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batteries for an evolving world"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Testing batteries for an evolving world</h1> <p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-author">By <a href="" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Russ Gaubatz, EA Elektro-Automatik</span></a></span> | <time class="entry-time">August 31, 2023</time></p></header><div class="entry-content"><div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_top"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_20 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.batterypowertips.com/testing-batteries-for-an-evolving-world-faq/" data-a2a-title="Testing batteries for an evolving world"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batterypowertips.com%2Ftesting-batteries-for-an-evolving-world-faq%2F&linkname=Testing%20batteries%20for%20an%20evolving%20world" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/x?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batterypowertips.com%2Ftesting-batteries-for-an-evolving-world-faq%2F&linkname=Testing%20batteries%20for%20an%20evolving%20world" title="X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batterypowertips.com%2Ftesting-batteries-for-an-evolving-world-faq%2F&linkname=Testing%20batteries%20for%20an%20evolving%20world" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/linkedin?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batterypowertips.com%2Ftesting-batteries-for-an-evolving-world-faq%2F&linkname=Testing%20batteries%20for%20an%20evolving%20world" title="LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div><p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Battery testing enables vehicle manufacturers, owners, and researchers to make informed decisions, optimize vehicle performance, and enhance overall user experience.</span></i></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Demand for electric vehicles is amping up. Every one of these vehicles needs large batteries, and the industry is responding by building plants. Energy.gov forecasts that by 2030 electric vehicle battery manufacturing capacity in North America will grow 20 times, eventually supporting 10-13 million electric vehicles per year. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Testing those batteries is a critical part of battery production. The first reason for testing is for safety. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Due to a chemistry that supports runaway thermal events and sustains fire, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are dangerous. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">After exposure to vibration and high ambient temperatures, even small manufacturing anomalies can lead to catastrophic failure. Recently, Li-ion scooter batteries have been blamed for devastating building fires, and Jaguar Land Rover issued a recall of more than 6000 vehicles after eight customer fires were caused by battery thermal events. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, buyers want to know exactly how far they can drive on a charge. Battery testing can simulate the load placed on a battery during driving conditions and predict a vehicle’s driving range.</span></p> <p><b>Battery testing is getting harder</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">While battery volume is rising, testing is becoming more challenging. As vehicle buyers demand more storage for greater range, the capacity of batteries is increasing. What’s more, pulse testing requires exponentially more current than the battery’s ampere-hour rating. Given all this current, safety becomes paramount. Fire is a real risk caused by voltage or current exceeding the limits of the battery cells’ internal structures during charging or discharging. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, if a technician forgets to set a voltage limit during a constant current discharge, then the temperature of a battery cell could rise from 23 to 400 degrees Celsius in milliseconds. Catastrophic explosions are also possible. In fact, some manufacturers have built explosion-proof rooms for their automotive battery testing. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Add to high power the need for throughput — testing multiple batteries at the same time — and the battery automated test equipment (ATE) must be capable of sinking and sourcing many kWs of power. In some facilities, there isn’t enough space on the production floor to add multiple racks of the power supplies used in the test system. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Higher voltages are another challenge for testing. To reduce the weight of conductors in the vehicle and to reduce heat caused by electrical resistance, vehicle drivetrain voltages have climbed to 450 V and now are in the 800 V range. While test engineers can add more power supplies to increase the power of their test systems, they cannot change the maximum voltage rating of their test systems. Current EV modules require testing at up to 900 V. </span></p> <p><b>How a battery test system works</b></p> <div id="attachment_4917" style="width: 750px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-1.png"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4917" class="size-large wp-image-4917" src="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-1-1024x409.png" alt="" width="740" height="296" srcset="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-1-1024x409.png 1024w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-1-300x120.png 300w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-1-768x307.png 768w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-1-368x147.png 368w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-1.png 1498w" sizes="(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-4917" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1: Figure 1. An ATE system for battery testing includes bidirectional power supplies, a controller, safe connectors, CAN Bus, an industrial PC, software, a software environmental chamber, and a chiller.</p></div> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The main production-line tests for battery manufacturers include:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Battery cycle test</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Drive cycle simulations</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Insulation resistance</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">DCIR testing</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To perform these tests, test systems use multiple bidirectional power supplies in parallel. A DC bidirectional power supply operates in quadrants I and II, meaning it is capable of both sourcing and sinking DC power. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is not unusual for engineers to be confused when selecting a power supply system. Looking at the batteries they expect to test, they think they need a 30-kW system. But they forget the formula P=IV, which says at 1500 V the highest current a 30-kW power supply can output will be 20 A. If the test engineer needs the power supply to output more current, say 60 A, then they need to lower the voltage or buy a test system offering 90 kW.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In conventional bidirectional power supplies, two operating ranges are supplied, a high and a low. These are shown as rectangular boxes in Figure 2. As the test voltage rises or falls, a technician may need to stop the test and manually switch ranges on the power supply. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some battery tests require a supply of constant power while varying current or resistance. A</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> programmable power supply with a conventional rectangular output will supply maximum power only at the point of maximum current and maximum voltage.</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">In contrast, some power supplies have a feature called auto-ranging. The power supply will automatically output more current when the load operates at a lower voltage. This allows the power supply to maintain a constant power load across that load’s full power operating range. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The red line in Figure 2 shows the output of a true auto-ranging power supply. Without switching ranges, the power supply can output from 500 V to 166.6 V while maintaining 5 kW of constant power. Without this feature, the wattage of the power supply must be oversized, or double the number of power supplies will be required, and therefore the test system will be more costly.</span></p> <div id="attachment_4919" style="width: 750px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-2.jpg"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4919" class="size-large wp-image-4919" src="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-2-1024x910.jpg" alt="" width="740" height="658" srcset="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-2-1024x910.jpg 1024w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-2-300x267.jpg 300w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-2-768x683.jpg 768w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-2-268x238.jpg 268w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-2.jpg 1350w" sizes="(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-4919" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2: Output of a true auto-ranging power supply</p></div> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As the power levels in batteries rise, one of the challenges is testing across increasingly wide ranges of power and voltage. In the plant’s research lab, technicians may test individual cells at 2.5 to 4.2 V, test modules at 420 V, and test complete automotive battery packs at 840 V. True auto-ranging helps engineers test from system level all the way down to cell level using one power supply system.</span></p> <p><b>Slew rate</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Slew rate is an important consideration for automotive battery drive-cycle or pulse-test testing, during which the output voltage or output current changes frequently. The slew rate is the speed at which an output changes from its current state to its programmed state.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The f</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">aster the slew rate, the squarer the pulses in the output, which allows for more precise testing. The consequence of this is that power supplies with a slow slew rate cannot accurately measure the driving distance of a battery. If the test system has a fast slew rate, the more accurate test may result in publishing a longer driving range, which is supremely important to consumers.</span></p> <p><b>Data acquisition speed</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">During production testing, the battery management system (BMS) reports measurements to the test system. Temperature, current, and voltage are recorded about once a second. The purpose of production testing is to validate key parameters, once a second is sufficient. </span></p> <div id="attachment_4918" style="width: 360px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4918" class="size-large wp-image-4918" src="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3-350x1024.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="1024" srcset="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3-350x1024.jpg 350w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3-103x300.jpg 103w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3-768x2248.jpg 768w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3-525x1536.jpg 525w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3-700x2048.jpg 700w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3-81x238.jpg 81w, https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEHB23_ElektroAutomatic_Figure-3.jpg 820w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-4918" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 3. Considerations for battery test systems include how much space is available on the production floor. Some systems, like the EA 10300 Series from EA Elektro-Automatik shown here, use SiC technology to offer a power-dense 300 kW in a single rack.</p></div> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Battery research, on the other hand, requires more complex testing. Engineers need to verify that the BMS is reporting accurately, understand the health of individual cells, and check the connections between components. On a vibration table, an intermittent event resulting from a broken connection may last only a millisecond. If the data acquisition speed is too slow, then testing may miss such events. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Slow data acquisition speed may also introduce imprecision. This can show up when testing identical batteries with a drive profile test. The result for the first battery maybe 400 miles, and the result for the second battery maybe 405 miles. Actually, the driving ranges are essentially identical, but a slow data acquisition rate limits the accuracy of the testing. This can happen when a company buys a test system made for production and uses it in the lab.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The above considerations will help engineers prepare for a future where automotive batteries are a dominant aspect of automotive manufacturing. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to EYs Mobility Consumer Index, more than 50% of people planning to buy a car will choose either a fully electric, plug-in hybrid, or hybrid vehicle. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fast, accurate, and economical battery testing is necessary to anticipate consumer demand.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Editor’s note</strong><br /> Read and then watch the video interview by EEWorld Senior Technical Editor Martin Rowe with the author who speaks about why RV batteries use such high voltages and how to test them. You can find that <a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/ev-battery-tests-involve-lots-of-power/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div class="bawmrp"> <h3>You may also like:</h3> <ul> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/ev-battery-tests-involve-lots-of-power/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.batterypowertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ea_power-supply-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-image-4905 wp-post-image" alt="" /><br />EV battery tests involve lots of power</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a 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