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<li id="toc-Beginnings_and_opposition_to_Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_and_opposition_to_Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beginnings and opposition to Fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_and_opposition_to_Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_congress_and_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_congress_and_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First congress and split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_congress_and_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di_Vittorio_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_Vittorio_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Di Vittorio Era</span> </div> </a> <ul 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1980s to Tangentopoli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_late_1980s_to_Tangentopoli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_2000_to_the_Great_Recession_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_2000_to_the_Great_Recession_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>From 2000 to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_2000_to_the_Great_Recession_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Secretaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Secretaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General Secretaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_Secretaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General Secretaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_Secretaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Congresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Congresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>National Congresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Congresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliated_union_federations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_union_federations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Affiliated union federations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Affiliated_union_federations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Affiliated union federations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Affiliated_union_federations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_affiliates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_affiliates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Current affiliates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_affiliates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_affiliates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_affiliates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Former affiliates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_affiliates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formally_associated_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formally_associated_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Formally associated bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formally_associated_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian General Confederation of Labour</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-title="Усеагульная італьянская канфедэрацыя працы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3_General_Italiana_del_Treball" title="Confederació General Italiana del Treball – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confederació General Italiana del Treball" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederazione_Generale_Italiana_del_Lavoro" title="Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_General_Italiana_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación General Italiana del Trabajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confederación General Italiana del Trabajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_italienne_du_travail" title="Confédération générale italienne du travail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confédération générale italienne du travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederazione_Generale_Italiana_del_Lavoro" title="Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olasz_%C3%81ltal%C3%A1nos_Munk%C3%A1s_Konf%C3%B6der%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Olasz Általános Munkás Konföderáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olasz Általános Munkás Konföderáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederazione_Generale_Italiana_del_Lavoro" title="Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82oska_Powszechna_Konfederacja_Pracy" title="Włoska Powszechna Konfederacja Pracy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włoska Powszechna Konfederacja Pracy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geral_Italiana_do_Trabalho" title="Confederação Geral Italiana do Trabalho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confederação Geral Italiana do Trabalho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Всеобщая итальянская конфедерация труда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всеобщая итальянская конфедерация труда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGIL" title="CGIL – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="CGIL" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian trade union</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">CGIL</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div>Italian General Confederation of Labour</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CGIL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CGIL.svg/140px-CGIL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CGIL.svg/210px-CGIL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CGIL.svg/280px-CGIL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Italy)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Italy)">General Confederation of Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">9 June 1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Corso d'Italia 25<br />00198 <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">5,149,885 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Landini" title="Maurizio Landini">Maurizio Landini</a><br />(General Secretary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ETUC" class="mw-redirect" title="ETUC">ETUC</a>, <a href="/wiki/TUAC" class="mw-redirect" title="TUAC">TUAC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgil.it">cgil.it</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Italian General Confederation of Labour</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[koɱfederatˈtsjoːne<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒeneˈraːle<span class="wrap"> </span>itaˈljaːna<span class="wrap"> </span>del<span class="wrap"> </span>laˈvoːro]</a></span>; <b>CGIL</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[tʃiddʒiˈɛlle]</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[tʃidˌdʒi.iˈɛlle]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National trade union centre">national trade union centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It was formed by an agreement between socialists, communists, and Christian democrats in the "Pact of Rome" of June 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, socialists and Christian democrats split forming <a href="/wiki/Italian_Labour_Union" title="Italian Labour Union">UIL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Confederation_of_Workers%27_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions">CISL</a>, and since then the CGIL has been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI) and until recent years by its political heirs: the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (PDS), the <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> (DS) and currently the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> (PD).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been the most important Italian trade union since its creation. It has a membership of over 5.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the decline of membership within its political counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> (PD), its membership is in steep decline since 2013, with the percentage of pensioners in constant rise. On 1 July 2015, the number of working adults reached a ceiling of 2.185.099. The CGIL is currently the second-largest trade union in Europe, after the German <a href="/wiki/German_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="German Trade Union Confederation">DGB</a>, which has over 6 million members. The CGIL is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="European Trade Union Confederation">European Trade Union Confederation</a>, and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Advisory_Committee_to_the_OECD" title="Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD">Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Della_Volpe" title="Galvano Della Volpe">Galvano Della Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Panzieri" title="Raniero Panzieri">Raniero Panzieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Colletti" title="Lucio Colletti">Lucio Colletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giangiacomo_Feltrinelli" title="Giangiacomo Feltrinelli">Giangiacomo Feltrinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Cossutta" title="Armando Cossutta">Armando Cossutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Mario Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Scuderi" title="Giovanni Scuderi">Giovanni Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti" title="Fausto Bertinotti">Fausto Bertinotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Curcio" title="Renato Curcio">Renato Curcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Domenico Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Silvia Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Cagol" title="Margherita Cagol">Margherita Cagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Ernesto Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Virno" title="Paolo Virno">Paolo Virno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Ferrando" title="Marco Ferrando">Marco Ferrando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(militant)" title="Cesare Battisti (militant)">Cesare Battisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliviero_Diliberto" title="Oliviero Diliberto">Oliviero Diliberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Ferrero" title="Paolo Ferrero">Paolo Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Alberto Toscano</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Congress_of_the_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party">XVII Congress of the PSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="I Congress of the Communist Party of Italy">I Congress of the PCd'I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%C5%A1tina_rebellion" title="Proština rebellion">Proština rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Republic_of_Caulonia" title="Red Republic of Caulonia">Red Republic of Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_De_Gasperi_government" title="Third De Gasperi government">Third De Gasperi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">Portella della Ginestra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_101" title="Manifesto of the 101">Manifesto of the 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primavalle_fire" title="Primavalle fire">Primavalle fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sergio_Ramelli" title="Assassination of Sergio Ramelli">Assassination of Sergio Ramelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Moro case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_doctrine" title="Mitterrand doctrine">Mitterrand doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_1977" title="Movement of 1977">Movement of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian road to socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterhegemony" title="Counterhegemony">Counterhegemony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subalterns</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticapitalist_Left_(Italy)" title="Anticapitalist Left (Italy)">Anticapitalist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Alternative_Party" title="Communist Alternative Party">Communist Alternative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Front_(Italy)" title="Communist Front (Italy)">Communist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Communist Party (Italy)">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communists_(Italy)" title="Young Communists (Italy)">GC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Communist Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_(Italy,_2006)" title="Countercurrent (Italy, 2006)">Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party_(2016)" title="Italian Communist Party (2016)">Italian Communist Party (2016)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Communists" title="Network of Communists">Network of Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Italy)" title="People's Union (Italy)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_Trotskista_d%27Italia" title="Lega Trotskista d'Italia">Trotskyist League of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="Unified Communist Party of Italy">Unified Communist Party of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Italy)">Workers' Communist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Proletarians_for_Communism" title="Armed Proletarians for Communism">Armed Proletarians for Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomia_Operaia" title="Autonomia Operaia">Autonomia Operaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(2014)" title="Communist Party of Italy (2014)">Communist Party of Italy (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Red_Line" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Left" title="Critical Left">Critical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_Linea" title="Prima Linea">Front Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_%E2%80%93_The_Rainbow" title="The Left – The Rainbow">The Left – The Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Continua" title="Lotta Continua">Lotta Continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Unitarian_Communists" title="Movement of Unitarian Communists">Movement of Unitarian Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22_Group" title="October 22 Group">October 22 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Christian_Left" title="Party of the Christian Left">Party of the Christian Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Federation_of_Italian_Communists" title="Youth Federation of Italian Communists">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Democracy" title="Proletarian Democracy">Proletarian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potere_Operaio" title="Potere Operaio">Workers' Power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberazione_(newspaper)" title="Liberazione (newspaper)">Liberazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_manifesto" title="Il manifesto">il manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattuglia" title="Pattuglia">Pattuglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Pioniere" title="Il Pioniere">Il Pioniere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Politecnico" title="Il Politecnico">Il Politecnico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Plebe_(newspaper)" title="La Plebe (newspaper)">La Plebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_piacentini" title="Quaderni piacentini">Quaderni piacentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_Rossi" title="Quaderni Rossi">Quaderni Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0" title="Società">Società</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_Nuove" title="Vie Nuove">Vie Nuove</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Anarchism in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandiera_Rossa" title="Bandiera Rossa">Bandiera Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Socialism in Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craxism" title="Craxism">Craxism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_and_opposition_to_Fascism">Beginnings and opposition to Fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings and opposition to Fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots of CGIL date back to early <a href="/wiki/1900s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="1900s (decade)">1900s</a> with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Italy)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Italy)">General Confederation of Labour</a>, an Italian labour union founded in 1906, under the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">socialist</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, during the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, CGdL's headquarter in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> was attacked and completely destroyed by fascist <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">blackshirts</a>; after few months, the CGdL's central committee decided to dissolve the trade union and disbanded the entire organization. Their decision was opposed by communists and left socialists like Bruno Buozzi, who spent the next decades maintaining the old trade union clandestinely.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underground CGdL faced a perilous course, not only because of the fascist repression, but because of the dramatic changes in direction of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (IC). In 1929 Italian communist militants were ordered to enter fascist trade unions, only to be told in 1935, when the IC adopted the Popular Front strategy, to reconcile with the socialists and other anti-fascists in trade unions and faced the fascist regime. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oreste_Lizzadri,_Achille_Grandi_and_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oreste_Lizzadri%2C_Achille_Grandi_and_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio.jpg/240px-Oreste_Lizzadri%2C_Achille_Grandi_and_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oreste_Lizzadri%2C_Achille_Grandi_and_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio.jpg/360px-Oreste_Lizzadri%2C_Achille_Grandi_and_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oreste_Lizzadri%2C_Achille_Grandi_and_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio.jpg/480px-Oreste_Lizzadri%2C_Achille_Grandi_and_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The three CGIL leaders, Lizzardi, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Grandi" title="Achille Grandi">Grandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Di Vittorio</a>, in 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 June 1944, the Pact of Rome was signed between representatives of the three main anti-fascist parties: the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (DC), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI). However, a few days before, Bruno Buozzi, who had worked intensively on the Pact, was murdered by the Nazi troops.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pact established the foundation of a new CGdL, named Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL). The Pact was signed by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a> for the PCI, by <a href="/wiki/Achille_Grandi" title="Achille Grandi">Achille Grandi</a> for the DC and by Emilio Canevari for the PSI. The latter will be later replaced as responsible for the socialist component of CGIL by Oreste Lizzadri.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the unitary CGIL was strongly supported by communists and socialists, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> did not oppose it. However, in 1945 it favoured the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Associations_of_Italian_Workers" title="Christian Associations of Italian Workers">Christian Associations of Italian Workers</a> (ACLI). Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War</a>, the CGIL worked in the freed regions to spread the so-called "Labour Chambers" and stipulated wage agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the general insurrection proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Resistance">Italian Resistance</a> on 25 April 1945 and the definitive defeat of the Nazi-Fascist regime, the CGIL extended its influence throughout the country. The trade union contributed to the victory of the Republic in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 institutional referendum</a>, that ended the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a>'s monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_congress_and_split">First congress and split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First congress and split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 February 1947, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Giuliano" title="Salvatore Giuliano">Salvatore Giuliano</a>, a Sicilian bandit and separatist leader, <a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">killed</a> 11 farmworkers and wounded other 27, during <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> celebrations in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Piana_degli_Albanesi" title="Piana degli Albanesi">Piana degli Albanesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tim120547_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim120547-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His aim had been to punish local leftists for the recent election results. In an open letter, he took sole responsibility for the murders and claimed that he had only wanted his men to fire above the heads of the crowd; the deaths had been a mistake. The massacre created a national scandal and the CGIL called a general strike in protest against the massacre. According to newspaper reports hints at the possibility of civil war were heard as communist leaders harangued meetings of 6,000,000 workers who struck throughout Italy in protest against the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt040547_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt040547-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a few months, in the first national congress, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in June 1947, the CGIL registered 5,735,000 members and Giuseppe Di Vittorio, from the PCI, was elected General Secretary. Already during the congress, the signs of the divisions between the social-communist component and the Catholic were evident. Tensions increased with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 general election</a>, which saw the DC facing the socialists and communists' <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pretext that the Christian democratic faction was trying to create to split from the CGIL was provided by the general strike that the Confederation proclaimed following the attack to the communist leader, <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a>, which took place outside the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> on 14 July 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic associations ACLI offered a structure on which built, after few days from the strike, the Christian democratic trade union, which was initially named "Free CGIL" and then, in 1950, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Confederation_of_Workers%27_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions">Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions</a> (CISL).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the secular and social-democratic faction split from the CGIL too, founding the Italian Federation of Labor, which was quickly transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Labour_Union" title="Italian Labour Union">Italian Labour Union</a> (UIL).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are, even today, the three main Italian trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Di_Vittorio_Era">Di Vittorio Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Di Vittorio Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmiro_Togliatti_e_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_ai_funerali_delle_vittime_dell%27eccidio_delle_Fonderie_Riunite_di_Modena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Palmiro_Togliatti_e_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_ai_funerali_delle_vittime_dell%27eccidio_delle_Fonderie_Riunite_di_Modena.jpg/240px-Palmiro_Togliatti_e_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_ai_funerali_delle_vittime_dell%27eccidio_delle_Fonderie_Riunite_di_Modena.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Palmiro_Togliatti_e_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_ai_funerali_delle_vittime_dell%27eccidio_delle_Fonderie_Riunite_di_Modena.jpg/360px-Palmiro_Togliatti_e_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_ai_funerali_delle_vittime_dell%27eccidio_delle_Fonderie_Riunite_di_Modena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Palmiro_Togliatti_e_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_ai_funerali_delle_vittime_dell%27eccidio_delle_Fonderie_Riunite_di_Modena.jpg/480px-Palmiro_Togliatti_e_Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_ai_funerali_delle_vittime_dell%27eccidio_delle_Fonderie_Riunite_di_Modena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Di Vittorio with Communist leader, <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, 1950.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January and March 1953, Di Vittorio proclaimed general strikes against the so-called "Scam Law", an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral law">electoral law</a> proposed by the Christian Democratic government of <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, which introduced a <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority bonus">majority bonus</a> of two-thirds of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> for the coalition which would obtain <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> the <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">absolute majority</a> of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-communist winds broke out in harsh repression against CGIL members in factories and in the countryside. Many activists were fired, while many others were forced into the so-called "confinement" departments, where communist members were humiliated. To increase the repression against communists, the American ambassadress in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a>, declared that the companies where the CGIL trade unionists obtained more than 50% of the votes in the internal commission's election, could not have access to deals with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> to the communists and favoured the alliance between DC and neo-fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (MSI), for the Municipality of Rome. Police repression was also very hard, due to the Christian democratic <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Scelba" title="Mario Scelba">Mario Scelba</a>, who ordered the police to shoot the communist demonstrators, in order to prevent further strikes. On 9 January 1950, six workers were killed by police in <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, while more than 200 had been wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giuseppe Di Vittorio, along with the socialist Fernando Santi, reacted to the Government and <a href="/wiki/Confindustria" class="mw-redirect" title="Confindustria">Confindustria</a>, launching the "Work Plan", a major political initiative with an alternative idea of economic and social development. The Work Plan supported the nationalization of electric companies, the creation of a vast program of public works and public housing and the establishment of a national body for land reclamation. The Plan of Work was not implemented by the Government but with it the CGIL managed to break the isolation, speaking to the whole country and keeping workers and unemployed workers together, from the industrialized North to the rural South. In the early 1950s, the contrast between CISL and UIL was at its peak; while the CGIL was fighting for great national issues, CISL, backed by the government, pursued its rooting in factories, signing numerous separate agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tragic facts of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian revolution</a>, brutally repressed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, reinforced the conflict between the three trade unions. For CGIL it was a very difficult moment: Di Vittorio, who, unlike the Communist Party, had immediately condemned the Soviet invasion, was forced by Togliatti to a humiliating retraction.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many officials resigned and the number of members dropped by 1 million from 1955 to 1958. Di Vittorio died on 3 November 1957 in <a href="/wiki/Lecco" title="Lecco">Lecco</a>, after a trade union assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He directed the CGIL during the post-war period, preserving its internal unity and creating the premises for the resumption of the unitary dialogue with CISL and UIL. On 3 December, Agostino Novella was elected new General Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_of_1968_and_Hot_Autumn">Protests of 1968 and Hot Autumn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protests of 1968 and Hot Autumn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autunno_Caldo_a_Torino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Autunno_Caldo_a_Torino.jpg/240px-Autunno_Caldo_a_Torino.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Autunno_Caldo_a_Torino.jpg/360px-Autunno_Caldo_a_Torino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Autunno_Caldo_a_Torino.jpg/480px-Autunno_Caldo_a_Torino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Metalworkers' protests in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a> of 1969.</figcaption></figure> <p>After years of approach between the three trade unions, in 1966, the Catholic association ACLI broke with the Christian Democracy, asking for a new season of cooperation with communists.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1968 opens with a historical success for the workers' movement: the pension reform, obtained after a strong protest in workplaces. The general strike proclaimed by the CGIL on 7 March was characterized by massive and unitary participation in all the country. The student revolt, launched by the Californian <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berkeley">University of Berkeley</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, extended to France, Germany and Italy. In Italy, the student struggles were intertwined with the workers' struggles that, in hundreds of factories, invested work organization, contracts, timetables, and wage inequalities. On 1 May 1968, for the first time after the 1948 break, CGIL, CISL and UIL celebrated Labor Day together.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the 7th National Congress of CGIL in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> was attended for the first time by members from CISL and UIL.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 August 1968, Novella's CGIL not only expressed its clear condemnation against the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, but broke with the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a>, the international organization of Marxist-inspired unions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in Italy, the struggles in the South exploded and the Government did not hesitate in repressing them with extreme hardness. On 2 December 1968, in <a href="/wiki/Avola" title="Avola">Avola</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Siracusa</a>, the police shot the workers who were demonstrating after the end of the negotiations for the renewal of employment contracts, killing two demonstrators. On 9 April 1969, near <a href="/wiki/Battipaglia" title="Battipaglia">Battipaglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, the police shot workers who were demonstrating against the probable closure of the local <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> factory, killing a 19-year-old worker and a young teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers' protest continued in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a> (<i>Autunno Caldo</i>), a term used for a series of large strikes in factories and industrial centres of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, in which workers demanded better pay and better conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969 and 1970 there were over 440 hours of strikes in the region. The decrease in the flow of labour migration from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> had resulted in nearly full employment levels in the northern part of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lama_Era">Lama Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lama Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 March 1970, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a> succeeded Novella, becoming the third General Secretary of CGIL. Through all his secretariat, Lama pursued a unified policy between the three unions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1970, on the wave of the great mass struggles and thanks to the socialist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Labour and Social Policies">Minister of Labour</a>, Giacomo Brodolini, the "Statute of Workers" was approved by the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciano_Lama_comizio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Luciano_Lama_comizio.jpg/240px-Luciano_Lama_comizio.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Luciano_Lama_comizio.jpg/360px-Luciano_Lama_comizio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Luciano_Lama_comizio.jpg/480px-Luciano_Lama_comizio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Secretary <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a> addressing the crowd during a rally in the 1970s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1970 the general councils of the three confederations met together in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> to examine the possibility of starting a unification process. In particular, the metalworkers' factions, FIOM, FIM and UILM, strongly supported the union, but the proposal faced strong opposition from UIL and large sectors of CISL.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1972, the three general councils, in a unified session, signed the "Federative Pact" in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, electing a joint committee of 90 members and a secretariat of 15 members.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CGIL–CISL–UIL Federation will guarantee the unitary management of the main trade union events for all the 1970s and will be dissolved only after the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> decree" of <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a>'s government in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1970s were also marked by great civil rights achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970 the Law n. 898 on <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> was approved, while in 1971 the Parliament approved the Law n. 1204 for the protection of working mothers and the one on nursery schools. In 1975, Law n. 151 introduced equality between men and women inside families. Finally, in 1978 the Law n. 194 "Rules for the social protection of motherhood and voluntary interruption of pregnancy" was approved.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the second half of the decade, the unions' action began to weaken. Entrepreneurs used the economic crisis to overturn in their favour the balance of power, resulting from Hot Autumn. Intense restructuring processes were implemented almost everywhere, favoured by the introduction of new automation technologies. While, investments in new plants, based on robotics and information technology created unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the decade, with the beginning of the so-called, "strategy of tension", the CGIL was the target of <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack">terrorist attack</a>, perpetrated by neo-fascist groups. On 28 May 1974, a bomb exploded during a trade union rally in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Loggia_bombing" title="Piazza della Loggia bombing">Piazza della Loggia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, killing eight people and wounding more than one hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bomb was placed inside a rubbish bin at the east end of the square. It was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a>, a period of social and political turmoil that lasted from the late 1960s until the early 1980s, marked by a wave of both left-wing and right-wing <a href="/wiki/Political_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political terrorism">political terrorism</a>, which culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Aldo_Moro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of Aldo Moro">kidnapping and murder</a> of Christian democratic leader, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a>, in 1978 and <a href="/wiki/Bologna_massacre" title="Bologna massacre">Bologna railway station massacre</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-MontanelliCervi_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanelliCervi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciano_Lama_1980s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Luciano_Lama_1980s.jpg/180px-Luciano_Lama_1980s.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Luciano_Lama_1980s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Lama during the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1978 three trade unions, on the initiative of Luciano Lama, ratified at the Palazzo dei Congressi in Rome, a document, known as the "EUR Turn", proposing a wage restraint in exchange for an economic policy that would support the development and defend employment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in those years, CGIL and the unitary union were mostly committed to fighting the strategy of tension, defending democracy and democratic institutions from terrorist attacks. The total isolation of subversive groups from the working world would be the main basis of their defeat. In September 1980, <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> declared that it would proceed with the dismissal of 14,000 workers and unilaterally put 23,000 workers into redundancy. Metalworkers blocked the Fiat factories for 35 days. Luciano Lama and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a>, General Secretary of the Communist Party, strongly supported the workers' strikes. In October 1980, Fiat's employees and managers protested through the streets of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> in an event remembered as the "March of Forty Thousand", to protest against the strikes and against the trade unions which organized it.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a sound defeat for all Italian trade unions, but especially for the CGIL. The "Fiat case" marked forever trade unions' history in Italy, accelerating towards the dissolution of the unitary federation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1982, the three unions rejected, with a major demonstration in Rome in June 1982, the end of an agreement on the <a href="/wiki/Sliding_wage_scale" title="Sliding wage scale">sliding wage scale</a>, better known in Italy as "escalator" (<i>scala mobile</i> in Italian), a method which consisted in increasing the <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> as the prices rise in order to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> of the workers even if there is <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after few days CISL and UIL opened to the revision of the "escalator", while CGIL was strongly against it. On 14 February 1984, the government led by socialist Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a>, unilaterally reduced the "escalator" with the famous "Valentine's Day decree".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CISL and UIL expressed their positive view on the decree, while the CGIL announced strikes. The divisions between the trade unions caused the definitive breaking of the unitary federation. The CGIL launched a <a href="/wiki/1985_Italian_wage_referendum" title="1985 Italian wage referendum">referendum</a> on the "escalator", which was rejected by voters, marking a strong defeat for the trade union.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_late_1980s_to_Tangentopoli">From the late 1980s to Tangentopoli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From the late 1980s to Tangentopoli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defeat in the referendum on the escalator opened a difficult period for the CGIL, in a context marked by a drastic loss of representativeness of the three confederations and the birth of small autonomous trade unions. In 1986 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pizzinato" title="Antonio Pizzinato">Antonio Pizzinato</a>, succeeded Lama, becoming the new General Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, difficulties within the CGIL were suddenly reflected in the following National Congress. Pizzinato, after only two years of the secretariat, resigned from his post in favour of <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Trentin" title="Bruno Trentin">Bruno Trentin</a>, former General Secretary of FIOM during the Hot Autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, the new head of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Communist Party">Soviet Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, started the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> reform movement. Meanwhile, other socialist countries were also invested in renewal processes, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarność">Solidarność</a> trade union movement in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. In 1989 the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> assumed the symbolic value of the defeat of socialism in the countries of the Soviet bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992 the <i><a href="/wiki/Mani_Pulite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Pulite">Tangentopoli</a></i> scandal broke out. It was a nationwide judicial investigation into <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political corruption in Italy">political corruption in Italy</a>, which led to the demise of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy_as_a_Republic#First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Italy as a Republic">First Republic</a>", resulting in the disappearance of many political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Democracy, which dominated the entire political system for almost fifty years, was disbanded in January 1994, while the Socialist Party disappeared in November. The Communist Party had previously transformed into a democratic socialist party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (PDS), led by <a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a>, but it suffered a split from the left with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> (PRC), by <a href="/wiki/Armando_Cossutta" title="Armando Cossutta">Armando Cossutta</a>. In this period, new populist movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Northern League</a> (LN), grew up. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelo_Airoldi_con_Bruno_Trentin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Angelo_Airoldi_con_Bruno_Trentin.jpg/250px-Angelo_Airoldi_con_Bruno_Trentin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Angelo_Airoldi_con_Bruno_Trentin.jpg/375px-Angelo_Airoldi_con_Bruno_Trentin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Angelo_Airoldi_con_Bruno_Trentin.jpg/500px-Angelo_Airoldi_con_Bruno_Trentin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Trentin" title="Bruno Trentin">Bruno Trentin</a> with Agelo Airoldi during a CGIL National Congress in the early 1990s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1992, the government of <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Giuliano Amato</a> proposed the definitive overcome of the "escalator" and its replacement with a negotiated recovery. Bruno Trentin, to prevent a new dramatic rupture between the unions, signed the agreement and then resigned, being that signature contrary to the negotiating mandate of the governing bodies of CGIL. The next CGIL directorate rejected his resignation and decided to negotiate a new system of relations based on the income policy. A few days later, the financial crisis seems to plunge into bankruptcy. Amato's government decided a drastic devaluation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a>, the consequent exit from the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> and an extraordinary financial bill of one hundred thousand billion. The measures implemented, such as the increase in the retirement age and the seniority of contributions, the blocking of retirement, the "minimum tax" on autonomous income, the balance sheet on companies, the withdrawal on bank accounts, the introduction of health tickets, the institution of <a href="/wiki/House_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="House tax">house tax</a> (ICI), caused a widespread of social protest which turned against the three trade unions too. However, in July 1993 CGIL, CISL and UIL signed a new wage agreement with the new Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confindustria" class="mw-redirect" title="Confindustria">Confindustria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 June 1994, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Cofferati" title="Sergio Cofferati">Sergio Cofferati</a> became the new General Secretary of CGIL and quickly start facing the new Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, a media magnate who founded the new conservative party, <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> (FI), collecting the electoral heritage of the Christian Democrats in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election" title="1994 Italian general election">1994 election</a>, in alliance with the Northern League and the heirs of the neo-fascist MSI, <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (AN).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first act of the Berlusconi's government concerned the attempt to radically reduce the Italian social security system, breaking the "pact between generations" that supports it. The confederations react unanimously with extreme determination and on 12 November a demonstration took place in Rome with a million workers and pensioners. The great popular participation in protest put the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right coalition</a> in crisis and, with the withdrawal of the League from the cabinet, the <a href="/wiki/Berlusconi_I_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlusconi I Cabinet">Berlusconi's government</a> fell. The reform, launched in 1995 after an agreement with the social partners and the positive outcome from workers, innovated the social security system with a gradual transition to the contributory system and the beginning of supplementary pensions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the victory of <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">centre-left coalition</a> in <a href="/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election" title="1996 Italian general election">1996 general election</a>, the dialogue with the trade union movement was strengthened and, as already mentioned, allowed Italy to reach <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">Euro convergence criteria</a> and enter into the single currency.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CGIL, CISL and UIL were also protagonists of a battle against the secessionism of the League, which put at risk the political unity of Italy, with major demonstrations in Milan and Venice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_2000_to_the_Great_Recession_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic">From 2000 to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From 2000 to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berlusconi returned to power after the <a href="/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election" title="2001 Italian general election">2001 general election</a>. His government tried to abolish Article 18 of the Workers' Statute, which protected workers from unjustified dismissal. On 23 March 2002, the CGIL led by Sergio Cofferati announced a great demonstration against the reform. It was the largest mass demonstration in Italian history, with more than three million people gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> in Rome to protest against the abolition of Article 18.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CGIL continued the struggle, proclaiming a general strike for 18 April of the same year, which was later joined by CISL and UIL. After a few weeks the government announced the withdrawal of the reform.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2002, CGIL elected <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Epifani" title="Guglielmo Epifani">Guglielmo Epifani</a> as the new General Secretary. Epifani continued the fight against Berlusconi's government, started by his predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular he launched general strikes against budget laws of 2003 and 2004. After the <a href="/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election" title="2006 Italian general election">2006 general election</a>, Prodi's centre-left, strongly supported by Epifani's CGIL, returned to power.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he lost the majority after less than two years and Berlusconi became Prime Minister once again after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election" title="2008 Italian general election">2008 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spi_Cgil_Sciopero_Regionale_E-R_16_ott_2014_(180)_(14971496893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spi_Cgil_Sciopero_Regionale_E-R_16_ott_2014_%28180%29_%2814971496893%29.jpg/250px-Spi_Cgil_Sciopero_Regionale_E-R_16_ott_2014_%28180%29_%2814971496893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spi_Cgil_Sciopero_Regionale_E-R_16_ott_2014_%28180%29_%2814971496893%29.jpg/375px-Spi_Cgil_Sciopero_Regionale_E-R_16_ott_2014_%28180%29_%2814971496893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spi_Cgil_Sciopero_Regionale_E-R_16_ott_2014_%28180%29_%2814971496893%29.jpg/500px-Spi_Cgil_Sciopero_Regionale_E-R_16_ott_2014_%28180%29_%2814971496893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>CGIL protest in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> against <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a>'s labour reform in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 November 2010, <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Camusso" title="Susanna Camusso">Susanna Camusso</a> was elected General Secretary; she was the first woman to hold the office.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camusso's secretariat was characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign debt crisis">European sovereign debt crisis</a>, which harshly affected Italy in the early 2010s, leading Berlusconi to resign in November 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-12_Nov_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-12_Nov-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 December 2011, the technocratic government of <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a> introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence, especially after rising <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis#Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign debt crisis">Italian government bond yields</a> began to threaten Italy's financial stability.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The austerity package called for increased taxes, pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion. Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 January 2012, Monti's government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italy's labour market. The reforms were intended to open certain professions to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 18 of Italy's Workers' Statute, which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire any employee found to have been fired without just cause,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_020212_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_020212-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would also be reformed. The proposals faced a strong opposition from Camusso's CGIL and other trade unions, which was followed by public protests, which forced the government to withdraw the amendment on Article 18.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Article 18 was finally abolished by the centre-left cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> as part of a huge labour market reform called the Jobs Act.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was heavily criticised by Camusso, who announced a public protest.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 October, almost one million people took part in a mass protest in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, organised by the CGIL in opposition to the labour reforms of the government. Some high-profile members of the left-wing faction of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> also participated in the protest.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 November, more than 100,000 public employees protested in Rome in a demonstration organised by the three trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the mass protests, the Parliament approved the Jobs Act in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After years of fights to protect Article 18 from the reforms promoted by the centre-right, it was finally abolished by the centre-left, causing a serious break between CGIL and its political counterpart, the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 January 2019, during the 18th National Congress in <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Landini" title="Maurizio Landini">Maurizio Landini</a>, a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> and former Secretary of FIOM, was elected General Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landini's main opponent in the Congress, Vincenzo Colla, a <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> and former Regional Secretary of CGIL for <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, was appointed Vice Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his inaugural speech, Landini strongly attacked the <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">M5S</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">League</a> government and especially its Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a>, denouncing a serious risk of a return of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 February, CGIL, CISL and UIL protested together in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, against the economic measures promoted by <a href="/wiki/Conte_I_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Conte I Cabinet">Conte's government</a>; more than 200,000s people participated in the march.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time since 2013 that the three trade unions organized a unified rally.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 October 2021, the CGIL's national headquarters in Rome was attacked by a mob of members of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> party <a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force</a>, who were protesting against the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> vaccination certificate in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary Landini described the attack as an "act of fascist <a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">squadrismo</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 March 2023, at the 19th Congress of the CGIL, Landini was re-elected general secretary with 94.2% of votes in favour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_Secretaries">General Secretaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General Secretaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>N° </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><small>(Born–Died)</small> </th> <th colspan="2">Term of office </th> <th>Tenure<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Years and days)</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_1950_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="887" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a></b><br /><small>(1892–1957)</small> </td> <td>3 June 1944 </td> <td>3 November 1957 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">13 years, 153 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agostino_Novella_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Agostino_Novella_camera.jpg/80px-Agostino_Novella_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Agostino_Novella_camera.jpg/120px-Agostino_Novella_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Agostino_Novella_camera.jpg/160px-Agostino_Novella_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="253" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Novella" title="Agostino Novella">Agostino Novella</a></b><br /><small>(1905–1974)</small> </td> <td>3 December 1957 </td> <td>24 March 1970 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">12 years, 111 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciano_Lama_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Luciano_Lama_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Luciano_Lama_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Luciano_Lama_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Luciano_Lama_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Luciano_Lama_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Luciano_Lama_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a></b><br /><small>(1921–1996)</small> </td> <td>24 March 1970 </td> <td>28 February 1986 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">15 years, 341 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Pizzinato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Antonio_Pizzinato.jpg/80px-Antonio_Pizzinato.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Antonio_Pizzinato.jpg/120px-Antonio_Pizzinato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Antonio_Pizzinato.jpg/160px-Antonio_Pizzinato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="252" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pizzinato" title="Antonio Pizzinato">Antonio Pizzinato</a></b><br /><small>(1932– )</small> </td> <td>11 March 1986 </td> <td>29 November 1988 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">2 years, 263 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruno_Trentin_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bruno_Trentin_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Bruno_Trentin_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bruno_Trentin_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Bruno_Trentin_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bruno_Trentin_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Bruno_Trentin_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="991" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Trentin" title="Bruno Trentin">Bruno Trentin</a></b><br /><small>(1926–2007)</small> </td> <td>29 November 1988 </td> <td>29 June 1994 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">5 years, 212 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">PDS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_Cofferati_anni_90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sergio_Cofferati_anni_90.jpg/80px-Sergio_Cofferati_anni_90.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Sergio_Cofferati_anni_90.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="138" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Cofferati" title="Sergio Cofferati">Sergio Cofferati</a></b><br /><small>(1948– )</small> </td> <td>29 June 1994 </td> <td>20 September 2002 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">8 years, 83 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">PDS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">DS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>7</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Epifani_daticamera_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Epifani_daticamera_2013.jpg/80px-Guglielmo_Epifani_daticamera_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Epifani_daticamera_2013.jpg/120px-Guglielmo_Epifani_daticamera_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Epifani_daticamera_2013.jpg/160px-Guglielmo_Epifani_daticamera_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="228" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Epifani" title="Guglielmo Epifani">Guglielmo Epifani</a></b><br /><small>(1950–2021)</small> </td> <td>20 September 2002 </td> <td>3 November 2010 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">8 years, 44 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#EF1C27"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">DS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>8</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susanna_Camusso_-_Festival_Economia_2013_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Susanna_Camusso_-_Festival_Economia_2013_crop.JPG/80px-Susanna_Camusso_-_Festival_Economia_2013_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Susanna_Camusso_-_Festival_Economia_2013_crop.JPG/120px-Susanna_Camusso_-_Festival_Economia_2013_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Susanna_Camusso_-_Festival_Economia_2013_crop.JPG/160px-Susanna_Camusso_-_Festival_Economia_2013_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2329" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Camusso" title="Susanna Camusso">Susanna Camusso</a></b><br /><small>(1955– )</small> </td> <td>3 November 2010 </td> <td>24 January 2019 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">8 years, 82 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>9</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurizio_Landini_in_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maurizio_Landini_in_2019.jpg/80px-Maurizio_Landini_in_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maurizio_Landini_in_2019.jpg/120px-Maurizio_Landini_in_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maurizio_Landini_in_2019.jpg/160px-Maurizio_Landini_in_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Landini" title="Maurizio Landini">Maurizio Landini</a></b><br /><small>(1961– )</small> </td> <td>24 January 2019 </td> <td>Incumbent </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">5 years, 314 days</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_gbi2aq84nzvilixaert7eiqsfdoamc6"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Maurizio_Landini" coords="734,86,819,110" title="Maurizio Landini" alt="Maurizio Landini" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Susanna_Camusso" coords="682,75,767,99" title="Susanna Camusso" alt="Susanna Camusso" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Epifani" coords="608,64,693,88" title="Guglielmo Epifani" alt="Guglielmo Epifani" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sergio_Cofferati" coords="536,54,634,78" title="Sergio Cofferati" alt="Sergio Cofferati" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bruno_Trentin" coords="462,43,547,67" title="Bruno Trentin" alt="Bruno Trentin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antonio_Pizzinato" coords="412,32,510,56" title="Antonio Pizzinato" alt="Antonio Pizzinato" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" coords="387,22,452,46" title="Luciano Lama" alt="Luciano Lama" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Agostino_Novella" coords="244,11,329,35" title="Agostino Novella" alt="Agostino Novella" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" coords="133,0,245,24" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio" alt="Giuseppe Di Vittorio" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_gbi2aq84nzvilixaert7eiqsfdoamc6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/gbi2aq84nzvilixaert7eiqsfdoamc6.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Congresses">National Congresses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National Congresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1st National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, 1–7 June 1947</li> <li>2nd National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, 4–9 October 1949</li> <li>3rd National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, 26 November–3 December 1952</li> <li>4th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, 27 February–4 March 1956</li> <li>5th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, 2–7 April 1960</li> <li>6th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 31 March–5 April 1965</li> <li>7th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, 16–21 June 1969</li> <li>8th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, 2–7 July 1973</li> <li>9th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 6–11 June 1977</li> <li>10th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, 16–21 November 1981</li> <li>11th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, 28 February–4 March 1986</li> <li>12th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 23–27 October 1991</li> <li>13th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, 2–5 July 1996</li> <li>14th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 6–9 February 2002</li> <li>15th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 1–4 March 2006</li> <li>16th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 5–8 May 2010</li> <li>17th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 6–8 May 2014</li> <li>18th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, 22–24 January 2019</li> <li>19th National Congress – <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, 15–18 March 2023</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliated_union_federations">Affiliated union federations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Affiliated union federations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_affiliates">Current affiliates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current affiliates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Acronym </th> <th>Logo </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Founded </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>FIOM</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIOM_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FIOM_logo.jpg/80px-FIOM_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FIOM_logo.jpg/120px-FIOM_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FIOM_logo.jpg/160px-FIOM_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="984" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Metalworkers" title="Italian Federation of Metalworkers">Italian Federation of Metalworkers</a> </td> <td>1901 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>SPI</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPI_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SPI_logo.png/80px-SPI_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SPI_logo.png/120px-SPI_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SPI_logo.png/160px-SPI_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="892" /></a></span> </td> <td>Italian Pensioners' Trade Union </td> <td>1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FLAI</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FLAI_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FLAI_logo.png/80px-FLAI_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FLAI_logo.png/120px-FLAI_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FLAI_logo.png/160px-FLAI_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Agroindustrial_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Agroindustrial Workers">Italian Federation of Agroindustrial Workers</a> </td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FILLEA</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FILLEA_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FILLEA_logo.jpg/80px-FILLEA_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FILLEA_logo.jpg/120px-FILLEA_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FILLEA_logo.jpg/160px-FILLEA_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Wood,_Building_and_Industry_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Federation of Wood, Building and Industry Workers">Italian Federation of Wood, Building and Industry Workers</a> </td> <td>1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FILT</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FILT_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/FILT_logo.png/80px-FILT_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/FILT_logo.png/120px-FILT_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/FILT_logo.png/160px-FILT_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="175" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Transport_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Transport Workers">Italian Federation of Transport Workers</a> </td> <td>1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FILCTEM</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FILCTEM_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/FILCTEM_logo.png/80px-FILCTEM_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/FILCTEM_logo.png/120px-FILCTEM_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/FILCTEM_logo.png/160px-FILCTEM_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Chemical,_Textile,_Energy_and_Manufacturing_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Chemical, Textile, Energy and Manufacturing Workers">Italian Federation of Chemical, Textile, Energy and Manufacturing Workers</a> </td> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FILCAMS</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FILCAMS_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FILCAMS_logo.png/80px-FILCAMS_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FILCAMS_logo.png/120px-FILCAMS_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FILCAMS_logo.png/160px-FILCAMS_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Commerce,_Hotel_and_Service_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Commerce, Hotel and Service Workers">Italian Federation of Commerce, Hotel and Service Workers</a> </td> <td>1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FISAC</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FISAC_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FISAC_logo.png/80px-FISAC_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FISAC_logo.png/120px-FISAC_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FISAC_logo.png/160px-FISAC_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="189" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Insurance_and_Credit_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Insurance and Credit Workers">Italian Federation of Insurance and Credit Workers</a> </td> <td>1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>NIDIL</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NIDIL_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NIDIL_logo.png/80px-NIDIL_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NIDIL_logo.png/120px-NIDIL_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NIDIL_logo.png/160px-NIDIL_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="188" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Identity" title="New Labour Identity">New Labour Identity</a> </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>SLC</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SLC_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SLC_logo.jpg/80px-SLC_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SLC_logo.jpg/120px-SLC_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SLC_logo.jpg/160px-SLC_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="734" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communication_Workers%27_Union_(Italy)" title="Communication Workers' Union (Italy)">Communication Workers' Union</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FLC</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FLC_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/FLC_logo.gif/80px-FLC_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/FLC_logo.gif/120px-FLC_logo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/FLC_logo.gif/160px-FLC_logo.gif 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Education_Workers" title="Federation of Education Workers">Federation of Education Workers</a> </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FP</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_FPCgil_Quadrato.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Logo_FPCgil_Quadrato.png/80px-Logo_FPCgil_Quadrato.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Logo_FPCgil_Quadrato.png/120px-Logo_FPCgil_Quadrato.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Logo_FPCgil_Quadrato.png/160px-Logo_FPCgil_Quadrato.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="972" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_Function" title="Public Function">Public Function</a> </td> <td>1980 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_affiliates">Former affiliates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Former affiliates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Union</th> <th>Abbreviation</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>Left</th> <th>Reason not affiliated</th> <th>Membership (1954)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Aqueduct Workers</td> <td>FILDA</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1977</td> <td>Merged into FNLE</td> <td>2,188 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Auxiliary Workers</td> <td>FILAI</td> <td>1948</td> <td>1974</td> <td>Merged into FILCAMS</td> <td>24,768 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Chemical_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Chemical Workers">Italian Federation of Chemical Workers</a></td> <td>FILC</td> <td>1901</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Merged into FILCEP</td> <td>123,286 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Chemical_and_Allied_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Chemical and Allied Workers">Italian Federation of Chemical and Allied Workers</a></td> <td>FILCEA</td> <td>1968</td> <td>2006</td> <td>Merged into FILCEM</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Chemical,_Energy_and_Manufacturing_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Chemical, Energy and Manufacturing Workers">Italian Federation of Chemical, Energy and Manufacturing Workers</a></td> <td>FILCEM</td> <td>2006</td> <td>2009</td> <td>Merged into FILTCEM</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Chemical_and_Oil_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Chemical and Oil Workers">Italian Federation of Chemical and Oil Workers</a></td> <td>FILCEP</td> <td>1960</td> <td>1968</td> <td>Merged into FILCEA</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Civil Aviation Staff</td> <td>FIPAC</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into FILT</td> <td>1,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Commercial Agents and Travellers</td> <td>FIARVEP</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1979</td> <td>Merged into FILCAMS</td> <td>2,052 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Credit_Company_Employees" title="Italian Federation of Credit Company Employees">Italian Federation of Credit Company Employees</a></td> <td>FIDAC</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Merged into FISAC</td> <td>23,055 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Electricity Company Employees</td> <td>FILDAE</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1977</td> <td>Merged into FNLE</td> <td>34,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Employees of Telephone Companies</td> <td>FIDAT</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Merged into FILPT</td> <td>10,987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Entertainment Workers</td> <td>FILS</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1981</td> <td>Merged into FILIS</td> <td>22,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Firemen</td> <td>FIVF</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1962</td> <td></td> <td>2,868 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Food_Industry_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Food Industry Workers">Italian Federation of Food Industry Workers</a></td> <td>FILIA</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Merged into FILZIAT</td> <td>109,486 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Garment_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Garment Workers">Italian Federation of Garment Workers</a></td> <td>FILA</td> <td>1947</td> <td>1966</td> <td>Merged into FILTEA</td> <td>86,837 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Gas Workers</td> <td>FIDAG</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1977</td> <td>Merged into FNLE</td> <td>10,725 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Glass and Ceramic Workers</td> <td>FILCEVA</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1968</td> <td>Merged into FILCEA</td> <td>54,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Hat_and_Allied_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Federation of Hat and Allied Workers">Italian Federation of Hat and Allied Workers</a></td> <td>FILCA</td> <td>1901</td> <td>1966</td> <td>Merged into FILTEA</td> <td>4,087 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Hauliers_and_Inland_Waterways" title="Italian Federation of Hauliers and Inland Waterways">Italian Federation of Hauliers and Inland Waterways</a></td> <td>FIAI</td> <td>1948</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into FILT</td> <td>84,812 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Hospital Employees</td> <td>FNO</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1958</td> <td>Merged into FLELS</td> <td>35,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Hotel and Restaurant Workers</td> <td>FILAM</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Merged into FILCAMS</td> <td>40,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Information_and_Entertainment_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Information and Entertainment Workers">Italian Federation of Information and Entertainment Workers</a></td> <td>FILIS</td> <td>1981</td> <td>1996</td> <td>Merged into SLC</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Insurance Workers</td> <td>FILDA</td> <td>1947</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Merged into FISAC</td> <td>639 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Marine Workers</td> <td>FILM</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into FILT</td> <td>32,613 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Mining Industry Workers</td> <td>FILIE</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1956</td> <td>Merged into FILCEP</td> <td>49,341 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Port Workers</td> <td>FILP</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into FILT</td> <td>24,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Postal_and_Telecommunication_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Postal and Telecommunication Workers">Italian Federation of Postal and Telecommunication Workers</a></td> <td>FILPT</td> <td>1983</td> <td>1996</td> <td>Merged into SLC</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Paper_and_Printing_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Paper and Printing Workers">Italian Federation of Paper and Printing Workers</a></td> <td>FILPC</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1981</td> <td>Merged into FILIS</td> <td>59,893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Public Sector Workers</td> <td>FIDEP</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into PF</td> <td>8,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Sanatorium Workers</td> <td>FILSA</td> <td>1951</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>6,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Sugar and Alcohol Industry Employees</td> <td>FIAIZA</td> <td>1947</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Merged into FILZIAT</td> <td>8,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Sugar,_Food_Industry_and_Tobacco_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Sugar, Food Industry and Tobacco Workers">Italian Federation of Sugar, Food Industry and Tobacco Workers</a></td> <td>FILZIAT</td> <td>1960</td> <td>1988</td> <td>Merged into FLAI</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Tax Collectors</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4,081 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Textile_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Textile Workers">Italian Federation of Textile Workers</a></td> <td>FIOT</td> <td>1901</td> <td>1966</td> <td>Merged into FILTEA</td> <td>172,810 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Federation_of_Textile_and_Garment_Workers" title="Italian Federation of Textile and Garment Workers">Italian Federation of Textile and Garment Workers</a></td> <td>FILTEA</td> <td>1966</td> <td>2009</td> <td>Merged into FILCTEM</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Federation of Trade and Allied Workers</td> <td>FILCEA</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Merged into FILCAMS</td> <td>69,648 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Postal and Telecommunication Federation</td> <td>FIP</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Merged into FILPT</td> <td>29,043 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Railway_Union" title="Italian Railway Union">Italian Railway Union</a></td> <td>SFI</td> <td>1907</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into FILT</td> <td>97,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Union of Carters</td> <td>SNBI</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4,393 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Union of Oil Workers</td> <td>SILP</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Merged into FILCEP</td> <td>11,411 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian Union of Railway Contract Workers</td> <td>SILAF</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>12,429 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Association of Street Traders</td> <td>ANVA</td> <td>1948</td> <td></td> <td>Disaffiliated</td> <td>36,713 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Agricultural_Workers_(Italy)" title="National Federation of Agricultural Workers (Italy)">National Federation of Agricultural Workers</a></td> <td>Federterra</td> <td>1901</td> <td>1948</td> <td>Became umbrella group</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Federation of Artists, Painters, Sculptors, Engravers and Set Designers</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>139 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Energy_Workers" title="National Federation of Energy Workers">National Federation of Energy Workers</a></td> <td>FNLE</td> <td>1977</td> <td>2006</td> <td>Merged into FILCEM</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Italian_Agricultural_Labourers_and_Employees" title="National Federation of Italian Agricultural Labourers and Employees">National Federation of Italian Agricultural Labourers and Employees</a></td> <td>Federbraccianti</td> <td>1948</td> <td>1988</td> <td>Merged into FLAI</td> <td>1,084,116 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Local_Authority_and_Healthcare_Workers" title="National Federation of Local Authority and Healthcare Workers">National Federation of Local Authority and Healthcare Workers</a></td> <td>FLELS</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into PF</td> <td>84,661 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Federation of Pharmacists</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>307 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Sharecroppers" title="National Federation of Sharecroppers">National Federation of Sharecroppers</a></td> <td>Federmezzadri</td> <td>1947</td> <td>1977</td> <td>Disaffiliated</td> <td>543,806 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Federation of Wood and Forests</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>54,694 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Lawyers' Union</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_School_Union" title="National School Union">National School Union</a></td> <td>SNS</td> <td>1967</td> <td>2004</td> <td>Merged into FLC</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_State_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="National State Federation">National State Federation</a></td> <td>FNS</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into PF</td> <td>68,699 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Union of Barbers and Hairdressers</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Union of Newsagents</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2,369 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Union of Research</td> <td>SNR</td> <td>1973</td> <td>1997</td> <td>Merged into SNUR</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Union of Shipping Company Employees</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Union of Tobacco</td> <td>SNT</td> <td>1948</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Merged into FILZIAT</td> <td>17,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Union of Travelling Entertainers</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>261 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Union of University and Research</td> <td>SNUR</td> <td>1997</td> <td>2004</td> <td>Merged into FLC</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National University Union</td> <td>SNU</td> <td>1986</td> <td>1997</td> <td>Merged into SNUR</td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union of Italian Fishermen</td> <td>SIP</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1956</td> <td>Merged into FILM</td> <td>9,113 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union of Porters and Assistants</td> <td>SINFA</td> <td>1952</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Merged into FILT</td> <td>17,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Union of Central Bank Staff</td> <td>USPIE</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Merged into FISAC</td> <td>2,248 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formally_associated_bodies">Formally associated bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Formally associated bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Acronym </th> <th>Logo </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chair </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>AGENQUADRI</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agenquadri_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Agenquadri_logo.png/130px-Agenquadri_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Agenquadri_logo.png/195px-Agenquadri_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Agenquadri_logo.png/260px-Agenquadri_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td>General Association of Managers </td> <td>Paolo Terranova </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Auser</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auser_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Auser_logo.png/130px-Auser_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Auser_logo.png/195px-Auser_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Auser_logo.png/260px-Auser_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td>Self-management Services </td> <td>Enzo Costa </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Federconsumatori</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Federconsumatori_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Federconsumatori_logo.png/130px-Federconsumatori_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Federconsumatori_logo.png/195px-Federconsumatori_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Federconsumatori_logo.png/260px-Federconsumatori_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="854" /></a></span> </td> <td>Consumer Federation </td> <td>Emilio Viafora </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>RSM</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rete_degli_Studenti_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rete_degli_Studenti_logo.png/130px-Rete_degli_Studenti_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rete_degli_Studenti_logo.png/195px-Rete_degli_Studenti_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rete_degli_Studenti_logo.png/260px-Rete_degli_Studenti_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="105" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rete_degli_Studenti_Medi" title="Rete degli Studenti Medi">Secondary School Students' Network</a> </td> <td>Giammarco Manfreda </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>UdU</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unione_degli_Universitari_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Unione_degli_Universitari_logo.jpg/130px-Unione_degli_Universitari_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Unione_degli_Universitari_logo.jpg/195px-Unione_degli_Universitari_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Unione_degli_Universitari_logo.jpg/260px-Unione_degli_Universitari_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> </td> <td>University Students' Union </td> <td>Enrico Gulluni </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CGIL.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CGIL logo"><img alt="CGIL logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CGIL.svg/87px-CGIL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CGIL.svg/131px-CGIL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CGIL.svg/175px-CGIL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CGIL logo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_CGIL.png" class="mw-file-description" title="CGIL flag"><img alt="CGIL flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bandiera_CGIL.png/120px-Bandiera_CGIL.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bandiera_CGIL.png/180px-Bandiera_CGIL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bandiera_CGIL.png/240px-Bandiera_CGIL.png 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CGIL flag</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Confederation_of_Workers%27_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions">CISL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Labour_Union" title="Italian Labour Union">UIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rete_degli_Studenti_Medi" title="Rete degli Studenti Medi">Rete degli Studenti Medi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raistoria.rai.it/articoli/nasce-la-cgil/10899/default.aspx">Nasce la CGIL – Rai Storia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panorama.it/news/politica/quando-cgil-era-cinghia-trasmissione-pci/">Quando la CGIL era la cinghia di trasmissione del PCI</a>, <i>Panorama</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030332/http://www.cgil.it/sindacati-cgil-a-demoskopika-nel-2017-104-iscritti-rispetto-2016-e-066-rispetto-2015/">"Sindacati: Cgil a Demoskopika, nel 2017 +1,04 iscritti rispetto 2016 e + 0,66 rispetto 2015"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgil.it/sindacati-cgil-a-demoskopika-nel-2017-104-iscritti-rispetto-2016-e-066-rispetto-2015/">the original</a> on 28 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sindacati%3A+Cgil+a+Demoskopika%2C+nel+2017+%2B1%2C04+iscritti+rispetto+2016+e+%2B+0%2C66+rispetto+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgil.it%2Fsindacati-cgil-a-demoskopika-nel-2017-104-iscritti-rispetto-2016-e-066-rispetto-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030435/http://www.cgil.it/cat/internazionale/">"Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro – Internazionale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgil.it/cat/internazionale/">the original</a> on 28 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confederazione+Generale+Italiana+del+Lavoro+%E2%80%93+Internazionale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgil.it%2Fcat%2Finternazionale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225033513/http://old.cgil.it/CGIL/Storia/Storia.aspx#C1">"La Storia della CGIL – Dalla nascosta ai giorni nostri"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.cgil.it/CGIL/Storia/Storia.aspx#C1">the original</a> on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Storia+della+CGIL+%E2%80%93+Dalla+nascosta+ai+giorni+nostri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.cgil.it%2FCGIL%2FStoria%2FStoria.aspx%23C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113132630/http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/bruno-buozzi-operaio-autodidatta-tra-i-protagonisti-dellunita-sindacale">"Bruno Bozzi: uno dei protagonisti dell'unità sindacale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/bruno-buozzi-operaio-autodidatta-tra-i-protagonisti-dellunita-sindacale">the original</a> on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruno+Bozzi%3A+uno+dei+protagonisti+dell%27unit%C3%A0+sindacale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rassegna.it%2Farticoli%2Fbruno-buozzi-operaio-autodidatta-tra-i-protagonisti-dellunita-sindacale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073331/http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/il-patto-di-roma-e-la-nascita-della-cgil-unitaria">"Il Patto di Roma e la nascosta della CGIL unitaria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/il-patto-di-roma-e-la-nascita-della-cgil-unitaria">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Patto+di+Roma+e+la+nascosta+della+CGIL+unitaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rassegna.it%2Farticoli%2Fil-patto-di-roma-e-la-nascita-della-cgil-unitaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Alosco, <i>Alle origini del sindacalismo, La ricostruzione della CGL nell’Italia liberata (1943–1944)</i>, Prefazione di Giorgio Benvenuto, SugarCo Edizioni, Milano, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arturo Peregalli, <i>L’altra Resistenza. Il PCI e le opposizioni di sinistra in Italia 1943-1945</i>, Graphos, Genova, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=02/06/1946&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S">Ministero dell'Interno – Archivio Storico</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305171243/http://www.sturzo.it/edu/l-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo/445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana/612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana">"L'Italia repubblicana e gli anni dello sviluppo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sturzo.it/edu/l-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo/445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana/612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana">the original</a> on 5 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+repubblicana+e+gli+anni+dello+sviluppo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sturzo.it%2Fedu%2Fl-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo%2F445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana%2F612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tim120547-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tim120547_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855656,00.html">Battle of the Inkpots</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Time Magazine, 12 May 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt040547-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt040547_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1947/05/04/archives/italian-strikers-talk-of-civil-war-protests-against-the-sicilian.html">Italian Strikers Talk Of Civil War</a>, The New York Times, 4 May 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke2006" class="citation journal cs1">Corke, Sarah-Jane (1 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/2171">"George Kennan and the Inauguration of Political Warfare"</a>. <i>Journal of Conflict Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1715-5673">1715-5673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=George+Kennan+and+the+Inauguration+of+Political+Warfare&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.issn=1715-5673&rft.aulast=Corke&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FJCS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMistry2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mistry, Kaeten (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/div-classtitlere-thinking-american-intervention-in-the-1948-italian-election-beyond-a-successfailure-dichotomydiv/1BF2C98295B5449978091FA2EBF77383">"Re-thinking American intervention in the 1948 Italian election: beyond a success–failure dichotomy"</a>. <i>Modern Italy</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 179–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13532944.2011.557224">10.1080/13532944.2011.557224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-2944">1353-2944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143941092">143941092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=Re-thinking+American+intervention+in+the+1948+Italian+election%3A+beyond+a+success%E2%80%93failure+dichotomy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-194&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143941092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-2944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13532944.2011.557224&rft.aulast=Mistry&rft.aufirst=Kaeten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-italy%2Farticle%2Fdiv-classtitlere-thinking-american-intervention-in-the-1948-italian-election-beyond-a-successfailure-dichotomydiv%2F1BF2C98295B5449978091FA2EBF77383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2018/07/14/attentato-palmiro-togliatti-70-anni-fa/">L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti, 70 anni fa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073414/https://www.cisl.it/images/allegati/StoriaCisl.pdf">"La Storia della CISL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cisl.it/images/allegati/StoriaCisl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Storia+della+CISL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisl.it%2Fimages%2Fallegati%2FStoriaCisl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124160233/http://www.uil.it/storia_1.asp">"UIL, la storia e i congressi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uil.it/storia_1.asp">the original</a> on 24 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UIL%2C+la+storia+e+i+congressi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uil.it%2Fstoria_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uilemiliaromagna.net/2019/01/17/cgil-cisl-uil-riders-in-piazza-il-9-febbraio-alla-manifestazione-nazionale/">Cgil-Cisl-Uil: riders in piazza il 9 febbraio alla manifestazione nazionale</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also its parliamentarian exam had a disruptive effect: "Among the iron pots of political forces that faced in the Cold War, Senate cracked as earthenware pot": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonomo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Buonomo, Giampiero (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89210209">"Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio"</a>. <i>L'Ago e Il Filo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89210209">the original</a> on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Ago+e+Il+Filo&rft.atitle=Come+il+Senato+si+scopr%C3%AC+vaso+di+coccio&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Buonomo&rft.aufirst=Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fprojects%23%21%2Fproject%2F89210209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118175604/https://www.panorama.it/cultura/clare-boothe-luce-gli-usa-e-roma-60-anni-prima-di-wikileaks/">"Clare Boothe Luce: gli Usa e Roma 60 anni prima di Wikileaks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panorama.it/cultura/clare-boothe-luce-gli-usa-e-roma-60-anni-prima-di-wikileaks/">the original</a> on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clare+Boothe+Luce%3A+gli+Usa+e+Roma+60+anni+prima+di+Wikileaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.it%2Fcultura%2Fclare-boothe-luce-gli-usa-e-roma-60-anni-prima-di-wikileaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/modena/cronaca/2013/01/08/826976-libro-bertuccelli-eccidio-delle-fonderie.shtml">Fonderie, i poliziotti persero il controllo Ma lo stato non ha mai fatto autocritica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osservatoriorepressione.info/9-gennaio-1950-eccidio-modena/">L'eccidio di Modena</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesionline.it/appunto/Conglobamento-e-commissioni-interne-dei-sindacati-negli-anni-%2750/153/21">Conglobamento e commissioni interne dei sindacati negli anni '50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgilancona.it/2016/10/24/23-ottobre-1956-fatti-ungheria-ruolo-vittorio/">I fatti di Ungheria e il ruolo di Di Vittorio</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitocomunista.it/stalinismo/ungheria_divittorio.html">DI Vittorio e l'Ungheria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raistoria.rai.it/articoli/muore-giuseppe-di-vittorio/23089/default.aspx">Muore Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020316/http://old.cgil.it/CGIL/Storia/SegretariNellaStoria.aspx">"La Storia della CGIL – I Segretari Generali nella Storia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.cgil.it/CGIL/Storia/SegretariNellaStoria.aspx">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Storia+della+CGIL+%E2%80%93+I+Segretari+Generali+nella+Storia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.cgil.it%2FCGIL%2FStoria%2FSegretariNellaStoria.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acli.it/cosa-sono-le-acli/">Cosa sono le ACLI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimonio.aamod.it/aamod-web/film/detail/IL8600002083/22/manifestazione-1-maggio-1968-roma.html?startPage=0&idFondo=IL8000000006">Manifestazione del 1 maggio 1968 a Roma</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073420/http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/primo-maggio-le-la-nostra-festa">"Primo Maggio: "E' la nostra festa"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/primo-maggio-le-la-nostra-festa">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primo+Maggio%3A+%22E%27+la+nostra+festa%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rassegna.it%2Farticoli%2Fprimo-maggio-le-la-nostra-festa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073432/http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/il-giorno-che-a-praga-fini-la-primavera">"Il giorno che a Praga finì la Primavera"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/il-giorno-che-a-praga-fini-la-primavera">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+giorno+che+a+Praga+fin%C3%AC+la+Primavera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rassegna.it%2Farticoli%2Fil-giorno-che-a-praga-fini-la-primavera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regesta.com/2013/04/09/9-aprile-1969-la-rivolta-di-battipaglia/">La rivolta di Battipaglia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raistoria.rai.it/articoli/autunno-caldo/10826/default.aspx">Autunno Caldo – Rai Storia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/foto-gallery/cronache/14_ottobre_03/1969-l-anno-cui-italia-scoppio-l-autunno-caldo-34d087ec-4aec-11e4-9829-df2f785edc20.shtml">1969, l'anno in cui in Italia scoppiò l'Autunno Caldo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espresso.repubblica.it/opinioni/questa-settimana/2014/09/24/news/tutto-comincio-con-luciano-lama-1.181529">Tutto cominciò con Luciano Lama</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://left.it/2016/05/20/20-maggio-1970-nasce-lo-statuto-dei-lavoratori-una-storia-di-attacchi-e-resistenza/">20 maggio 1970: nasce lo Statuto dei Lavoratori. Una storia di attacchi e resistenza</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073342/http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/le-conferenze-di-organizzazione-nella-storia-della-cgil">"Le conferenze di organizzazione nella storia della Cgil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rassegna.it/articoli/le-conferenze-di-organizzazione-nella-storia-della-cgil">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+conferenze+di+organizzazione+nella+storia+della+Cgil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rassegna.it%2Farticoli%2Fle-conferenze-di-organizzazione-nella-storia-della-cgil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714225244/http://old.cgil.it/Archivio/Storia/Documenti/9.%20Il%20Patto%20federativo%20CGIL-CISL-UIL.pdf">"Patto Federativo CGIL–CISL–UIL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.cgil.it/Archivio/Storia/Documenti/9.%20Il%20Patto%20federativo%20CGIL-CISL-UIL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patto+Federativo+CGIL%E2%80%93CISL%E2%80%93UIL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.cgil.it%2FArchivio%2FStoria%2FDocumenti%2F9.%2520Il%2520Patto%2520federativo%2520CGIL-CISL-UIL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesionline.it/appunto/Il-decreto-di-San-Valentino/153/72">Il decreto di San Valentino</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073317/https://www.radicali.it/20100725/capitolo-7-anni-70-rivoluzione-dei-diritti-civili-0/">"Gli anni '70: La rivoluzione dei diritti civili"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radicali.it/20100725/capitolo-7-anni-70-rivoluzione-dei-diritti-civili-0/">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+anni+%E2%80%9970%3A+La+rivoluzione+dei+diritti+civili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radicali.it%2F20100725%2Fcapitolo-7-anni-70-rivoluzione-dei-diritti-civili-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirafiori-accordielotte.org/1976-80/materiali-76-80/le-riforme-degli-anni-settanta-le-leggi-che-hanno-cambiato-la-societa/">Le riforme degli anni settanta: le leggi che hanno cambiato l'Italia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historialudens.it/geostoria-e-cittadinanza/89-la-crisi-che-ruppe-il-novecento-1973-1979-il-racconto-e-i-modelli.html">La crisi che ruppe il novecento</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2018/05/28/strage-piazza-loggia.html">Piazza della Loggia, 44 anni fa la strage a Brescia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MontanelliCervi-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MontanelliCervi_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontanelliMario_Cervi1991" class="citation book cs1">Montanelli, Indro; Mario Cervi (1991). <i>L'Italia degli anni di piombo</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=I+mass-media+di+Pizzinato&rft.date=1986-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricerca.repubblica.it%2Frepubblica%2Farchivio%2Frepubblica%2F1986%2F03%2F01%2Fmass-media-di-pizzinato.html%3Fref%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/11/18/senza-applausi-pizzinato-se-ne-va.html?ref=search">"Senza applausi Pizzinato se ne va"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i>. 18 November 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Senza+applausi+Pizzinato+se+ne+va&rft.date=1988-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricerca.repubblica.it%2Frepubblica%2Farchivio%2Frepubblica%2F1988%2F11%2F18%2Fsenza-applausi-pizzinato-se-ne-va.html%3Fref%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/che-cosa-significa-e-che-cosa-fu-la-perestroika">Che cosa significa e cosa fu la perestroika</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tangentopoli_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/">Tangentopoli – Enciclopedia Treccani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesionline.it/appunto/Anni-90%3A-la-nuova-scala-mobile/153/76">Anni 90: la nuova scala mobile</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.wcupa.edu/rbove/eco343/060compecon/Europe%20West/Italy/060330berlusc.txt">"As Italy Votes, Golden Career of Berlusconi Is at Crossroads"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. 30 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=As+Italy+Votes%2C+Golden+Career+of+Berlusconi+Is+at+Crossroads&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.wcupa.edu%2Frbove%2Feco343%2F060compecon%2FEurope%2520West%2FItaly%2F060330berlusc.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014325/http://www.theamericanmag.com/article.php?article=385&p=2">"Italian Election, The Prelude"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a>. 1 April 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italian+Election%2C+The+Prelude&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanmag.com%2Farticle.php%3Farticle%3D385%26p%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073621/https://www.borsaitaliana.it/notizie/speciali/pensioni/normativa/le-riforme-da-amato-ad-oggi/dini.htm">"La Riforma Dini"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borsaitaliana.it/notizie/speciali/pensioni/normativa/le-riforme-da-amato-ad-oggi/dini.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LaStampa.it&rft.atitle=Via+libera+al+Senato%2C+il+Jobs+act+%C3%A8+legge%3A+abolito+l%27articolo+18&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2014%2F12%2F04%2Fitalia%2Fpolitica%2Fvia-libera-al-senato-il-jobs-act-legge-abolito-larticolo-v3OTCKwP2ZcCCHeyDuof2J%2Fpagina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2017/10/04/articolo-18-e-jobs-act-licenziati-in-qualsiasi-momento-reintegrati-praticamente-mai/3892465/">Articolo 18 e Jobs act: licenziati in qualsiasi momento, reintegrati praticamente mai</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2019/01/23/news/cgil_trovato_l_accordo_landini_sara_il_nuovo_segretario_generale_colla_il_suo_vice-217237038/">Cgil, trovato l'accordo: Landini sarà il nuovo segretario generale, Colla il suo vice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://247.libero.it/focus/46457149/25/la-cgil-verso-l-accordo-tra-il-movimentismo-di-landini-e-il-riformismo-di-colla/">La CGIL verso l'accordo tra il movimentismo di Landini e il riformismo di Colla</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2019/01/23/maurizio-landini-segretario-generale-cgil/">Maurizio Landini sarà il nuovo segretario generale della Cgil e Vincenzo Colla sarà il suo vice, scrive Repubblica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adnkronos.com/soldi/economia/2019/01/23/cgil-accordo-landini-sara-segretario_jNlazEPQvxWCB2ewOHeSEJ.html">CGIL, c’è laccordo: Landini segretario</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2019/01/25/news/landini_in_italia_corriamo_rischio_di_fascismi_-217441449/?ref=RHPPBT-BH-I0-C4-P1-S1.4-F4">Landini: "In Italia corriamo rischio di fascismi"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.repubblica.it/economia-e-finanza/roma-in-200mila-in-piazza-con-i-sindacati-per-il-lavoro-il-videoracconto/326682/327285">Roma, in 200mila in piazza con i sindacati per il lavoro: il videoracconto</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2019/02/09/news/sindacati_via_a_roma_alla_manifestazine_unitaria_di_cgil_cisl_e_uil-218698249/">Cgil Cisl e Uil in piazza a Roma: manifestazione unitaria dei sindacati. Landini: "Noi il cambiamento, governo ci ascolti"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2021/10/09/attaccata-la-sede-della-cgil-a-roma-landini-squadrismo-fascista_aff911c9-4029-4f25-8c60-7650315dafb3.html">Attaccata la sede della Cgil a Roma, Landini: 'Squadrismo fascista'</a>, <i>ANSA</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/cronache/21_ottobre_09/cgil-sede-roma-attaccata-no-green-pass-resisteremo-ora-ancora-10613180-2925-11ec-b7b1-cee5d0ca7086.shtml">Cgil, assalto alla sede di Roma, Landini: «Atto di squadrismo fascista»</a>, <i>Corriere della Sera</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1955" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, James P. (1955). <i>Directory of Labor Organizations: Europe</i>. Washington DC: United States Department of Labor. p. 17.24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+Labor+Organizations%3A+Europe&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=17.24&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Labor&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+General+Confederation+of+Labour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgil.it">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626022935/http://www.100annicgil.it/">100 Years of History of CGIL</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Union Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Austrian Trade Union Federation">Austria</a></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Labour_Federation_of_Belgium" title="General Labour Federation of Belgium">General Labour Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Christian_Trade_Unions" title="Confederation of Christian Trade Unions">Confederation of Christian Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Liberal_Trade_Unions_of_Belgium" title="General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium">General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bulgaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Trade_Unions_of_Bulgaria" title="Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria">Confederation of Independent Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Labour">Confederation of Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Trade_Unions_of_Croatia" title="Independent Trade Unions of Croatia">Independent Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Autonomous_Trade_Unions_of_Croatia" title="Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Croatia">Union of Autonomous Trade Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cyprus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Federation_of_Cyprus" title="Democratic Labour Federation of Cyprus">Democratic Labour Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Workers%27_Confederation" title="Cyprus Workers' Confederation">Workers' Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Workers%27_Trade_Union_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Workers' Trade Union Federation">Workers' Trade Union Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech-Moravian_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions">Czech Republic</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Confederation_of_Professional_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Confederation of Professional Associations">Confederation of Professional Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="Danish Trade Union Confederation">Trade Union Confederation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Estonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Employees%27_Unions%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Employees' Unions' Association">Employees' Unions' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Estonian_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Estonian Trade Unions">Association of Trade Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Confederation_of_Professionals" title="Finnish Confederation of Professionals">Confederation of Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organisation_of_Finnish_Trade_Unions" title="Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions">Central Organisation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Unions_for_Professional_and_Managerial_Staff_in_Finland" title="Confederation of Unions for Professional and Managerial Staff in Finland">Confederation of Unions for Professional and Managerial Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Confederation_of_Christian_Workers" title="French Confederation of Christian Workers">Confederation of Christian Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Democratic_Confederation_of_Labour" title="French Democratic Confederation of Labour">Democratic Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Autonomous_Trade_Unions" title="National Union of Autonomous Trade Unions">Union of Autonomous Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Confédération Générale du Travail">General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Force" title="Workers' Force">Workers' Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="German Confederation of Trade Unions">Germany</a></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Greek_Civil_Servants%27_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Greek Civil Servants' Trade Unions">Confederation of Civil Servants' Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_General_Confederation_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek General Confederation of Labour">General Confederation of Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Trade_Union_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Trade Union Confederation (page does not exist)">Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Workers%27_Councils" title="National Federation of Workers' Councils">Federation of Workers' Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum_for_the_Co-operation_of_Trade_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum for the Co-operation of Trade Union (page does not exist)">Forum for the Co-operation of Trade Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_League_of_Independent_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic League of Independent Trade Unions">Democratic League of Independent Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation_of_Unions_of_Professionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confederation of Unions of Professionals (page does not exist)">Confederation of Unions of Professionals</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iceland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_State_and_Municipal_Employees" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of State and Municipal Employees">Confederation of State and Municipal Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceland_Confederation_of_Academics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iceland Confederation of Academics (page does not exist)">Confederation of Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Icelandic Confederation of Labour">Confederation of Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">Ireland</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Confederation_of_Workers%27_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions">Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Union_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Union of Labour">Union of Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Independent_Trade_Unions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Independent Trade Unions of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Federation_of_Employees" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein Federation of Employees">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Labour_Federation" title="Lithuanian Labour Federation">Labour Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="Lithuanian Trade Union Confederation">Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Trade_Union_%E2%80%93_Solidarity" title="Lithuanian Trade Union – Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li>Luxembourg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_of_Luxembourg" title="General Confederation of Labour of Luxembourg">General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Christian_Trade_Union_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Christian Trade Union Confederation">Christian Trade Union Confederation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_(Malta)" title="General Workers' Union (Malta)">General Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Malta_Trade_Unions" title="Confederation of Malta Trade Unions">Confederation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Maltese_Unions" title="Forum of Maltese Unions">Forum of Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Trade_Unions_of_Monaco" title="Union of Trade Unions of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_Free_Trade_Unions_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of Free Trade Unions of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Christian_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="National Federation of Christian Trade Unions">Federation of Christian Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Trade_Union_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Trade Union Confederation">Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Federation_for_Professionals" title="Trade Union Federation for Professionals">Trade Union Federation for Professionals</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Macedonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Trade_Unions_of_Macedonia" title="Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia">Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_Confederation_Of_Free_Trade_Unions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macedonian Confederation Of Free Trade Unions (page does not exist)">Confederation Of Free Trade Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Unions_for_the_Professionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Unions for the Professionals">Confederation of Unions for the Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Vocational_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Vocational Trade Unions">Confederation of Vocational Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions">Confederation of Trade Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions">Alliance of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unions_Forum" title="Trade Unions Forum">Trade Unions Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_-_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="General Workers' Union - Portugal">General Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Portuguese_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="General Confederation of Portuguese Workers">General Confederation of Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Romania">Confederation of Free Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Trade_Union_Confederation_of_Romania" title="Democratic Trade Union Confederation of Romania">Democratic Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Trade_Union_Bloc" title="National Trade Union Bloc">Trade Union Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Trade_Union_Confederation_(Romania)" title="National Trade Union Confederation (Romania)">Trade Union Confederation</a></li></ul></li> <li>San Marino <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Confederation_of_San_Marino_Workers" title="Democratic Confederation of San Marino Workers">Democratic Confederation of Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_San_Marino_Workers" title="Union of San Marino Workers">Union of Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_Labour_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marino Labour Confederation">Labour Confederation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Trade_Union_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Trade Union Confederation">Independence Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Autonomous_Trade_Unions_of_Serbia" title="Confederation of Autonomous Trade Unions of Serbia">Confederation of Autonomous Trade Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Trade_Unions_of_the_Slovak_Republic" title="Confederation of Trade Unions of the Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Association_of_Free_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Association of Free Trade Unions">Slovenia</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Workers' Union">Basque Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_-_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="General Workers' Union - Spain">General Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Confederation_of_Workers%27_Commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions">Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Confederation_of_Professional_Associations" title="Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations">Confederation of Professional Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Confederation_of_Professional_Employees" title="Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees">Confederation of Professional Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="Swedish Trade Union Confederation">Trade Union Confederation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Trade_Union_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Trade Union Confederation">Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Progressive_Trade_Unions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey">Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Public_Employees%27_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Public Employees' Trade Unions">Confederation of Public Employees' Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Turkish_Real_Trade_Unions" title="Confederation of Turkish Real Trade Unions">Confederation of Real Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Turkish_Trade_Unions" title="Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions">Confederation of Trade Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Trade_Unions_of_Ukraine" title="Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine">Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions_of_Ukraine" title="Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Ukraine">Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125068#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125068#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125068#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012168784X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139008525">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1015886-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058643">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119317688">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119317688">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Confederazione generale italiana del lavoro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20070510003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Confederazione generale del lavoro (Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007248428&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007446503405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512091106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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