CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91367188996efe1a',cH: 'Qzp1VUHiNYVxF1jgiR148Q9ozCt4mHt67nxOkD7eQFY-1739802292-1.2.1.1-4uR_BIXBb2_7QEUKMfOk92Z8Mj1cmoOL86T2suZnFshydXjq2e4vDoeRMNpTpZAx',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=anti-collision%20protocols&__cf_chl_tk=En6oxnpIj7FexDsnrDbNKYYTp06Vb07JoSzh3pz4gxI-1739802292-1.0.1.1-sftlwn_rWPi_5CC8gEWPzgQ97f4RtJ5rxZaQtTgmIR0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739802292',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=anti-collision%20protocols&__cf_chl_f_tk=En6oxnpIj7FexDsnrDbNKYYTp06Vb07JoSzh3pz4gxI-1739802292-1.0.1.1-sftlwn_rWPi_5CC8gEWPzgQ97f4RtJ5rxZaQtTgmIR0",md: "3fw0IjiUyPfT.xtiXtAyzIBCNmhjHyLp9hpmMmnDyjQ-1739802292-1.2.1.1-k.T9iD8HovFwgdp9qiXXC0akA6fWqSTv0cn1nIXXVciNtYsCNT4rrJB9rPdn_SFcqjr6rDa7dUPtY3kK5xUSYzhbt63dxVraKCAR2LTQz93c8R1jAi9oDh23R1VQxPcU27.EoVy9a8rv10ClCidBN6cWyA_QbAA.oQH2ISa4CnZsN9ijORLio7atzY4YU7BzqiP3iMwoCR39xpAsv6TIGDaEDAex9b7agdjXU5L0my33Ku4GP_JkkRjQsw27SRUxjZCiOqK4RXQ3mvSlKrE2qE0qyn8K6NFIPOZ9TA1SPcyL6R2Hfv1iA36.VloRkh1LeN8iwalwK1pHos7VmqImlaChYDev.awFSjlwo7eL84m5zBWtlfgTbqlrJ8tuQCStQNl_w3FP9PY_M.CDSNbGfp3YXgvcsS5nt6zCr8mQ3O04v52cljfGwqd3szR0C2dX5E6s86lnfMMkmE8pakcaqyJDHTob55F_97BHwbyhH6VKyGxDdwHSVAlyZjzAPVQIHIUB_hIGZUX8JK7M_i6NHL81ffl.AzRErto9vkqLN1EyB5eqnLLVGCnk73KoYcLE92Ldhc2bOciDtrbucZhfSC4kd166NvtPTELYOM2dxuXj0vJ56XU.tjeUYw6xqf8l8sq.AySR42x06QTCO_IvbbljJXItAIC0w2Itw20a_gCmHovjKImYRfbHR0keXV0s1oMWETtd9JQc9HCzu_R.RAnETKuNFr0z8FpQQlVRSOVhTC32.bfyKRsgCLGgEut5MkO1lR89dbgtBxdmQMJ.zrCVgUN_JLubKd2mq2FLj1NofBy8m36gS34MsDkhwNDZSWDDkkqbH72KDzkj2jzYqp9.D2UjTYOpXX_anhxM2z5WP8Ec.9QkchfRLDDlSi7XdMsVYUVMcVLzq6BBMKFDM9766RX6Ho1tSBhvfrcJOtR05Ta.4qvwjmGXJ041iNA4IdLxSY_v4qMRWzNp_KRJtWLnl44_bNRYNastfsV6u.4CmdYkjvtfL4ahdn5wFpTjBr1HkcmkWvZAcsAMLnj28Ipc4i2xeUjPLtOqW8iAs7LKjI3yiXlRJa8dIjuhFrZevVacciLgHWQKIzWW8Q7mg3R4LnJS4_WHbkuLTdvAa3Urqcdljy6qwDtQbxtkz33IcjkIbDEQNQV2h2AU4dsqSA.f9bKUojQorFnjkmv2cPaals25WYvdK3m_a_dIpuelEWwL9w67FUUDghoMMmt.jGhk_Vzv8H62unaleKDZ4figRH.koMJyb.SQGUSwkQrE9FB.NOYrYD6E9iBAMT0gs8juxTuHSlE4MN._TrqYbwcyOeZps9gA47ahy9EWgpi6VShuQM3WKjRUHRLw88TmcPok0ftkf0LET58Ma6m3Ff_Ru_vFR86cPRZFEJK6t4bX6WViCIaIC7u_Je5GvTowGm5Uaxe6JoVvBdPAmPFUJjLDWyVN_MBZ7rLoZ4hb60vh2Ovh35gaetSt8sIFVYBhOJaTS9uOb9PTQd45Oen9M_X_2owQUzWv3hqyfaccyE.UlWrzuyF0RkV7dXSJfqd_VN42_MC1SnG2xrKLAMM2bps96EpK4zpm_zHMFMO8hhCQx9.iuYydskCR5zm2SmGn52umrcshqTnTAZEH8lBfv8D4dll3gPFN9cmRxMYB4gn095P04KSlMCkvBOtfYmMKFVHUDGs4O8VaT5wU8TdOzqSIoINxYWgbHJJWVpXQ7JdrlVGnsuV3v7_zrw7hNfI3VtowZzL1NXAzrCEIIB993lGv1HVrEnZ4vZpWH4GpPeVk9_d5G1uClQuykg1kD9NbSwLvPkw409iPKG0G2hAShRetAZenl3F_RQLF4az.qnCCuylKUQW1BGLlgs3QtmPdZXZAe07fQjCWewFvuCd02wmWQCkh5FIjLBg2MNYvsii3mqeFLKlSVumGZJei696jbzYRD6gJYPk3nvnO_oJ0l.DYuhzDwF0AzoyKx0DWHSJF",mdrd: "P7G24cqC5ridfAVnlb4U0WyMKkgkHbSBzkhhf.Tz16A-1739802292-1.2.1.1-x0JWcDwKDwXq_H2ZhOLkzfw7VX9ELUKTGMBqPaVfd96rUHB_zJHAGQhgjoLFZLlovDnm.fChkBYXhU1LUzc_tSicaF21t57exCm2U4GIsSNFSDRJhtZGBi1crW2A7Y2P6W42ex.piXxnHPinUjW4IH_jS4bKoGfnbs_mFyfawqook0XOrAWbPAc0hke6FvcQMgUp5sHuMfOfGwHLIH1YWnpBrqzBzX5eeoWrYPC2aCh4.PaH4MdTvpfHBSfUE3ATH5nq4A1k78iy5ML6PycXB.iAUfuwQQiE0pyYe7FZz5tARZwanEHGosmnWXhtCzutcuElHnYtNhZe1meUOc1U.oraQZY2F5cZeVaCTKw5jktm4VUFEcE1__KglOj3Prx0Bg4PulPYoBD27c2a2pLeuvAc5knSvhdzlLLYXvcscZDgf3iyMU3AAaVG9IziqdiE1JBT7OQx6C_9Jii_FyKUFcBTCUgc6nULskUfYqVDUwAwWpihyHni0mE8HyK2WdijibzgFJ135H.ZINyV7JhXWHbcquyERjkyCQ2e7O.6MrW85PWg1w_.5TezwFMsbFpXUNY5_DDGvyCoWdhta.lzvbtOja8DSSi4rA8FjaJvaEtnvMH3IglUC2.hY4xVSUMAy73z8xGtTrsTBRYJvSKcGNuYEpxgrJNkdqL0P4TVab8TPLpmu6FAaJ5isOaivdqjt.I4yVH7ofB_ElaS9GONwf5crMLXmAh2eKOzSO9i4DLw.XG7KqzuB_RyegVp0V5B578HNLpBKu5evBrRaoWuzAaB3VmWB1E3.aECrID0TGK1cVHCIvAqNNAMH8VoabICpx.YEaBGDk.v_YVzb.n2mOodkqckuiStQoy7uwHtDmkn8vrrCE5Xl.t4zL_1.LSQcAZDNnWfKpYN0xaF_ZnRsCNI9GF.gFIBn7Cpju7nrtVtFl7BQZwEqkHDCK3NeNGGD617onqG1N.n5m.zIcFN2lLiWhjEozKiBWEvIDSd5V4MJ66K1VhZf1DEVRrfJoTNVlxLHLw6fC8I67cTiEuCxcMvfVHbbz2qhx93bf4yRTt2pvy_WyBBoTc7pHtcvicXt59sB6iwzXkftfle9y8kl44bt6QRcRktgIWCAGDdpTCoTA6Jy1TCk.DKl6JFeF8wzAz3wxwqI4KaBQ.Rgz3cIMoYKNqJGP0.oczdmqUuYWDSMKXX8Gh7AQSVC6sgla6.H.bxBL3MWxjapuuNOufvJ6LNgzghRsmgAbSJ4UbyubTk5sLh2LFyOZ6DTiWoQ_bkGjVAj7dZZs2Bg2xQOwPT8Dq.ogSjBc7nAONYA6sgCalLMOLkiVVadfDQobxApXcYXWEC4nwNjVcOQf6yZidrYuy68emN4ZKSM9RagUkfsRVHjUgM.tBEFNUD6I1_6m0H9RFhxps8gwlhtFrpHPfeOXUbBKR06ylfaHpw.6FgvHoBpdynI2bVnJ._s2L0Eg0zV9ks5.mf5gH8Nj2IvBi0kqX_SEzG0H0kNEdzPOulFXnT6_THHhmnRoFUPewCCG0mjmTRkF0koIR7hvwmy_VUqikhQoxyKWezEBz6xdek50jSXbzPIbFVGi7Q.MXVL0o6vkX0XyV7IYQyMU91rzjQXdPqWtvpRlIAUV_MIsuHbxezUlx8ed10hqxBJoK1ERe.OfMS2g5t4DNQeMh3upfwrqYMKcCkBVEr28YeQbBEvQsaU8ZyVWjE75.sQv5blMGpn3I7IJtzwBU3Bjtri5hjXP..V2ElR_mvjicpv9Y2DSAfUn4tki3ScBaLWVwC6X28mMmuIeDkXqEyDJYnIbFpZCFMhQ_j9kRU3fKK3H5CsTeDcWbDnhRhTKqo2AZ27frKxitymGZRkBwBURkiw3JIYi9ErifDAnP7Jcl4HsyBzTwcfelRRoblfckL.p5iSY5Sq59nwaBkxMOeDPrBDLoIAgZyU2gTbupFS7aysf.2gOmcj.uv1wfrDZLSs02LNPp.lB7g9QMjvd4xBXKOIld3TA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91367188996efe1a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=anti-collision%20protocols&__cf_chl_rt_tk=En6oxnpIj7FexDsnrDbNKYYTp06Vb07JoSzh3pz4gxI-1739802292-1.0.1.1-sftlwn_rWPi_5CC8gEWPzgQ97f4RtJ5rxZaQtTgmIR0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>