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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Eighteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>English dishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_role_of_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The role of Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_and_Anglo-Indian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_and_Anglo-Indian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_and_Anglo-Indian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_and_East_Asian_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_and_East_Asian_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Southeast and East Asian cuisines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_and_East_Asian_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>European cuisines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Food establishments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food_establishments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food establishments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food_establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cafes_and_tea_shops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cafes_and_tea_shops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cafes and tea shops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cafes_and_tea_shops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_and_chip_shops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_and_chip_shops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fish and chip shops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_and_chip_shops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pub_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pub_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pub food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pub_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vegetarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">English cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="مطبخ إنجليزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ إنجليزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Англійская кухня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англійская кухня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ангельская кухня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ангельская кухня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_d%27Anglaterra" title="Gastronomia d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglick%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Anglická kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglická kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englische_K%C3%BCche" title="Englische Küche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englische Küche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Inglaterra" title="Gastronomía de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آشپزی انگلیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی انگلیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_anglaise" title="Cuisine anglaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine anglaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="잉글랜드 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Անգլիական խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիական խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Inggris" title="Hidangan Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_inglese" title="Cucina inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99" title="המטבח האנגלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח האנגלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahan_Inggris" title="Olahan Inggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olahan Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ინგლისური სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლისური სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Англиска кујна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англиска кујна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelse_keuken" title="Engelse keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engelse keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="イングランド料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_angielska" title="Kuchnia angielska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia angielska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_da_Inglaterra" title="Culinária da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buc%C4%83t%C4%83ria_englez%C4%83" title="Bucătăria engleză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bucătăria engleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Английская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Английская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska_kuhinja" title="Engleska kuhinja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Engleska kuhinja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englantilainen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Englantilainen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englantilainen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஆங்கிலேய உணவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆங்கிலேய உணவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="อาหารอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหารอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culinary tradition</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_at_the_Rittenhouse_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tea_at_the_Rittenhouse_Hotel.jpg/262px-Tea_at_the_Rittenhouse_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tea_at_the_Rittenhouse_Hotel.jpg/393px-Tea_at_the_Rittenhouse_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tea_at_the_Rittenhouse_Hotel.jpg/524px-Tea_at_the_Rittenhouse_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Internationally recognised: <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">afternoon tea</a> in traditional English style in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg/255px-Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg/383px-Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg/510px-Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National cuisines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regional cuisines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Carmarthenshire" title="Cuisine of Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Monmouthshire" title="Cuisine of Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Gower" title="Cuisine of Gower">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Pembrokeshire" title="Cuisine of Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ceredigion" title="Cuisine of Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overseas/Fusion cuisine</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti curries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_cuisine" title="Bermudian cuisine">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Virgin_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cayman_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Falkland_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Montserrat" title="Cuisine of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands#Culture" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_chefs" title="Category:British chefs">British chefs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_cuisine" title="Template:British cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_cuisine" title="Template talk:British cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture of England</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudor_Rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/85px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/128px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/170px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_traditions" title="Category:English traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte" title="Fête">Fête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Dancing">Morris Dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of England">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of England">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/English_festivals" title="English festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Festival_(United_Kingdom)" title="Harvest Festival (United Kingdom)">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Monday" title="Plough Monday">Plough Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Sunday" title="Plough Sunday">Plough Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of England">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_England" title="Literature of England">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_music" title="Category:English music">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts_in_England" title="Category:Performing arts in England">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbots_Bromley_Horn_Dance" title="Abbots Bromley Horn Dance">Abbots Bromley Horn Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_dance" title="Garland dance">Garland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummers_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers play">Mummers play</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_England" title="Category:Mass media in England">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in England">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in England">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of England">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Newspapers_published_in_England" title="Category:Newspapers published in England">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_England" title="Category:Magazines published in England">Magazines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">Croquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">Lawn bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Lawn tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_in_England" title="Category:Monuments and memorials in England">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in England">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of England">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" title="National anthem of England">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">English inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/16px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/24px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_England" title="Template:Culture of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_England" title="Template talk:Culture of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>English cuisine</b> encompasses the cooking styles, traditions and recipes associated with <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. It has distinctive attributes of its own, but is also very similar to wider <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British cuisine</a>, partly historically and partly due to the import of ingredients and ideas from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, China, and India during the time of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and as a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">post-war</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom_since_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922">immigration</a>. </p><p>Some traditional meals, such as bread and cheese, roasted and stewed meats, <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_pie" title="Game pie">game pies</a>, boiled vegetables and broths, and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">saltwater fish</a> have ancient origins. The 14th-century English cookbook, the <i><a href="/wiki/Forme_of_Cury" class="mw-redirect" title="Forme of Cury">Forme of Cury</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains recipes for these, and dates from the royal court of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>. </p><p>English cooking has been influenced by foreign ingredients and cooking styles since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curry</a> was introduced from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and adapted to English tastes from the eighteenth century with <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>'s recipe for chicken "currey". <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> influenced English recipes throughout the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. After the rationing of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a>'s 1950 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i> had wide influence, bringing <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> to English homes. Her success encouraged other cookery writers to describe other styles, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a> cuisine. England continues to absorb culinary ideas from all over the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forme_of_Cury-MS_7-18v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Forme_of_Cury-MS_7-18v.jpg/170px-Forme_of_Cury-MS_7-18v.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Forme_of_Cury-MS_7-18v.jpg/255px-Forme_of_Cury-MS_7-18v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Forme_of_Cury-MS_7-18v.jpg/340px-Forme_of_Cury-MS_7-18v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Recipes from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forme_of_Cury" title="The Forme of Cury">The Forme of Cury</a></i> for "drepee", parboiled birds with <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> and fried <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, and "mawmenee", a sweet stew of <a href="/wiki/Capon" title="Capon">capon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nuts</a>, coloured with <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, c. 1390</figcaption></figure> <p>English cooking has developed over many centuries since at least the time of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forme_of_Cury" title="The Forme of Cury">The Forme of Cury</a></i>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> around 1390 in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">King Richard II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201146_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201146-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book offers imaginative and sophisticated recipes, with spicy <a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_sour" title="Sweet and sour">sweet and sour</a> sauces thickened with bread or quantities of <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> boiled, peeled, dried and ground, and often served in <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a>. Foods such as <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a> are described.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not at all, emphasises <a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Clarissa Dickson Wright</a> in her <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_English_Food" title="A History of English Food">A History of English Food</a></i>, a matter of large lumps of <a href="/wiki/Roast" class="mw-redirect" title="Roast">roast</a> meat at every meal as imagined in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood films">Hollywood films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">medieval dishes</a> often had the texture of a <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">purée</a>, possibly containing small fragments of meat or fish: 48% of the recipes in the Beinecke manuscript are for dishes similar to stews or purées. Such dishes could be broadly of three types: somewhat acidic, with wine, vinegar, and spices in the sauce, thickened with bread; <a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_sour" title="Sweet and sour">sweet and sour</a>, with sugar and vinegar; and sweet, using then-expensive <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. An example of such a sweet purée dish for meat (it could also be made with fish) from the Beinecke manuscript is the rich, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>-yellow "<a href="/wiki/Mortis_(food)" title="Mortis (food)">Mortruys</a>", thickened with egg:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Take brawn of <a href="/wiki/Capon" title="Capon">capons</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">porke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiling#In_cooking" title="Boiling">sodyn</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">groundyn</a>; tempyr hit up with milk of <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almondes</a> drawn with the broth. Set hit on the <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fyre</a>; put to <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sigure</a> & <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">safron</a>. When hit boyleth, tak som of thy milk, boylying, fro the fyre & aley hit up with <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolkes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eyron</a> that hit be ryght chargeaunt; styre hit wel for quelling. Put therto that othyr, & ster hem togedyr, & serve hem forth as mortruys; and strew on poudr of <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">gynger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another manuscript, <i><a href="/wiki/Utilis_Coquinario" title="Utilis Coquinario">Utilis Coquinario</a></i>, mentions dishes such as "pyany", poultry garnished with <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">peonies</a>; "hyppee", a <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose-hip</a> broth; and birds such as <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock" title="Eurasian woodcock">woodcocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll199647_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll199647-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteenth_century">Sixteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sixteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tudor_food_and_drink" title="Tudor food and drink">Tudor food and drink</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> period saw the gradual arrival of printed cookery books, though the first, the printer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pynson" title="Richard Pynson">Richard Pynson</a>'s 1500 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boke_of_Cokery" title="The Boke of Cokery">Boke of Cokery</a></i> was compiled from medieval texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200329_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200329-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next, <i>A Proper Newe Booke of Cokerye</i>, was published sometime after 1545.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Secretes of the Reverende Maister Alexis of Piermont</i> was published in 1558, translated from a French translation of <a href="/wiki/Alessio_Piemontese" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessio Piemontese">Alessio Piemontese</a>'s original Italian work on <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of titles expanded rapidly towards the end of the century to include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawson_(cook)" title="Thomas Dawson (cook)">Thomas Dawson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell" title="The Good Huswifes Jewell">The Good Huswifes Jewell</a></i> in 1585, the <i>Book of Cookrye</i> by "A. W." in 1591, and John Partridge's <i>The Good Hous-wives Handmaide</i> in 1594.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These books were of two kinds: collections of so-called secrets on confectionery and health remedies, aimed at aristocratic ladies; and advice on cookery and how to manage a household, aimed at women from more ordinary backgrounds, most likely wives of minor aristocrats, clergymen, and professional men.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell_Frontispiece_1610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell_Frontispiece_1610.jpg/220px-The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell_Frontispiece_1610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell_Frontispiece_1610.jpg/330px-The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell_Frontispiece_1610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell_Frontispiece_1610.jpg/440px-The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell_Frontispiece_1610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawson_(cook)" title="Thomas Dawson (cook)">Thomas Dawson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell" title="The Good Huswifes Jewell">The Good Huswifes Jewell</a></i> was first published in 1585.</figcaption></figure> <p>English tastes evolved during the sixteenth century in at least three ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, recipes emphasise a balance of sweet and sour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> becomes an important ingredient in sauces, a trend which continued in later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, which could be grown locally but had been little used in the Middle Ages, started to replace spices as flavourings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In A. W.'s <i>Book of Cookrye</i>, 35% of the recipes for meat stews and sauces include herbs, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>. On the other hand, 76% of those meat recipes still used the distinctly mediaeval combination of sugar and dried fruit, together or separately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New ingredients were arriving from distant countries, too: <i>The Good Huswifes Jewell</i> introduced <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> (from the tropical Americas) alongside familiar medieval recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-Albala2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albala2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Fettiplace%27s_Receipt_Book" title="Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book">Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book</a></i>, compiled in 1604 (and first published in 1986) gives an intimate view of <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> cookery. The book provides recipes for various forms of bread, such as buttered loaves; for apple fritters; preserves and pickles; and a celebration cake for 100 people. New ingredients appear; a recipe for dressing a shoulder of <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a> calls for the use of the newly available <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruits</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011149–169_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011149–169-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Take a showlder of <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a> and being halfe Roasted, Cut it in great slices and save the gravie then take <a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">Clarret wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">sinamond</a> & sugar with a little <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">Cloves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (spice)">mace</a> beatne and the peel of an <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oringe</a> Cut thin and <a href="/wiki/Mincing" title="Mincing">minced</a> very smale. Put the mutton the gravie and these thinges together and boyle yt between two dishes, wringe the juice of an oringe into yt as yt boyleth, when yt is boyled enough lay the bone of the mutton beinge first Broyled in the dish with it then Cut slices of <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">limonds</a> and lay on the mutton and so serve yt in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011149–169_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011149–169-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudor_pies_on_pewter_plates_at_Hampton_Court.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tudor_pies_on_pewter_plates_at_Hampton_Court.JPG/220px-Tudor_pies_on_pewter_plates_at_Hampton_Court.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tudor_pies_on_pewter_plates_at_Hampton_Court.JPG/330px-Tudor_pies_on_pewter_plates_at_Hampton_Court.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tudor_pies_on_pewter_plates_at_Hampton_Court.JPG/440px-Tudor_pies_on_pewter_plates_at_Hampton_Court.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pies</a> have been an important part of English cooking from Tudor times to the present day.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pies</a> were important both as food and for show; the <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sing_a_Song_of_Sixpence" title="Sing a Song of Sixpence">Sing a Song of Sixpence</a>", with its lines "Four and Twenty blackbirds / Baked in a pie. // When the pie was opened, The birds began to sing" refers to the conceit of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving at a banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-Cocker_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011105_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011105-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventeenth_century">Seventeenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seventeenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertMayTheAccomplishtCookFrontispiece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RobertMayTheAccomplishtCookFrontispiece.jpg/220px-RobertMayTheAccomplishtCookFrontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RobertMayTheAccomplishtCookFrontispiece.jpg/330px-RobertMayTheAccomplishtCookFrontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RobertMayTheAccomplishtCookFrontispiece.jpg/440px-RobertMayTheAccomplishtCookFrontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_May_(cook)" title="Robert May (cook)">Robert May</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Accomplisht_Cook" title="The Accomplisht Cook">The Accomplisht Cook</a></i>, first published in 1660</figcaption></figure> <p>The bestselling cookery book of the early seventeenth century was <a href="/wiki/Gervase_Markham" title="Gervase Markham">Gervase Markham</a>'s <i>The English Huswife</i>, published in 1615. It appears that his recipes were from the collection of a deceased noblewoman, and therefore dated back to Elizabethan times or earlier. Women were thus becoming both the authors of cookery books and their readers, though only about 10% of women in England were literate by 1640. Markham's recipes are distinctively different from mediaeval ones; three quarters of his sauces for meat and meat pies make use of a combination of sweet and sour, and he advises:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When a broth is too sweet, to sharpen it with <a href="/wiki/Verjuice" title="Verjuice">verjuice</a>, when too tart to sweet it with sugar, when flat and wallowish to quicken it with orenge and lemmons, and when too bitter to make it pleasant with hearbes and spices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_May_(cook)" title="Robert May (cook)">Robert May</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Accomplisht_Cook" title="The Accomplisht Cook">The Accomplisht Cook</a></i> was published in 1660 when he was 72 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FoodRef_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoodRef-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book included a substantial number of recipes for soups and stews,<sup id="cite_ref-Cheftalk_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheftalk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 38 recipes for <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, and a large number of pies variously containing fish (including sturgeon), meat (including <a href="/wiki/Battalia_pie" title="Battalia pie">battalia pie</a>), and sweet fillings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011188–199_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011188–199-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French influence is evident in <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Woolley" title="Hannah Woolley">Hannah Woolley</a>'s <i>The Cooks Guide</i>, 1664. Her recipes are designed to enable her non-aristocratic readers to imitate the fashionable French style of cooking with elaborate sauces. She combined the use of "<a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">Claret</a> wine"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200351–53_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200351–53-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a> with more traditional cooking ingredients such as sugar, dried fruit, and vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200351–53_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200351–53-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighteenth_century">Eighteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eighteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FourTimesMorning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FourTimesMorning.jpg/170px-FourTimesMorning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FourTimesMorning.jpg/255px-FourTimesMorning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FourTimesMorning.jpg/340px-FourTimesMorning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom_King%27s_Coffee_House" title="Tom King's Coffee House">Tom King's Coffee House</a> in <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Times_of_the_Day" title="Four Times of the Day">Four Times of the Day</a></i>, 1738</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Nott_(cook)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nott (cook)">John Nott</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cooks_and_Confectioners_Dictionary" title="The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary">The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary</a></i> (1723), still with rather few precedents to go by, chose an alphabetical treatment for its recipes, from <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Al</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a>. The book covered everything from soups and salads to meat and fish, as well as pastries of many kinds, confectionery, and the making of beer, cider, and wine. Bills of fare are given for each month of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Nott_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nott-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Woodforde" title="James Woodforde">James Woodforde</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Country_Parson" class="mw-redirect" title="Diary of a Country Parson">Diary of a Country Parson</a></i> gives a good idea of the sort of food eaten in England in the eighteenth century by those who were reasonably prosperous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011285–289_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011285–289-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To welcome some neighbours on 8 June 1781, he gave them for dinner:<sup id="cite_ref-ParsonWoodforde_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParsonWoodforde-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a Couple of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a> boiled and a <a href="/wiki/Beef_tongue" title="Beef tongue">Tongue</a>, a Leg of <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> boiled and <a href="/wiki/Capers" class="mw-redirect" title="Capers">Capers</a> and Batter Pudding for the first Course, Second, a couple of Ducks rosted and green Peas, some <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">Artichokes</a>, Tarts and <a href="/wiki/Blancmange" title="Blancmange">Blancmange</a>. After dinner, Almonds and Raisins, Oranges and Strawberries, Mountain and <a href="/wiki/Port_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Wine">Port Wines</a>. Peas and Strawberries the first gathered this year by me. We spent a very agreeable day.<sup id="cite_ref-ParsonWoodforde_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParsonWoodforde-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another country clergyman, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Selborne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i> (1789) recorded the increased consumption of vegetables by ordinary country people in the south of England, to which, he noted, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, had only been added during the reign of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-GilbertWhite_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilbertWhite-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Green-stalls in cities now support multitudes in comfortable state, while gardeners get fortunes. Every decent labourer also has his garden, which is half his support; and common farmers provide plenty of beans, peas, and greens, for their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hind#Etymology_3" class="extiw" title="wikt:hind">hinds</a> to eat with their bacon.<sup id="cite_ref-GilbertWhite_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilbertWhite-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_made_Plain_and_Easy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy</a></i> was the best-selling cookery book for a century from its publication in 1747. It ran to at least 40 editions, and was widely pirated.<sup id="cite_ref-StavelyFitzgerald2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StavelyFitzgerald2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puddingsbhm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Puddingsbhm.jpg/170px-Puddingsbhm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Puddingsbhm.jpg/255px-Puddingsbhm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Puddingsbhm.jpg/340px-Puddingsbhm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>How English puddings should look, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management">Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management</a></i>, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>English cooking was systematised and made available to the middle classes by a series of popular books, their authors becoming household names. One of the first was <a href="/wiki/Maria_Rundell" title="Maria Rundell">Mrs Rundell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_New_System_of_Domestic_Cookery" title="A New System of Domestic Cookery">A New System of Domestic Cookery</a></i>, 1806; it went through sixty-seven editions by 1844, selling hundreds of thousands of copies in Britain and America.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianGoddess_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianGoddess-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Acton" title="Eliza Acton">Eliza Acton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cookery_for_Private_Families" title="Modern Cookery for Private Families">Modern Cookery for Private Families</a></i> 1845, which <a href="/wiki/Bee_Wilson" title="Bee Wilson">Bee Wilson</a> has called "the greatest cookery book in our language", but "modern" only in a nineteenth-century sense.<sup id="cite_ref-BeeWilson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeeWilson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example recipe from Acton's <i>Modern Cookery for Private Families</i> is her "Quince Blanc-Mange (Delicious)":<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dissolve in a pint of prepared juice of <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quinces</a> an <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a> of the best <a href="/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">isinglass</a>; next, add ten ounces of sugar, roughly pounded, and stir these together over a clear fire, from twenty to thirty minutes, or until the juice jellies in falling from the spoon. Remove the scum carefully, and pour the boiling jelly gradually to half a pint of thick cream, stirring them briskly together as they are mixed: they must be stirred until very nearly cold, and then poured into a mould which has been rubbed in every part with the smallest possible quantity of very pure salad oil, or if more convenient, into one that has been dipped into cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Acton was supplanted by the most famous English cookery book of the Victorian era, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beeton" title="Isabella Beeton">Isabella Beeton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management">Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management</a></i>, 1861, which sold nearly two million copies up to 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where Acton's was a book to be read and enjoyed, Beeton's, substantially written in later editions by other hands, was a manual of instructions and recipes, to be looked up as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mrs Beeton</i> was substantially plagiarised from authors including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raffald" title="Elizabeth Raffald">Elizabeth Raffald</a> and Acton.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Italian">Anglo-Italian</a> cook <a href="/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli" title="Charles Elmé Francatelli">Charles Elmé Francatelli</a> became a celebrity, cooking for a series of aristocrats, London clubs, and royalty including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. His 1846 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Cook" title="The Modern Cook">The Modern Cook</a></i> ran through 29 editions by 1896, popularising an elaborate cuisine described throughout with French terminology, and offering bills of fare for up to 300 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201022–23,_25,_81,_102–103,_116_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201022–23,_25,_81,_102–103,_116-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three of the major hot drinks popular in England, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, originated from outside Europe and were already staple items by Victorian times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010213_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010213-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> brought the Portuguese habit of tea to England around 1660. Initially, its expense restricted it to wealthy consumers, but the price gradually dropped, until by the 19th century <a href="/wiki/British_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British tea culture">its use was widespread</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tea_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tea-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduced in the 16th century, coffee became popular by the 17th century, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee house">coffee houses</a>, the first opening in Oxford in 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a> was a popular drink by the 17th century, long before it was used as a food. Chocolate bars were developed and marketed by three English <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>-founded businesses, <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">Joseph Fry's</a> (1847),<sup id="cite_ref-Bensen_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bensen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a> (1862),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cadbury%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadbury's">Cadbury's</a> (1868).<sup id="cite_ref-Bensen_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bensen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Coronation_Chicken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/English_Coronation_Chicken.jpg/220px-English_Coronation_Chicken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/English_Coronation_Chicken.jpg/330px-English_Coronation_Chicken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/English_Coronation_Chicken.jpg/440px-English_Coronation_Chicken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coronation_chicken" title="Coronation chicken">Coronation chicken</a> (1953) made with <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">sultanas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">curry powder</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>After the First World War, many new food products became available to the typical household, with branded foods advertised for their convenience. Kitchen servants with time to make custards and puddings were replaced with instant foods in jars, or powders that the housewife could quickly mix. <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal#20th_century" title="Breakfast cereal">American-style dry cereals</a> began to challenge the porridge and bacon and eggs of the middle classes, and the bread and margarine of the poor. While wartime shipping shortages had sharply narrowed choice, the 1920s saw many new kinds of fruit imported from around the world, along with better quality, packaging, and hygiene, aided by refrigerators<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">refrigerated ships</a>. Authors in the 1930s such as <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Ponsonby,_Baroness_Sysonby" title="Victoria Ponsonby, Baroness Sysonby">Lady Sysonby</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drew on recipes from a wide range of countries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWII_Food_Rationing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WWII_Food_Rationing.jpg/170px-WWII_Food_Rationing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WWII_Food_Rationing.jpg/255px-WWII_Food_Rationing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WWII_Food_Rationing.jpg/340px-WWII_Food_Rationing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="7890" /></a><figcaption>Issuing a family's weekly <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">rations</a> of bacon, <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>, butter, sugar, tea, and <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing was introduced in 1940</a> to cope with the shortages caused by the wartime blockade. Foods such as bananas and chocolate became hard to find, while unfamiliar items such as <a href="/wiki/Dried_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dried egg">dried egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant_mashed_potatoes" title="Instant mashed potatoes">dried potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Centropomus" title="Centropomus">snook</a> (a South African fish),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tinned pork product <a href="/wiki/Spam_(food)" title="Spam (food)">Spam</a> appeared in the national diet. Since butter, sugar, eggs and flour were all rationed, English dishes such as pies and cakes became hard to make from traditional recipes. Instead, foods such as carrots were used in many different dishes, their natural sugars providing sweetness in novel dishes like carrot <a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">fudge</a>. The diet was less than enjoyable, but paradoxically, rationing meant that overall the population was healthier than ever before, and perhaps ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Food">Ministry of Food</a> employed home economists such as <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Patten" title="Marguerite Patten">Marguerite Patten</a> to demonstrate how to cook economically. After the war, Patten became one of the first television cooks, and sold 17 million copies of her 170 books.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratatouille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ratatouille.jpg/220px-Ratatouille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ratatouille.jpg/330px-Ratatouille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ratatouille.jpg/440px-Ratatouille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a>'s 1950 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i> changed English cooking with dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">ratatouille</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> profoundly changed English cooking with her 1950 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written at a time of scarcity, her book began with "perhaps the most evocative and inspirational passage in the history of British cookery writing":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The cooking of the Mediterranean shores, endowed with all the natural resources, the colour and flavour of the South, is a blend of tradition and brilliant improvisation. The Latin genius flashes from the kitchen pans. It is honest cooking too; none of the sham Grand Cuisine of the International Palace Hotel<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>All five of David's early books remained in print half a century later, and her reputation among cookery writers such as <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Slater" title="Nigel Slater">Nigel Slater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Clarissa Dickson Wright</a> was of enormous influence. The historian of food <a href="/wiki/Panikos_Panayi" title="Panikos Panayi">Panikos Panayi</a> suggests that this is because David consciously brought foreign cooking styles into the English kitchen; she did this with fine writing, and with practical experience of living and cooking in the countries which she wrote about. She deliberately destroyed the myths of restaurant cuisine, instead describing the home cooking of Mediterranean countries. Her books paved the way for other cookery writers to use foreign recipes. Post-David <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">celebrity chefs</a>, often ephemeral, included <a href="/wiki/Philip_Harben" title="Philip Harben">Philip Harben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cradock" title="Fanny Cradock">Fanny Cradock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Kerr" title="Graham Kerr">Graham Kerr</a> ("the galloping gourmet"), and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carrier_(chef)" title="Robert Carrier (chef)">Robert Carrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_dishes">English dishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: English dishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dishes" title="List of English dishes">List of English dishes</a></div> <p>In 1953, Britain's first celebrity chef, Philip Harben, published <i>Traditional Dishes of Britain</i>. Its chapter titles simply listed "the <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypical</a> stalwarts of the British diet",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Cornish_pasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish pasty">Cornish pasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shortbread" title="Shortbread">shortbread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_hotpot" title="Lancashire hotpot">Lancashire hotpot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">steak and kidney pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jellied_eels" title="Jellied eels">jellied eels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>. Panayi noted that Harben began with contradictions and unsupported claims, naming Britain's supposed reputation for the worst food in the world, but claiming that the country's cooks were technically unmatched and that the repertoire of national dishes was the largest of any country's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sociologist Bob Ashley observed in 2004 that while people in Britain might agree that the core national diet consisted of items such as the full English breakfast, roast beef with all the trimmings, tea with scones, and fish and chips, few had ever eaten the canonical English breakfast, lunch and dinner in any single day, and many probably never ate any item from the list at all regularly. In any case, Ashley noted, the national diet changes with time, and cookery books routinely include dishes of foreign origin. He remarked that a <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> café, whose manager claimed "We're not allowed to do foreign food ... I can't do lasagne or anything like that",<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley2004_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fact served <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a>, because "seemingly curry is English".<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley2004_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglo-Indian cuisine has indeed been part of the national diet since the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1997_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1997-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some English dishes are relatively new and can be dated to the century, and sometimes to the year, of their introduction. Thus <a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">piccalilli</a> was introduced from India in the 18th century, as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> who gave a recipe for it in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-GlassePiccalilli_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlassePiccalilli-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, dishes and sauces still considered foreign, such as fish in sweet and sour sauce, have been in English recipe books since the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53,_468_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53,_468-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other dishes took their present form only gradually, as with the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">full English breakfast</a>". Breakfasts of this kind are indeed described in later editions of "<a href="/wiki/Mrs_Beeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Beeton">Mrs Beeton</a>", but as one of many variations. Thus her list of "Family Breakfasts for a Week in Winter" has for Wednesday something that looks fairly modern: "bread, muffins, butter, brawn, grilled bacon, boiled eggs";<sup id="cite_ref-MrsB355_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MrsB355-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but on other days less modern-looking breakfasts include mince, mutton cutlets, grilled kidneys, baked fresh herrings, and hash of cold game or poultry, while suggestions for "Family Breakfasts for a Week in Summer" included sardine toast, cold tongue, kedgeree and rissoles, and "Guests' Breakfast (Autumn)" included cold pheasant, game pie, and pressed beef.<sup id="cite_ref-MrsB355_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MrsB355-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Familiar English dishes, with dates</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_and_Chips_in_2024_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish and chips, from c. 1870[45]"><img alt="Fish and chips, from c. 1870[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fish_and_Chips_in_2024_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png/282px-Fish_and_Chips_in_2024_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fish_and_Chips_in_2024_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png/423px-Fish_and_Chips_in_2024_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fish_and_Chips_in_2024_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png/563px-Fish_and_Chips_in_2024_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png 2x" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="2019" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a>, from c. 1870<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Melton Mowbray pork pie, by 1780s[51][52]"><img alt="A Melton Mowbray pork pie, by 1780s[51][52]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png/227px-Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png/340px-Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png/453px-Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="2380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Melton_Mowbray_pork_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Melton Mowbray pork pie">Melton Mowbray pork pie</a>, by 1780s<sup id="cite_ref-MMPPA_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMPPA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangers_and_mash_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Bangers and mash": sausages, from Roman times[53][54] and mashed potato (1588–1593)[55]"><img alt=""Bangers and mash": sausages, from Roman times[53][54] and mashed potato (1588–1593)[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bangers_and_mash_1.jpg/260px-Bangers_and_mash_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bangers_and_mash_1.jpg/391px-Bangers_and_mash_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bangers_and_mash_1.jpg/520px-Bangers_and_mash_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Bangers and mash": <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, from Roman times<sup id="cite_ref-HickmanSausage_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HickmanSausage-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mashed <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> (1588–1593)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piccalilli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piccalilli, a pickle derived from Indian cooking by 1758[48][56][57]"><img alt="Piccalilli, a pickle derived from Indian cooking by 1758[48][56][57]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piccalilli.jpg/347px-Piccalilli.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piccalilli.jpg/521px-Piccalilli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piccalilli.jpg/694px-Piccalilli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">Piccalilli</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickle</a> derived from Indian cooking by 1758<sup id="cite_ref-GlassePiccalilli_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlassePiccalilli-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandwich9200280.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English sandwiches, by 1762[58][59]"><img alt="English sandwiches, by 1762[58][59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sandwich9200280.jpg/260px-Sandwich9200280.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sandwich9200280.jpg/391px-Sandwich9200280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sandwich9200280.jpg/520px-Sandwich9200280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwiches</a>, by 1762<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_Online_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_Online-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_English_with_Hash_Browns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Full English breakfast (19th century) with sausage, bacon, beans and tomatoes (from the Americas, by 18th century[60]) and eggs"><img alt="Full English breakfast (19th century) with sausage, bacon, beans and tomatoes (from the Americas, by 18th century[60]) and eggs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Full_English_with_Hash_Browns.jpg/195px-Full_English_with_Hash_Browns.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Full_English_with_Hash_Browns.jpg/293px-Full_English_with_Hash_Browns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Full_English_with_Hash_Browns.jpg/390px-Full_English_with_Hash_Browns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">Full English breakfast</a> (19th century) with sausage, <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, beans and tomatoes (from the Americas, by 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011284_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011284-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and eggs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devonshire_tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cream tea: tea (c. 1660),[61] scones (Scots, 16th century),[62] clotted cream, raspberry jam (11th century)[63]"><img alt="Cream tea: tea (c. 1660),[61] scones (Scots, 16th century),[62] clotted cream, raspberry jam (11th century)[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Devonshire_tea.jpg/316px-Devonshire_tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Devonshire_tea.jpg/475px-Devonshire_tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Devonshire_tea.jpg/632px-Devonshire_tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">Cream tea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> (c. 1660),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scones" class="mw-redirect" title="Scones">scones</a> (Scots, 16th century),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspberry jam">raspberry jam</a> (11th century)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunday roast: roast beef (by 18th century),[64] roast potatoes, vegetables and Yorkshire pudding (1747)[65]"><img alt="Sunday roast: roast beef (by 18th century),[64] roast potatoes, vegetables and Yorkshire pudding (1747)[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg/260px-Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg/391px-Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg/520px-Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">roast beef</a> (by 18th century),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roast potatoes, vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a> (1747)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steak_and_Kidney_Pudding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steak and kidney pudding (1861)[66]"><img alt="Steak and kidney pudding (1861)[66]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Steak_and_Kidney_Pudding.jpg/279px-Steak_and_Kidney_Pudding.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Steak_and_Kidney_Pudding.jpg/420px-Steak_and_Kidney_Pudding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Steak_and_Kidney_Pudding.jpg/558px-Steak_and_Kidney_Pudding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">Steak and kidney pudding</a> (1861)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornish_Pasty_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pasty (13th century)[67]"><img alt="Pasty (13th century)[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cornish_Pasty_%28cropped%29.jpeg/287px-Cornish_Pasty_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="192" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cornish_Pasty_%28cropped%29.jpeg/431px-Cornish_Pasty_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cornish_Pasty_%28cropped%29.jpeg/574px-Cornish_Pasty_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">Pasty</a><br />(13th century)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Dick_Wikimeet_London_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dessert: Spotted dick (19th century[68]) with custard (Roman,[69] and medieval[70])"><img alt="Dessert: Spotted dick (19th century[68]) with custard (Roman,[69] and medieval[70])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Spotted_Dick_Wikimeet_London_2005.jpg/260px-Spotted_Dick_Wikimeet_London_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Spotted_Dick_Wikimeet_London_2005.jpg/391px-Spotted_Dick_Wikimeet_London_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Spotted_Dick_Wikimeet_London_2005.jpg/520px-Spotted_Dick_Wikimeet_London_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_desserts" title="List of British desserts">Dessert</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spotted_dick" title="Spotted dick">Spotted dick</a> (19th century<sup id="cite_ref-Ayto_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a> (Roman,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and medieval<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:99_ice_cream_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ice cream cone (1846)[71][c]"><img alt="Ice cream cone (1846)[71][c]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/99_ice_cream_2.jpg/101px-99_ice_cream_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/99_ice_cream_2.jpg/152px-99_ice_cream_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/99_ice_cream_2.jpg/203px-99_ice_cream_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="2103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">Ice cream cone</a> (1846)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpson%27s_Grand_Divan_Tavern,_4_August_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Simpson%27s_Grand_Divan_Tavern%2C_4_August_1921.jpg/220px-Simpson%27s_Grand_Divan_Tavern%2C_4_August_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Simpson%27s_Grand_Divan_Tavern%2C_4_August_1921.jpg/330px-Simpson%27s_Grand_Divan_Tavern%2C_4_August_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Simpson%27s_Grand_Divan_Tavern%2C_4_August_1921.jpg/440px-Simpson%27s_Grand_Divan_Tavern%2C_4_August_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A menu of Simpson's Grand Divan Tavern, London, 1921 showing foreign influences such as hors d'oeuvre, chicken Marengo and Spanish olives </figcaption></figure> <p>English cookery has demonstrably been open to influences from abroad from as early as the thirteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201149_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201149-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the case of a few foods like sausages from Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-HickmanSausage_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HickmanSausage-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Countess of Leicester, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> purchased large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201149_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201149-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a> ordered large quantities of spices such as pepper and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, as well as of what was then an expensive imported luxury, sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201151_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201151-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickson Wright refutes the popular idea that spices were used to disguise bad meat, pointing out that this would have been as <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">fatal then as it would be today</a>. She suggests instead that spices were used to hide the taste of salt, which was used to preserve food in the absence of refrigeration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201147_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201147-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cradock asserted: "The English have never had a cuisine. Even <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201012_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a recipe for "a dripping pudding" was published in the 1737 book <i>The Whole Duty of a Woman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicola Humble observed that in <i>Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management</i>, there are about the same number of recipes from India as from Wales, Scotland and Ireland together.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panayi created controversy by asserting, with evidence, that <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> had foreign origins: the fried fish from Jewish cooking and the potato chips from France; the dish only came to signify national identity from about 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–18,_78_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–18,_78-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French cuisine powerfully influenced English cooking throughout the nineteenth century, and French celebrity chefs such as the Roux brothers and Raymond Blanc continued to do so in twenty-first-century England.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley2004_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_Empire">The role of Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The role of Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg/400px-To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg/600px-To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg/800px-To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Receipt <i>To make a Currey the Indian Way</i> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of Cookery">The Art of Cookery</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>, 1748</figcaption></figure> <p>Curry was created by the arrival of the British in India in the seventeenth century, beginning as bowls of spicy sauce used, <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Lizzie Collingham</a> writes, to add "bite to the rather bland flavours of boiled and roasted meats."<sup id="cite_ref-Collingham_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collingham-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1748 edition of Hannah Glasse's <i>The Art of Cookery</i> contains what Dickson Wright calls a "famous recipe"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which describes how "To make a currey the Indian way"; it flavours chicken with onions fried in butter, the chicken being fried with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, ginger and ground pepper, and stewed in its own stock with cream and lemon juice. Dickson Wright comments that she was "a bit sceptical"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of this recipe, as it had few of the expected <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, but was "pleasantly surprised by the result"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had "a very good and interesting flavour".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011304–305-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of adapting Indian cooking continued for centuries. Anglo-Indian recipes could completely ignore Indian rules of diet, for example by using pork or beef. Some dishes, such as "liver curry, with bacon" were simply ordinary recipes spiced up with ingredients such as curry powder. In other cases like <a href="/wiki/Kedgeree" title="Kedgeree">kedgeree</a>, Indian dishes were adapted to British tastes; <i><a href="/wiki/Khichdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichdi">khichari</a></i> was originally a simple dish of lentils and rice. Curry was accepted in almost all <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> cookery books, such as <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Acton" title="Eliza Acton">Eliza Acton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cookery_for_Private_Families" title="Modern Cookery for Private Families">Modern Cookery for Private Families</a></i> (1845): she offered recipes for curried <a href="/wiki/Sweetbreads" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetbreads">sweetbreads</a> and curried <a href="/wiki/Macaroni" title="Macaroni">macaroni</a>, merging Indian and European foods into standard English cooking. By 1895, curry was included in <i>Dainty Dishes for Slender Incomes</i>, aimed at the poorer classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010119–121_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010119–121-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign influence was by no means limited to specific dishes. James Walvin, in his book <i>Fruits of Empire</i>, argues that potatoes, sugar (entirely imported until around 1900 and the growing of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> as well as increasing quantities of spices were "Fruits of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Walvin_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walvin-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that became established in Britain between 1660 and 1800, so that by the nineteenth century "their exotic origins had been lost in the mists of time"<sup id="cite_ref-Walvin_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walvin-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had become "part of the unquestioned fabric of local life".<sup id="cite_ref-Walvin_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walvin-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010111_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010111-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_and_Anglo-Indian_cuisine">Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedgeree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kedgeree.jpg/220px-Kedgeree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kedgeree.jpg/330px-Kedgeree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kedgeree.jpg/440px-Kedgeree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kedgeree" title="Kedgeree">Kedgeree</a>, 1790, became a popular breakfast dish in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, Britain first started borrowing Indian dishes, creating Anglo-Indian cuisine, with dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Kedgeree" title="Kedgeree">kedgeree</a> (1790)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mulligatawny_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulligatawny soup">Mulligatawny soup</a> (1791).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian food was served in coffee houses from 1809,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cooked at home from a similar date as cookbooks of the time attest. The <a href="/wiki/Veeraswamy" title="Veeraswamy">Veeraswamy</a> restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a>, London, was opened in 1926, at first serving Anglo-Indian food, and is the oldest surviving Indian restaurant in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a sharp increase in the number of curry houses in the 1940s, and again in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_-_Chicken_Tikka_Massala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Taj_Mahal_-_Chicken_Tikka_Massala.jpg/220px-Taj_Mahal_-_Chicken_Tikka_Massala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Taj_Mahal_-_Chicken_Tikka_Massala.jpg/330px-Taj_Mahal_-_Chicken_Tikka_Massala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Taj_Mahal_-_Chicken_Tikka_Massala.jpg/440px-Taj_Mahal_-_Chicken_Tikka_Massala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a>, 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-TelegraphTikkaMasala_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTikkaMasala-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adapted from the Indian <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka" title="Chicken tikka">chicken tikka</a> and now widely considered "a true British national dish."<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianMasala_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianMasala-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCTikkaMasala_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCTikkaMasala-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The post-colonial Anglo-Indian dish <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a> was apparently invented in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in the early 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-TelegraphTikkaMasala_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTikkaMasala-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCTikkaMasala_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCTikkaMasala-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">balti cuisine</a> was introduced to Britain in 1977 in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCBalti_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCBalti-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, there were roughly 9000 restaurants serving Indian cuisine in Britain. The majority of Indian restaurants in Britain are run by entrepreneurs of Bangladeshi (often <a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a>) and Pakistani origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain's</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a>, the Indian food industry in the United Kingdom was worth £3.2 billion in 2003, accounting for two-thirds of all eating out, and serving about 2.5 million British customers every week.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian restaurants typically allow the diner to combine base ingredients — chicken, prawns or "meat" (lamb or mutton) — with curry sauces — from the mild <a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">korma</a> to the scorching <a href="/wiki/Phall" title="Phall">phall</a> — without regard to the authenticity of the combination. The reference point for flavour and spice heat is the <a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">Madras curry</a> sauce (the name represents the area of India where restaurateurs obtained their spices, rather than an actual dish). Other sauces are sometimes variations on a basic curry sauce:<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, <a href="/wiki/Vindaloo" title="Vindaloo">vindaloo</a> is often rendered as a fiery dish of lamb or chicken<sup id="cite_ref-Galinha_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galinha-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a Madras sauce with extra <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chilli</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">Luso-Indian</a> dish of <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> marinated in <a href="/wiki/Wine_vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine vinegar">wine vinegar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, based on a Goan <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> dish <i><a href="/wiki/Carne_de_vinha_d%27alhos" title="Carne de vinha d'alhos">carne de vinha d'alhos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian restaurants and their cuisine in Britain gradually improved from the stereotypical flock wallpaper and standardised menus. One of the pioneers was the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Brasserie" title="Bombay Brasserie">Bombay Brasserie</a>, which opened in Gloucester Road, London, in 1982, serving the kind of food actually eaten in India. Vegetarian Indian restaurants opened in the 1980s in the Drummond Street area of Euston, London. In 1990 <a href="/wiki/Chutney_Mary" title="Chutney Mary">Chutney Mary</a> followed in Chelsea. In 2001, two Indian restaurants in London, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind_(restaurant)" title="Tamarind (restaurant)">Tamarind</a> (opened 1995) and <a href="/wiki/Zaika" title="Zaika">Zaika</a> (opened 1999) gained <a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin stars</a> for the quality of their cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-CatererIndian_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatererIndian-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> is the most popular alternative to traditional cooking in Britain, followed by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> food.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, chicken tikka masala was one of Britain's most popular dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TelegraphTikkaMasala_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTikkaMasala-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_and_East_Asian_cuisines">Southeast and East Asian cuisines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southeast and East Asian cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg/220px-China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg/330px-China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg/440px-China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An English <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>, here in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Southeast and East Asian cuisines have become widely available across England. <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> became established in England by the 1970s, with large cities often having a Chinatown district; the one in London's <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> developed between the two world wars, following an informal area in <a href="/wiki/Limehouse" title="Limehouse">Limehouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deriving from <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the food served by Chinese restaurants has been adapted to suit English taste.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts2004_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2004-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around 1980 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine#Southeast_Asia" title="Asian cuisine">Southeast Asian cuisines</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a>, began to gain popularity in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010170–172,_201–203_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010170–172,_201–203-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_cuisines">European cuisines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a> in England. In its current form, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a>, its rise began after 1945. There were some Italian restaurants before World War II, but they mostly served a generalised haute cuisine. Soon after the war, Italian coffee bars appeared, the first places to trade on their Italian identity; they soon started to sell simple and cheap Italian food such as <a href="/wiki/Minestrone" title="Minestrone">minestrone</a> soup, <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>. From the early 1960s, the slightly more elegant <a href="/wiki/Trattoria" title="Trattoria">trattoria</a> restaurants offered "Italian specialities" such as <a href="/wiki/Lasagna" title="Lasagna">lasagne</a> verdi al forno (baked lasagne, coloured with spinach).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010117–118,_166–167_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010117–118,_166–167-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Mediterranean influences include <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">moussaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">feta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taramasalata" title="Taramasalata">taramasalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">doner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">shish</a> kebabs, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> in England is largely restricted to expensive restaurants, although there are some inexpensive French <a href="/wiki/Bistro" title="Bistro">bistros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years, English writers including <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> in the 18th century and Andrew Kirwan in the 19th century were ambivalent about French cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, restaurants serving French <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a> developed for the upper and middle classes in England from the 1830s<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Escoffier#Escoffier,_César_Ritz_and_the_Savoy" title="Auguste Escoffier">Escoffier</a> was recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy Hotel</a> in 1890. <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Boulestin" title="Marcel Boulestin">Marcel Boulestin</a>'s 1923 <i>Simple French Cooking for English Homes</i> did much to popularise French dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_establishments">Food establishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Food establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cafes_and_tea_shops">Cafes and tea shops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cafes and tea shops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornish_cream_tea_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cornish_cream_tea_2.jpg/220px-Cornish_cream_tea_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cornish_cream_tea_2.jpg/330px-Cornish_cream_tea_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cornish_cream_tea_2.jpg/440px-Cornish_cream_tea_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">Cream tea</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> taken with <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Boscastle" title="Boscastle">Boscastle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The English cafe is a small, inexpensive eating place. A working men's cafe serves mainly fried or grilled food, such as <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">fried eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangers_and_mash" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a>‚ <a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">black pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak" title="Bubble and squeak">bubble and squeak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">burgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">chips</a>. These may be accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Baked_beans" title="Baked beans">baked beans</a>, cooked <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fried_bread" title="Fried bread">fried bread</a>. These are referred to as "breakfast" even if they are available all day.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional cafes have declined with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast-food</a> chains, but remain numerous all over the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom#Tearoom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">tea shop</a> is a small restaurant that serves soft drinks and light meals, often in a sedate atmosphere. Customers may eat a <a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">cream tea</a> in Cornish or Devonshire style,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served from a <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">china</a> set, and a <a href="/wiki/Scone_(bread)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scone (bread)">scone</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_and_chip_shops">Fish and chip shops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fish and chip shops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a> is a hot dish consisting of <a href="/wiki/Batter_(cooking)" title="Batter (cooking)">battered</a> fish, commonly <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">chips</a>. It is a common <a href="/wiki/Take-away_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Take-away food">take-away food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sephardim">Western Sephardic Jews</a> settling in England from the 16th century would have prepared fried fish like <i><a href="/wiki/Pescado_frito" title="Pescado frito">pescado frito</a></i>, coated in <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> and fried in oil.<sup id="cite_ref-marks_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marks-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chips appeared in the Victorian era; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a>'s 1859 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i> mentions "husky chips of potatoes, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panayi states that fish and chip shops in the 1920s were often run by Jews or Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the new dish was popularly attributed to France; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> recorded that "potatoes chipped and fried in the French manner were introduced in Lancashire with great success about 1871."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Fish Trades Gazette</i> of 29 July 1922 stated that "Later there was introduced into this country the frying and purveying of chip potatoes from France ... which had made the fried fish trade what it is today."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pub_food">Pub food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pub food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pub_grub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/220px-Pub_grub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/330px-Pub_grub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/440px-Pub_grub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Pub grub – a <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pie</a>, along with a <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">pint</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The public house, or <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a>, is a famous English institution. In the mid-20th century, pubs were drinking establishments with little emphasis on the serving of food, other than "<a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">bar snacks</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Pork_scratchings" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork scratchings">pork scratchings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">pickled eggs</a>, salted <a href="/wiki/Potato_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato chips">crisps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, which helped to increase beer sales. If a pub served meals these were usually basic cold dishes such as a <a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">ploughman's lunch</a>, invented in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s some British pubs started to offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual <a href="/wiki/Steak_and_ale_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Steak and ale pie">steak and ale pies</a> made on the premises by the landlord or his wife. In the 1960s this was developed into the then-fashionable "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket, by the Mill pub at <a href="/wiki/Withington,_Gloucestershire" title="Withington, Gloucestershire">Withington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCChickenBasket_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCChickenBasket-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">freezer</a> food. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as <a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">steak and kidney pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">shepherd's pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangers_and_mash" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">pasties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gastropub" title="Gastropub">gastropub</a> movement of the 21st century, on the other hand, has sought to serve restaurant-quality food, cooked to order from fresh ingredients, in a pub setting;<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one pub, <a href="/wiki/The_Hand_%26_Flowers" title="The Hand & Flowers">The Hand & Flowers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Marlow</a> has been awarded two <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide#Stars" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin stars</a>, and several have one star.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, pubs were serving 9.1% of meals eaten outside the home; this rose rapidly to 37.5% by 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vegetarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Western <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> was founded in the United Kingdom in 1847 with the world's first <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has increased markedly since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when there were around 100,000 vegetarians in the country. By 2003 there were between 3 and 4 million vegetarians in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the highest percentages in the Western world, while around 7 million people claim to eat no <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, 11 of 22 restaurant chains studied by the <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Society">Vegan Society</a> had at least one vegan main course on their menu, though only 6 of these explicitly labelled them as vegan dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Top-end vegetarian restaurants remain relatively few, though they are increasing rapidly: there were some 20 in Britain in 2007, rising to 30 in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality">Quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_O_the_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England_(%27The_Gate_of_Calais%27)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/William_Hogarth_-_O_the_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England_%28%27The_Gate_of_Calais%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-William_Hogarth_-_O_the_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England_%28%27The_Gate_of_Calais%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/William_Hogarth_-_O_the_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England_%28%27The_Gate_of_Calais%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_-_O_the_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England_%28%27The_Gate_of_Calais%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/William_Hogarth_-_O_the_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England_%28%27The_Gate_of_Calais%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-William_Hogarth_-_O_the_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England_%28%27The_Gate_of_Calais%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s <i>O the Roast Beef of Old England (The Gate of Calais)</i>, 1748</figcaption></figure> <p>English cuisine in the twentieth century suffered from a poor international reputation. Keith Arscott of Chawton House Library comments that "at one time people didn't think the English knew how to cook and yet these [eighteenth and nineteenth century] female writers were at the forefront of modern-day cooking."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English food was popularly supposed to be bland, but English cuisine has made extensive use of spices since the Middle Ages; introduced curry to Europe; and makes use of strong flavourings such as English mustard. It was similarly reputed to be dull, like roast beef: but that dish was highly prized both in Britain and abroad, and few people could afford it; the "Roast Beef of Old England" lauded by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> in his 1748 painting celebrated the high quality of English cattle, which the French at the "Gate of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>" (the other name of his painting) could only look at with envy. The years of wartime shortages and rationing certainly did impair the variety and flavour of English food during the twentieth century, but the nation's cooking recovered from this with increasing prosperity and the availability of new ingredients from soon after the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Hechinger_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hechinger-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitro-Scrambled_Egg_and_Bacon_Ice_Cream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nitro-Scrambled_Egg_and_Bacon_Ice_Cream.jpg/220px-Nitro-Scrambled_Egg_and_Bacon_Ice_Cream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nitro-Scrambled_Egg_and_Bacon_Ice_Cream.jpg/330px-Nitro-Scrambled_Egg_and_Bacon_Ice_Cream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nitro-Scrambled_Egg_and_Bacon_Ice_Cream.jpg/440px-Nitro-Scrambled_Egg_and_Bacon_Ice_Cream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bacon_ice_cream#Heston_Blumenthal" title="Bacon ice cream">Scrambled Egg and Bacon Ice Cream</a>, as served at <a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Duck" title="The Fat Duck">The Fat Duck</a> restaurant</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, 600 food critics writing for the British <i><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_(magazine)" title="Restaurant (magazine)">Restaurant</a></i> magazine named 14 British restaurants among the 50 best restaurants in the world, the number one being <a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Duck" title="The Fat Duck">The Fat Duck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bray,_Berkshire" title="Bray, Berkshire">Bray, Berkshire</a>, led by its chef <a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a>. The quality of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s best restaurants has made the city a leading centre of international cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-cb_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_food_and_drink_products_with_protected_status" title="List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status">list of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status</a> (PDO) under <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union" title="Law of the European Union">European Union law</a> has increased rapidly, with 59 items including <a href="/wiki/Cornish_sardine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish sardine">Cornish sardines</a>, Yorkshire <a href="/wiki/Wensleydale_cheese" title="Wensleydale cheese">Wensleydale cheese</a> and Yorkshire forced <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>, Fenland celery, West Country lamb and beef and traditional <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_sausage" title="Cumberland sausage">Cumberland sausage</a> listed as registered in 2015, and a further 13 including Birmingham <a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti</a> listed as applied for.<sup id="cite_ref-DOOR_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOOR-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2016 there were 12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_cheeses" title="List of English cheeses">cheeses from England</a> with PDO status.<sup id="cite_ref-PDOcheeses_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDOcheeses-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_University_Library%27s_Cookery_Collection" title="Leeds University Library's Cookery Collection">Leeds University Library's Cookery Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_cheeses" title="List of English cheeses">List of English cheeses</a> – over 700 varieties of cheese are produced in England</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cury here means cooking, related to French <i>cuire</i>, to cook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early modern professionals included doctors and lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli" title="Charles Elmé Francatelli">Charles Elmé Francatelli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Cook" title="The Modern Cook">The Modern Cook</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> noted of Panayi's claim of these facts on 9 January 2004 "Kosher French Connection with Fish and Chips" while the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_(British_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Star (British newspaper)">Daily Star</a></i> announced "Le Great British Feesh and Cheeps: It's Frog Nosh Claims Prof".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201146-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201146_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200323–28_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann2003">Lehmann 2003</a>, pp. 23–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll199647-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll199647_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll1996">Carroll 1996</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200329-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200329_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann2003">Lehmann 2003</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann2003">Lehmann 2003</a>, pp. 30–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albala2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albala2003_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31962-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31962-4"><bdi>978-0-313-31962-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31962-4&rft.aulast=Albala&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4f-l3-KG0LcC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFettiplace1986" class="citation book cs1">Fettiplace, Elinor (1986) [1604]. <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Spurling" title="Hilary Spurling">Spurling, Hilary</a> (ed.). <i>Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book: Elizabethan Country House Cooking</i>. Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elinor+Fettiplace%27s+Receipt+Book%3A+Elizabethan+Country+House+Cooking&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Fettiplace&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011149–169-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011149–169_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011149–169_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, pp. 149–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cocker-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cocker_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerMabey,_Richard2005" class="citation book cs1">Cocker, Mark; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mabey" title="Richard Mabey">Mabey, Richard</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_Britannica" title="Birds Britannica">Birds Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. pp. 349–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6907-7"><bdi>978-0-7011-6907-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+Britannica&rft.pages=349-353&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-6907-7&rft.aulast=Cocker&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Mabey%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011105-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011105_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1615" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Markham" title="Gervase Markham">Markham, Gervase</a> (1615). <i>The English Huswife</i>. 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London: C. Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cooks+and+confectioners+dictionary%3B+or%2C+The+accomplish%27d+housewifes+companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Rivington&rft.date=1723&rft.aulast=Nott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcooksandconfect00nottgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011285–289-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011285–289_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, pp. 285–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParsonWoodforde-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParsonWoodforde_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParsonWoodforde_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodforde1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Woodforde" title="James Woodforde">Woodforde, James</a> (1949) [1935]. 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Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-861-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-861-7"><bdi>978-1-55849-861-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Hospitality%3A+Cooking+by+the+Book+in+New+England&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Univ+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-861-7&rft.aulast=Stavely&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.+F.&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRbJUQMM0ssC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianGoddess-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianGoddess_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrell2007" class="citation news cs1">Carrell, Severin (26 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jun/26/books.britishidentity">"Archive reveals Britain's first domestic goddess"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Eliza+Acton%2C+my+heroine&rft.date=2011-05-08&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Bee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2F8489744%2FEliza-Acton-my-heroine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ray_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1968" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Elizabeth, ed. (1968). <i>The Best of Eliza Acton</i>. Longmans. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Eliza+Acton&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2001" class="citation web cs1">Stark, Monica (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.januarymagazine.com/cookbook/mrsbeeton.html">"Domesticity for Victorian Dummies"</a>. January Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domesticity+for+Victorian+Dummies&rft.pub=January+Magazine&rft.date=2001-07&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.januarymagazine.com%2Fcookbook%2Fmrsbeeton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidIntro-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid,_Elizabeth1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">David, Elizabeth</a> (1968). "Introduction". In Ray, Elizabeth (ed.). <i>The Best of Eliza Acton</i>. <a href="/wiki/Longmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Longmans">Longmans</a>. pp. xxiii–xxvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Eliza+Acton&rft.pages=xxiii-xxvii&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1968&rft.au=David%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2006" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Laura (28 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/28/books/review/28shapiro.html?_r=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton,' by Kathryn Hughes: Domestic Goddess"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Short+Life+and+Long+Times+of+Mrs.+Beeton%2C%27+by+Kathryn+Hughes%3A+Domestic+Goddess&rft.date=2006-05-28&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F28%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F28shapiro.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201022–23,_25,_81,_102–103,_116-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201022–23,_25,_81,_102–103,_116_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanayi2010">Panayi 2010</a>, pp. 22–23, 25, 81, 102–103, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancatelli1846" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli" title="Charles Elmé Francatelli">Francatelli, Charles Elmé</a> (1846). <a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Cook" title="The Modern Cook"><i>The Modern Cook; A practical guide to the culinary art in all its branches</i></a>. London: Richard Bentley & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Cook%3B+A+practical+guide+to+the+culinary+art+in+all+its+branches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley+%26+Son&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Francatelli&rft.aufirst=Charles+Elm%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010213-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010213_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanayi2010">Panayi 2010</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tea-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tea_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tea.co.uk/a-social-history">"A Social History of the Nation's Favourite Drink"</a>. UK Tea & Infusions Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Nation%27s+Favourite+Drink&rft.pub=UK+Tea+%26+Infusions+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tea.co.uk%2Fa-social-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janeausten.co.uk/a-proper-cup-of-coffee/">"A Proper Cup of Coffee"</a>. The Jane Austen Centre. 17 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Proper+Cup+of+Coffee&rft.pub=The+Jane+Austen+Centre&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janeausten.co.uk%2Fa-proper-cup-of-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgess" class="citation news cs1">Sturgess, Emma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/dec/19/tea-coffee-drinkers-sales">"No time for tea? How Britain became a nation of coffee drinkers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No+time+for+tea%3F+How+Britain+became+a+nation+of+coffee+drinkers&rft.aulast=Sturgess&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Fwordofmouth%2F2013%2Fdec%2F19%2Ftea-coffee-drinkers-sales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bensen-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bensen_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bensen_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensen2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Bensen, Amanda (1 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/?no-ist">"A Brief History of Chocolate"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chocolate&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft.aulast=Bensen&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fa-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nestle.co.uk/aboutus/history">"History"</a>. Nestlé<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Nestl%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nestle.co.uk%2Faboutus%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves,_RobertHodge,_Alan1940" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Robert; Hodge, Alan (1940). <i>The Long Week-End: A social history of Great Britain 1918–1939</i>. pp. 175–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Week-End%3A+A+social+history+of+Great+Britain+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=175-176&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Graves%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hodge%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSysonby1948" class="citation book cs1">Sysonby, Ria (1948) [1935]. <i>Lady Sysonby's cookbook</i>. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18086747">18086747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+Sysonby%27s+cookbook&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18086747&rft.aulast=Sysonby&rft.aufirst=Ria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Slater" title="Nigel Slater">Slater, Nigel</a> (24 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/may/24/lets-eat-together-cooking-immigration-britain-food">"Let's Eat Together"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Eat+Together&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal%2F2015%2Fmay%2F24%2Flets-eat-together-cooking-immigration-britain-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, pp. 417–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn2011" class="citation web cs1">Ann, Antonia (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410003403/http://www.recipespastandpresent.org.uk/wartime/snoek-snook/">"Snoek (Snook)"</a>. <i>Wartime Recipes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recipespastandpresent.org.uk/wartime/snoek-snook/">the original</a> on 10 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>like Snoek Piquante which seems to have become a kind of shorthand for everything unpalatable about food rationing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wartime+Recipes&rft.atitle=Snoek+%28Snook%29&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.aulast=Ann&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recipespastandpresent.org.uk%2Fwartime%2Fsnoek-snook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgot2015" class="citation news cs1">Elgot, Jessica (10 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jun/10/cookery-writer-marguerite-patten-dies-aged-99">"Cookery writer Marguerite Patten dies aged 99"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cookery+writer+Marguerite+Patten+dies+aged+99&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Elgot&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2015%2Fjun%2F10%2Fcookery-writer-marguerite-patten-dies-aged-99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanayi2010">Panayi 2010</a>, pp. 191–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, Elizabeth (1950). <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mediterranean Food">Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i>. London: John Lehmann</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPile,_Stephen2006" class="citation news cs1">Pile, Stephen (16 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-daily-telegraph/20061016/282063387459485">"How TV concocted a recipe for success"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+TV+concocted+a+recipe+for+success&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.au=Pile%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fuk%2Fthe-daily-telegraph%2F20061016%2F282063387459485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi201016–17_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanayi2010">Panayi 2010</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashley2004-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley2004_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley2004_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley2004_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2004" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Bob (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vYp3_IngH8C&pg=PA77"><i>Food and Cultural Studies</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 77–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27038-0"><bdi>978-0-415-27038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Cultural+Studies&rft.pages=77-83&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27038-0&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vYp3_IngH8C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1997-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker1997_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1997" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Harlan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYqTiD7SbcQC"><i>Food on the Move: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1996</i></a>. Oxford Symposium. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYqTiD7SbcQC/page/n74">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-79-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-79-6"><bdi>978-0-907325-79-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+on+the+Move%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery%2C+1996&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Oxford+Symposium&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-907325-79-6&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_uYqTiD7SbcQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlassePiccalilli-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlassePiccalilli_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlassePiccalilli_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasse,_Hannah1758" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Glasse, Hannah</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xJdAAAAAIAAJ"><i>Art of Cookery</i></a> (6th ed.). W. Strahan, J. and F. Rivington, J. Hinton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xJdAAAAAIAAJ/page/n412">377</a>. <q>Paco.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Cookery&rft.pages=377&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=W.+Strahan%2C+J.+and+F.+Rivington%2C+J.+Hinton&rft.date=1758&rft.au=Glasse%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_xJdAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53,_468-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53,_468_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, pp. 52–53, 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MrsB355-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MrsB355_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MrsB355_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Meals and Menus. Breakfast". <i>Mrs Beeton's Cookery Book</i> (New ed.). Ward, Lock & Co. 1922. pp. 355–358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meals+and+Menus.+Breakfast&rft.btitle=Mrs+Beeton%27s+Cookery+Book&rft.pages=355-358&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Ward%2C+Lock+%26+Co.&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMPPA-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMPPA_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502063519/http://mmppa.co.uk/?page_id=14">"History of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie"</a>. Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmppa.co.uk/?page_id=14">the original</a> on 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Melton+Mowbray+Pork+Pie&rft.pub=Melton+Mowbray+Pork+Pie+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmppa.co.uk%2F%3Fpage_id%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, C. Anne (June 2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fooddrinkinbrita00cann"><i>Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century</i></a></span>. Academy Chicago Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fooddrinkinbrita00cann/page/273">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89733-487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89733-487-7"><bdi>978-0-89733-487-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Drink+in+Britain%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+19th+Century&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Academy+Chicago+Publishers&rft.date=2003-06&rft.isbn=978-0-89733-487-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=C.+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffooddrinkinbrita00cann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HickmanSausage-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HickmanSausage_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HickmanSausage_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman2006" class="citation news cs1">Hickman, Martin (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/the-secret-life-of-the-sausage-a-great-british-institution-422185.html">"The secret life of the sausage: A great British institution"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+secret+life+of+the+sausage%3A+A+great+British+institution&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-secret-life-of-the-sausage-a-great-british-institution-422185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113000131/http://www.sausagelinks.co.uk/sausage-facts/sausage-varieties/">"Sausage Varieties"</a>. Northampton, United Kingdom: Sausage Links. 5 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sausagelinks.co.uk/sausage-facts/sausage-varieties/">the original</a> on 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>It is estimated that there are around 400 sausage varieties available in the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sausage+Varieties&rft.place=Northampton%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Sausage+Links&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sausagelinks.co.uk%2Fsausage-facts%2Fsausage-varieties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitrat,_M.Foury,_C.2003" class="citation book cs1">Pitrat, M.; Foury, C. (2003). <i>Histoires de légumes</i>. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. p. 164. <q>We think that the potato arrived some years before the end of the 16th century, by two different ports of entry: the first, logically, in Spain around 1570, and the second via the British Isles between 1588 and 1593</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoires+de+l%C3%A9gumes&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+la+Recherche+Agronomique&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Pitrat%2C+M.&rft.au=Foury%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggs" class="citation web cs1">Maggs, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912035012/http://www.rheged.com/files/relish%2C%20pickle%20and%20chutney%20making%20tips%20-%20Jane%20Maggs.pdf">"Relish, pickle and chutney making tips"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rheged Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rheged.com/files/relish,%20pickle%20and%20chutney%20making%20tips%20-%20Jane%20Maggs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relish%2C+pickle+and+chutney+making+tips&rft.pub=Rheged+Centre&rft.aulast=Maggs&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheged.com%2Ffiles%2Frelish%2C%2520pickle%2520and%2520chutney%2520making%2520tips%2520-%2520Jane%2520Maggs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, Maxwell Alexander, <i>English reports annotated</i>, 1866–1900, Volume 1, Publisher: The Reports and Digest Syndicate, 1867. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFcyAAAAIAAJ&dq=piccalilli&pg=PA567">page 567</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStradley2004" class="citation web cs1">Stradley, Linda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/SandwichHistory.htm">"History of Sandwiches"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>The first written record of the word "sandwich" appeared in Edward Gibbons (1737–1794), English author, scholar, and historian, journal on November 24, 1762. "I dined at the Cocoa Tree ... That respectable body affords every evening a sight truly English. Twenty or thirty of the first men in the kingdom ... supping at little tables ... upon a bit of cold meat, or a Sandwich."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Sandwiches&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Stradley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhatscookingamerica.net%2FHistory%2FSandwichHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_Online-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_Online_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-18010424">"Sandwich celebrates 250th anniversary of the sandwich"</a>. BBC. 12 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sandwich+celebrates+250th+anniversary+of+the+sandwich&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-kent-18010424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011284-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011284_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011">Dickson Wright 2011</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730000451/http://www.tea.co.uk/page.php?id=98">"A Social History of the Nation's Favourite Drink"</a>. <i>United Kingdom Tea Council</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cooking+under+the+Raj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india-seminar.com%2F2006%2F566%2F566_david_housego.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir2009" class="citation news cs1">Jahangir, Rumeana (26 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8370054.stm">"How Britain got the hots for curry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Indian dishes, in the highest perfection… unequalled to any curries ever made in England." So ran the 1809 newspaper advert for a new eating establishment in an upmarket London square popular with colonial returnees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Britain+got+the+hots+for+curry&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Rumeana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8370054.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._A._Gill" title="A. A. Gill">Gill, A.A.</a> (23 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/eating_out/a_a_gill/article705029.ece">"Veeraswamy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Veeraswamy&rft.date=2006-04-23&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Flife_and_style%2Ffood_and_drink%2Feating_out%2Fa_a_gill%2Farticle705029.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8370054.stm">BBC: How Britain got the hots for curry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TelegraphTikkaMasala-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphTikkaMasala_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphTikkaMasala_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphTikkaMasala_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonAndrabi" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Dean; Andrabi, Jalees. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/5972643/Chicken-tikka-masala-row-grows-as-Indian-chefs-reprimand-Scottish-MPs-over-culinary-origins.html">"Chicken tikka masala row grows as Indian chefs reprimand Scottish MPs over culinary origins"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/5972643/Chicken-tikka-masala-row-grows-as-Indian-chefs-reprimand-Scottish-MPs-over-culinary-origins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>The MPs, led by Mohammed Sarwar, claim the dish was invented in Glasgow in the early 1970s and now want official European Union recognition through a "Protected Designation of Origin". It would put Glasgow's chicken tikka masala on a par with Parma's Parmesan cheese or French 'Champagne'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Chicken+tikka+masala+row+grows+as+Indian+chefs+reprimand+Scottish+MPs+over+culinary+origins&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.au=Andrabi%2C+Jalees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2F5972643%2FChicken-tikka-masala-row-grows-as-Indian-chefs-reprimand-Scottish-MPs-over-culinary-origins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianMasala-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianMasala_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity">"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 25 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Robin+Cook%27s+chicken+tikka+masala+speech&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fapr%2F19%2Frace.britishidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCTikkaMasala-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCTikkaMasala_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCTikkaMasala_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8161812.stm">"Glasgow 'invented' Tikka Masala"</a>. BBC. 21 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>It has previously been suggested that the mild curry was created decades ago in a Glaswegian kitchen by Asian immigrants catering to Western palates. Mr Sarwar claimed the dish owed its origins to the culinary skills of Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of the Shish Mahal restaurant in Park Road in the west end of the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Glasgow+%27invented%27+Tikka+Masala&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fglasgow_and_west%2F8161812.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcComb" class="citation web cs1">McComb, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024842/http://www.balti-birmingham.co.uk/about-balti/bpost-on-the-balti">"Balti making a big comeback in Birmingham"</a>. <i>Balti-Birmingham</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balti-birmingham.co.uk/about-balti/bpost-on-the-balti">the original</a> on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balti-Birmingham&rft.atitle=Balti+making+a+big+comeback+in+Birmingham&rft.aulast=McComb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balti-birmingham.co.uk%2Fabout-balti%2Fbpost-on-the-balti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCBalti-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCBalti_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarwicker2012" class="citation news cs1">Warwicker, Michelle (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18494918">"What makes the Birmingham Balti unique?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"People like (it) ... sizzling and hot and with the naan bread," said Mohammed Arif, owner of Adil Balti and Tandoori Restaurant, in the Balti Triangle in Birmingham. Mr Arif claims to be first man to introduce the Balti to Britain – after bringing the idea from Kashmir – when he opened his restaurant in 1977. He said that before he "recommended the Balti in the UK" in the late 70s, "there was different curry" in Britain, "not like this fresh cooking one".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+makes+the+Birmingham+Balti+unique%3F&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Warwicker&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-birmingham-18494918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSA-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FSA_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSA_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014074850/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/nov/curryfacts">"Food Standards Agency – Curry factfile"</a>. 27 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/nov/curryfacts">the original</a> on 14 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Standards+Agency+%E2%80%93+Curry+factfile&rft.date=2003-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewsarchive%2F2003%2Fnov%2Fcurryfacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420195024/http://web3.unt.edu/news/story.cfm?story=8673">"Professor says Indian eateries are experiencing a U.S. boom"</a>. <i>University of North Texas News Service</i>. 13 October 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web3.unt.edu/news/story.cfm?story=8673">the original</a> on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+North+Texas+News+Service&rft.atitle=Professor+says+Indian+eateries+are+experiencing+a+U.S.+boom&rft.date=2003-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb3.unt.edu%2Fnews%2Fstory.cfm%3Fstory%3D8673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Every restaurant has a large pan of this sauce always at hand, with the recipe varying only slightly from Chef to Chef. It forms the base of all Restaurant curries from the very mild to the very hot and spicy." Khris Dillon <i>The Curry Secret</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7160-0809-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7160-0809-2">0-7160-0809-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galinha-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galinha_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters-Jones" class="citation web cs1">Peters-Jones, Michelle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetiffinbox.ca/2011/11/vindalho-de-galinha-chicken-vindaloo.html">"Indian Classics – Vindalho de Galinha (Chicken Vindaloo)"</a>. The Tiffin Box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Classics+%E2%80%93+Vindalho+de+Galinha+%28Chicken+Vindaloo%29&rft.pub=The+Tiffin+Box&rft.aulast=Peters-Jones&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetiffinbox.ca%2F2011%2F11%2Fvindalho-de-galinha-chicken-vindaloo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705102827/http://www.east-indians.com/foodporkvindaloo.htm">"Indal (Vindaloo)"</a>. The East Indian Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.east-indians.com/foodporkvindaloo.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indal+%28Vindaloo%29&rft.pub=The+East+Indian+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.east-indians.com%2Ffoodporkvindaloo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglo-indianfood.blogspot.com/2007/07/history-of-vindaloorecipe-for-pork.html">"The History of Vindaloo ... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caterer&rft.atitle=Indian+restaurants%3A+Where+it+all+started+and+where+it%27s+all+going+Indian+restaurants%3A+Where+it+all+started+and+where+it%27s+all+going&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecaterer.com%2Farticles%2F314786%2Findian-restaurants-where-it-all-started-and-where-its-all-going&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111103544/http://www.menu2menu.com/italfigs.html">"Italian Food: Facts, Figures, History & Market Research"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menu2menu.com/italfigs.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Food%3A+Facts%2C+Figures%2C+History+%26+Market+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menu2menu.com%2Fitalfigs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208150143/http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2005/06/27/301079/market-snapshot-ethnic-food.html">"Caterersearch: Market snapshot – Ethnic food"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2005/06/27/301079/market-snapshot-ethnic-food.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caterersearch%3A+Market+snapshot+%E2%80%93+Ethnic+food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caterersearch.com%2FArticles%2F2005%2F06%2F27%2F301079%2Fmarket-snapshot-ethnic-food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8161812.stm">"Popular British dishes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Popular+British+dishes&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fglasgow_and_west%2F8161812.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSales2012" class="citation book cs1">Sales, Rosemary (2012). "London's Chinatown". In Donald, Stephanie (ed.). <i>Branding cities: cosmopolitanism, parochialism, and social change</i>. d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. London: Routledge. pp. 45–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53670-7"><bdi>978-0-415-53670-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/782999960">782999960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=London%27s+Chinatown&rft.btitle=Branding+cities%3A+cosmopolitanism%2C+parochialism%2C+and+social+change&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45-58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F782999960&rft.isbn=978-0-415-53670-7&rft.aulast=Sales&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner2002" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Jay (10 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,834742,00.html">"The sweet and sour revolution"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+sweet+and+sour+revolution&rft.date=2002-11-10&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Ffoodmonthly%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C834742%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts2004-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2004_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J.A.G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Oxh3JUVK3sC&pg=PA9"><i>China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-227-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-227-0</bdi></a>. <q>the distinction made by the food writer <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lo_(writer)" title="Kenneth Lo (writer)">Kenneth Lo</a> between 'Chinese cooking in China' and 'Chinese food abroad'. Lo remarked that Chinese food, like everything else 'suffers a sea change when removed from its native shores'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+to+Chinatown%3A+Chinese+Food+in+the+West&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-227-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Oxh3JUVK3sC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010170–172,_201–203-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010170–172,_201–203_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanayi2010">Panayi 2010</a>, pp. 170–172, 201–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010117–118,_166–167-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010117–118,_166–167_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanayi2010">Panayi 2010</a>, pp. 117–118, 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalter2013" class="citation news cs1">Salter, Katy (7 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2013/aug/07/british-love-affair-with-hummus">"The British love affair with hummus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+British+love+affair+with+hummus&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Fshortcuts%2F2013%2Faug%2F07%2Fbritish-love-affair-with-hummus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,907913,00.html">"Haute Cuisine"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London. 9 March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Haute+Cuisine&rft.date=2003-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Ffoodmonthly%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C907913%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/texts/cook/1700s2/crustshome/crusts.html">British Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219104542/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/texts/cook/1700s2/crustshome/crusts.html">Archived</a> 19 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Andrew Valentine Kirwan: <i>Host and Guest, A book about dinners, dinner-giving, wines and desserts</i>, 1864</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Haute Cuisine: How the French Invented the Culinary Profession</i> (Chapter 3), Amy B. Trubek, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1981" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Denise (1981). <i>A Salute to Marcel Boulestin and Jean Emile Laboureur – Exhibition of Artists Associated with the Restaurant Boulestin</i>. London: Michael Parkin Fine Art. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84451037">84451037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Salute+to+Marcel+Boulestin+and+Jean+Emile+Laboureur+%E2%80%93+Exhibition+of+Artists+Associated+with+the+Restaurant+Boulestin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Michael+Parkin+Fine+Art&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84451037&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitch,_Iain2010" class="citation book cs1">Aitch, Iain (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QsE_Eu64cAC&pg=PA83"><i>We're British, Innit: An Irreverent A to Z of All Things British</i></a>. 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Avalon Travel Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rickstevesenglan00rick/page/504">504pp</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-097-5"><bdi>978-1-59880-097-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rick+Steves+England+2008&rft.pages=504pp&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel+Publishing&rft.date=2007-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59880-097-5&rft.aulast=Steves&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frickstevesenglan00rick%2Fpage%2F504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2010" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Steven (20 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/may/20/devon-cornwall-cream-tea">"Devon and Cornwall battle over true home of the cream tea"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Devon+and+Cornwall+battle+over+true+home+of+the+cream+tea&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2010%2Fmay%2F20%2Fdevon-cornwall-cream-tea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigid_Keane,_Olive_Portnoy1992" class="citation book cs1">Brigid Keane, Olive Portnoy (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrWgDRkS90EC&pg=PA157">"English Tearoom"</a>. In Harlan Walker (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Symposium_on_Food_and_Cookery" title="Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery"><i>Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating; Proceedings</i></a>. Prospect Books. pp. 157–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-47-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-47-5"><bdi>978-0-907325-47-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+Tearoom&rft.btitle=Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery+1991%3A+Public+Eating%3B+Proceedings&rft.pages=157-165&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-907325-47-5&rft.au=Brigid+Keane%2C+Olive+Portnoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrWgDRkS90EC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexander-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alexander_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2009" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, James (18 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8419026.stm">"The unlikely origin of fish and chips"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(Beer in Britain Suppl.) p. xiv/2 In a certain inn to-day you have only to say, 'Ploughboy's Lunch, please,' and for a shilling there is bread and cheese and pickled onions to go with your pint, and make a meal seasoned with gossip, and not solitary amid a multitude.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extract+revised+for+OED+Online+-+Series+One+-+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fbbcwords%2Fploughman-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCChickenBasket-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCChickenBasket_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/7587978.stm">"Feathers fly over pub meal's exit"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centuries+of+home+cooking+inspiration+from+female+writers+to+be+brought+to+life+at+Hampshire%27s+Sophia+Waugh+book+event&rft.pub=Hampshire+Life&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hampshire-life.co.uk%2Fhome%2Fcenturies_of_home_cooking_inspiration_from_female_writers_to_be_brought_to_life_at_hampshire_s_sophia_waugh_book_event_1_3283848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hechinger-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hechinger_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechinger2012" class="citation web cs1">Hechinger, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows//blog/2012/03/five-myths-about-british-food">"Five Myths About British Food Anglophenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Myths+About+British+Food+Anglophenia&rft.pub=BBC+America&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hechinger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbcamerica.com%2Fshows%2F%2Fblog%2F2012%2F03%2Ffive-myths-about-british-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cb-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cb_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007041633/http://www.lcblondon.com/lcb-london/en">"Le Cordon Bleu, London"</a>. Le Cordon Bleu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcblondon.com/lcb-london/en">the original</a> on 7 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Cordon+Bleu%2C+London&rft.pub=Le+Cordon+Bleu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcblondon.com%2Flcb-london%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOOR-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOOR_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/list.html?locale=en&filter.country=GB&recordSelection=all">"DOOR"</a>. <i>Agriculture and Rural Development</i>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Rural+Development&rft.atitle=DOOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fagriculture%2Fquality%2Fdoor%2Flist.html%3Flocale%3Den%26filter.country%3DGB%26recordSelection%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDOcheeses-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PDOcheeses_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcheese.com/othercheese/british_protected_name_cheeses-89">"British Protected Name Cheeses"</a>. British Cheese. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Protected+Name+Cheeses&rft.pub=British+Cheese&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcheese.com%2Fothercheese%2Fbritish_protected_name_cheeses-89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1996" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpOqTUucwhUC&q=%22utilis+coquinario%22&pg=PA45"><i>Utilis Coquinario and its Unnamed Author</i></a>. Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1995. pp. 45–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-72-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-72-7"><bdi>978-0-907325-72-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utilis+Coquinario+and+its+Unnamed+Author&rft.pages=45-51&rft.pub=Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery%2C+1995&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-907325-72-7&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlpOqTUucwhUC%26q%3D%2522utilis%2Bcoquinario%2522%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson_Wright2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Dickson Wright, Clarissa</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_English_Food" title="A History of English Food"><i>A History of English Food</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905211-85-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905211-85-2"><bdi>978-1-905211-85-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+English+Food&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-905211-85-2&rft.aulast=Dickson+Wright&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Gilly (2003). <i>The British Housewife</i>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Books">Prospect Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Housewife&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanayi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Panikos_Panayi" title="Panikos Panayi">Panayi, Panikos</a> (2010) [2008]. <i>Spicing Up Britain</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-658-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spicing+Up+Britain&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-658-2&rft.aulast=Panayi&rft.aufirst=Panikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ayrton, Elisabeth (1974) <i>The Cookery of England: being a collection of recipes for traditional dishes of all kinds from the fifteenth century to the present day, with notes on their social and culinary background</i>. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Deutsch" title="André Deutsch">André Deutsch</a>.</li> <li>Ayrton, Elisabeth (1980) <i>English Provincial Cooking</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Beazley" title="Mitchell Beazley">Mitchell Beazley</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Colquhoun, Kate (2008) [2007]. <i>Taste: The Story of Britain through its Cooking</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9306-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9306-5"><bdi>978-0-7475-9306-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste%3A+The+Story+of+Britain+through+its+Cooking&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-9306-5&rft.aulast=Colquhoun&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Drummond, Jack C.; Wilbraham, Anne (1994 [1939]) <i>The Englishman's Food: Five Centuries of British Diet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pimlico_(publishing_imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimlico (publishing imprint)">Pimlico</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-712-65025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-712-65025-0">978-0-712-65025-0</a>.</li> <li>Fitzpatrick, Joan (2013) <i>Food in Shakespeare: early modern dietaries and the plays</i> <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>.</li> <li>Foy, Karen. (2014) <i>Life in the Victorian Kitchen: Culinary Secrets and Servants' Stories</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Grigson" title="Jane Grigson">Grigson, Jane</a> (1974) <i>English Food</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hartley" title="Dorothy Hartley">Hartley, Dorothy</a> (2009) [1954 (Macdonald)]. <a href="/wiki/Food_in_England" title="Food in England"><i>Food in England: A complete guide to the food that makes us who we are</i></a>. Piatkus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-4215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-4215-1"><bdi>978-0-7499-4215-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+England%3A+A+complete+guide+to+the+food+that+makes+us+who+we+are&rft.pub=Piatkus&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7499-4215-1&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woolgar, C. M. (2016) <i>The Culture of Food in England, 1200–1500</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cuisine_of_the_United_Kingdom">Wikibooks: Cookbook: Cuisine of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/foodstories/index.html">British Library Food Stories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410231056/http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/foodstories/index.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a century of revolutionary change in UK food culture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsofengland.co.uk/">Foods of England</a> Database of still used and 'lost' English dishes</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_cuisine" title="Template:English cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_cuisine" title="Template talk:English cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Roman times</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dishes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Middle Ages</a><br />to 15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Utilis_Coquinario" title="Utilis Coquinario">Utilis Coquinario</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forme_of_Cury" title="The Forme of Cury">The Forme of Cury</a></i> (c. 1390)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury_cake" title="Banbury cake">Banbury cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_pie" title="Game pie">Game pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortis_(food)" title="Mortis (food)">Mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">Pasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pease_pudding" title="Pease pudding">Pease pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottage" title="Pottage">Pottage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pynson" title="Richard Pynson">Richard Pynson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Boke_of_Cokery" title="The Boke of Cokery">The Boke of Cokery</a></i>, 1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawson_(cook)" title="Thomas Dawson (cook)">Thomas Dawson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell" title="The Good Huswifes Jewell">The Good Huswifes Jewell</a></i>, 1585)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">Black pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_fool" title="Fruit fool">Fruit fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">Pancake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">Scones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabub" title="Syllabub">Syllabub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">Trifle (without jelly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Fettiplace" title="Elinor Fettiplace">Elinor Fettiplace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elinor_Fettiplace%27s_Receipt_Book" title="Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book"><i>Receipt Book</i></a>, 1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Markham" title="Gervase Markham">Gervase Markham</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Huswife" title="The English Huswife">The English Huswife</a></i>, 1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_May_(cook)" title="Robert May (cook)">Robert May</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Accomplisht_Cook" title="The Accomplisht Cook">The Accomplisht Cook</a></i>, 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Woolley" title="Hannah Woolley">Hannah Woolley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen-Like_Closet" title="The Queen-Like Closet">The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet</a></i> 1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenelm_Digby" title="Kenelm Digby">Kenelm Digby</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Closet_Opened" title="The Closet Opened">The Closet Opened</a></i> 1699)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalia_pie" title="Battalia pie">Battalia pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currant_bun" title="Currant bun">Currant bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Puddings" title="Queen of Puddings">Queen of Puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">Sponge cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_pond_pudding" title="Sussex pond pudding">Sussex pond pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_sour" title="Sweet and sour">Sweet and sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mary Kettilby (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Collection_of_Above_Three_Hundred_Receipts_in_Cookery,_Physick_and_Surgery" title="A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery">A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery</a></i> 1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eales" title="Mary Eales">Mary Eales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Mary_Eales%27s_Receipts" title="Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts">Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts</a></i> 1718)</li> <li>John Nott (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Cooks_and_Confectioners_Dictionary" title="The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary">The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary</a></i>, 1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Smith_(writer)" title="Eliza Smith (writer)">Eliza Smith</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Compleat_Housewife" title="The Compleat Housewife">The Compleat Housewife</a></i> 1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a></i> 1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Cook_(cookery_book_writer)" title="Ann Cook (cookery book writer)">Ann Cook</a> (<i>Professed Cookery</i>, 1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bradley" title="Martha Bradley">Martha Bradley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bradley#The_British_Housewife_(1758)" title="Martha Bradley">The British Housewife</a></i> 1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raffald" title="Elizabeth Raffald">Elizabeth Raffald</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Experienced_English_Housekeeper" title="The Experienced English Housekeeper">The Experienced English Housekeeper</a></i> 1769)</li> <li>Richard Briggs (<i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Art_of_Cookery" title="The English Art of Cookery">The English Art of Cookery</a></i> 1788)</li> <li>William Augustus Henderson (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Housekeeper%27s_Instructor" title="The Housekeeper's Instructor">The Housekeeper's Instructor</a></i> 1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_pudding" title="Bread and butter pudding">Bread and butter pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">In UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">Cottage or Shepherd's pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_rum_nicky" title="Cumberland rum nicky">Cumberland rum nicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles_cake" title="Eccles cake">Eccles cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellied_eels" title="Jellied eels">Jellied eels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugged hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">Ketchup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">Marmalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_(cake)" title="Parkin (cake)">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">Piccalilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_pie" title="Pork pie">Pork pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">Roast beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse_(food)" title="Scouse (food)">Scouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet_pudding" title="Suet pudding">Suet pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">Toad in the hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">Trifle (with jelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Rundell" title="Maria Rundell">Maria Rundell</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_New_System_of_Domestic_Cookery" title="A New System of Domestic Cookery">A New System of Domestic Cookery</a></i> 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Acton" title="Eliza Acton">Eliza Acton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cookery_for_Private_Families" title="Modern Cookery for Private Families">Modern Cookery for Private Families</a></i> 1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli" title="Charles Elmé Francatelli">Charles Elmé Francatelli</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Cook" title="The Modern Cook">The Modern Cook</a></i> 1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beeton" title="Isabella Beeton">Isabella Beeton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" title="Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management">Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management</a></i> 1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak" title="Bubble and squeak">Bubble and squeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_cheese" title="Cauliflower cheese">Cauliflower cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbler_(food)" title="Cobbler (food)">Cobbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devilled_kidneys" title="Devilled kidneys">Devilled kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faggot_(food)" title="Faggot (food)">Faggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">Full English breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Sauce" title="HP Sauce">HP Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">Ice cream cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_hotpot" title="Lancashire hotpot">Lancashire hotpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_shrimps" title="Potted shrimps">Potted shrimps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage_roll" title="Sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">Steak and kidney pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_cake" title="Battenberg cake">Battenberg cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_mess" title="Eton mess">Eton mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_pudding" title="Eve's pudding">Eve's pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_roly-poly" title="Jam roly-poly">Jam roly-poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardy_cake" title="Lardy cake">Lardy cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_cake" title="Madeira cake">Madeira cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_pudding" title="Summer pudding">Summer pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_soup" title="Windsor soup">Windsor soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Petty" title="Florence Petty">Florence Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i> 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hartley" title="Dorothy Hartley">Dorothy Hartley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Food_in_England" title="Food in England">Food in England</a></i> 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Spry" title="Constance Spry">Constance Spry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cradock" title="Fanny Cradock">Fanny Cradock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Patten" title="Marguerite Patten">Marguerite Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Grigson" title="Jane Grigson">Jane Grigson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Smith" title="Delia Smith">Delia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stein" title="Rick Stein">Rick Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Slater" title="Nigel Slater">Nigel Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Floyd" title="Keith Floyd">Keith Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Pierre_White" title="Marco Pierre White">Marco Pierre White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_Lawson" title="Nigella Lawson">Nigella Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Oliver" title="Jamie Oliver">Jamie Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Henderson" title="Fergus Henderson">Fergus Henderson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Whole_Beast" title="The Whole Beast">The Whole Beast</a></i> 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Rhodes" title="Gary Rhodes">Gary Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Berry" title="Mary Berry">Mary Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakewell_tart" title="Bakewell tart">Bakewell tart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Wellington" title="Beef Wellington">Beef Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_cake" title="Carrot cake">Carrot cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_chicken" title="Coronation chicken">Coronation chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumble" title="Crumble">Crumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_glory" title="Knickerbocker glory">Knickerbocker glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">Ploughman's lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad_cream" title="Salad cream">Salad cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_toffee_pudding" title="Sticky toffee pudding">Sticky toffee pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Duck" title="The Fat Duck">The Fat Duck</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Lizzie Collingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fearnley-Whittingstall" title="Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall">Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall</a> (<a href="/wiki/River_Cottage" title="River Cottage">River Cottage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Khoo" title="Rachel Khoo">Rachel Khoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Albert_Roux" title="Michel Albert Roux">Michel Roux Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Le_Gavroche" title="Le Gavroche">Le Gavroche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Worrall_Thompson" title="Antony Worrall Thompson">Antony Worrall Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Clarissa Dickson Wright</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_English_Food" title="A History of English Food">A History of English Food</a></i> 2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_quiche" title="Coronation quiche">Coronation quiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Pudding" title="Platinum Pudding">Platinum Pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dishes" title="List of English dishes">List of English dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_cheeses" title="List of English cheeses">List of English cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_savoury_puddings" title="List of savoury puddings">List of savoury puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_puddings" title="List of sweet puddings">List of sweet puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="England_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_topics" title="Template:England topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England_topics" title="Template talk:England topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="England_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_England" title="Military history of England">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloegyr" title="Lloegyr">Lloegyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anglo-Saxons">History of Anglo-Saxons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Settlement of Britain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain (1945–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prior Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Kingdom of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mercia">Kingdom of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_England" title="List of gardens in England">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_independence" title="English independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">Afternoon tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country clothing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte" title="Fête">Fête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">Landscape garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_national_identity" title="English national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_England" title="Middle England">Middle England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education_in_England" title="Science education in England">Science education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_England" title="Cricket in England">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_England" title="Rugby league in England">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team" title="England national rugby league team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" title="National anthem of England">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of England">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">Saint George's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:England" title="Category:England">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Agriculture in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Agriculture in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United Kingdom">Cuisine of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAS_(company)" title="ADAS (company)">ADAS (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arla_Foods_UK" title="Arla Foods UK">Arla Foods UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Matthews_Foods" title="Bernard Matthews Foods">Bernard Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faccenda_Foods" title="Faccenda Foods">Faccenda Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmcare" title="Farmcare">Farmcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Agriculture" title="Frontier Agriculture">Frontier Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genus_plc" title="Genus plc">Genus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_Milk_%26_Ingredients" title="Müller Milk & Ingredients">Müller Milk & Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFU_Mutual" title="NFU Mutual">NFU Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbrook_Group" title="Norbrook Group">Norbrook Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openfield" title="Openfield">Openfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saputo_Dairy_UK" title="Saputo Dairy UK">Saputo Dairy UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestey_Holdings" title="Vestey Holdings">Vestey Holdings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_marsh" title="Grazing marsh">Grazing marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgerow_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgerow removal">Hedgerow removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Breeds_Survival_Trust" title="Rare Breeds Survival Trust">Rare Breeds Survival Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Government<br />and regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Land_Classification" title="Agricultural Land Classification">Agricultural Land Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Horticulture_Development_Board" title="Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board">Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato Council">Potato Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_Livestock_Commission" title="Meat and Livestock Commission">Meat and Livestock Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Agency" title="Animal and Plant Health Agency">Animal and Plant Health Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cattle_Movement_Service" title="British Cattle Movement Service">British Cattle Movement Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="The Country Code">The Country Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Environment_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs">Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Animal Health">Institute for Animal Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_legislation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Agriculture legislation in the United Kingdom">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Meat_Scotland" title="Quality Meat Scotland">Quality Meat Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_way_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of way in Scotland">Rights of way in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Payments_Agency" title="Rural Payments Agency">Rural Payments Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_Zero_Directorates" title="Net Zero Directorates">Scottish Government Net Zero Directorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Payment_Scheme" title="Single Payment Scheme">Single Payment Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_timber_trade" title="British timber trade">British timber trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_field" title="Celtic field">Celtic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_barn" title="Dutch barn">Dutch barn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haughley_Experiment" title="Haughley Experiment">Haughley Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Commission" title="Napier Commission">Napier Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_rig" title="Run rig">Run rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Reconstruction_Association" title="Rural Reconstruction Association">Rural Reconstruction Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Scottish Agricultural Revolution">Scottish Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">Swing Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory garden</a></li> <li>Women's Land Army - <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Land Army (World War I)">WWI</a> / <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Land Army (World War II)">WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">Foot-and-mouth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Nations and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="England" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_England" title="Agriculture in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Agriculture in Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_London" title="Agriculture in London">Agriculture in London</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Devon" title="Cuisine of Devon">Devon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_breeds" title="List of Scottish breeds">Animal breeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_animal_breeds" title="Shetland animal breeds">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Crofting_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Crofting Foundation">Scottish Crofting Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_(Scotland)" title="Factor (Scotland)">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highland_Show" title="Royal Highland Show">Royal Highland Show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_breeds" title="List of Welsh breeds">Animal breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Welsh_Show" title="Royal Welsh Show">Royal Welsh Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%B7_unnos" title="Tŷ unnos">Tŷ unnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Non-governmental<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employers' associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Union_of_Wales" title="Farmers' Union of Wales">Farmers' Union of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales" title="National Farmers' Union of England and Wales">National Farmers' Union of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland" title="National Farmers' Union of Scotland">National Farmers' Union of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Farmers%27_Union" title="Ulster Farmers' Union">Ulster Farmers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Farmers%27_Clubs_of_Ulster" title="Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster">Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite the Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Agricultural_and_Allied_Workers" title="National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers">National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_%26_General_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport & General Workers' Union">Transport & General Workers' Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landowners' organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Country_Land_and_Business_Association" title="Country Land and Business Association">Country Land and Business Association</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational and<br />research institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Biological,_Environmental_and_Rural_Sciences" title="Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences">Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton_Institute" title="James Hutton Institute">James Hutton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Arabidopsis_Stock_Centre" title="Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre">Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Research</a></li> <li>Museums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_English_Rural_Life" title="Museum of English Rural Life">Museum of English Rural Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Rural_Life" title="National Museum of Rural Life">National Museum of Rural Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Non-Food Crops Centre">National Non-Food Crops Centre</a></li> <li>Universities and colleges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_Rural_Enterprise" title="College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise">CAFRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Rural_College" title="Scotland's Rural College">Scotland's Rural College</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Egg_Industry_Council" title="British Egg Industry Council">British Egg Industry Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Poultry_Council" title="British Poultry Council">British Poultry Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_Initiative" title="Fresh Start Initiative">Fresh Start Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highland_and_Agricultural_Society_of_Scotland" title="Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland">Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Food_%26_Drink" title="Scotland Food & Drink">Scotland Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Association" title="Soil Association">Soil Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_Farmers_Association" title="Tenant Farmers Association">Tenant Farmers Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beekeeping in the United Kingdom">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="June Gap">June Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Fell farming">Fell farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Archers" title="The Archers">The Archers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clarkson%27s_Farm" title="Clarkson's Farm">Clarkson's Farm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Countryfile" title="Countryfile">Countryfile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglu" title="Eglu">Eglu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farmers_Weekly" title="Farmers Weekly">Farmers Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farming_Today" title="Farming Today">Farming Today</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdles_(agricultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurdles (agricultural)">Hurdles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_topic" title="Template:European topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_topic" title="Template talk:European topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg cuisine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran cuisine">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtensteiner cuisine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican cuisine">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz cuisine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cypriot cuisine">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian cuisine">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transnistrian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transnistrian cuisine (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey cuisine">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx cuisine">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey cuisine">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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