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aria-controls="toc-Energy_by_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy by sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_by_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel_energy_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel_energy_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fossil fuel energy sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel_energy_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Shale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_bed_methane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_bed_methane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Coal bed methane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_bed_methane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Renewable energy sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biomass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Biomass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroelectricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroelectricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Hydroelectricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroelectricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geothermal_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geothermal_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Geothermal energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geothermal_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Wind power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Solar power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Tidal Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use of energy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_of_energy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use of energy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_of_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Transport sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Electricity sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government 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id="toc-Major_energy_companies_in_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_energy_companies_in_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major energy companies in Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_energy_companies_in_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Greenhouse gas emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biofuel_in_Indonesia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuel in Indonesia">Biofuel in Indonesia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 79577.429658068px; border-left-color:#191970"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#191970"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#191970"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1728.0177607462px; border-left-color:#006400"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#006400"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#006400"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 99.248845988519px; border-left-color:#ef8e39"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ef8e39"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ef8e39"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.242656438769px 12.283938414716px 0 0; border-top-color:#313c42"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#313c42"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:54.639434673427px 83.752804004214px 0 0; border-top-color:#7C6250"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#7C6250"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 34.58901720319px 100px 0; border-right-color:#de2821"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#de2821"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Total energy supply 2021<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#de2821; color:white;"> </span> Coal (30.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7C6250; color:white;"> </span> Oil (28.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#313c42; color:white;"> </span> Biofuels and Waste (13.84%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef8e39; color:black;"> </span> Natural gas (14.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006400; color:white;"> </span> Wind, Solar, etc. (11.64%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#191970; color:white;"> </span> Hydro (0.90%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_consumption_by_source,_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Indonesia.svg/220px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Indonesia.svg/330px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Indonesia.svg/440px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Energy consumption by source, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/CO2_emissions_Indonesia.svg/220px-CO2_emissions_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/CO2_emissions_Indonesia.svg/330px-CO2_emissions_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/CO2_emissions_Indonesia.svg/440px-CO2_emissions_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, the total <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> production in Indonesia is 450.79 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent" title="Tonne of oil equivalent">tonnes of oil equivalent</a>, with a total primary <a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">energy supply</a> of 231.14 million tonnes of oil equivalent and electricity final consumption of 263.32 <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">terawatt-hours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indonesia_-_Countries_&_Regions_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indonesia_-_Countries_&_Regions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2000 to 2021, Indonesia's total energy supply increased by nearly 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>Energy use in Indonesia has been long dominated by <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil</a> resources. Once a major oil exporter that joined <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> in 1962, the country has since become a net oil importer despite still being in OPEC until 2008<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for a short time in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the only net oil importer member in the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia is also the fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> producer and one of the biggest coal exporters in the world, with 24,910 million tons of proven coal reserves as of 2016, making it the 11th country with the most coal reserves in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indonesia_-_Countries_&_Regions_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indonesia_-_Countries_&_Regions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Indonesia has abundant <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> potential, reaching almost 417,8 gigawatt (GW) which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean current energy">ocean current</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a>, although only 2,5% have been utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Indonesia along with <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, have two-thirds of ASEAN's gas reserves with a total annual gas production of more than 200 billion cubic meters in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Government of Indonesia</a> has outlined several commitments to increase clean energy use and reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, among others by issuing the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) in 2017 and joining the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. In the RUEN, Indonesia targets New and Renewable Energy to reach 23% of the total energy mix by 2025 and 31% by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country also commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 29% by 2030 against a business-as-usual baseline scenario, and up to 41% by international support.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has committed to phasing out coal power by 2040s, although numerous challenges remain <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesia has several high-profile renewable projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> 75 MW in <a href="/wiki/Sidenreng_Rappang_Regency" title="Sidenreng Rappang Regency">Sidenreng Rappang Regency</a>, another wind farm 72 MW in <a href="/wiki/Jeneponto_Regency" title="Jeneponto Regency">Jeneponto Regency</a>, and Cirata Floating Solar Power Plant in West Java with a capacity of 145 MW which will become the largest Floating <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar Power</a> Plant in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Energy in Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Population <br />(million) </th> <th>Primary energy <br />(TWh) </th> <th>Production <br />(TWh) </th> <th>Export <br />(TWh) </th> <th>Electricity <br />(TWh) </th> <th>CO<sub>2</sub>-emission <br />(Mt) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2004</td> <td>217.6</td> <td>2,024</td> <td>3,001</td> <td>973</td> <td>104</td> <td>336 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2007</td> <td>225.6</td> <td>2,217</td> <td>3,851</td> <td>1,623</td> <td>127</td> <td>377 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2008</td> <td>228.3</td> <td>2,311</td> <td>4,035</td> <td>1,714</td> <td>134</td> <td>385 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2009</td> <td>230.0</td> <td>2,349</td> <td>4,092</td> <td>1,787</td> <td>140</td> <td>376 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2010</td> <td>239.9</td> <td>2,417</td> <td>4,436</td> <td>2,007</td> <td>154</td> <td>411 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2012</td> <td>242.3</td> <td>2,431</td> <td>4,589</td> <td>2,149</td> <td>166</td> <td>426 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2012R</td> <td>246.9</td> <td>2,484</td> <td>5,120</td> <td>2,631</td> <td>181</td> <td>435 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2013</td> <td>250.0</td> <td>2,485</td> <td>5,350</td> <td>2,858</td> <td>198</td> <td>425 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Change 2004-10</td> <td>10.2%</td> <td>19.4%</td> <td>48%</td> <td>106%</td> <td>48%</td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="7"><small> Mtoe = 11.63 TWh </small> <p><small>2012R = CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> calculation criteria changed, numbers updated </small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a>, energy production increased 34% and export 76% from 2004 to 2008 in Indonesia. In 2017, Indonesia had 52,859 MW of installed electrical capacity, 36,892 MW of which were on the <a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Java_Powerline" title="Bali–Java Powerline">Java–Bali grid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Indonesia had an electrical capacity of 81.2 GW with a projected capacity of 85.1 GW for 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Indonesia's total energy supply (TES) comprised 30.3% coal, 28.9% oil, and 14.4% natural gas. Renewable energy sources also added to the mix, with biofuels and waste accounting for 13.8%, wind and solar providing 11.6%, and hydro contributing 0.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_by_sources">Energy by sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Energy by sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indonesia_electricity_production.svg/250px-Indonesia_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indonesia_electricity_production.svg/375px-Indonesia_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indonesia_electricity_production.svg/500px-Indonesia_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Indonesia electricity production by source. 1990-2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel_energy_sources">Fossil fuel energy sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fossil fuel energy sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal">Coal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indonesia, recognized as the world's largest exporter of thermal coal since surpassing <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 2018, plays a significant role in the global coal market, primarily serving Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and others. As of 2019, Indonesia exported 506 million short tons of coal, making up 32% of the world's coal exports. The country's coal production surged to a record 679 million short tons in 2019, a 12% increase from the previous year. This spike in production led to a drop in prices, prompting the government to set a production cap of 606 million short tons in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically, Indonesia implemented a Domestic Market Obligation (DMO), requiring mining companies to allocate 25% of their production for local use at a fixed price of $70 per ton. However, due to a reduction in domestic demand in 2020, the Indonesian Coal Mining Association requested a temporary suspension of the DMO.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesia's coal reserves are substantial, estimated to last over 80 years, with significant deposits located in <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a>. The country has been focusing on increasing exploration and production, which grew by approximately 105% from 2010 to 2020, driven by robust demand in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <caption>Coal Production 2011-2021 (<b>Exajoules</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-:03_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 48">: 48 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#de2821;"> <td><b>2011</b> </td> <td><b>2012</b> </td> <td><b>2013</b> </td> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><b>2021</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.72 </td> <td>9.52 </td> <td>11.70 </td> <td>11.30 </td> <td>11.39 </td> <td>11.25 </td> <td>11.38 </td> <td>13.76 </td> <td>15.20 </td> <td>13.91 </td> <td>15.15 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In terms of environmental goals, <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">Perusahaan Listrik Negara</a> (PLN), the state electricity company, has plans to phase out coal-powered plants by 2056 to achieve carbon neutrality. Before ceasing new coal power plant constructions after 2023, PLN will complete an additional 42 GW of coal-fired capacity. Furthermore, PLN has started co-firing biomass with coal in 17 power plants to reduce carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indonesian coal industry is rather fragmented. Output is supplied by a few large producers and a large number of small firms. Top 10 Coal Companies in Indonesia in the industry include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bumi_Resources" title="Bumi Resources">PT Bumi Resources Tbk</a> (BUMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinar_Mas" title="Sinar Mas">Sinar Mas Mining Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaro_Energy" title="Adaro Energy">PT Adaro Energy Tbk</a> (ADRO)</li> <li>PT Indika Energy Tbk (INDY)</li> <li>PT Bayan Resources Tbk (BYAN)</li> <li>PT Bukit Asam Tbk (PTBA)</li> <li>PT BlackGold Group</li> <li>PT Golden Energy Minerals Tbk (GEMS)</li> <li>PT Kideco Jaya Agung</li> <li>PT Multi Harapan Utama</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal production</a> poses risks for <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Kalimantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Kalimantan">deforestation in Kalimantan</a>. According to one <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> report, a coal plant in Indonesia has decreased the fishing catches and increased the respiratory-related diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia vies with Australia and Russia for the position as the world's largest coal exporter. Due to the energy transition and political split between Russia and the West over Ukraine, Russia is increasingly orienting its exports towards Asia, providing stiffer competition for Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil">Oil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Balance_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Oil_Balance_Indonesia.svg/220px-Oil_Balance_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Oil_Balance_Indonesia.svg/330px-Oil_Balance_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Oil_Balance_Indonesia.svg/440px-Oil_Balance_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Indonesia used to be a net oil exporter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oil is a major sector in the Indonesian economy. During the 1980s, Indonesia was a significant oil-exporting country. Since 2000, domestic consumption has continued to rise while production has been falling, so in recent years Indonesia has begun importing increasing amounts of oil. Within Indonesia, there are considerable amounts of oil in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua Province</a>. There are said to be around 60 basins across the country, only 22 of which have been explored and exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main oil fields in Indonesia include the following: </p> <ul><li><b>Minas.</b> The Minas field, in <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, operated by the US-based firm <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> Pacific Indonesia, is the largest oil block in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Output from the field is around 20-25% of current annual oil production in Indonesia.</li> <li><b>Duri.</b> The Duri field, in <a href="/wiki/Bengkalis_Regency" title="Bengkalis Regency">Bengkalis Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, is operated by the US-based firm Chevron Pacific Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Rokan.</b> The Rokan field, <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, operated by Chevron Pacific Indonesia, is a recently developed large field in the <a href="/wiki/Rokan_Hilir_Regency" title="Rokan Hilir Regency">Rokan Hilir Regency</a>.</li> <li><b>Cepu.</b> The Cepu field, operated by Mobil Cepu Ltd which is a subsidiary of US-based <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, is on the border of <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Tuban" title="Tuban">Tuban</a>. The field was discovered in March 2001 and is estimated to have proven reserves of 600 million barrels of oil and 1.7 trillion cu feet of gas. Development of the field has been subject to on-going discussions between the operators and the Indonesian government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Output is forecast to rise from around 20,000 bpd in early 2012 to around 165,000 bpd in late 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <caption>Oil Production 2011-2021 (<b>kb/d</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-:12_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#7C6250;"> <td><b>2011</b> </td> <td><b>2012</b> </td> <td><b>2013</b> </td> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><b>2021</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>952 </td> <td>917 </td> <td>871 </td> <td>847 </td> <td>838 </td> <td>873 </td> <td>837 </td> <td>808 </td> <td>781 </td> <td>742 </td> <td>692 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas">Gas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_Balance_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gas_Balance_Indonesia.svg/220px-Gas_Balance_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gas_Balance_Indonesia.svg/330px-Gas_Balance_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gas_Balance_Indonesia.svg/440px-Gas_Balance_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Indonesia's gas balance</figcaption></figure> <p>Indonesia's proved natural gas reserves stood at 49.7 trillion cubic feet in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> There is growing recognition in Indonesia that the gas sector has considerable development potential.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indonesian government is increasingly prioritizing investment in <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. However, in practice, investors, especially foreign investors, have been reluctant to invest because many of the problems that are holding back investment in the oil sector also affect investment in gas. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <caption>Natural gas Production 2011-2021 (<b>billion cubic metres</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-:122_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#ef8e39;"> <td><b>2011</b> </td> <td><b>2012</b> </td> <td><b>2013</b> </td> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><b>2021</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>82.7 </td> <td>78.3 </td> <td>77.6 </td> <td>76.4 </td> <td>76.2 </td> <td>75.1 </td> <td>72.7 </td> <td>72.8 </td> <td>67.6 </td> <td>59.5 </td> <td>59.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of mid-2013, the main potential gas fields in Indonesia were believed to include the following: </p> <ul><li><b>Mahakam.</b> The Mahakam block in <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a>, under the management of <a href="/wiki/Total_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Total S.A.">Total E&P Indonesie</a> with participation from the Japanese oil and gas firm <a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">Inpex</a>, produces around 30% of Indonesia's natural gas output. In mid 2013 the field was reported to be producing around 1.7 billion cu ft (48 million m<sup>3</sup>) per day of gas as well as 67,000 barrels (10,700 m<sup>3</sup>) of condensate. At the time discussions were underway about the details of the future management of the block involving a proposal that <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a> take over all or part of the management of the block.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2013 it was reported that Total E&P Indonesie had announced that it would stop exploration for new projects at the field.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Energy and Resources Minister issued a regulation stipulating that the management of the block would be transferred from Total E&P Indonesie and Inpex, which had managed the field for over 50 years since 1966, to Pertamina.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2017, it was announced that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219065232/http://phe.pertamina.com/AboutPHE.aspx">Pertamina Hulu Indonesia</a>, a subsidiary of Pertamina, would take over management of the block on 1 January 2018.</li> <li><b>Tangguh.</b> The <a href="/wiki/Tangguh_gas_field" title="Tangguh gas field">Tangguh field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bintuni_Bay" title="Bintuni Bay">Bintuni Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua Province</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> (British Petroleum) is estimated to have proven gas reserves of 4.4 trillion cu ft (120 billion m<sup>3</sup>). It is hoped that annual output of the field in the near future might reach 7.6 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Arun.</b> The Arun field in Aceh has been operated by ExxonMobil since the 1970s. The reserves at the field are now largely depleted so production is gradually being phased out. At its peak, the Arun field produced around 3.4 million cu ft (96 thousand m<sup>3</sup>) of gas per day (1994) and about 130,000 of condensate per day (1989). ExxonMobil affiliates also operate the nearby <b>South Lhoksukon A and D fields</b> as well as the <b>North Sumatra offshore gas field</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2015, ExxonMobil Indonesia sold its assets in Aceh to Pertamina. The sale included the divestment by ExxonMobil of its assets (100%) in the North Sumatra Offshore block, its interests (100%) in B block, and its stake (30%) in the PT Arun Natural Gas Liquefaction (NGL) plant. Following the completion of the deal, Pertamina will have an 85% stake in the Arun NGL plant.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>East Natuna.</b> The <a href="/wiki/East_Natuna_gas_field" title="East Natuna gas field">East Natuna gas field</a> (formerly known as Natuna D-Alpha) in the <a href="/wiki/Natuna_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Natuna Islands">Natuna Islands</a> in the South China Sea is believed to be one of the biggest gas reserves in Southeast Asia. It is estimated to have proven reserves of 46 trillion cu ft (1.3 trillion m<sup>3</sup>) of gas. The aim is to begin expanded production in 2020 with production rising to 4,000 million cu ft/d (110 million m<sup>3</sup>/d) sustained for perhaps 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Banyu Urip.</b> The Banyu Urip field, a major Indonesian gas field, is in the Cepu block in <a href="/wiki/Bojonegoro_Regency" title="Bojonegoro Regency">Bojonegoro Regency</a> in East Java. Interests in the block are held by Pertamina (45%) through its subsidiary PT Pertamina EP Cepu and ExxonMobil Cepu Limited (45%) which is a subsidiary of ExxonMobil Corporation. ExxonMobil is the operator of the block.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Masela.</b> The Masela field, currently (early 2016) under consideration for development by the Indonesian Government, is situated to the east of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor Island</a>, roughly halfway between Timor and <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> in Australia. The main investors in the field are currently (early 2016) <a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">Inpex</a> and Shell who hold stakes of 65% and 35% respectively. The field, if developed, is likely to become the biggest deepwater gas project in Indonesia, involving an estimated investment of between $14–19 billion. Over 10 trillion cu ft (280 billion m<sup>3</sup>) of gas are said to exist in the block.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, development of the field is being delayed over uncertainty as to whether the field might be operated through an offshore or onshore processing facility. In March 2016, after a row between his ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Jokowi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jokowi">Jokowi</a> decreed that the processing facility should be onshore.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change of plans will cause greatly increased costs and will delay the start of the project. It was proposed that the investors submit revised Plans of Development (POD) to the Indonesian Government.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>See also <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_gas_fields_in_Indonesia" title="List of gas fields in Indonesia">List of gas fields in Indonesia</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shale">Shale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is potential for <a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">shale gas</a> in northern Sumatra and eastern Kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There there is an estimated 46 trillion cu ft (1.3 trillion m<sup>3</sup>) of shale gas and 7.9 billion barrels (1.26<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of shale oil which could be recovered with existing technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-EIAJune2013_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIAJune2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a> has taken the lead in using <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> to explore for shale gas in northern Sumatra. Chevron Pacific Indonesia and NuEnergy Gas are also pioneers in using fracking in existing oil fields and in new exploration. Environmental concerns and a government-imposed cap on oil prices present barriers to full development of the substantial shale deposits in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Time62513_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time62513-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulawesi, Seram, Buru, Papua in eastern Indonesia have shales that were deposited in marine environments which may be more brittle and thus more suitable for fracking than the source rocks in western Indonesia which have higher clay content.<sup id="cite_ref-EIAJune2013_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIAJune2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal_bed_methane">Coal bed methane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coal bed methane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With 453 trillion cu ft (12.8 trillion m<sup>3</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Coal_bed_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal bed methane">coal bed methane</a> (CBM) reserve mainly in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia has potential to redraft its energy charts as United States with its shale gas. With low enthusiasm to develop CBM project, partly in relation to environmental concern regarding emissions of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> and contamination of water in the extraction process, the government targeted 8.9 million cu ft (250 thousand m<sup>3</sup>) per day at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard pressure</a> for 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy_sources">Renewable energy sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renewable energy sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_renewable_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indonesia_renewable_electricity_production.svg/400px-Indonesia_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indonesia_renewable_electricity_production.svg/600px-Indonesia_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indonesia_renewable_electricity_production.svg/800px-Indonesia_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Indonesia renewable electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <p>Indonesia aims to get 23% and 31% of its energy from renewable sources by 2025 and 2050 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, renewables has a 11.2% share of the national energy mix, with hydro and geothermal power making up most of this.<sup id="cite_ref-esdm.go.id_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esdm.go.id-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its renewable energy potential, Indonesia is struggling to reach its renewable target. The lack of adequate regulation supports to attract the private sector and the regulation inconsistency are often cited among the main reasons for the lack of progress. One policy requires private investors to transfer their projects to <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">PLN</a> (the sole electricity off-taker in the country) at the end of agreement periods, which, combined with the fact that the Minister for Energy and Mineral Resources sets the consumer price of energy, has led to concern about return on investment. </p><p>Another issue is related to financing, as to achieve the 23% renewable energy target, it has been estimated that Indonesia needs to invest US$154 billion. The state is unable to raise so much capital, while there is reluctance from both potential investors and lending banks to get involved.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a critical challenge related to cost. Renewable energy projects is still require large up-front investment and as the electricity price has to be below the Region Generation Cost (BPP) (which is already low enough in some major areas), it renders projects economically unattractive. Indonesia also has large coal reserves and is one of the world's largest net exporters of coal, making it less urgent to develop renewable-based power plants compared to countries that depend on coal imports.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country has been recommended to remove subsidies for fossil fuels, establish a ministry of renewable energy, improve grid management, mobilize domestic resources to support renewable energy, and facilitate entry for international investors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continued reliance on fossil fuels by Indonesia may leave its coal assets stranded and result in significant investments lost as renewable energy is rapidly becoming cost-efficient worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2020, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a> is preparing its first renewable energy bill.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biomass">Biomass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biomass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An estimated 55% of Indonesia's population, 128 million people, primarily rely upon traditional <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> (mainly wood) for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reliance on this source of energy has the disadvantage that poor people in rural areas have little alternative but to collect timber from forests, and often cut down trees, to collect wood for cooking. </p><p>A pilot project of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Power Generator with the capacity of 1 Megawatt has been inaugurated in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hydroelectricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_View_of_Jati_Luhur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Another_View_of_Jati_Luhur.jpg/220px-Another_View_of_Jati_Luhur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Another_View_of_Jati_Luhur.jpg/330px-Another_View_of_Jati_Luhur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Another_View_of_Jati_Luhur.jpg/440px-Another_View_of_Jati_Luhur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jatiluhur_Dam" title="Jatiluhur Dam">Jatiluhur Dam</a>, Indonesia's first and largest dam, in <a href="/wiki/Purwakarta_Regency" title="Purwakarta Regency">Purwakarta Regency</a>, West Java.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indonesia has 75 GW of hydro potential, although only around 5 GW has been utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-esdm.go.id_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esdm.go.id-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, only 34GW of Indonesia's total hydro potential can feasibly be utilized due to high development costs in certain areas.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia also set a target of 2 GW installed capacity in <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, including 0.43 GW <a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">micro-hydro</a>, by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia has a potential of around 459.91 MW for <a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">micro hydropower</a> developments, with only 4.54% of it being currently exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geothermal_energy">Geothermal energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geothermal energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia" title="Geothermal power in Indonesia">Geothermal power in Indonesia</a></div> <p>Indonesia uses some geothermal energy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Renewable Energy Policy Network's <i>Renewables 2013 Global Status Report</i>, Indonesia has the third largest installed generating capacity in the world. With 1.3 GW installed capacity, Indonesia trails only the United States (3.4 GW) and the Philippines (1.9 GW), ahead of Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.9 GW), New Zealand (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.7 GW), and Japan (0.5 GW).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current official policy is to encourage the increased use of geothermal energy for electricity production. Geothermal sites in Indonesia include the <a href="/wiki/Wayang_Windu_Geothermal_Power_Station" title="Wayang Windu Geothermal Power Station">Wayang Windu Geothermal Power Station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kamojang" title="Kamojang">Kamojang</a> plant, both in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>. </p><p>The development of the sector has been proceeding rather more slowly than hoped. Expansion appears to be held up by a range of technical, economic, and policy issues which have attracted considerable comment in Indonesia. However, it has proved difficult to formulate policies to respond to the problems.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two new plants are slated to open in 2020, at <a href="/wiki/Dieng_Volcanic_Complex" title="Dieng Volcanic Complex">Dieng Volcanic Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Patuha" title="Mount Patuha">Mount Patuha</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind_power">Wind power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wind power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLTB-Sidrap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PLTB-Sidrap.jpg/220px-PLTB-Sidrap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PLTB-Sidrap.jpg/330px-PLTB-Sidrap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PLTB-Sidrap.jpg/440px-PLTB-Sidrap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Sidrap wind farm, Indonesia's first wind power plant, in <a href="/wiki/Sidrap_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidrap Regency">Sidrap Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On average, low wind speeds mean that for many locations there is limited scope for large-scale energy generation from wind in Indonesia. Only small (<10 kW) and medium (<100 kW) generators are feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Sumba Island in East Nusa Tengarra (NTT), according to NREL, three separate technical assessments have found that "Sumba's wind resources could be strong enough to be economically viable, with the highest estimated wind speeds ranging from 6.5 m/s to 8.2 m/s on an annual average basis."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very small amount of (off-grid) electricity is generated using <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>. For example, a small plant was established at Pandanmino, a small village on the south coast of Java in <a href="/wiki/Bantul_Regency" title="Bantul Regency">Bantul Regency</a>, Yogyakarta Province, in 2011. However, it was established as an experimental <a href="/wiki/Power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power stations">plant</a> and it is not clear whether funding for long-term maintenance will be available.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Indonesia installed its first <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a>, the 75 MW Sidrap, in <a href="/wiki/Sidenreng_Rappang_Regency" title="Sidenreng Rappang Regency">Sidenreng Rappang Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, which is the biggest wind farm in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-iesr.or.id_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iesr.or.id-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Indonesia installed another wind farm with a capacity of 72 MW, in <a href="/wiki/Jeneponto_Regency" title="Jeneponto Regency">Jeneponto Regency</a>, South Sulawesi.<sup id="cite_ref-iesr.or.id_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iesr.or.id-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_power">Solar power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Solar power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indonesian solar PV sector is relatively underdeveloped but has significant potential, up to 207 GW with utilization in the country is less than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a lack of consistent and supportive policies, the absence of attractive tariff and incentives, as well as concerns about on-grid readiness pose barriers to the rapid installation of solar power in Indonesia, including in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of early 2023, Indonesia has an installed capacity of 322 MW, and the country has a target of 5 GW by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's largest solar plant is the <a href="/wiki/Floating_solar" title="Floating solar">floating solar</a> system at the <a href="/wiki/Cirata_Dam" title="Cirata Dam">Cirata Reservoir</a>, with a capacity of 145 MW, inaugurated in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tidal_Power">Tidal Power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tidal Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With over 17,000 islands, Indonesia has great potential for <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a> development. The Alas Strait, a 50km stretch of ocean between Lombok and Sumbawa Island, alone could potentially yield 640 GWh of energy annually from tidal power.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, despite evidence of great potential, no Indonesian tidal power facilities have been developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_energy">Use of energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use of energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_sector">Transport sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transport sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the energy in Indonesia is used for domestic transportation. The dominance of private vehicles - mostly cars and motorbikes - in Indonesia has led to an enormous demand for fuel. Energy consumption in the transport sector is growing by about 4.5% every year. There is therefore an urgent need for policy reform and infrastructure investment to enhance the energy efficiency of transport, particularly in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are large opportunities to reduce both the energy consumption from the transport sector, for example through the adoption of higher energy efficiency standards for private cars/motorbikes and expanding mass transit networks. Many of these measures would be more cost-effective than the current transport systems.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also scope to reduce the carbon intensity of transport energy, particularly through replacing diesel with biodiesel or through electrification. Both would require comprehensive supply chain analysis to ensure that the biofuels and power plants are not having wider environmental impacts such as deforestation or air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_sector">Electricity sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Electricity sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electricity sector in Indonesia, managed primarily by the state-owned enterprise <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">Perusahaan Listrik Negara</a> (PLN), faces significant challenges due to the country's <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagic</a> nature, which includes over 17,000 islands. By 2020, Indonesia had installed approximately 63.3 gigawatts (GW) of electrical generation capacity, producing around 275 terawatt-hours (TWh) annually, predominantly from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> such as coal, natural gas, and oil, alongside contributions from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable sources</a> like hydroelectric and geothermal power to align with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Climate Agreement</a>'s goal of increasing renewable energy to at least 23% by 2025. Despite substantial progress in <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a>, with rates increasing from 67% in 2010 to over 99% in 2020, the country still grapples with issues of reliability and service quality, especially in remote and eastern regions where infrastructure challenges and logistical issues often result in frequent power outages and service disruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electricity generation by source 2011- 2021 (GWh)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#D2B48C;"> <td><b>Year</b> </td> <td><b>Coal</b> </td> <td><b>Oil</b> </td> <td><b>Natural gas</b> </td> <td><b>Hydro</b> </td> <td><b>Geothermal</b> </td> <td><b>Biofuels</b> </td> <td><b>Wind</b> </td> <td><b>Solar PV</b> </td> <td><b>Waste</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2011</b> </td> <td>81,090 </td> <td>42,178 </td> <td>38,137 </td> <td>12,419 </td> <td>9,371 </td> <td>186 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2012</b> </td> <td>102,166 </td> <td>29,919 </td> <td>45,453 </td> <td>12,799 </td> <td>9,417 </td> <td>238 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2013</b> </td> <td>111,252 </td> <td>26,752 </td> <td>51,490 </td> <td>16,923 </td> <td>9,414 </td> <td>144 </td> <td> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td>119,532 </td> <td>26,152 </td> <td>56,025 </td> <td>15,162 </td> <td>10,038 </td> <td>924 </td> <td> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td>130,508 </td> <td>19,650 </td> <td>58,894 </td> <td>13,741 </td> <td>10,048 </td> <td>1,114 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td>135,358 </td> <td>15,704 </td> <td>65,699 </td> <td>18,677 </td> <td>10,656 </td> <td>1,793 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td>147,875 </td> <td>19,412 </td> <td>55,359 </td> <td>18,632 </td> <td>12,764 </td> <td>825 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td>160,020 </td> <td>14,879 </td> <td>59,421 </td> <td>21,636 </td> <td>14,018 </td> <td>13,512 </td> <td>190 </td> <td>89 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td>174,493 </td> <td>9,997 </td> <td>61,331 </td> <td>21,161 </td> <td>14,100 </td> <td>13,738 </td> <td>484 </td> <td>118 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td>180,868 </td> <td>7,906 </td> <td>48,051 </td> <td>24,325 </td> <td>15,563 </td> <td>14,448 </td> <td>475 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2021</b> </td> <td>189,683 </td> <td>8,684 </td> <td>51,603 </td> <td>24,697 </td> <td>15,899 </td> <td>17,453 </td> <td>437 </td> <td>192 </td> <td>11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_policy">Government policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonan3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jonan3.jpg/220px-Jonan3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jonan3.jpg/330px-Jonan3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jonan3.jpg/440px-Jonan3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Ignasius Jonan, Indonesian Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_policies">Climate policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indonesia aims to achieve <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero emissions</a> by 2060 or sooner as part of its development goal to become an advanced economy by 2045.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_tax">Carbon tax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Carbon tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a> provisions are regulated in Article 13 of Law 7/2021 in which a carbon tax is to be imposed on entities producing carbon emissions that have a negative impact on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Law 7/2021, the imposition of the carbon tax is to be carried out by a combination of two schemes, a carbon tax (cap and tax) and carbon trade (cap and trade). </p><p>In the carbon trade scheme, individual or company ("entities") that produce emissions exceeding the cap are required to purchase emission permit certificates ("Sertifikat Izin Emisi"/SIE) from other entities that produce emissions below the cap. </p><p>In addition, entities can also purchase emission reduction certificates ("Sertifikat Penurunan Emisi"/SPE). However, if the entity is unable to purchase SIE or SPE in full for the resulting emissions, the cap and tax scheme will apply where entities producing residual emissions that exceed the cap will be subject to carbon tax. </p><p>Indonesia implemented a carbon tax in April 2022, initially targeting the power sector with intentions to expand to other sectors by 2025, based on readiness. This tax is part of a broader approach to <a href="/wiki/Decarbonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonization">decarbonization</a>, regulated under the Law of the Harmonization of Tax Regulations. It complements a domestic <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions trading system">emissions trading system</a> (ETS) set to become mandatory by 2024. Non-compliant installations under the ETS will incur a carbon tax, linked to the domestic carbon market price.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewable_energy_policies">Renewable energy policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Renewable energy policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_generation">Electricity generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Electricity generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indonesia's electricity supply plan for 2021-2030 (RUPTL), the state electricity company, <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">Perusahaan Listrik Negara</a> (PLN), targets substantial growth in renewable energy, aiming for renewables to account for over half of the capacity additions. The plan includes 10 gigawatts (GW) of hydro and about 3 GW from geothermal, with smaller additions from wind (0.4 GW) and solar photovoltaic (PV) (4.7 GW). Coal is expected to make up one-third of additions (about 14 GW), with no new coal capacity planned post-2030. Natural gas will contribute about 14% to new additions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bioenergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources">Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources</a> (MEMR) is advancing bioenergy utilization with initiatives like setting up <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy_plant" title="Waste-to-energy plant">waste-to-energy plants</a> in 12 cities, implementing co-firing in coal generators, and increasing the use of liquid biofuels. The rise in <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm oil production">palm oil production</a> has led to a higher proportion of biofuel blending in diesel, supported by the National Energy Law of 2007, which established blending mandates and subsidy mechanisms. Since 2015, regulations have raised <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>'s share in diesel consumption to 30% by January 2020, up from 20% in 2019. The goal for <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">bioethanol</a> blending is to reach 20% by 2025, starting from a 10% target in 2020. The government intends to further raise biodiesel blending to 40% (B40) and supports the construction of refineries to transform waste bioenergy into biofuels, including bio-based liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_energy_companies_in_Indonesia">Major energy companies in Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Major energy companies in Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pertamina_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pertamina_Logo.svg/220px-Pertamina_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pertamina_Logo.svg/330px-Pertamina_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pertamina_Logo.svg/440px-Pertamina_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>The logo of Pertamina</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Indonesian firms</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a>, the state-owned oil company <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina_Gas_Negara" title="Pertamina Gas Negara">Pertamina Gas Negara</a>, the state-owned gas company, subsidiary of Pertamina</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">Perusahaan Listrik Negara</a>, the state-owned electricity company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumi_Resources" title="Bumi Resources">PT Bumi Resources</a> owned by the <a href="/wiki/Bakrie_Group" title="Bakrie Group">Bakrie Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedcoEnergi" title="MedcoEnergi">PT Medco Energi International</a>, the largest publicly listed oil and gas company in Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaro_Energy" title="Adaro Energy">Adaro Energy</a>, one of the largest coal mining companies in Indonesia</li></ul> <p><b>Foreign firms</b> </p> <ul><li>US-based firm <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609150247/http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/indonesiafactsheet.pdf">PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia</a> is the largest producer of crude oil in Indonesia; Chevron produces (2014) around 40% of the crude oil in Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Total S.A.">Total E&P Indonesia</a> which operates the East Mahakam field in Kalimantan and other fields</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exxonmobil.co.id/Indonesia-English/PA/about.aspx">ExxonMobil</a> is one of the main foreign operators in Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a>, a Norwegian multinational firm, which has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoil.com/en/About/Worldwide/Indonesia/Pages/default.aspx">operating in Indonesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529171346/http://www.statoil.com/en/About/Worldwide/Indonesia/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> 29 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> since 2007, especially in Eastern Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> which is a major LNG operator in the Tangguh gas field in West Papua.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> which currently operates four production-sharing contracts including at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conocophillips.com/zmag/SMID_392_FactSheet-AsiaPacificandMiddleEast.html#newwindow">Natuna and in Sumatra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">Inpex</a>, a Japanese firm established in 1966 as North Sumatra Offshore Petroleum Exploration Co. Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change in Indonesia</a></div> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <caption>Carbon dioxide emissions from energy, 2011-2021 (<b>MtCO₂</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-:122_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td>470.6 </td> <td>489.5 </td> <td>460.6 </td> <td>469.0 </td> <td>489.0 </td> <td>487.8 </td> <td>514.6 </td> <td>565.6 </td> <td>613.2 </td> <td>560.8 </td> <td>572.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions of Indonesia were greater than those of Italy already in 2009. Indonesia's total <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> including <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in 2005 put Indonesia among the top four in the world after <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardianlist_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardianlist-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Indonesia ranked 7th in the world in total fossil CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions, and 88th in per capita emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon intensity">carbon intensity</a> of electricity generation, at over 600 gCO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>/kWh, is higher than those most other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy sector emissions in 2021 were around 600 million tonnes, making Indonesia the ninth-largest emitter globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040322/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf">2014 2012R as in November 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405035039/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf">Archived</a> 5 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf">2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902105825/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf">Archived</a> 2 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf">2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309143010/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf">2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027013037/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf">Archived</a> 27 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf">2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf">Archived</a> 11 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf">2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007042901/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf">Archived</a> 7 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf">2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Coal+miners+sell+more+in+first+half%2C+but+profits+remain+stagnant&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.aulast=Cahyafitri&rft.aufirst=Raras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F08%2F05%2Fcoal-miners-sell-more-first-half-profits-remain-stagnant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2024" class="citation web cs1">Team, InvestinAsia (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investinasia.id/blog/coal-companies-in-indonesia/">"Top 10 Coal Companies in Indonesia"</a>. <i>Blog - InvestinAsia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog+-+InvestinAsia&rft.atitle=Top+10+Coal+Companies+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=InvestinAsia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestinasia.id%2Fblog%2Fcoal-companies-in-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf">The True Cost of Coal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081130101613/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf">Archived</a> 30 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Greenpeace 27 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverlandLoginova2023" class="citation journal cs1">Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.erss.2023.103150">"The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?"</a>. <i>Energy Research & Social Science</i>. <b>102</b>: 103150. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ERSS..10203150O">2023ERSS..10203150O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.erss.2023.103150">10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-6296">2214-6296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Research+%26+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Russian+coal+industry+in+an+uncertain+world%3A+Finally+pivoting+to+Asia%3F&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=103150&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.issn=2214-6296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.erss.2023.103150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ERSS..10203150O&rft.aulast=Overland&rft.aufirst=Indra&rft.au=Loginova%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.erss.2023.103150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadillah2012" class="citation web cs1">Fadillah, Rangga (21 May 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/21/80-percent-oil-and-gas-revenues-pay-subsidies.html">"80 percent of oil and gas revenues pay for subsidies"</a></span>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604210428/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/21/80-percent-oil-and-gas-revenues-pay-subsidies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=80+percent+of+oil+and+gas+revenues+pay+for+subsidies&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft.aulast=Fadillah&rft.aufirst=Rangga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F05%2F21%2F80-percent-oil-and-gas-revenues-pay-subsidies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For some details of Chevron's operations in Indonesia, see the Chevron official <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/indonesiafactsheet.pdf">Indonesia Fact Sheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609150247/http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/indonesiafactsheet.pdf">Archived</a> 9 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzwar2012" class="citation web cs1">Azwar, Amahl (27 October 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/27/chevron-kicks-duri-field-expansion-sumatra.html">"Chevron kicks off Duri field expansion in Sumatra"</a></span>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028175226/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/27/chevron-kicks-duri-field-expansion-sumatra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Chevron+kicks+off+Duri+field+expansion+in+Sumatra&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft.aulast=Azwar&rft.aufirst=Amahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F10%2F27%2Fchevron-kicks-duri-field-expansion-sumatra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/05/15/cepu-delay-losses-ri-could-be-150m.html">"Cepu delay losses to RI could be up to $150m"</a></span>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521080901/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/05/15/cepu-delay-losses-ri-could-be-150m.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Cepu+delay+losses+to+RI+could+be+up+to+%24150m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F05%2F15%2Fcepu-delay-losses-ri-could-be-150m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzwar" class="citation web cs1">Azwar, Amahl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/05/exxon-s-new-boss-urged-be-more-flexible.html">"Exxon's new boss urged to be more flexible"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Exxon%27s+new+boss+urged+to+be+more+flexible&rft.aulast=Azwar&rft.aufirst=Amahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F06%2F05%2Fexxon-s-new-boss-urged-be-more-flexible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadillah" class="citation web cs1">Fadillah, Rangga. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/18/production-target-depends-cepu-block0.html">"Production target 'depends on Cepu block'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119212849/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/18/production-target-depends-cepu-block0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Production+target+%27depends+on+Cepu+block%27&rft.aulast=Fadillah&rft.aufirst=Rangga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2F18%2Fproduction-target-depends-cepu-block0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf">"bp Statistical Review of World Energy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.bp.com</i> (71st ed.). 2022. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bp.com&rft.atitle=bp+Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp%2Fbusiness-sites%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fpdfs%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review%2Fbp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Indonesia/indonesia.pdf">"Country Analysis Executive Summary: Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.eia.gov</i>. 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eia.gov&rft.atitle=Country+Analysis+Executive+Summary%3A+Indonesia&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Finternational%2Fcontent%2Fanalysis%2Fcountries_long%2FIndonesia%2Findonesia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzwar2013" class="citation web cs1">Azwar, Amahl (8 January 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/08/ri-focus-gas-potential-with-new-projects-year.html">"RI to focus on gas potential with new projects this year"</a></span>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109163654/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/08/ri-focus-gas-potential-with-new-projects-year.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=RI+to+focus+on+gas+potential+with+new+projects+this+year&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.aulast=Azwar&rft.aufirst=Amahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F08%2Fri-focus-gas-potential-with-new-projects-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf">"bp Statistical Review of World Energy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.bp.com</i> (71st ed.). 2022. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bp.com&rft.atitle=bp+Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp%2Fbusiness-sites%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fpdfs%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review%2Fbp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzwar2013" class="citation web cs1">Azwar, Amahl (26 March 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/26/total-keen-develop-mahakam-with-pertamina.html">"Total 'keen' to develop Mahakam with Pertamina"</a></span>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329154020/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/26/total-keen-develop-mahakam-with-pertamina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Total+%27keen%27+to+develop+Mahakam+with+Pertamina&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.aulast=Azwar&rft.aufirst=Amahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Ftotal-keen-develop-mahakam-with-pertamina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzwar2013" class="citation web cs1">Azwar, Amahl (5 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/10/05/total-stop-mahakam-block-development-amid-uncertainty.html">"Total to 'stop' Mahakam block development amid uncertainty"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Total+to+%27stop%27+Mahakam+block+development+amid+uncertainty&rft.date=2013-10-05&rft.aulast=Azwar&rft.aufirst=Amahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F10%2F05%2Ftotal-stop-mahakam-block-development-amid-uncertainty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAprilian2015" class="citation web cs1">Aprilian, Salis (22 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/22/sharing-risk-mahakam-block.html">"Sharing risk in the Mahakam Block"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Sharing+risk+in+the+Mahakam+Block&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft.aulast=Aprilian&rft.aufirst=Salis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2F22%2Fsharing-risk-mahakam-block.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzwar2013" class="citation web cs1">Azwar, Amahl (17 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/17/fujian-may-pay-more-tangguh-gas.html">"Fujian may pay more for Tangguh gas"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Fujian+may+pay+more+for+Tangguh+gas&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft.aulast=Azwar&rft.aufirst=Amahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F05%2F17%2Ffujian-may-pay-more-tangguh-gas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exxonmobil.co.id/Indonesia-English/PA/about_where_apo.aspx">Aceh Production Operations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920031242/http://www.exxonmobil.co.id/Indonesia-English/PA/about_where_apo.aspx">Archived</a> 20 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of ExxonMobil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahyafitri2015" class="citation web cs1">Cahyafitri, Raras (14 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/14/exxonmobil-sells-aceh-assets-pertamina.html">"ExxonMobil sells Aceh assets to Pertamina"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=ExxonMobil+sells+Aceh+assets+to+Pertamina&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Cahyafitri&rft.aufirst=Raras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2Fexxonmobil-sells-aceh-assets-pertamina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzwar2012" class="citation web cs1">Azwar, Amahl (26 November 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/26/consortium-expects-govt-approval-east-natuna.html">"Consortium expects govt approval on East Natuna"</a></span>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208145019/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/26/consortium-expects-govt-approval-east-natuna.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Consortium+expects+govt+approval+on+East+Natuna&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.aulast=Azwar&rft.aufirst=Amahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F26%2Fconsortium-expects-govt-approval-east-natuna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahyafitri2015" class="citation web cs1">Cahyafitri, Raras (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/04/14/pertamina-starts-delivery-cepu-oil-cilacap-balongan.html">"Pertamina starts delivery of Cepu oil to Cilacap, Balongan"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Pertamina+starts+delivery+of+Cepu+oil+to+Cilacap%2C+Balongan&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Cahyafitri&rft.aufirst=Raras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F04%2F14%2Fpertamina-starts-delivery-cepu-oil-cilacap-balongan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParlinaCahyafitri2015" class="citation web cs1">Parlina, Ina; Cahyafitri, Raras (30 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/12/30/another-delay-masela-gas-block-development.html">"Another delay for the Masela gas block development"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Another+delay+for+the+Masela+gas+block+development&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft.aulast=Parlina&rft.aufirst=Ina&rft.au=Cahyafitri%2C+Raras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F30%2Fanother-delay-masela-gas-block-development.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermansyah2016" class="citation web cs1">Hermansyah, Anton (21 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/02/masela-saga-another-comical-brouhaha.html">"Masela saga, another comical brouhaha"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Masela+saga%2C+another+comical+brouhaha&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Hermansyah&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F02%2Fmasela-saga-another-comical-brouhaha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmindoni2016" class="citation web cs1">Amindoni, Ayomi (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/23/masela-saga-ends-jokowi-announces-onshore-scheme.html">"Masela saga ends as Jokowi announces onshore scheme"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Masela+saga+ends+as+Jokowi+announces+onshore+scheme&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Amindoni&rft.aufirst=Ayomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F23%2Fmasela-saga-ends-jokowi-announces-onshore-scheme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmindoni2016" class="citation web cs1">Amindoni, Ayomi (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/24/inpex-shell-committed-masela-project-skkmigas.html">"Inpex, Shell committed to Masela project: SKKMigas"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Inpex%2C+Shell+committed+to+Masela+project%3A+SKKMigas&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Amindoni&rft.aufirst=Ayomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F24%2Finpex-shell-committed-masela-project-skkmigas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data are scarce. According to a 2014 study which made reference to Indonesia, "Shale gas resources [in Indonesia] might be substantial, but have been subjected to scant independent scrutiny." See Michael M.D Ross, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2014/ewp-403.pdf">Diversification of Energy Supply: Prospects for Emerging Snergy Sources'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214010608/http://adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2014/ewp-403.pdf">Archived</a> 14 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No 403, 2014, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIAJune2013-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIAJune2013_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIAJune2013_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf">"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215105918/http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technically+Recoverable+Shale+Oil+and+Shale+Gas+Resources%3A+An+Assessment+of+137+Shale+Formations+in+41+Countries+Outside+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fanalysis%2Fstudies%2Fworldshalegas%2Fpdf%2Ffullreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time62513-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time62513_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Campbell, Charlie (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/06/25/indonesia-embraces-shale-fracking-but-at-what-cost/">"Indonesia Embraces Shale Fracking — but at What Cost?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Embraces+Shale+Fracking+%E2%80%94+but+at+What+Cost%3F&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F06%2F25%2Findonesia-embraces-shale-fracking-but-at-what-cost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadiwijoyo2014" class="citation web cs1">Hadiwijoyo, Rohmad (21 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/04/21/cbm-could-redraft-indonesia-s-energy-charts.html">"CBM could redraft Indonesia's energy charts"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=CBM+could+redraft+Indonesia%27s+energy+charts&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.aulast=Hadiwijoyo&rft.aufirst=Rohmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2F21%2Fcbm-could-redraft-indonesia-s-energy-charts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGielen,_DolfSaygin,_DegerRigter,_Jasper2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gielen, Dolf; Saygin, Deger; Rigter, Jasper (March 2017). "Renewable Energy Prospects: Indonesia, a REmap analysis". <i>International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-95111-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-95111-19-6"><bdi>978-92-95111-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Renewable+Energy+Agency+%28IRENA%29&rft.atitle=Renewable+Energy+Prospects%3A+Indonesia%2C+a+REmap+analysis&rft.date=2017-03&rft.isbn=978-92-95111-19-6&rft.au=Gielen%2C+Dolf&rft.au=Saygin%2C+Deger&rft.au=Rigter%2C+Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esdm.go.id-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esdm.go.id_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esdm.go.id_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Campbell, Charlie (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/06/25/indonesia-embraces-shale-fracking-but-at-what-cost/">"Indonesia Embraces Shale Fracking — but at What Cost?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carbon+Tax+Provisions+-+ADCO+Law&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadcolaw.com%2Fblog%2Fcarbon-tax-provisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b496b141-8c3b-47fc-adb2-90740eb0b3b8/AnEnergySectorRoadmaptoNetZeroEmissionsinIndonesia.pdf">"An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Energy Agency (IEA)</i>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29&rft.atitle=An+Energy+Sector+Roadmap+to+Net+Zero+Emissions+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiea.blob.core.windows.net%2Fassets%2Fb496b141-8c3b-47fc-adb2-90740eb0b3b8%2FAnEnergySectorRoadmaptoNetZeroEmissionsinIndonesia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/an-energy-sector-roadmap-to-net-zero-emissions-in-indonesia">"An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia – Analysis"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. 2 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=An+Energy+Sector+Roadmap+to+Net+Zero+Emissions+in+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fan-energy-sector-roadmap-to-net-zero-emissions-in-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardianlist-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardianlist_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/31/world-carbon-dioxide-emissions-country-data-co2">World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest</a> Guardian 31 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/countries/indonesia/emissions">"Indonesia - Countries & Regions"</a>. <i>IEA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bahrain" title="Energy in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan" title="Energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brunei" title="Energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_East_Timor" title="Energy in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kuwait" title="Energy in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Energy in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lebanon" title="Energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mongolia" title="Energy in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Myanmar" title="Energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oman" title="Energy in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkmenistan" title="Energy in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uzbekistan" title="Energy in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Energy in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Energy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Macau" title="Energy in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_policy_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_policy_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy policy of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Energy policy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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