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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Persamaan+Drake" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rumus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rumus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rumus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rumus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perkiraan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perkiraan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Perkiraan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perkiraan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kritik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Persamaan Drake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 53 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaci%C3%B3n_de_Drake" title="Ecuación de Drake – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ecuación de Drake" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="معادلة دريك – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معادلة دريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyk_t%C9%99nliyi" title="Dreyk tənliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dreyk tənliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ураўненне Дрэйка – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ураўненне Дрэйка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Уравнение на Дрейк – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уравнение на Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ড্রেকের সূত্র – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ড্রেকের সূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakeova_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Drakeova jednačina – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drakeova jednačina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equaci%C3%B3_de_Drake" title="Equació de Drake – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equació de Drake" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakeova_rovnice" title="Drakeova rovnice – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drakeova rovnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakes_ligning" title="Drakes ligning – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drakes ligning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake-Gleichung" title="Drake-Gleichung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drake-Gleichung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B7%CE%BA" title="Εξίσωση του Ντρέηκ – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξίσωση του Ντρέηκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Drake equation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulo_de_Drake" title="Formulo de Drake – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Formulo de Drake" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaci%C3%B3n_de_Drake" title="Ecuación de Drake – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecuación de Drake" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakeren_ekuazioa" title="Drakeren ekuazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Drakeren ekuazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="معادله دریک – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معادله دریک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draken_kaava" title="Draken kaava – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Draken kaava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quation_de_Drake" title="Équation de Drake – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équation de Drake" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cothrom%C3%B3id_Drake" title="Cothromóid Drake – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cothromóid Drake" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7" title="נוסחת דרייק – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוסחת דרייק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakeova_jednad%C5%BEba" title="Drakeova jednadžba – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drakeova jednadžba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake-formula" title="Drake-formula – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drake-formula" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_Drake" title="Usoro Drake – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro Drake" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equazione_di_Drake" title="Equazione di Drake – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equazione di Drake" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="ドレイクの方程式 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドレイクの方程式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Дрейк теңдеуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дрейк теңдеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="드레이크 방정식 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드레이크 방정식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_de_Drake" title="Formula de Drake – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Formula de Drake" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreiko_lygtis" title="Dreiko lygtis – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dreiko lygtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഡ്രേക്ക് സമവാക്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡ്രേക്ക് സമവാക്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergelijking_van_Drake" title="Vergelijking van Drake – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vergelijking van Drake" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake-likninga" title="Drake-likninga – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drake-likninga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakes_ligning" title="Drakes ligning – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drakes ligning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equacion_de_Drake" title="Equacion de Drake – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Equacion de Drake" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wnanie_Drake%E2%80%99a" title="Równanie Drake’a – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równanie Drake’a" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Drake" title="Equação de Drake – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equação de Drake" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bia_lui_Drake" title="Ecuația lui Drake – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecuația lui Drake" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Уравнение Дрейка – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уравнение Дрейка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drejkova_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Drejkova jednačina – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drejkova jednačina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drake equation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakova_rovnica" title="Drakova rovnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drakova rovnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakova_ena%C4%8Dba" title="Drakova enačba – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Drakova enačba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuacioni_Drejk" title="Ekuacioni Drejk – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekuacioni Drejk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дрејкова једначина – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дрејкова једначина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakes_ekvation" title="Drakes ekvation – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drakes ekvation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="สมการของเดรก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมการของเดรก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwasyong_Drake" title="Ekwasyong Drake – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekwasyong Drake" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_denklemi" title="Drake denklemi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Drake denklemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рівняння Дрейка – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рівняння Дрейка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Drake" title="Phương trình Drake – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương trình Drake" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="德雷克公式 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德雷克公式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="德里克公式 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德里克公式" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Persamaan_Drake" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Persamaan_Drake" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&oldid=25290954" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Persamaan+Drake"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Persamaan_Drake&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drake_equation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180316" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Persamaan Drake</b> (kadang-kadang disebut <b>persamaan Green Bank</b> atau <b>rumus Green Bank</b>) adalah persamaan yang digunakan untuk memperkirakan jumlah peradaban <a href="/wiki/Ekstraterestrial" class="mw-disambig" title="Ekstraterestrial">ekstraterestrial</a> di <a href="/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi">galaksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a>. Rumus ini dimanfaatkan dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">astrobiologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-disambig" title="SETI">pencarian makhluk luar angkasa yang cerdas</a> (SETI). Perhitungan ini dirancang oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Drake (halaman belum tersedia)">Frank Drake</a>, Professor Emeritus dalam bidang Astronomi dan Astrofisika di <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California, Santa Cruz (halaman belum tersedia)">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rumus">Rumus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Rumus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rumus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Persamaan Drake: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=R^{\ast }\cdot f_{p}\cdot n_{e}\cdot f_{\ell }\cdot f_{i}\cdot f_{c}\cdot L\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ℓ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=R^{\ast }\cdot f_{p}\cdot n_{e}\cdot f_{\ell }\cdot f_{i}\cdot f_{c}\cdot L\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb4dd03d9b5a3298a01b3b76cb830402d6e8f398" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-right: -0.308ex; width:30.23ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=R^{\ast }\cdot f_{p}\cdot n_{e}\cdot f_{\ell }\cdot f_{i}\cdot f_{c}\cdot L\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p><i>Dimana</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>N</i> = jumlah peradaban yang dapat dihubungi di galaksi kita</dd> <dd><i>R</i><sup>*</sup> = tingkat rata-rata pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a> per tahun di galaksi kita</dd> <dd><i>f</i><sub><i>p</i></sub> = pecahan bintang-bintang tersebut yang punya planet</dd> <dd><i>n</i><sub><i>e</i></sub> = jumlah rata-rata planet yang dapat mendukung kehidupan per bintang yang punya planet</dd> <dd><i>f</i><sub>ℓ</sub> = pecahan planet yang bisa mengembangkan kehidupan</dd> <dd><i>f</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> = pecahan planet yang bisa mengembangkan kehidupan cerdas</dd> <dd><i>f</i><sub><i>c</i></sub> = pecahan peradaban yang telah mengembangkan teknologi untuk mengirim tanda ke luar angkasa</dd> <dd><i>L</i> = lama waktu yang diperlukan peradaban untuk mengirim tanda ke angkasa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perkiraan">Perkiraan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Perkiraan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perkiraan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drake dan rekan-rekannya pada tahun 1961 memperkirakan: </p> <ul><li><i>R</i>* = 10/tahun (10 bintang terbentuk per tahun)</li> <li><i>f</i><sub>p</sub> = 0,5 (setengah dari semua bintang akan punya planet)</li> <li><i>n</i><sub>e</sub> = 2 (bintang dengan planet akan punya 2 planet yang mampu mendukung kehidupan)</li> <li><i>f</i><sub>l</sub> = 1 (100% planet yang mampu mendukung kehidupan akan mengembangkan kehidupan)</li> <li><i>f</i><sub>i</sub> = 0,01 (1% di antaranya merupakan kehidupan cerdas)</li> <li><i>f</i><sub>c</sub> = 0,01 (1% di antaranya mampu mengembangkan teknologi untuk mengirim tanda ke luar angkasa)</li> <li><i>L</i> = 10.000 tahun</li></ul> <p>Maka <i>N </i>= 10 × 0.5 × 2 × 1 × 0.01 × 0.01 × 10,000 = 10. </p><p>Nilai <i>R</i>* ditentukan melalui data-data astronomi. <i>f</i><sub>p</sub> kurang pasti, tetapi masih lebih pasti daripada angka-angka selanjutnya. Nilai <i>n</i><sub>e</sub> didasarkan pada tata surya kita, dengan asumsi bahwa dua planet bisa mendukung kehidupan. Asumsi ini tidak konsisten dengan <i>f</i><sub>l</sub> kecuali jika kita bisa menemukan kehidupan di <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Selain itu, kemungkinan adanya kehidupan di bulan-bulan gas raksasa (seperti satelit <a href="/wiki/Europa_(bulan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (bulan)">Europa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Yupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Yupiter">Yupiter</a> atau bulan <a href="/wiki/Titan_(bulan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (bulan)">Titan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus">Saturnus</a>) mengakibatkan ketidakpastian dalam perkiraan ini. Bukti geologis dari Bumi menunjukkan bahwa <i>f</i><sub>l</sub> mungkin sangat tinggi. Kehidupan di Bumi muncul bertepatan dengan berkembangnya keadaan yang dapat mendukung kehidupan. Sayangnya, bukti ini terlalu tertumpu pada Bumi, dan berat sebelah, karena sampel tidak dipilih secara acak. <i>f</i><sub>i</sub> dan <i>f</i><sub>c</sub> juga berat sebelah pada Bumi. </p><p>Saat ini, perkiraan dalam persamaan Drake adalah: </p> <dl><dd><i>R</i>* = 7/tahun, <i>f</i><sub>p</sub> = 0.5, <i>n</i><sub>e</sub> = 2, <i>f</i><sub>l</sub> = 0,33, <i>f</i><sub>i</sub> = 0,01, <i>f</i><sub>c</sub> = 0,01, dan <i>L</i> = 10.000 tahun</dd> <dd><i>N</i> = 7 × 0,5 × 2 × 0,33 × 0,01 × 0,01 × 10.000 = 2,31</dd></dl> <p>Dari perhitungan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada dua peradaban yang dapat dihubungi di galaksi kita, sementara peradaban yang tidak mencoba menghubungi ada lebih dari dua ratus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kritik">Kritik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Kritik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kritik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kritik pertama yang dituai oleh teori ini adalah bahwa perhitungan ini hanya didasarkan pada rekaan, sehingga tidak bisa digunakan untuk menarik kesimpulan. T.J. Nelson menyatakan bahwa, "perhitungan Drake terdiri dari kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang digabung. Setiap faktor diperkirakan hanya antara 0 atau satu, sehingga hasilnya juga akan antara 0 hingga 1. Sayangnya semua kemungkinan ini sepenuhnya tidak diketahui."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bantahan lain yang muncul, adalah bahwa persamaan Drake mengasumsikan peradaban bangkit dan mati pada tata surya asal mereka, sehingga apabila kolonisasi antarbintang dapat dilakukan, asumsi ini menjadi tidak absah, dan perhitungan dinamika populasi-lah yang akan digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu jawaban terhadap kritik-kritik di atas adalah<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bahwa persamaan Drake tidak dimaksud ilmiah, tetapi ditujukan untuk merangsang pembicaraan mengenai topik tersebut. Memang, Drake pada awalnya merumuskan perhitungan ini sebagai agenda untuk perbincangan di konferensi Green Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/drake.html">"PBS NOVA: Origins - The Drake Equation"</a>. Pbs.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2010-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PBS+NOVA%3A+Origins+-+The+Drake+Equation&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Forigins%2Fdrake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">T.J. Watson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121030843/http://brneurosci.org/reviews/scienceofgod.html">"Review: The Science of God"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brneurosci.org/reviews/scienceofgod.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review%3A+The+Science+of+God&rft.au=T.J.+Watson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrneurosci.org%2Freviews%2Fscienceofgod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Cohen_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Cohen (scientist) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jack Cohen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Stewart (mathematician) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ian Stewart</a> (2002). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolving_the_Alien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolving the Alien (halaman belum tersedia)">Evolving the Alien</a></i>. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+the+Alien&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+Inc.%2C+Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Jack+Cohen+and+Ian+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Chapter 6, <i>What does a Martian look like?</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jill Tarter, <i>The Cosmic Haystack Is Large</i>, Skeptical Inquirer magazine, Mei 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Amir Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/seti/seti_history_07.html">"The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Short History - Part 7: The Birth of the Drake Equation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715090019/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/seti/seti_history_07.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Extraterrestrial+Intelligence%3A+A+Short+History+-+Part+7%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Drake+Equation&rft.au=Amir+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fexplore%2Ftopics%2Fseti%2Fseti_history_07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Drake, Frank (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isanyoneoutthere00drak"><i>Is Anyone Out There? The Scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence</i></a>. New York: Delacorte Pr. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-385-30532-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-385-30532-X">0-385-30532-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Anyone+Out+There%3F+The+Scientific+Search+for+Extraterrestrial+Intelligence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Delacorte+Pr.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-385-30532-X&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisanyoneoutthere00drak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|unused_data=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rood, Robert T. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arewealonepossi00rood"><i>Are We Alone? The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Civilizations</i></a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-684-16826-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-684-16826-X">0-684-16826-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+We+Alone%3F+The+Possibility+of+Extraterrestrial+Civilizations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-684-16826-X&rft.aulast=Rood&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farewealonepossi00rood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|unused_data=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Lineweaver, Charles H. (2 May 2002). "Does the Rapid Appearance of Life on Earth Suggest that Life is Common in the Universe?". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205014" class="extiw" title="arxiv:astro-ph/0205014">astro-ph/0205014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Does+the+Rapid+Appearance+of+Life+on+Earth+Suggest+that+Life+is+Common+in+the+Universe%3F&rft.date=2002-05-02&rft.aulast=Lineweaver&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (2002). "Why ET Hasn't Called". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>: 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Why+ET+Hasn%27t+Called&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bates, Gary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienintrusion0000bate"><i>Alien Intrusion</i></a>. Master books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-89051-435-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-89051-435-6">0-89051-435-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alien+Intrusion&rft.pub=Master+books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-89051-435-6&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falienintrusion0000bate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|unused_data=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Morton, Oliver (2002). Graham Formelo, ed. <i>It Must Be Beautiful</i>. Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-86207-555-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-86207-555-7">0-86207-555-7</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: checksum <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Must+Be+Beautiful&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86207-555-7&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|unused_data=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> Chapter <i>A Mirror in the Sky</i> is dedicated to Drake equation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Drake&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/online/3384/qa-with-frank-drake">"Only a matter of time, says Frank Drake"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411202244/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/online/3384/qa-with-frank-drake">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-04-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> A Q&A with Frank Drake about his famous equation and the meaning of SETI, from an interview in February 2010, leading up to the 50th birthday of SETI.</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Drake (halaman belum tersedia)">Frank Drake</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wired.com/wired/archive/12.12/life.html">"The E.T. Equation, Recalculated"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wired_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wired magazine (halaman belum tersedia)">Wired</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+E.T.+Equation%2C+Recalculated&rft.pub=Wired&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Frank+Drake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F12.12%2Flife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APersamaan+Drake" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacegeek.org/canvas2/">Drake Calculator</a> Calculates the Drake equation with each parameter a variable that can be changed and is explained.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.skypub.com/news/special/9812seti_aliens.html">http://www.skypub.com/news/special/9812seti_aliens.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010813220535/http://www.skypub.com/news/special/9812seti_aliens.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2001-08-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frombob.to/drake.html">Beyond the Drake Equation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/jupiter_typical_020128.html">January 2002 space.com article about estimated prevalence of extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205014">Preprint by Lineweaver and Davis estimating f<sub>l</sub> as > 0.13</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">Biomolekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persamaan Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_kehidupan_pertama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk kehidupan pertama (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk kehidupan pertama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_Bumi" title="Analog Bumi">Analog Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehidupan_ekstraterestrial" title="Kehidupan ekstraterestrial">Kehidupan ekstraterestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurasi_sampel_ekstraterestrial" title="Kurasi sampel ekstraterestrial">Kurasi sampel ekstraterestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekstremofil" title="Ekstremofil">Ekstremofil</a></li> <li><a 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tersedia)">Kelaikhunian sistem bintang tipe K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelaikhunian_satelit_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelaikhunian satelit alami">Kelaikhunian satelit alami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelaikhunian_sistem_katai_merah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelaikhunian sistem katai merah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelaikhunian sistem katai merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_laik_huni_lingkar_bintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona laik huni lingkar bintang">Zona laik huni lingkar bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_eksoplanet_yang_kemungkinan_layak_huni" title="Daftar eksoplanet yang kemungkinan layak huni">Daftar eksoplanet yang kemungkinan layak huni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_cair_ekstraterestrial" title="Air cair ekstraterestrial">Air cair ekstraterestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_laik_huni_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona laik huni galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona laik huni galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_super_laik_huni" title="Planet super laik huni">Planet super laik huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Misi<br /> luar angkasa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Orbit Bumi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biolab (halaman belum tersedia)">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bion_(satelit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bion (satelit) (halaman belum tersedia)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BIOPAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIOPAN (halaman belum tersedia)">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosatellite_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosatellite program (halaman belum tersedia)">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere (halaman belum tersedia)">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly (halaman belum tersedia)">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EuCROPIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EuCROPIS (halaman belum tersedia)">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility (halaman belum tersedia)">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EXPOSE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EXPOSE (halaman belum tersedia)">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O/OREOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O/OREOS (halaman belum tersedia)">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OREOcube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OREOcube (halaman belum tersedia)">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpopo_(misi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanpopo (misi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_Production_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vegetable Production System (halaman belum tersedia)">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (halaman belum tersedia)">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(penjelajah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity (penjelajah)">Curiosity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance" title="Perseverance">Perseverance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Phoenix (wahana antariksa)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimen_biologis_pendarat_Viking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimen biologis pendarat Viking (halaman belum tersedia)">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Misi Mars Uni Emirat Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Komet dan<br />asteroid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Rosetta (wahana antariksa)">Rosetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Direncanakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BioSentinel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BioSentinel (halaman belum tersedia)">BioSentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Dragonfly (wahana antariksa)">Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(penjelajah)" title="Rosalind Franklin (penjelajah)">Rosalind Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazachok_(pendarat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazachok (pendarat) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kazachock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (halaman belum tersedia)">HX-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Diusulkan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BRUIE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRUIE (halaman belum tersedia)">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAESAR_(wahana_antariksa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAESAR (wahana antariksa) (halaman belum tersedia)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enceladus Explorer (halaman belum tersedia)">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus_Life_Finder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enceladus Life Finder (halaman belum tersedia)">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability (halaman belum tersedia)">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Lander_(NASA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa Lander (NASA) (halaman belum tersedia)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ExoLance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ExoLance (halaman belum tersedia)">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan (halaman belum tersedia)">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan (halaman belum tersedia)">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laplace-P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laplace-P (halaman belum tersedia)">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus (halaman belum tersedia)">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_pengembalian_sampel_Mars" title="Misi pengembalian sampel Mars">Misi pengembalian sampel Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanus_(pengorbit_Titan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceanus (pengorbit Titan) (halaman belum tersedia)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=THEO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="THEO (halaman belum tersedia)">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trident_(wahana_antariksa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trident (wahana antariksa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Dibatalkan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beagle_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beagle 3 (halaman belum tersedia)">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment (halaman belum tersedia)">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MELOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MELOS (halaman belum tersedia)">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Light_(wahana_antariksa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Light (wahana antariksa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Red_Dragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SpaceX Red Dragon (halaman belum tersedia)">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrestrial_Planet_Finder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder (halaman belum tersedia)">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institusi<br />dan program</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain (halaman belum tersedia)">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (halaman belum tersedia)">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakthrough_Initiatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breakthrough Initiatives (halaman belum tersedia)">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakthrough_Listen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breakthrough Listen (halaman belum tersedia)">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakthrough_Message&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breakthrough Message (halaman belum tersedia)">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakthrough_Starshot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breakthrough Starshot (halaman belum tersedia)">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Life_Detection_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Life Detection Science (halaman belum tersedia)">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Astrobiology_Network_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Astrobiology Network Association (halaman belum tersedia)">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_Astrobiology_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" 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