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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification of animals by thermal characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_animals_by_thermal_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endothermy_vs._ectothermy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endothermy_vs._ectothermy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Endothermy vs. ectothermy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endothermy_vs._ectothermy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ectotherms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ectotherms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ectotherms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ectotherms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ectothermic_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ectothermic_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ectothermic cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ectothermic_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ectothermic_heating_(or_minimizing_heat_loss)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ectothermic_heating_(or_minimizing_heat_loss)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ectothermic heating (or minimizing heat loss)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ectothermic_heating_(or_minimizing_heat_loss)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endothermy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endothermy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Endothermy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endothermy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeothermy_compared_with_poikilothermy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeothermy_compared_with_poikilothermy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeothermy_compared_with_poikilothermy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beetles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beetles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Beetles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beetles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vertebrates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brain_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Brain control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_birds_and_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_birds_and_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In birds and mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_birds_and_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_temperature_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_temperature_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behavioral temperature regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavioral_temperature_regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavioral temperature regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_temperature_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hibernation,_estivation_and_daily_torpor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hibernation,_estivation_and_daily_torpor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hibernation, estivation and daily torpor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hibernation,_estivation_and_daily_torpor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_in_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Variation in animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variation_in_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variation in animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normal_human_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_human_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Normal human temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_human_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_due_to_circadian_rhythms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_due_to_circadian_rhythms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Variations due to circadian rhythms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_due_to_circadian_rhythms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_due_to_human_menstrual_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_due_to_human_menstrual_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Variations due to human menstrual cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_due_to_human_menstrual_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_due_to_fever" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_due_to_fever"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Variations due to fever</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_due_to_fever-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_due_to_biofeedback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_due_to_biofeedback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Variations due to biofeedback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_due_to_biofeedback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effect on lifespan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limits_compatible_with_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limits_compatible_with_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Limits compatible with life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limits_compatible_with_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limits compatible with life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limits_compatible_with_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arthropoda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthropoda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Arthropoda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthropoda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermoregulation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatuurregulering_(biologie)" title="Temperatuurregulering (biologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Temperatuurregulering (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تنظيم حراري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنظيم حراري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termorequlyasiya" title="Termorequlyasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termorequlyasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тэрмарэгуляцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмарэгуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Терморегулация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Терморегулация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulacija" title="Termoregulacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termoregulacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulaci%C3%B3" title="Termoregulació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termoregulació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulace" title="Termoregulace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termoregulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmeregulering" title="Varmeregulering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varmeregulering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermoregulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulatsioon" title="Termoregulatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termoregulatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Θερμορύθμιση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμορύθμιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termorregulaci%C3%B3n" title="Termorregulación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termorregulación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulado" title="Termoregulado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termoregulado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تنظیم دمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنظیم دمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermor%C3%A9gulation" title="Thermorégulation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thermorégulation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termorregulaci%C3%B3n" title="Termorregulación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termorregulación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%98%A8_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%88" title="체온 조절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체온 조절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ջերմակարգավորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմակարգավորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राणिऊष्मा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राणिऊष्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorala_regulado" title="Kalorala regulado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalorala regulado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulasi_hewan" title="Termoregulasi hewan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termoregulasi hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregolazione" title="Termoregolazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Termoregolazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="תרמורגולציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרמורגולציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Терморегуляция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Терморегуляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregul%C4%81cija" title="Termoregulācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Termoregulācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoreguliacija" title="Termoreguliacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Termoreguliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91szab%C3%A1lyoz%C3%A1s" title="Hőszabályozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hőszabályozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Терморегулација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Терморегулација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentermokawalaturan" title="Pentermokawalaturan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentermokawalaturan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulatie" title="Thermoregulatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermoregulatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulering" title="Termoregulering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termoregulering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀਊਸ਼ਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀਊਸ਼ਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulacja" title="Termoregulacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termoregulacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termorregula%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Termorregulação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termorregulação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoreglare" title="Termoreglare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termoreglare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Терморегуляция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Терморегуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thermoregulation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermoregulation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulacija" title="Termoregulacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Termoregulacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ڕێکخستنی پلەی گەرمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێکخستنی پلەی گەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Терморегулација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Терморегулација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulacija" title="Termoregulacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termoregulacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mm%C3%B6ns%C3%A4%C3%A4tely" title="Lämmönsäätely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämmönsäätely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoreglering" title="Termoreglering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termoreglering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การปรับอุณหภูมิกาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปรับอุณหภูมิกาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoreg%C3%BClasyon" title="Termoregülasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termoregülasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Терморегуляція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Терморегуляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_h%C3%B2a_th%C3%A2n_nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Điều hòa thân nhiệt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điều hòa thân nhiệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E6%BA%AB%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80" title="體溫調節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="體溫調節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thermoregulation</a> in animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_ostrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg/120px-Wiki_ostrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg/180px-Wiki_ostrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg/240px-Wiki_ostrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">Ectotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">Endotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesotherm" title="Mesotherm">Mesotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">Poikilotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeothermy" title="Homeothermy">Homeothermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterothermy" title="Heterothermy">Heterothermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenothermic">Stenotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurytherm" title="Eurytherm">Eurytherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermolabile" title="Thermolabile">Thermolabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">Thermostability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantothermy" title="Gigantothermy">Gigantothermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptothermy" title="Kleptothermy">Kleptothermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradymetabolism" title="Bradymetabolism">Bradymetabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">Tachymetabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogenesis" title="Thermogenesis">Thermogenesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thermoregulation_sidebar" title="Template:Thermoregulation sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thermoregulation_sidebar" title="Template talk:Thermoregulation sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thermoregulation_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thermoregulation sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thermoregulation</b> is the ability of an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> to keep its <b>body temperature</b> within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is one aspect of <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">thermal equilibrium</a> with its environment (the study of such processes in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> has been called <a href="/wiki/Physiological_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological ecology">physiological ecology</a>). If the body is unable to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Normal_human_body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal human body temperature">normal temperature</a> and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a> occurs. Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the <a href="/wiki/Wet_bulb_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bulb temperature">wet bulb temperature</a> is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work in 2022 established by experiment that a wet-bulb temperature exceeding 30.55°C caused uncompensable heat stress in young, healthy adult humans. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction, causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it. Normal body temperature is around 37°C (98.6°F), and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 °C (95 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometers</a> that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal organ">internal organs</a>. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191148_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191148-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some animals undergo one of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a> where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernating</a> <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_animals_by_thermal_characteristics">Classification of animals by thermal characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification of animals by thermal characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endothermy_vs._ectothermy">Endothermy vs. ectothermy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Endothermy vs. ectothermy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endothermy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermy</a>. Endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes and are colloquially referred to as <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a>. When the surrounding temperatures are cold, endotherms increase metabolic heat production to keep their body temperature constant, thus making the internal body temperature of an endotherm more or less independent of the temperature of the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Academy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Academy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endotherms possess a larger number of mitochondria per cell than ectotherms, enabling them to generate more heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fats and sugars.<sup id="cite_ref-Boundless_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boundless-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures. They are colloquially referred to as cold-blooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm-blooded animals. Ectotherms are the opposite of endotherms when it comes to regulating internal temperatures. In ectotherms, the internal physiological sources of heat are of negligible importance; the biggest factor that enables them to maintain adequate body temperatures is due to environmental influences. Living in areas that maintain a constant temperature throughout the year, like the tropics or the ocean, has enabled ectotherms to develop behavioral mechanisms that respond to external temperatures, such as sun-bathing to increase body temperature, or seeking the cover of shade to lower body temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Boundless_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boundless-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Academy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Academy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ectotherms">Ectotherms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ectotherms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">Ectotherm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BFAL_SOTE_shade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BFAL_SOTE_shade.JPG/240px-BFAL_SOTE_shade.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BFAL_SOTE_shade.JPG/360px-BFAL_SOTE_shade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BFAL_SOTE_shade.JPG/480px-BFAL_SOTE_shade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Seeking shade is one method of cooling. Here <a href="/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">sooty tern</a> chicks are using a <a href="/wiki/Black-footed_albatross" title="Black-footed albatross">black-footed albatross</a> chick for shade.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ectothermic_cooling">Ectothermic cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ectothermic cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vaporization: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a> of sweat and other bodily fluids.</li></ul></li> <li>Convection: <ul><li>Increasing blood flow to body surfaces to maximize heat transfer across the advective gradient.</li></ul></li> <li>Conduction: <ul><li>Losing heat by being in contact with a colder surface. For instance: <ul><li>Lying on cool ground.</li> <li>Staying wet in a river, lake or sea.</li> <li>Covering in cool mud.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Radiation: <ul><li>Releasing heat by radiating it away from the body.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ectothermic_heating_(or_minimizing_heat_loss)"><span id="Ectothermic_heating_.28or_minimizing_heat_loss.29"></span>Ectothermic heating (or minimizing heat loss)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ectothermic heating (or minimizing heat loss)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lizard_Thermoregulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lizard_Thermoregulation.svg/220px-Lizard_Thermoregulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lizard_Thermoregulation.svg/330px-Lizard_Thermoregulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lizard_Thermoregulation.svg/440px-Lizard_Thermoregulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The red line represents the air temperature.<br /> The purple line represents the body temperature of the lizard.<br /> The green line represents the base temperature of the burrow.<br /> Lizards are ectotherms and use behavioral adaptations to control their temperature. They regulate their behavior based on the temperature outside, if it is warm they will go outside up to a point and return to their burrow as necessary.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Convection: <ul><li>Climbing to higher ground up trees, ridges, rocks.</li> <li>Entering a warm water or air current.</li> <li>Building an insulated nest or burrow.</li></ul></li> <li>Conduction: <ul><li>Lying on a hot surface.</li></ul></li> <li>Radiation: <ul><li>Lying in the sun (heating this way is affected by the body's angle in relation to the sun).</li> <li>Folding skin to reduce exposure.</li> <li>Concealing wing surfaces.</li> <li>Exposing wing surfaces.</li></ul></li> <li>Insulation: <ul><li>Changing shape to alter surface/volume ratio.</li> <li>Inflating the body.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg/220px-Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg/330px-Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thermographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic">Thermographic</a> image of a snake around an arm</figcaption></figure> <p>To cope with low temperatures, some <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> have developed the ability to remain functional even when the water temperature is below freezing; some use natural <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifreeze proteins">antifreeze proteins</a> to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> cope with heat gain by evaporative cooling and behavioral adaptations. An example of behavioral adaptation is that of a lizard lying in the sun on a hot rock in order to heat through radiation and conduction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endothermy">Endothermy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Endothermy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">Endotherm</a></div> <p>An endotherm is an animal that regulates its own body temperature, typically by keeping it at a constant level. To regulate body temperature, an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments. Evaporation of water, either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals possessing <a href="/wiki/Sweat_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat glands">sweat glands</a>, helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism's tolerance range. Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat, relying heavily on <b>panting</b> to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth. Mammals like cats, dogs and pigs, rely on panting or other means for thermal regulation and have sweat glands only in foot pads and snout. The sweat produced on pads of paws and on palms and soles mostly serves to increase friction and enhance grip. <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> also counteract overheating by <b>gular fluttering</b>, or rapid vibrations of the <a href="/wiki/Gular_skin" title="Gular skin">gular (throat) skin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Down_feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Down feathers">Down feathers</a> trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator. Mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis. In marine mammals, such as whales, or animals that live in very cold regions, such as the polar bears, this is called <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>. Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain such as in the case of the camels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A cold weather strategy is to temporarily decrease metabolic rate, decreasing the temperature difference between the animal and the air and thereby minimizing heat loss. Furthermore, having a lower metabolic rate is less energetically expensive. Many animals survive cold frosty nights through <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a>, a short-term temporary drop in body temperature. Organisms, when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature, have not only behavioural, physiological, and structural adaptations but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly. The main features of this system are <i>stimulus, receptor, modulator, effector</i> and then the feedback of the newly adjusted temperature to the <i>stimulus.</i> This cyclical process aids in homeostasis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeothermy_compared_with_poikilothermy">Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Homeothermy" title="Homeothermy">Homeothermy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poikilothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Poikilothermy">poikilothermy</a> refer to how stable an organism's deep-body temperature is. Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. However, animals with <a href="/wiki/Facultative_endothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Facultative endothermy">facultative endothermy</a> are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably. Most <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> are ectotherms, as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, almost all fish are poikilothermic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beetles">Beetles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beetles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physiology of the <a href="/wiki/Dendroctonus_micans" title="Dendroctonus micans">Dendroctonus micans</a> beetle encompasses a suite of adaptations crucial for its survival and reproduction. Flight capabilities enable them to disperse and locate new host trees, while sensory organs aid in detecting environmental cues and food sources. Of particular importance is their ability to thermoregulate, ensuring optimal body temperature in fluctuating forest conditions. This physiological mechanism, coupled with thermosensation, allows them to thrive across diverse environments. Overall, these adaptations underscore the beetle's remarkable resilience and highlight the significance of understanding their physiology for effective management and conservation efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By numerous observations upon <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens sapiens">humans</a> and other animals, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> showed that the essential difference between the so-called <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">cold-blooded</a> animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former, and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter. Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air (<a href="/wiki/Homeothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeothermic">homeothermy</a>). Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature, dependent on their surroundings (<a href="/wiki/Poikilothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Poikilothermic">poikilothermy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191149_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_control">Brain control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brain control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Preoptic_area" title="Preoptic area">preoptic area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_hypothalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior hypothalamus">anterior hypothalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romanovsky_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romanovsky-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Homeostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic">homeostatic</a> control is separate from the <a href="/wiki/Sense#Temperature" title="Sense">sensation of temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romanovsky_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romanovsky-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_birds_and_mammals">In birds and mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In birds and mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangaroo_licking_itself_to_cool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kangaroo_licking_itself_to_cool.jpg/170px-Kangaroo_licking_itself_to_cool.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kangaroo_licking_itself_to_cool.jpg/255px-Kangaroo_licking_itself_to_cool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kangaroo_licking_itself_to_cool.jpg/340px-Kangaroo_licking_itself_to_cool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Kangaroo <a href="/wiki/Licking" title="Licking">licking</a> its arms to cool down</figcaption></figure> <p>In cold environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss: </p> <ol><li>Using small smooth muscles (<a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrector pili">arrector pili</a> in mammals), which are attached to feather or hair shafts; this distorts the surface of the skin making feather/hair shaft stand erect (called <a href="/wiki/Goose_bumps" title="Goose bumps">goose bumps</a> or goose pimples) which slows the movement of air across the skin and minimizes heat loss.</li> <li>Increasing body size to more easily maintain core body temperature (warm-blooded animals in cold climates tend to be larger than similar species in warmer climates (see <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule" title="Bergmann's rule">Bergmann's rule</a>))</li> <li>Having the ability to store energy as fat for <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a></li> <li>Have shortened extremities</li> <li>Have <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent blood flow</a> in extremities – this is where the warm arterial blood travelling to the limb passes the cooler venous blood from the limb and heat is exchanged warming the venous blood and cooling the arterial (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Arctic_wolf" title="Arctic wolf">Arctic wolf</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or penguins<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ol> <p>In warm environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss: </p> <ol><li>Behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal</li> <li>Evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting</li> <li>Storing fat reserves in one place (e.g., camel's hump) to avoid its insulating effect</li> <li>Elongated, often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air</li></ol> <p>In humans </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoregulation in humans">Thermoregulation in humans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermoregulation_simplified.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Thermoregulation_simplified.png/420px-Thermoregulation_simplified.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Thermoregulation_simplified.png/630px-Thermoregulation_simplified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Thermoregulation_simplified.png/840px-Thermoregulation_simplified.png 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Simplified <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control circuit</a> of human thermoregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. Most body heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-GuytonHall2006p80_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuytonHall2006p80-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For example, one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion, which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures, resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or a rapid heartbeat.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For humans, <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-humanbiology3rded_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanbiology3rded-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humanbiology&behaviour4thed_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanbiology&behaviour4thed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physiological control of the body's core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus, which assumes the role as the body's "thermostat".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organ possesses control mechanisms as well as key temperature sensors, which are connected to nerve cells called thermoreceptors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermoreceptors come in two subcategories; ones that respond to cold temperatures and ones that respond to warm temperatures. Scattered throughout the body in both peripheral and central nervous systems, these nerve cells are sensitive to changes in temperature and are able to provide useful information to the hypothalamus through the process of negative feedback, thus maintaining a constant core temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv/220px--Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Irish_Wolfhound_mix,_panting.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Irish_Wolfhound_mix,_panting.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv/Irish_Wolfhound_mix%2C_panting.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A dog panting after exercise</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four avenues of heat loss: evaporation, convection, conduction, and radiation. If skin temperature is greater than that of the surrounding air temperature, the body can lose heat by convection and conduction. However, if air temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin, the body <i>gains</i> heat by convection and conduction. In such conditions, the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation. So, when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature, anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-GuytonHall2006pp891892_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuytonHall2006pp891892-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During intense physical activity (e.g. sports), evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-textbookofmedicalphysiology5thed_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textbookofmedicalphysiology5thed-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_reptiles">In reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermoregulation is also an integral part of a reptile's life, specifically lizards such as <i><a href="/wiki/Microlophus_occipitalis" title="Microlophus occipitalis">Microlophus occipitalis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ctenophorus_decresii" title="Ctenophorus decresii">Ctenophorus decresii</a></i> who must change microhabitats to keep a constant body temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By moving to cooler areas when it is too hot and to warmer areas when it is cold, they can thermoregulate their temperature to stay within their necessary bounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_plants">In plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermogenesis" title="Thermogenesis">Thermogenesis</a> occurs in the flowers of many plants in the family <a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycad</a> cones.<sup id="cite_ref-Minorsky_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minorsky-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">sacred lotus</a> (<i>Nelumbo nucifera</i>) is able to thermoregulate itself,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remaining on average 20 °C (36 °F) above air temperature while flowering. Heat is produced by breaking down the starch that was stored in their roots,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which requires the consumption of oxygen at a rate approaching that of a flying <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One possible explanation for plant thermoregulation is to provide protection against cold temperature. For example, the skunk cabbage is not frost-resistant, yet it begins to grow and flower when there is still snow on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Minorsky_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minorsky-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that thermogenicity helps attract pollinators, which is borne out by observations that heat production is accompanied by the arrival of beetles or flies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some plants are known to protect themselves against colder temperatures using <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_protein" title="Antifreeze protein">antifreeze proteins</a>. This occurs in <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (<i>Triticum aestivum),</i> <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) and several other <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperm</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavioral_temperature_regulation">Behavioral temperature regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Behavioral temperature regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animals other than humans regulate and maintain their body temperature with physiological adjustments and behavior. Desert lizards are ectotherms, and therefore are unable to regulate their internal temperature themselves. To regulate their internal temperature, many lizards relocate themselves to a more environmentally favorable location. They may do this in the morning only by raising their head from its burrow and then exposing their entire body. By <a href="/wiki/Sunning_(behaviour)" title="Sunning (behaviour)">basking</a> in the sun, the lizard absorbs solar heat. It may also absorb heat by conduction from heated rocks that have stored radiant solar energy. To lower their temperature, lizards exhibit varied behaviors. Sand seas, or <a href="/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">ergs</a>, produce up to 57.7 °C (135.9 °F), and the <a href="/wiki/Sand_lizard" title="Sand lizard">sand lizard</a> will hold its feet up in the air to cool down, seek cooler objects with which to contact, find shade, or return to its burrow. They also go to their burrows to avoid cooling when the temperature falls. Aquatic animals can also regulate their temperature behaviorally by changing their position in the thermal gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sprawling prone in a cool shady spot, "<a href="/wiki/Splooting" title="Splooting">splooting</a>," has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a> on hot days.<sup id="cite_ref-WP81222_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP81222-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallhuddle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Smallhuddle.jpg/220px-Smallhuddle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Smallhuddle.jpg/330px-Smallhuddle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Smallhuddle.jpg/440px-Smallhuddle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption>During cold weather, many animals increase their thermal inertia by huddling.</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals also engage in <a href="/wiki/Kleptothermy" title="Kleptothermy">kleptothermy</a> in which they share or steal each other's body warmth. Kleptothermy is observed, particularly amongst juveniles, in endotherms such as <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and birds (such as the <a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">mousebird</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This allows the individuals to increase their <a href="/wiki/Thermal_inertia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal inertia">thermal inertia</a> (as with <a href="/wiki/Gigantothermy" title="Gigantothermy">gigantothermy</a>) and so reduce heat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms. Other animals exploit <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termite</a> mounds.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss. Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>. Some animals are <a href="/wiki/Heterothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterothermic">regionally heterothermic</a> and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature—nearly to 0 °C (32 °F). This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts, like the legs, feet (or hooves), and nose.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Different species of <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i> found in the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> will exploit different species of <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cacti</a> based on the thermotolerance differences between species and hosts. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_mettleri" title="Drosophila mettleri">Drosophila mettleri</a></i> is found in cacti like the <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">saguaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senita" class="mw-redirect" title="Senita">senita</a>; these two cacti remain cool by storing water. Over time, the genes selecting for higher heat tolerance were reduced in the population due to the cooler host climate the fly is able to exploit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some flies, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Common_green_bottle_fly" title="Common green bottle fly">Lucilia sericata</a>,</i> lay their eggs en masse. The resulting group of larvae, depending on its size, is able to thermoregulate and keep itself at the optimum temperature for development. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_ostrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg/220px-Wiki_ostrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg/330px-Wiki_ostrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> can keep its body temperature relatively constant, even though the environment can be very hot during the day and cold at night.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Koalas">Koalas</a> also can behaviorally thermoregulate by seeking out cooler portions of trees on hot days. They preferentially wrap themselves around the coolest portions of trees, typically near the bottom, to increase their passive radiation of internal body heat.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hibernation,_estivation_and_daily_torpor"><span id="Hibernation.2C_estivation_and_daily_torpor"></span>Hibernation, estivation and daily torpor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hibernation, estivation and daily torpor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures, some mammals <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernate</a> during cold periods. To remain in "stasis" for long periods, these animals build up <a href="/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue" title="Brown adipose tissue">brown fat</a> reserves and slow all body functions. True hibernators (e.g., groundhogs) keep their body temperatures low throughout hibernation whereas the <a href="/wiki/Core_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Core temperature">core temperature</a> of false hibernators (e.g., bears) varies; occasionally the animal may emerge from its den for brief periods. Some bats are true hibernators and rely upon a rapid, non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_Mifsud_2017_p._15_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding_Mifsud_2017_p._15-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">Estivation</a> is similar to hibernation, however, it usually occurs in hot periods to allow animals to avoid high temperatures and <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>. Both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates enter into estivation. Examples include lady beetles (<i><a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">Coccinellidae</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Desert_tortoise" title="Desert tortoise">North American desert tortoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cane_toad" title="Cane toad">cane toads</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyclorana_platycephala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclorana platycephala">water-holding frog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daily <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a> occurs in small endotherms like <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hummingbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hummingbirds">hummingbirds</a>, which temporarily reduces their high metabolic rates to conserve energy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation_in_animals">Variation in animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Variation in animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_Temp_Variation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Body_Temp_Variation.svg/330px-Body_Temp_Variation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Body_Temp_Variation.svg/495px-Body_Temp_Variation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Body_Temp_Variation.svg/660px-Body_Temp_Variation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_human_temperature">Normal human temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Normal human temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Normal_human_body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal human body temperature">Normal human body temperature</a></div> <p>Previously, average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 °C (98.6 °F), while normal ranges are 36.1 to 37.8 °C (97.0 to 100.0 °F). In Poland and Russia, the temperature had been measured <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axillarily</a> (under the arm). 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) was considered "ideal" temperature in these countries, while normal ranges are 36.0 to 36.9 °C (96.8 to 98.4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) (same result in three different studies). Variations (one <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a>) from three other studies are: </p> <ul><li>36.4–37.1 °C (97.5–98.8 °F)</li> <li>36.3–37.1 °C (97.3–98.8 °F) for males,<br />36.5–37.3 °C (97.7–99.1 °F) for females</li> <li>36.6–37.3 °C (97.9–99.1 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Measured temperature varies according to thermometer placement, with rectal temperature being 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1.1 °F) higher than oral temperature, while axillary temperature is 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1.1 °F) lower than oral temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average difference between oral and axillary temperatures of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> children aged 6–12 was found to be only 0.1 °C (standard deviation 0.2 °C),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mean difference in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese</a> children aged 4–14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 °C, while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_due_to_circadian_rhythms">Variations due to circadian rhythms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Variations due to circadian rhythms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity, lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">Monkeys</a> also have a well-marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity, and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night; <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day. Sutherland Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds – whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference – experience their highest temperature during the natural period of activity (night) and lowest during the period of rest (day).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191149_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In essence, the temperature curve of <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal animal">diurnal</a> birds is similar to that of humans and other homeothermic animals, except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning. Also, the curves obtained from rabbits, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>, and dogs were quite similar to those from humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191149_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_due_to_human_menstrual_cycles">Variations due to human menstrual cycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Variations due to human menstrual cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">follicular phase</a> (which lasts from the first day of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> until the day of <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>), the average <a href="/wiki/Basal_body_temperature" title="Basal body temperature">basal body temperature</a> in women ranges from 36.45 to 36.7 °C (97.61 to 98.06 °F). Within 24 hours of ovulation, women experience an elevation of 0.15–0.45 °C (0.27–0.81 °F) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>. The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7–37.3 °C (98.1–99.1 °F) throughout the <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal phase</a>, and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating, so as to aid conception or contraception.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_due_to_fever">Variations due to fever</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Variations due to fever"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a> is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system. To the subject, a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment where people without fever do not.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_due_to_biofeedback">Variations due to biofeedback</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Variations due to biofeedback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some monks are known to practice <a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a> <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> techniques, that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-harvardgazette_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvardgazette-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_lifespan">Effect on lifespan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Effect on lifespan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of such a genetic change in body temperature on longevity is difficult to study in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits_compatible_with_life">Limits compatible with life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Limits compatible with life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are limits both of heat and cold that an endothermic animal can bear and other far wider limits that an <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">ectothermic</a> animal may endure and yet live. The effect of too extreme a cold is to decrease <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, and hence to lessen the production of heat. Both <a href="/wiki/Catabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolic">catabolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolic</a> pathways share in this metabolic depression, and, though less energy is used up, still less energy is generated. The effects of this diminished metabolism become telling on the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> first, especially the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and those parts concerning consciousness;<sup id="cite_ref-cat_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiration_rate" title="Respiration rate">respiration rate</a> decrease; judgment becomes impaired as drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until the individual loses consciousness; without medical intervention, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> quickly follows. Occasionally, however, <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a> may set in towards the end, and death is caused by <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In experiments on cats performed by Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring, the animals were unable to survive when rectal temperature fell below 16 °C (61 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-cat_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this low temperature, respiration became increasingly feeble; heart-impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased, the beats becoming very irregular, appearing to cease, then beginning again. Death appeared to be mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a>, and the only certain sign that it had taken place was the loss of knee-jerks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, too high a temperature speeds up the metabolism of different tissues to such a rate that their metabolic capital is soon exhausted. Blood that is too warm produces <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> by exhausting the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre;<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_1889_p._818_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_1889_p._818-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> heart rate is increased; the beats then become arrhythmic and eventually cease. The central nervous system is also profoundly affected by <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, and convulsions may set in. Consciousness may also be lost, propelling the person into a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">comatose</a> condition. These changes can sometimes also be observed in patients experiencing an acute <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalian</a> muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50 °C, with the sudden rigidity of the whole body rendering life impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>H.M. Vernon performed work on the death temperature and paralysis temperature (temperature of heat rigor) of various animals. He found that species of the same <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> showed very similar temperature values, those from the <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibia</a> examined being 38.5 °C, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> 39 °C, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> 45 °C, and various <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> 46 °C.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> animals, he showed a relation between death temperature and the quantity of solid constituents of the body. In higher animals, however, his experiments tend to show that there is greater variation in both the chemical and physical characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Protoplasm" title="Protoplasm">protoplasm</a> and, hence, greater variation in the extreme temperature compatible with life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191150-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study on the effect of heat on young people found that the critical wet-bulb temperature at which heat stress can no longer be compensated, T<sub>wb,crit</sub>, in young, healthy adults performing tasks at modest metabolic rates mimicking basic activities of daily life was much lower than the 35°C usually assumed, at about 30.55°C in 36–40°C humid environments, but progressively decreased in hotter, dry ambient environments.<sup id="cite_ref-vecellio_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vecellio-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timperley_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timperley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arthropoda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The maximum temperatures tolerated by certain <a href="/wiki/Thermophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilic">thermophilic</a> arthropods exceeds the lethal temperatures for most vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most heat-resistant insects are three genera of desert ants recorded from three different parts of the world. The ants have developed a lifestyle of scavenging for short durations during the hottest hours of the day, in excess of 50 °C (122 °F), for the carcasses of insects and other forms of life which have died from heat stress.<sup id="cite_ref-InsectRecords_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InsectRecords-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2014, the South Californian mite <i><a href="/wiki/Paratarsotomus_macropalpis" title="Paratarsotomus macropalpis">Paratarsotomus macropalpis</a></i> has been recorded as the world's fastest land animal relative to body length, at a speed of 322 body lengths per second. Besides the unusually great speed of the mites, the researchers were surprised to find the mites running at such speeds on concrete at temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F), which is significant because this temperature is well above the lethal limit for the majority of animal species. In addition, the mites are able to stop and change direction very quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spiders like <i><a href="/wiki/Nephila_pilipes" title="Nephila pilipes">Nephila pilipes</a></i> exhibits active thermal regulation behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During high temperature sunny days, it aligns its body with the direction of sunlight to reduce the body area under direct sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_body_temperature" title="Human body temperature">Human body temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate heat">Innate heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_thermoregulation" title="Insect thermoregulation">Insect thermoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutral_zone" title="Thermal neutral zone">Thermal neutral zone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100504155413.htm">"Global Warming: Future Temperatures Could Exceed Livable Limits, Researchers Find"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Warming%3A+Future+Temperatures+Could+Exceed+Livable+Limits%2C+Researchers+Find&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2010%2F05%2F100504155413.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/basics/definition/con-20020453">"Hypothermia"</a>. <i>Mayo Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Hypothermia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fhypothermia%2Fbasics%2Fdefinition%2Fcon-20020453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-hypothermia#1">"Hypothermia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment"</a>. <i>WebMD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Hypothermia%3A+Causes%2C+Symptoms%2C+and+Treatment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fa-to-z-guides%2Fwhat-is-hypothermia%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191148-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191148_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_Academy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_Academy_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_Academy_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/endotherms-ectotherms">"Khan Academy"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Featured+Research&rft.atitle=Mite+sets+new+record+as+world%27s+fastest+land+animal&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.au=Federation+of+American+Societies+for+Experimental+Biology+%28FASEB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2014%2F04%2F140427191124.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InsectRecords-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InsectRecords_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood,_Van1996" class="citation web cs1">Sherwood, Van (1 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/ufbir/chapters/chapter_21.shtml">"Chapter 21: Most heat tolerant"</a>. <i>Book of Insect Records</i>. University of Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+of+Insect+Records&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Most+heat+tolerant&rft.date=1996-05-01&rft.au=Sherwood%2C+Van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fwalker%2Fufbir%2Fchapters%2Fchapter_21.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyAustinAdams2007" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Mark S.; Austin, Andrew D.; Adams, Mark (2007). "The systematics and biology of the spider genus Nephila (Araneae:Nephilidae) in the Australasian region". <i>Invertebrate Systematics</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fis05016">10.1071/is05016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1445-5226">1445-5226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Systematics&rft.atitle=The+systematics+and+biology+of+the+spider+genus+Nephila+%28Araneae%3ANephilidae%29+in+the+Australasian+region&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=407&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2Fis05016&rft.issn=1445-5226&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft.au=Austin%2C+Andrew+D.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlatteis2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clark_M._Blatteis" title="Clark M. Blatteis">Blatteis, Clark M.</a>, ed. (2001) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=if9jXQvVylgC"><i>Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation</i></a>. Singapore & River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-3172-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-3172-9"><bdi>978-981-02-3172-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology+and+Pathophysiology+of+Temperature+Regulation&rft.place=Singapore+%26+River+Edge%2C+NJ&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-02-3172-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dif9jXQvVylgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharkoudian,_Nisha2003" class="citation journal cs1">Charkoudian, Nisha (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/78/5/603.abstract">"Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why"</a>. <i>Mayo Clinic Proceedings</i>. <b>78</b> (5): 603–612. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F78.5.603">10.4065/78.5.603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12744548">12744548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Skin+Blood+Flow+in+Adult+Human+Thermoregulation%3A+How+It+Works%2C+When+It+Does+Not%2C+and+Why&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=603-612&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F78.5.603&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12744548&rft.au=Charkoudian%2C+Nisha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinicproceedings.com%2Fcontent%2F78%2F5%2F603.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/78/5/603.full.pdf">full pdf</a></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Animal_Heat" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Animal Heat">Animal Heat</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animal+Heat&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=48-50&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span> This cites work of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWRMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225">Simpson & Galbraith</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_Charles_Wilson1917" class="citation book cs1">Green, Charles Wilson (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kirkeshandbookof1917kirk#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Kirke's Handbook of Physiology</i></a>. North American Revision. New York: William Wood & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirke%27s+Handbook+of+Physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=North+American+Revision&rft.pub=William+Wood+%26+Co&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Green%2C+Charles+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkirkeshandbookof1917kirk%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Handbook%20of%20Physiology%29">Other Internet Archive listings</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John E. (2010). <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Guyton" title="Arthur Guyton"><i>Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access</i></a> (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4574-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-4574-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guyton+and+Hall+Textbook+of+Medical+Physiology+with+Student+Consult+Online+Access&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Saunders&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Physiology/book/9781416045748/Guyton-and-Hall-Textbook-of-Medical-Physiology/">see Table of Contents link</a> (Previously <i>Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology</i>. Earlier editions back to at least 5th edition 1976, contain useful information on the subject of thermoregulation, the concepts of which have changed little in that time).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy,_James_DGagge,_A._PharoStolwijk,_Jan_A1970" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, James D; Gagge, A. Pharo; Stolwijk, Jan A, eds. (1970). <i>Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation</i>. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiological+and+Behavioral+Temperature+Regulation&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Charles+C+Thomas&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavenith,_GeorgeCoenen,_John_M.LKistemaker,_LydaKenney,_W._Larry1998" class="citation journal cs1">Havenith, George; Coenen, John M.L; Kistemaker, Lyda; Kenney, W. Larry (1998). "Relevance of individual characteristics for human heat stress response is dependent on exercise intensity and climate type". <i>European Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 231–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004210050327">10.1007/s004210050327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9535584">9535584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35920504">35920504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Relevance+of+individual+characteristics+for+human+heat+stress+response+is+dependent+on+exercise+intensity+and+climate+type&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-241&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35920504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9535584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004210050327&rft.au=Havenith%2C+George&rft.au=Coenen%2C+John+M.L&rft.au=Kistemaker%2C+Lyda&rft.au=Kenney%2C+W.+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakuta,_NaotoYokoyama,_ShintaroNakamura,_MitsuyoshiMabuchi,_Kunihiko2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kakuta, Naoto; Yokoyama, Shintaro; Nakamura, Mitsuyoshi; Mabuchi, Kunihiko (March 2001). "Estimation of Radiative Heat Transfer Using a Geometric Human Model". <i>IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 324–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F10.914795">10.1109/10.914795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11327500">11327500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13629890">13629890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Biomedical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+Radiative+Heat+Transfer+Using+a+Geometric+Human+Model&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-331&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13629890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11327500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F10.914795&rft.au=Kakuta%2C+Naoto&rft.au=Yokoyama%2C+Shintaro&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+Mitsuyoshi&rft.au=Mabuchi%2C+Kunihiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=928950">link to abstract</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarino,_Frank_E2008" class="citation book cs1">Marino, Frank E (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdIjd6UQeucC"><i>Thermoregulation and Human Performance: Physiological and Biological Aspects</i></a>. Medicine and Sport Science. Vol. 53. Basel, Switzerland: Karger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-8648-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-8648-1"><bdi>978-3-8055-8648-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermoregulation+and+Human+Performance%3A+Physiological+and+Biological+Aspects&rft.place=Basel%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Medicine+and+Sport+Science&rft.pub=Karger&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8055-8648-1&rft.au=Marino%2C+Frank+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdIjd6UQeucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_John_W1976" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, John W (1 June 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334880">"Heat transfer from spheres and other animal forms"</a>. <i>Biophysical Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (6): 561–569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976BpJ....16..561M">1976BpJ....16..561M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2876%2985711-6">10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85711-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334880">1334880</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1276385">1276385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Heat+transfer+from+spheres+and+other+animal+forms&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=561-569&rft.date=1976-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1334880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1276385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2876%2985711-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976BpJ....16..561M&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1334880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton,_Anthony_Stewart1994" class="citation book cs1">Milton, Anthony Stewart (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9dyOVqzY4gC"><i>Temperature Regulation: Recent Physiological and Pharmacological Advances</i></a>. Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkhäuser Verlag">Birkhäuser Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-2992-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-2992-2"><bdi>978-0-8176-2992-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temperature+Regulation%3A+Recent+Physiological+and+Pharmacological+Advances&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-2992-2&rft.au=Milton%2C+Anthony+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db9dyOVqzY4gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelkirk,_Glen_AMcLellan,_Tom_M2001" class="citation journal cs1">Selkirk, Glen A & McLellan, Tom M (November 2001). "Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress". <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. <b>91</b> (5): 2055–2063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjappl.2001.91.5.2055">10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2055</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F14121">1807/14121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11641344">11641344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+aerobic+fitness+and+body+fatness+on+tolerance+to+uncompensable+heat+stress&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2055-2063&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F14121&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11641344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.2001.91.5.2055&rft.au=Selkirk%2C+Glen+A&rft.au=McLellan%2C+Tom+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_S.Galbraith,_J.J1905" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, S. & Galbraith, J.J (1905). "Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation, and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation". <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>45</b>: 65–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080456800011649">10.1017/S0080456800011649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84391743">84391743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+normal+temperatures+of+the+monkey+and+its+diurnal+variation%2C+and+on+the+effects+of+changes+in+the+daily+routine+on+this+variation&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=65-104&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080456800011649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84391743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Simpson%2C+S.&rft.au=Galbraith%2C+J.J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmut_Tributsch1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Tributsch" class="extiw" title="de:Helmut Tributsch">Helmut Tributsch</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (May 1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howlifelearnedto00trib_0"><i>How Life Learned to Live: Adaptation in Nature</i></a></span>. Translated by Miriam Varon. Mit Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262700283" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262700283"><bdi>978-0262700283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Life+Learned+to+Live%3A+Adaptation+in+Nature&rft.pub=Mit+Pr&rft.date=1985-05&rft.isbn=978-0262700283&rft.au=Helmut+Tributsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowlifelearnedto00trib_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. (1993). <i>Encyclopedia of animals – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians.</i> Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Pages 567–568. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875137-49-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-875137-49-1">1-875137-49-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Thermoregulation</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Thermoregulation">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Government_Bureau_of_Meteorology" class="citation book cs1">Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/info/thermal_stress/"><i>Thermal Comfort Observations</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermal+Comfort+Observations&rft.au=Australian+Government+Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Finfo%2Fthermal_stress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richannel.org/christmas-lectures-1998-nancy-rothwell--chilling-out">Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1998</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329152043/http://richannel.org/christmas-lectures-1998-nancy-rothwell--chilling-out">Archived</a> 29 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong1997" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Lena (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926162224/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/LenaWong.shtml">"Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)"</a>. <i>The Physics Factbook</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypertextbook.com/facts/LenaWong.shtml">the original</a> on 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Factbook&rft.atitle=Temperature+of+a+Healthy+Human+%28Body+Temperature%29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2FLenaWong.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermoregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">Hemostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteostasis" title="Proteostasis">Proteostasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_homeostasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive homeostasis">Predictive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Thermoregulation_in_humans">Thermoregulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thermoregulation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4117204-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015258">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thermorégulation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119374159">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thermorégulation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119374159">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="regulace tělesné teploty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph139277&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000305107&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282665505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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