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href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/cameroon">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/canada">Canada</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/canada">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/centralafricanrepublic">Central African Republic</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/centralafricanrepublic">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad">Chad</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/chad">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chile">Chile</a> <ul> <li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/chile">Español</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china">China</a> <ul> <li lang="zh"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.shihang.org/zh/country/china">中文</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/colombia">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/comoros">Comoros</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/comoros">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/drc">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/congo">Republic of Congo </a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/congo">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/costarica">Costa Rica</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/costarica">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cotedivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/cotedivoire">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/croatia">Croatia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Czech Republic</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/denmark">Denmark</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/djibouti">Djibouti</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">Dominica</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/dominicanrepublic">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/dominicanrepublic">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/ecuador">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/egypt">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/elsalvador">El Salvador</a> <ul><li lang="es"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/elsalvador">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/equatorialguinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea">Eritrea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/estonia">Estonia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/westerneurope">Europe (Western)</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Fiji</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/finland">Finland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/france">France</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/france">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gabon">Gabon</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/gabon">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gambia">The Gambia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/georgia">Georgia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/germany">Germany</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ghana">Ghana</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/greece">Greece</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">Grenada</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala">Guatemala</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/guatemala">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guinea">Guinea</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/guinea">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guineabissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> <ul><li lang="pt"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pt/country/guineabissau">Português</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guineabissau">Guyana</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/haiti">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/honduras">Honduras</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/honduras">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Hungary</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iceland">Iceland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india">India</a> <ul><li lang="hi"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/hi/country/india">Hindi</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li lang="in"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/in/country/indonesia">Bahasa</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran">Iran</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/iraq">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/israel">Israel</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/italy">Italy</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jamaica">Jamaica</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/japan">Japan</a> <ul><li lang="ja"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/ja/country/japan">日本語</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jordan">Jordan</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/jordan">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/kazakhstan">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kenya">Kenya</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Kiribati</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/korea">Korea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc">Kuwait</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kyrgyzrepublic">Kyrgyz Republic</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/kyrgyzrepublic">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lao">Lao PDR</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/latvia">Latvia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lebanon">Lebanon</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/lebanon">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lesotho">Lesotho</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia">Liberia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/libya">Libya</a> <ul><li lang="ar"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/libya">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/luxembourg">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/northmacedonia">FYR of Macedonia</a> <ul><li lang="mk"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/mk/country/macedonia">македонски</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/madagascar">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi">Malawi</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malaysia">Malaysia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/maldives">Maldives</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mali">Mali</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/mali">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Marshall Islands</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/mauritania">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mauritius">Mauritius</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/mauritius">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/mexico">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li lang="ro"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/ro/country/moldova">română</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia">Mongolia</a> <ul><li lang="mn"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/mn/country/mongolia">Монгол</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/montenegro">Montenegro</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/morocco">Morocco</a> <ul> <li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/morocco">عربي</a></li> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/morocco">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mozambique">Mozambique</a> <ul><li lang="pt"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pt/country/mozambique">Português</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar">Myanmar</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/namibia">Namibia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nepal">Nepal</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/nicaragua">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/niger">Niger</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/niger">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria">Nigeria</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/norway">Norway</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc">Oman</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan">Pakistan</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Palau</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/panama">Panama</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/panama">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/png">Papua New Guinea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/paraguay">Paraguay</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/paraguay">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru">Peru</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/peru">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines">Philippines</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/poland">Poland</a> <ul><li lang="pl"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pl/country/poland">Polski</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/portugal">Portugal</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc">Qatar</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/romania">Romania</a> <ul><li lang="ro"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/ro/country/romania">Română</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia">Russia</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/russia">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda">Rwanda</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/rwanda">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Samoa</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/saotome">Sao Tome and Principe</a> <ul><li lang="pt"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pt/country/saotome">Português</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/senegal">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/serbia">Serbia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/seychelles">Seychelles</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/seychelles">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sierraleone">Sierra Leone</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/singapore">Singapore</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Slovak Republic</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Slovenia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Solomon Islands</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia">Somalia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica">South Africa</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan">South Sudan</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/spain">Spain</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/spain">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/srilanka">Sri Lanka</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">St. Lucia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">St. Vincent and Grenadines</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sudan">Sudan</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">Suriname</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eswatini">Swaziland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sweden">Sweden</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/syria">Syria</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/syria">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/tajikistan">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania">Tanzania</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li lang="th"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/th/country/thailand">ภาษาไทย</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/timor-leste">Timor Leste (East Timor)</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/togo">Togo</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/togo">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Tonga</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tunisia">Tunisia</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/tunisia">عربي</a></li> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/tunisia">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey">Turkey</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" 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background-color:#f6f6f6"> <div class="container"> <div class=""> <div class="par parsys"><div class="gridlayout parbase section"> <div class="row "> <div class="col-md-12 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" " > <div class="grid_12_par_0 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <div class="redesign_title parbase section"> <div class="lp__heading_v1 "> <h2 class='h2 '>Open Knowledge Repository</h2> <h3 class='h3'>Select works from over 30,000 World Bank publications</h3> <div class=" lp__btn_group_flex"> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/" class="lp__btn lp__btn_sm lp__solid_white_btn view-all-btn"> View All </a> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0px"></div> </div> <div class="gridlayout parbase section"> <div class="row "> <div class="col-md-12 col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-lg-12 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" " > <div class="grid_12_par_0 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <hr class="hidden-lg hidden-md " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="list_navigation section"> <div class="lp__list_navcomponents "> <ul class="two__column"> <li class="lp__list_navigation_section "> <div class = "lp__vertical_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/afb5be37-f8ab-42bd-9c9d-305a2abab3e5/content" class="img-responsive"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/afb5be37-f8ab-42bd-9c9d-305a2abab3e5/content" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/afb5be37-f8ab-42bd-9c9d-305a2abab3e5/content" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/afb5be37-f8ab-42bd-9c9d-305a2abab3e5/content" class="img-responsive"> <img src="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/afb5be37-f8ab-42bd-9c9d-305a2abab3e5/content" data-src="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/afb5be37-f8ab-42bd-9c9d-305a2abab3e5/content" alt="Image" title="Image" class="lp-cover img-responsive "> </picture> </div> <div class="lp__list_navigation_content"><div class="lp__list_navigation_title"> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/e789cf0e-816c-41ef-ad3a-471948f374ce">Poverty, Prosperity, and Planet Report 2024: Pathways Out of the Polycrisis</a> </div><div class="lp__blurb_text "><p>The Poverty, Prosperity, and Planet Report 2024 is the latest edition of the series formerly known as Poverty and Shared Prosperity. 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The current “polycrisis”—where the multiple crises of slow economic growth, increased fragility, climate risks, and heightened uncertainty have come together at the same time—makes national development strategies and international cooperation difficult.</p> </div></div> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/e789cf0e-816c-41ef-ad3a-471948f374ce" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">Poverty, Prosperity, and Planet Report 2024: Pathways Out of the Polycrisis</a> </li> <li class="lp__list_navigation_section "> <div class = "lp__vertical_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a57d5fbf-217d-4e28-9a49-12be7f4090f7/content" class="img-responsive"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a57d5fbf-217d-4e28-9a49-12be7f4090f7/content" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a57d5fbf-217d-4e28-9a49-12be7f4090f7/content" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a57d5fbf-217d-4e28-9a49-12be7f4090f7/content" class="img-responsive"> <img src="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a57d5fbf-217d-4e28-9a49-12be7f4090f7/content" data-src="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a57d5fbf-217d-4e28-9a49-12be7f4090f7/content" alt="Image" title="Image" class="lp-cover img-responsive "> </picture> </div> <div class="lp__list_navigation_content"><div class="lp__list_navigation_title"> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d7e6a8aa-9b2a-4f2c-8340-2e5ce13d5257">Inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Multidimensional Perspectives and Future Challenges</a> </div><div class="lp__blurb_text "><p>Growing disparity between the rich and poor remains a critical challenge, affecting countries across all continents, irrespective of their per capita gross domestic product. 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This publication offers a comprehensive analysis of the current challenges and future perspectives of inequality on the African continent. </p> </div></div> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d7e6a8aa-9b2a-4f2c-8340-2e5ce13d5257" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">Inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Multidimensional Perspectives and Future Challenges</a> </li> <li class="lp__list_navigation_section "> <div class = "lp__vertical_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f50e1b61-850a-40d5-bc41-bdc73b1af245/content" class="img-responsive"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f50e1b61-850a-40d5-bc41-bdc73b1af245/content" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f50e1b61-850a-40d5-bc41-bdc73b1af245/content" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f50e1b61-850a-40d5-bc41-bdc73b1af245/content" class="img-responsive"> <img src="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f50e1b61-850a-40d5-bc41-bdc73b1af245/content" data-src="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f50e1b61-850a-40d5-bc41-bdc73b1af245/content" alt="Image" title="Image" class="lp-cover img-responsive "> </picture> </div> <div class="lp__list_navigation_content"><div class="lp__list_navigation_title"> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/f1700aa0-cc73-42b7-8ceb-630c5528a574">International Debt Report 2024</a> </div><div class="lp__blurb_text "><p>For more than five decades, the World Bank’s premier annual publication on debt, now titled the International Debt Report (IDR), along with the associated International Debt Statistics (IDS) database, have helped shape policies in development finance by sharing timely and comprehensive external debt data and analysis with the international community. 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The dramatic diffusion of digital technologies and partial policy reforms in services--from finance, communication, and transport to retail, health, and education--is transforming these economies. 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However, the global economy appears to be settling at a low growth rate that will be insufficient to foster sustained economic development—with the possibility of further headwinds from heightened policy uncertainty and adverse trade policy shifts, geopolitical tensions, persistent inflation, and climate-related natural disasters. </p> </div></div> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/11e10c6d-6587-477b-a69c-f368cfb3a0a4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">Global Economic Prospects, January 2025</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 36px"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="embedcode section"> <div class="embed"> <div class=" lp__responsive "> <div class="full-row-darkgray-components lp__text_white" style="padding: 64px 0px 16px 0px;"> <div class="container"> <div class="home-newsletter-section"> <div 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