Jane's Publishing Incorporated, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-03733-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-03733-9">0-531-03733-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">Corum, James</a>. "The Luftwaffe's Army Support Doctrine, 1918–1941". The Journal of Military History, Vol. 59, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 53–76.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum1997" class="citation cs2">Corum, James (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luftwaffecreatin00coru">The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940</a>, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0836-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0836-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe%3A+Creating+the+Operational+Air+War%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0836-2&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluftwaffecreatin00coru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">Corum, James</a>. The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform. Modern War Studies. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0541-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0541-X">0-7006-0541-X</a>.</li> <li>Corum, James F. (Mueller, R. and H.E. Volkmann, eds.). "Staerken und Schwaechen der Luftwaffe". Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realitaet (in German). Munich, Germany: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1999.</li> <li>Crawford, Steve. Eastern Front, Day by Day. London: Spellmount Publications, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-359-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86227-359-6">1-86227-359-6</a>.</li> <li>de Zeng IV, Henry L. and Douglas G. Stankey. Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source: Volume 1. London: Midland Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90653-708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90653-708-1">978-1-90653-708-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierich1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dierich, Wolfgang (1976). Die Verbände der Luftwaffe: 1935–1945 (in German). Motorbuch-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783879434374" title="Special:BookSources/9783879434374"><bdi>9783879434374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Verb%C3%A4nde+der+Luftwaffe%3A+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Motorbuch-Verlag&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9783879434374&rft.aulast=Dierich&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobosiewicz2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dobosiewicz" title="Stanisław Dobosiewicz">Dobosiewicz, Stanisław</a> (2000). Mauthausen–Gusen; w obronie życia i ludzkiej godności [Mauthausen–Gusen; in defense of life and human dignity] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Bellona_Publishing_House" title="Bellona Publishing House">Bellona</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-09048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-11-09048-4"><bdi>978-83-11-09048-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauthausen%E2%80%93Gusen%3B+w+obronie+%C5%BCycia+i+ludzkiej+godno%C5%9Bci&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-83-11-09048-4&rft.aulast=Dobosiewicz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Drabkin, Artem.The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa and the Retreat to Moscow: Recollections of Soviet Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Books, 2007.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-563-7">978-1-84415-563-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresselGriehl1994" class="citation book cs1">Dressel, Joachim; Griehl, Manfred (1994). Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms and Armour:DAG Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-140-6"><bdi>978-1-85409-140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombers+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour%3ADAG+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-140-6&rft.aulast=Dressel&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Griehl%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Dye, Peter J. "Logistics in the Battle of Britain". Air Force Journal of Logistics, Winter 2000.</li> <li>Faber, Harold. Luftwaffe: An analysis by Former Luftwaffe Generals. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-98516-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-98516-X">0-283-98516-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1995" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826407979" title="Special:BookSources/9780826407979"><bdi>9780826407979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780826407979&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Klaus+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Goss, Chris. Dornier 17 (In Focus). Surrey, UK: Red Kite, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9546201-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9546201-4-3">0-9546201-4-3</a>.</li> <li>Goss, Chris. The Bombers' Battle: Personal Accounts of the Battle of Britain by Luftwaffe Bomber Crews July–October 1940. London: Crécy Publishing, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947554-82-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947554-82-8">978-0-947554-82-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriehlDressel1998" class="citation book cs1">Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998). Heinkel He 177 – 277 – 274. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-364-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-364-3"><bdi>978-1-85310-364-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinkel+He+177+%E2%80%93+277+%E2%80%93+274&rft.place=Shrewsbury%2C+UK&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-364-3&rft.aulast=Griehl&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=Dressel%2C+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Hayward, Joel S. <a href="/wiki/Stopped_at_Stalingrad" title="Stopped at Stalingrad">Stopped at Stalingrad</a>: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1146-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1146-0">0-7006-1146-0</a>.</li> <li>Hall, Steve and Lionel Quinlan.KG55. Surrey, UK: Red Kite, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9538061-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9538061-0-3">0-9538061-0-3</a>. photo history of a bomber group</li> <li>Hess, William N. B-17 Flying Fortress: Combat and Development History. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbook International, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-881-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87938-881-1">0-87938-881-1</a></li> <li>Holmes, Tony. Spitfire vs Bf 109: Battle of Britain. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-190-8">978-1-84603-190-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomze1976" class="citation cs2">Homze, Edward (1976), Arming the Luftwaffe, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0872-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-0872-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+the+Luftwaffe&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-0872-8&rft.aulast=Homze&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hooton, E.R. Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe. London: Brockhampton Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86019-964-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86019-964-X">1-86019-964-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2010" class="citation cs2">Hooton, E.R. (2010), The Luftwaffe: A Study in Air Power, 1933–1945, London: Classic Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906537-18-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906537-18-0"><bdi>978-1-906537-18-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe%3A+A+Study+in+Air+Power%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Classic+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906537-18-0&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2007a" class="citation cs2">Hooton, E.R. (2007a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gatheringstorm190001hoot">Luftwaffe at War : Volume 1: Gathering Storm 1933–39</a>, London: Chevron/Ian Allan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-71-0"><bdi>978-1-903223-71-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+at+War+%3A+Volume+1%3A+Gathering+Storm+1933%E2%80%9339&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chevron%2FIan+Allan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-903223-71-0&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgatheringstorm190001hoot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2007b" class="citation cs2">Hooton, E.R. (2007b), Luftwaffe at War Volume 2: Blitzkrieg in the West, London: Chevron/Ian Allan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-272-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-272-6"><bdi>978-1-85780-272-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+at+War+Volume+2%3A+Blitzkrieg+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chevron%2FIan+Allan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-272-6&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hooton, E.R. Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe. London: Weidenfeld Military, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1">978-1-85409-343-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly2010" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Philip (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zCdtTQZZCwC&q=bombing+of+wielun&pg=PA501">Jewish Wielun – a Polish Shtetl</a>. Philip Jolly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445287737" title="Special:BookSources/9781445287737"><bdi>9781445287737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Wielun+%E2%80%93+a+Polish+Shtetl&rft.pub=Philip+Jolly&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781445287737&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7zCdtTQZZCwC%26q%3Dbombing%2Bof%2Bwielun%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetleyRolfe1996" class="citation book cs1">Ketley, Barry; Rolfe, Mark (1996). Luftwaffe Fledglings, 1935–1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and Their Aircraft. Hikoki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780951989920" title="Special:BookSources/9780951989920"><bdi>9780951989920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+Fledglings%2C+1935%E2%80%931945%3A+Luftwaffe+Training+Units+and+Their+Aircraft&rft.pub=Hikoki&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780951989920&rft.aulast=Ketley&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Rolfe%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillen2003" class="citation cs2">Killen, John (2003), The Luftwaffe: A History, Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-925-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-925-8"><bdi>978-0-85052-925-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe%3A+A+History&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-925-8&rft.aulast=Killen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Lingen2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerstin_von_Lingen" title="Kerstin von Lingen">von Lingen, Kerstin</a> (2009). Kesselring's Last Battle: War Crimes Trials and Cold War Politics, 1945–1960. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1641-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-1641-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263605489">263605489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kesselring%27s+Last+Battle%3A+War+Crimes+Trials+and+Cold+War+Politics%2C+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263605489&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1641-1&rft.aulast=von+Lingen&rft.aufirst=Kerstin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Manrho, John and Ron Putz. Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope–The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Aldershot, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902109-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-902109-40-6">1-902109-40-6</a>.</li> <li>Macksey, K. The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Kesselring. London: Greenhill Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-287-3">978-1-85367-287-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayerTaylor1974" class="citation book cs1">Davin, D M (1974). "the Battle of Crete". In Taylor, A.J.P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofworldwa00tayl">History of World War II</a>. compiled by Sl Mayer. London: Octopus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7064-0399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7064-0399-2"><bdi>978-0-7064-0399-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=the+Battle+of+Crete&rft.btitle=History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Octopus+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7064-0399-2&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=D+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofworldwa00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2014" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, James D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QobXAwAAQBAJ">Order within Anarchy: The Laws of War as an International Institution</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139992893" title="Special:BookSources/9781139992893"><bdi>9781139992893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Order+within+Anarchy%3A+The+Laws+of+War+as+an+International+Institution&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781139992893&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQobXAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1983" class="citation cs2">Murray, Williamson (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMFA8FJ1KXMC">Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945</a>, Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-010-0"><bdi>978-1-58566-010-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+for+Defeat%3A+The+Luftwaffe+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Maxwell+AFB%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=Air+University+Press+%28US+Air+Force%29&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-58566-010-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMFA8FJ1KXMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Neitzel, Söhnke. Der Einsatz der Deutschen Luftwaffe über der Nordsee und dem Atlantik: 1939–45 (in German). Bonn, Germany: Bernard & Graefe, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-76375-938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-76375-938-5">978-3-76375-938-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeitzelWeltzer2012" class="citation book cs1">Neitzel, Söhnke; Weltzer, Harald (2012). Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying: The Secret Second World War Tapes of German POWs. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-948-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-948-8"><bdi>978-1-84983-948-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldaten%3A+On+Fighting%2C+Killing+and+Dying%3A+The+Secret+Second+World+War+Tapes+of+German+POWs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84983-948-8&rft.aulast=Neitzel&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6hnke&rft.au=Weltzer%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObermaier1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939–1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1941–1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87341-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87341-065-7"><bdi>978-3-87341-065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ritterkreuztr%C3%A4ger+der+Luftwaffe+Jagdflieger+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Mainz%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Verlag+Dieter+Hoffmann&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-87341-065-7&rft.aulast=Obermaier&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (1980). The Air War, 1939–1945. Washington: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-716-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-716-7"><bdi>978-1-57488-716-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Air+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-716-7&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2007" class="citation book cs1">Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC">Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-895-5"><bdi>978-1-85065-895-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+New+Disorder%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-895-5&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8d2409V9tEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pegg, M. Transporter Vol. 1: Luftwaffe Transport Units 1937–1943. London: Classic Publications, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90322-363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90322-363-5">978-1-90322-363-5</a>.</li> <li>Price, Alfred. The Last Year of the Luftwaffe: May 1944 – May 1945. London: Greenhill Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-440-2">978-1-85367-440-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 1933–1945. 1983 [1948].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+German+Air+Force+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichhardt2002" class="citation book cs1">Richhardt, Dirk (2002). Auswahl und Ausbildung junger Offiziere 1930–1945. Philipps–Universität Marburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auswahl+und+Ausbildung+junger+Offiziere+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Philipps%E2%80%93Universit%C3%A4t+Marburg&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Richhardt&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ruffner, Kevin. Luftwaffe Field Divisions, 1941–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-100-9">1-85532-100-9</a></li> <li>Scutts, Jerry. Mustang Aces of the Eighth Air Force. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-447-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-447-4">1-85532-447-4</a>.</li> <li>Scutts, Jerry. Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-448-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-448-2">1-85532-448-2</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Peter. Luftwaffe at War: Defeat in the West 1943–1945 (Luftwaffe at War, Vol. 6). London: Greenhill Books, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-318-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-318-4">978-1-85367-318-4</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Peter. Luftwaffe at War: The Sea Eagles: The Luftwaffe's Maritime Operations. London: Greenhill Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-442-6">978-1-85367-442-6</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Peter. Luftwaffe at War: Stukas Over Steppe, Blitzkrieg in the East 1941–1944 (Luftwaffe at War Series, Vol. 9). London: Greenhill Books, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-355-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-355-9">978-1-85367-355-9</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Peter and E.J. Creek. Kampfflieger: Bombers of the Luftwaffe: 1942–1943. London: Classic Publications, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-49-9">978-1-903223-49-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStedman2012" class="citation book cs1">Stedman, Robert F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsLvCwAAQBAJ&q=Luftwaffe+Air+%26+Ground+Crew+1939-45.">Luftwaffe Air & Ground Crew 1939–45</a>. Men at Arms. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782006855" title="Special:BookSources/9781782006855"><bdi>9781782006855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+Air+%26+Ground+Crew+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.series=Men+at+Arms&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781782006855&rft.aulast=Stedman&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsLvCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DLuftwaffe%2BAir%2B%2526%2BGround%2BCrew%2B1939-45.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1962" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, George H. (March 1962). "Russo-German Military Collaboration: The Last Phase, 1933". Political Science Quarterly. 77 (1): 54–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2146497">10.2307/2146497</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2146497">2146497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Russo-German+Military+Collaboration%3A+The+Last+Phase%2C+1933&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-71&rft.date=1962-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2146497&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2146497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stenman, K. Luftwaffe Over Finland (Luftwaffe at War Series, Vol. 18). London: Greenhill Books, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-469-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-469-3">978-1-85367-469-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC">War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</a>. London: Allen Lane, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9566-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9566-1">0-7139-9566-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigg2024" class="citation book cs1">Trigg, Jonathan (2024). The Air War through German Eyes. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Air+War+through+German+Eyes&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Trigg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigg2018" class="citation book cs1">Trigg, Jonathan (2018). The Defeat of the Luftwaffe: The Eastern Front 1941-45: A Strategy for Disaster. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defeat+of+the+Luftwaffe%3A+The+Eastern+Front+1941-45%3A+A+Strategy+for+Disaster&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Trigg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM2009" class="citation book cs1">USHMM (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3"><bdi>978-0-253-35328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35328-3&rft.au=USHMM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopedia-camps-ghettos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">USHMM (2012). 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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00202-0"><bdi>978-0-253-00202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00202-0&rft.au=USHMM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopedia-camps-ghettos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zfacts.com/metaPage/lib/US-stratigic-bombing-survey-1945-totals.pdf">"US Strategic Bombing Survey".</a> Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force), 1987. 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McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853108648" title="Special:BookSources/9781853108648"><bdi>9781853108648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Aircraft+Industry+and+Production%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781853108648&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Ferenc+A.&rft.au=Dancey%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElfmh6eJFrMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>van Creveld, M., S. Cranby and K. Brower. Airpower and Maneuver Warfare Air. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force), 1994.</li> <li>Vasco, John. Zerstorer: Luftwaffe Fighter Bombers and Destroyers 1939–1945: Volume 1. London: Classic Publications, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-57-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-57-4">978-1-903223-57-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentner1963" class="citation book cs1">Zentner, Kurt (1963). Illustrierte Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges [Illustrated history of the Second World War]. Stuttgart/Hamburg: Südwest Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrierte+Geschichte+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges&rft.place=Stuttgart%2FHamburg&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdwest+Verlag&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Zentner&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuftwaffe" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Murry, Williamson (January 1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/">Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945</a>, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, via Hyperwar Foundation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn883wEyqZU&t=3561s">Myths of the Luftwaffe</a>: lecture on YouTube, via the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Flight" title="Museum of Flight">Museum of Flight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feldgrau.com/ww2-german-luftwaffe-airforce/">The Nazi German Air Force 1935–1945 (Luftwaffe)</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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exist)">Nordbalkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Nordmeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer Nordmeer (page does not exist)">Nordmeer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Nord_(Ost)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer Nord (Ost) (page does not exist)">Nord (Ost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer Nord (page does not exist)">Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Nord_(West)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer Nord (West) (page does not exist)">Nord (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Ostsee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer Ostsee (page does not exist)">Ostsee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Sardinien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer Sardinien (page does not exist)">Sardinien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=See-Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Schwarzes_Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="See-Fliegerführer Schwarzes Meer (page does not exist)">See-Fliegerführer Schwarzes Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_S%C3%BCd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer Süd (page does not exist)">Süd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer West (page does not exist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_z.b.V.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fliegerführer z.b.V. (page does not exist)">z.b.V.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jagdfliegerführer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_1" title="Jagdfliegerführer 1">Jagdfliegerführer 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_2" title="Jagdfliegerführer 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_3" title="Jagdfliegerführer 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_4" title="Jagdfliegerführer 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_5" title="Jagdfliegerführer 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Balkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Balkan (page does not exist)">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Berlin (page does not exist)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Bretagne" title="Jagdfliegerführer Bretagne">Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_D%C3%A4nemark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Dänemark (page does not exist)">Dänemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Deutsche_Bucht" title="Jagdfliegerführer Deutsche Bucht">Deutsche Bucht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Griechenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Griechenland (page does not exist)">Griechenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Holland (page does not exist)">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Mitte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Mitte (page does not exist)">Mitte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Mitteldeutschland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Mitteldeutschland (page does not exist)">Mitteldeutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Mittelrhein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Mittelrhein (page does not exist)">Mittelrhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Norwegen" title="Jagdfliegerführer Norwegen">Norwegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Oberitalien" title="Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien">Oberitalien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Ostmark" title="Jagdfliegerführer Ostmark">Ostmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Ostpreussen" title="Jagdfliegerführer Ostpreussen">Ostpreussen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Paris (page does not exist)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Jagdfliegerführer Rumänien">Rumänien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Schlesien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Schlesien (page does not exist)">Schlesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Sizilien" title="Jagdfliegerführer Sizilien">Sizilien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_S%C3%BCddeutschland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Süddeutschland (page does not exist)">Süddeutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_S%C3%BCdfrankreich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagdfliegerführer Südfrankreich (page does not exist)">Südfrankreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_Ungarn" title="Jagdfliegerführer Ungarn">Ungarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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talk:Luftflotten"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Luftflotten" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Luftflotten"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Luftflotten_(Air_Fleets)_of_the_Wehrmacht_Luftwaffe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkenkreuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/18px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/27px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/36px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> Luftflotten (Air Fleets) of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luftwaffe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_1" title="Luftflotte 1">Luftflotte 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_2" title="Luftflotte 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_3" title="Luftflotte 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_4" title="Luftflotte 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_5" title="Luftflotte 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_6" title="Luftflotte 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_Reich" title="Luftflotte Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftflotte_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luftflotte 10 (page does not exist)">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Luftwaffe_Corps_of_the_Wehrmacht" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corps_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Template:Corps of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corps_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Template talk:Corps of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corps_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corps of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Luftwaffe_Corps_of_the_Wehrmacht" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkenkreuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/18px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/27px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/36px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luftwaffe</a> Corps of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Fliegerkorps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="I_–_V" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">I – V</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="1st Air Corps (Germany)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="2nd Air Corps (Germany)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Air_Corps_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Air Corps (Germany) (page does not exist)">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="4th Air Corps (Germany)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="5th Air Corps (Germany)">V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">VIII – XIV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="9th Air Corps (Germany)">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Air Corps (Germany)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="11th Air Corps (Germany)">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="12th Air Corps (Germany)">XII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Air_Corps_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Air Corps (Germany) (page does not exist)">XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Air_Corps_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Air Corps (Germany) (page does not exist)">XIV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis_Air_Corps_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunis Air Corps (Germany) (page does not exist)">Tunis</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fighter Jagdkorps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Fighter_Corps_(Germany)" title="1st Fighter Corps (Germany)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Fighter_Corps_(Germany)" title="2nd Fighter Corps (Germany)">II</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Parachute Fallschirmkorps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Corps_(Germany)" title="1st Parachute Corps (Germany)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Parachute Corps (Germany)">II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Luftwaffe_Divisions" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Divisions_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Template:Divisions of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Divisions_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Template talk:Divisions of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Divisions_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Divisions of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Luftwaffe_Divisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luftwaffe</a> Divisions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Air Division (Germany)">1. Flieger-Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">2.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">3.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Air_Division_(Germany)" title="4th Air Division (Germany)">4.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Air_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Air Division (Germany)">5.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">6.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Air_Division_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Air Division (Germany)">7.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Division_(Germany)" title="9th Air Division (Germany)">9.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Division_(Germany)" title="9th Air Division (Germany)">9. (J)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">10.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">11.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">12.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">14.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">15.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">16.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">17.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">18.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">21.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=22nd_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="22nd Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">22.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=31st_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="31st Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">31.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donez_Air_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donez Air Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">Donez</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Luftwaffe_eagle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luftwaffe Eagle"><img alt="Luftwaffe Eagle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Luftwaffe_eagle.svg/70px-Luftwaffe_eagle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Luftwaffe_eagle.svg/105px-Luftwaffe_eagle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Luftwaffe_eagle.svg/140px-Luftwaffe_eagle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="317" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Fighter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Fighter Division (Germany)">1. Jagd-Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="2nd Fighter Division (Germany)">2.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Fighter Division (Germany)">3.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="4th Fighter Division (Germany)">4.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Fighter Division (Germany)">5.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Fighter Division (Germany)">7.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="8th Fighter Division (Germany)">8.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="30th Fighter Division (Germany)">30.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/14th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht)">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division" title="18th Luftwaffe Field Division">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">21st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=22nd_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="22nd Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">22nd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_Luftwaffe_parachute_divisions_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parachute_Divisions_of_the_Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template:Parachute Divisions of the Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parachute_Divisions_of_the_Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template talk:Parachute Divisions of the Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parachute_Divisions_of_the_Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" 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href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Parachute Division (Germany)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="2nd Parachute Division (Germany)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Parachute Division (Germany)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="4th Parachute Division (Germany)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Parachute Division (Germany)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="6th Parachute Division (Germany)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="7th Parachute Division (Germany)">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="8th Parachute Division (Germany)">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="9th Parachute Division (Germany)">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="10th Parachute Division (Germany)">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="11th Parachute Division (Germany)">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="20th Parachute Division (Germany)">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="21st Parachute Division (Germany)">21st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="7th Parachute Division (Germany)">Erdmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Bomber_wings_of_the_Luftwaffe" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kampfgeschwader_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Template:Kampfgeschwader of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kampfgeschwader_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Template talk:Kampfgeschwader of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kampfgeschwader_of_the_Luftwaffe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kampfgeschwader of the Luftwaffe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Bomber_wings_of_the_Luftwaffe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/18px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/27px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/36px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bomber</a> wings of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luftwaffe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Kampfgeschwader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1st_–_30th" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st – 30th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_1" title="Kampfgeschwader 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_2" title="Kampfgeschwader 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_3" title="Kampfgeschwader 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_4" title="Kampfgeschwader 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_6" title="Kampfgeschwader 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 25 (page does not exist)">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_26" title="Kampfgeschwader 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_27" title="Kampfgeschwader 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 28 (page does not exist)">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_30" title="Kampfgeschwader 30">30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">40th – 77th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_40" title="Kampfgeschwader 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 50 (page does not exist)">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_51" title="Kampfgeschwader 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_53" title="Kampfgeschwader 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_54" title="Kampfgeschwader 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_55" title="Kampfgeschwader 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 60 (page does not exist)">60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 66 (page does not exist)">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_76" title="Kampfgeschwader 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_77" title="Kampfgeschwader 77">77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100th – 158th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_100" title="Kampfgeschwader 100">100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 101 (page does not exist)">101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 102 (page does not exist)">102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_152&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 152 (page does not exist)">152</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 153 (page does not exist)">153</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 154 (page does not exist)">154</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_155&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 155 (page does not exist)">155</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 157 (page does not exist)">157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_158&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 158 (page does not exist)">158</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200th – 355th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_200" title="Kampfgeschwader 200">200</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_252&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 252 (page does not exist)">252</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_253&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 253 (page does not exist)">253</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_254&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 254 (page does not exist)">254</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_255&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 255 (page does not exist)">255</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_257&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 257 (page does not exist)">257</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampfgeschwader_355&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampfgeschwader 355 (page does not exist)">355</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Schnellkampfgeschwader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schnellkampfgeschwader_10" title="Schnellkampfgeschwader 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnellkampfgeschwader_210" title="Schnellkampfgeschwader 210">210</a></li></ul> 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Minister of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">OKW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">OKH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Marine" title="Oberkommando der Marine">OKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">OKL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmachtbefehlshaber" title="Wehrmachtbefehlshaber">Wehrmachtbefehlshaber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_Propaganda_Troops" title="Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops">Propaganda Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtsgruppe_Allgemeine_Wehrmachtsangelegenheiten" title="Amtsgruppe Allgemeine Wehrmachtsangelegenheiten">Office for General Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_units_of_Germany" title="List of World War II military units of Germany">Army units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Personnel_Office_(Wehrmacht)" title="Army Personnel Office (Wehrmacht)">Army Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffenamt" title="Waffenamt">Army Weapons Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_der_Nachrichtenaufkl%C3%A4rung" title="General der Nachrichtenaufklärung">General der Nachrichtenaufklärung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Kriegsmarine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Organization of the Kriegsmarine">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Kriegsmarine_Personnel_Office" title="Chief of the Kriegsmarine Personnel Office">Kriegsmarine Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seekriegsleitung" title="Seekriegsleitung">Seekriegsleitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_commander_(Kriegsmarine)" title="Fleet commander (Kriegsmarine)">Fleet commander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marinewaffenamt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marinewaffenamt (page does not exist)">Kriegsmarine Weapons Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Luftwaffe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Luftwaffe_Personnel_Office" title="Chief of the Luftwaffe Personnel Office">Luftwaffe Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_of_Fighters" title="Inspector of Fighters">Inspector of Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_of_Bombers" title="Inspector of Bombers">Inspector of Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffenamt_(Wehrmacht)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luftwaffenamt (Wehrmacht) (page does not exist)">Luftwaffe Weapons Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Foreign volunteers and conscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_of_senior_Wehrmacht_officers" title="Bribery of senior Wehrmacht officers">Bribery of senior officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_officers_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Flag officers of the Kriegsmarine">Flag officers of the Kriegsmarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_personnel_structure" title="Luftwaffe personnel structure">Luftwaffe personnel structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ranks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Army (1935–1945)">Army ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Heer_(1935%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms of the Heer (1935–1945)">Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">German military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kriegsmarine_ships" title="List of Kriegsmarine ships">Kriegsmarine ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of World War II military aircraft of Germany">German military aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German persecution of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapons program">Uranverein|Uranprojekt</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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