CINXE.COM

COVID-19 - MSD

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/fonts/InventionVF_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/fonts/InventionVF_Italics_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.9.1 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>COVID-19 - MSD</title> <meta name="description" content="MSD is committed to advancing research and development efforts for our investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine and making a meaningful impact on the pandemic." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.msd.com/research/covid-19/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="COVID-19 - MSD" /> <meta property="og:description" content="MSD is committed to advancing research and development efforts for our investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine and making a meaningful impact on the pandemic." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.msd.com/research/covid-19/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MSD" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-05-21T18:59:34+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2022/03/MSD.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2536" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1382" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="2 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.msd.com/research/covid-19/","url":"https://www.msd.com/research/covid-19/","name":"COVID-19 - MSD","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.msd.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-06-05T16:43:35+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-21T18:59:34+00:00","description":"MSD is committed to advancing research and development efforts for our investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine and making a meaningful impact on the pandemic.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.msd.com/research/covid-19/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.msd.com/research/covid-19/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.msd.com/research/covid-19/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Research","item":"https://www.msd.com/research/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"COVID-19"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.msd.com/#website","url":"https://www.msd.com/","name":"MSD","description":"Just another vip2-msd.com site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.msd.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.cookielaw.org' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='classic-theme-styles-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='qm-object-cache-style-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/qm-plugins/qm-object-cache/css/style.css?ver=0.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='Mco-styles-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/css/style.min.css?ver=20190301' media='all' /> <script defer="defer" src="//cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js?ver=6.2.6" data-domain-script="3c1feeed-021f-44ed-b95f-e7b3893406d3"></script><script>function OptanonWrapper() { }</script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/1232202" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.msd.com/?p=1232202' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msd.com%2Fresearch%2Fcovid-19%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msd.com%2Fresearch%2Fcovid-19%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.0.2 --> <script> var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({"user":{"role":"visitor","isLoggedIn":false}}); dataLayer.push({"site":[]}); </script> <script> ( function( w, d, s, l, i ) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0], j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l !== 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f ); } )( window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-5RNMJT9' ); </script> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#ffffff"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <style> :root { --colorTextPrimary: #000000; --colorPrimary: #00857C; --colorPrimaryLight: #6ECEB2; --colorPrimaryDark: #005C55; --colorPrimaryDarkBlue: #0C2340; --colorSecondaryLime: #BFED33; --colorSecondaryLemon: #FFF063; --colorSecondaryPastelBlue: #69B8F7; --colorSecondaryVistaBlue: #688CE8; --colorSecondaryRichBlue: #5450E4; --colorBlack: #000000; --colorWhite: #FFFFFF; --colorOffWhite: #F7F7F7; --colorGray: #757575; --colorWarning: #FE0000; --colorSuccess: #029A01; --colorInfo: #1058A4; --colorGrayHRTwenty: #75757533; --colorGrayHRTen: #7575751a; } </style> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="jbgepcydpyfkx68nozzvbokfdi4dsj" /> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-1232202 page-child parent-pageid-47 no-sidebar"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5RNMJT9&#038;user%5Brole%5D=visitor&#038;user%5BisLoggedIn%5D=0&#038;" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-dark-grayscale"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 0.49803921568627" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.49803921568627" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 0.49803921568627" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-grayscale"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-purple-yellow"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.54901960784314 0.98823529411765" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.71764705882353 0.25490196078431" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-blue-red"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.27843137254902" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.5921568627451 0.27843137254902" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-midnight"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.64705882352941" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-magenta-yellow"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.78039215686275 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.94901960784314" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.35294117647059 0.47058823529412" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-purple-green"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.65098039215686 0.40392156862745" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.44705882352941 0.4" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-blue-orange"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.098039215686275 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.66274509803922" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.84705882352941 0.41960784313725" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation"> <div class="wrapper header-wrapper"> <div class="site-branding"> <p class="site-title"> <a href="https://www.msd.com/" rel="home" title="MSD"> <img class="site-logo" src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/msd-logo.svg" alt="Site logo" /> </a> </p> </div><!-- .site-branding --> <div id="mastheadMenu"> <button id="siteSearchToggle" class="btn" aria-controls="site-search" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="menu-toggle-text-open"> <img src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/search-white.svg" alt="menu icon" /> <span>Search everything</span> </span> <span class="menu-toggle-text-close"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/close.svg" alt="close icon" />Close </span> </button> <button id="siteNavigationToggle" class="btn menu-toggle" aria-controls="menuMain" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="menu-toggle-text-open"> <img src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/burger-white.svg" alt="menu icon" />Menu </span> <span class="menu-toggle-text-close"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/close.svg" alt="close icon" />Close </span> </button> </div> </div><!-- .header-wrapper --> </nav><!-- #site-navigation --> <nav id="site-menu" class="main-menu menu-header-template"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="menucrumb" href="#">Main menu</a> <div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menuMain" class="menu-main level-0 menu-open"><li id="menu-item-1217089" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217089"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/">Company</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-1217093" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217093"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/">Who we are</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1236924" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1236924"><a href="https://www.msd.com/what-we-do/">What we do</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217094" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217094"><a href="https://www.msd.com/stories/">Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1220725" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1220725"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217096" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217096"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/">Sustainability</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-1220593" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1220593"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/">Sustainability overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1220594" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1220594"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/philanthropy/">Philanthropy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1223902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1223902"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/msd-medical-outreach-program/">MSD Medical Outreach Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1223995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1223995"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/impact-investing/">Impact Venture Fund</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1224347" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1224347"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/transparency-disclosures/">Transparency disclosures</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1224908" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1224908"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/sustainability-resources/">Sustainability resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1217097" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217097"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/leadership/">Leadership</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-1217108" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217108"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/leadership/">Leadership overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217109"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/leadership/board-of-directors/">Board of directors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217110"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/leadership/executive-team/">Executive team</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1217104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217104"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/">Culture &amp; values</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-1217111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217111"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/">Culture &#038; values overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217112"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/code-of-conduct/">Code of conduct, ethics &amp; compliance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1217105" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217105"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/diversity-and-inclusion/">Diversity &amp; inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217106"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/policies-and-positions/">Policies &amp; positions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217100" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217100"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/suppliers/">Suppliers</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-1217099" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217099"><a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/suppliers/">Suppliers overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1217113"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://msd.quantumsds.com/">Supplier registration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1228797" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1228797"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://suppliers.msd.com/">Supplier help for Ariba</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1217092" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217092"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/">Research</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-1217114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-1217114"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/">Research overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217122" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217122"><a href="#">Areas of focus</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-1217117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217117"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/oncology/">Oncology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217115"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/vaccines/">Vaccines</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217116"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/infectious-diseases/">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217118"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/cardio-metabolic-disorders/">Cardio-metabolic diseases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1237516" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1237516"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/immunology/">Immunology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1239463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1239463"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/neuroscience/">Neuroscience</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1230383" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1230383"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/product-pipeline/">Pipeline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1244139" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1244139"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/business-development-and-licensing/">Business development and licensing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1240736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1240736"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/publications/">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1236056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1236056"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/meet-our-scientists/">Meet our scientists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1217120" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217120"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/discovery-development/">How we invent</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1228666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1228666"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/rd-locations/">R&#038;D locations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1238766" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1238766"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/clinical-trials/">Clinical Trials</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-1238767" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1238767"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/clinical-trials/">Clinical trials overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1238768" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1238768"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/diversity-in-clinical-trials/">Diversity in clinical trials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1227770" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1227770"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/safety-data-sheets/">Safety data sheets (SDS)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1243280" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1243280"><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/patent/">Product patents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1217091" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217091"><a href="https://www.msd.com/patients/">Patients</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-1217123" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217123"><a href="https://www.msd.com/patients/">Patients overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1243279" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1243279"><a href="https://www.msd.com/patients/play-an-active-role-in-your-health-care/">Play an active role in your health care</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1219488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1219488"><a href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en">Careers</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-1219489" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219489"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219490" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219490"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/search-results">Search jobs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219491" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1219491"><a href="#">Our divisions</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-1219492" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219492"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/research-laboratories">Research &#038; development</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219493"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/manufacturing">Manufacturing &#038; supply</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219494"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/human-health">Human Health</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219495"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/animal-health">Animal Health</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219496" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219496"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/global-support-functions">Global support functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1219497" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219497"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/student-opportunities">Student opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219498" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219498"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/compensation-benefits">Compensation &#038; benefits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219499" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219499"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/how-we-hire">How we hire</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219501" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219501"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/events">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1219502" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1219502"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/jointalentcommunity?applyType=JTC">Talent community</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1217090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1217090"><a href="https://www.msd.com/media/">Media</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-1217126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217126"><a href="https://www.msd.com/media/">Media overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1221480" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1221480"><a href="https://www.msd.com/media/company-statements/">Company statements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1237598" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1237598"><a href="https://www.msd.com/media/company-fact-sheet/">Company fact sheet</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> <div class="side-section"> <div class="image"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 1279px)" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2024/01/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-pur.jpg?resize=370,418"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2024/01/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-pur.jpg?resize=486,432"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2024/01/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-pur.jpg?resize=486,432" alt="researcher in lab"> </picture> </div> <div class="tagline"></div> <h4>Who we are</h4> <a class="btn" href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/" title="Learn more" target="">Learn more</a> </div> <div class="bottom-section"> <a class="btn" href="https://www.msd.com/contact-us/">Contact us</a> <p> <a href="#" rel="noopener" class="site-selector-toggler" style="background: none !important;">Worldwide</a> <small>See our worldwide locations and country contact information</small> </p> </div> </div> </nav><!-- #site-menu --> <nav id="site-menu-2" class="main-menu site-selector-nav"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="menucrumb">Main menu</a> <div class="menu-main-menu-container"> <span class="text-descriptive">Change location</span> <ul id="menuMain2" class="menu-main level-0 menu-open"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children"> <a href="#msd">The Americas</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page site-selector"> <div class="site-selctor-grid-container-us"> <div> <p>Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA is known as MSD outside of the <a href="https://www.merck.com/" target="_blank" style="background: none;">United States</a> and <a href="http://www.merck.ca/en/home/" target="_blank" style="background: none;">Canada</a>.</p> </div> <div> <span>MSD</span> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://www.msd.com.ar" target="_blank">Argentina</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://www.msdonline.com.br" target="_blank">Brazil</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://corporativo.msdchile.cl/" target="_blank">Chile</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://corporativo.msd.com.co/" target="_blank">Colombia</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://www.corporativo.msd.co.cr/" target="_blank">Costa Rica</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://www.corporativo.msd.com.ec/" target="_blank">Ecuador</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://www.corporativo.msd.com.mx/" target="_blank">Mexico</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="https://www.corporativo.msd.com.pe" target="_blank">Peru</a> </div> <div class="us-msd-link-container"> <a href="http://www.msd.com.ve/" target="_blank">Venezuela</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children"> <a href="#msd">Europe</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page site-selector"> <span>MSD</span> <div class="site-selctor-grid-container"> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.at" target="_blank">Austria</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-belgium.be/" target="_blank">Belgium</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-bulgaria.com/Bulgarian/home/" target="_blank">Bulgaria</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.hr/" target="_blank">Croatia</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd-cyprus.com.cy/" target="_blank">Cyprus</a> </div> <div> <span class="text-muted">Czech Republic</span>&nbsp; <a href="https://www.msd.cz/" target="_blank">Czech</a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://www.msd.cz/en/" target="_blank">English</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.dk/" target="_blank">Denmark</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.ee/" target="_blank">Estonia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.fi/" target="_blank">Finland</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.com/nm/fr/" target="_blank">France</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.de/" target="_blank">Germany</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.gr/" target="_blank">Greece</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.hu/" target="_blank">Hungary</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-ireland.com/" target="_blank">Ireland</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.co.il/" target="_blank">Israel</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-italia.it/" target="_blank">Italy</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.lv/home/" target="_blank">Latvia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.lt/" target="_blank">Lithuania</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.nl/" target="_blank">Netherlands</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.no/" target="_blank">Norway</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd.pl/home/" target="_blank">Poland</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://msd.pt/" target="_blank">Portugal</a> </div> <div> <span class="text-muted">Romania</span>&nbsp; <a href="https://www.msd.ro/English/home/" target="_blank">English</a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://www.msd.ro/Romanian/home/" target="_blank">Romanian</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.ru/" target="_blank">Russia</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd.rs/" target="_blank">Serbia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.sk/" target="_blank">Slovakia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.si/" target="_blank">Slovenia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.es/" target="_blank">Spain</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.se/" target="_blank">Sweden</a> </div> <div> <span class="text-muted">Switzerland</span>&nbsp; <a href="https://www.msd.ch/en/home/" target="_blank">English</a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://www.msd.ch/fr/home/" target="_blank">French</a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://www.msd.ch/de/home/" target="_blank">German</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd-uk.com/index.xhtml" target="_blank">UK</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.ua/" target="_blank">Ukraine</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children"> <a href="#msd">Asia Pacific</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page site-selector"> <span>MSD</span> <div class="site-selctor-grid-container"> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-australia.com.au" target="_blank">Australia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msdchina.com.cn/" target="_blank">China</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd.com.hk/en/home/" target="_blank">Hong Kong</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msdindia.in" target="_blank">India</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-indonesia.com/" target="_blank">Indonesia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.co.jp/" target="_blank">Japan</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-malaysia.com/" target="_blank">Malaysia</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd-newzealand.com/home/" target="_blank">New Zealand</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd.com.ph/" target="_blank">Philippines</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-singapore.com/" target="_blank">Singapore</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-korea.com/" target="_blank">South Korea</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.com.tw/" target="_blank">Taiwan</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-thailand.com/" target="_blank">Thailand</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.msd-vietnam.com/vietnamese/" target="_blank">Vietnam</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children"> <a href="#msd">Middle East & Africa</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page site-selector"> <span>MSD</span> <div class="site-selctor-grid-container"> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-egypt.com/" target="_blank">Egypt</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd-saudi.com/" target="_blank">Saudi Arabia</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.co.za/" target="_blank">South Africa</a> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.msd.com.tr/" target="_blank">Turkiye</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="bottom-section"> <a class="btn" href="https://www.msd.com/contact-us/worldwide-locations/">View all locations and contact information</a> <p> <small>Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA is known as MSD outside of the <a href="https://www.merck.com/" target="_blank" style="display: inline-block; background: none;">United States</a> and <a href="http://www.merck.ca/en/" target="_blank" style="display: inline-block; background: none;">Canada</a>.</small> </p> </div> </div> </nav> <form id="site-search" role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.msd.com" autocomplete="off"> <h1>What can we help you find?</h1> <div id="site-search-box" class="input-box"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="text" class="search-field" placeholder="Search here …" value="" name="s" aria-label="Search site"> <button type="submit" class="submit search-submit" aria-label="Search"></button> </div> </form> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-1232202" class="post-1232202 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div id="mco-b2-hero-block-block_fa7b8a52ccb36b357669b5fe48cc6123" class="mco-b2-hero-block full msdberg-block"> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-wrapper"> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-image-section "> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-image-container "> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/11/covid-19-response-hero.jpg?resize=348,324"> <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px)" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/11/covid-19-response-hero.jpg?resize=341,524"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/11/covid-19-response-hero.jpg?resize=666,664"> <img data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/11/covid-19-response-hero.jpg?resize=666,664" alt="Hero Image" class="lazyload" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-image-container-two"> <div class='mco-b2-hero-block-green-box'></div> </div> </div> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-content-section"> <div class="breadcrumbs wrapper text-descriptive"><span><span><a href="https://www.msd.com/research/">Research</a></span> &gt; <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">COVID-19</span></span></div> <h1>Our COVID-19 efforts</h1> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-description"><p>As a company with a long legacy of research in vaccines and <a href="https://www.msd.com/research/infectious-diseases/">infectious diseases</a>, we’ve been committed to advancing an effective response to COVID-19 since it was first recognized.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-modal popup" style="display: none;"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-modal-content popup-content"> </div> </div> </div> <script> let b2_hero_block_modal_triggers = document.getElementsByClassName('mco-b2-hero-block-toggle-btn'); let b2_hero_block_video_type = document.getElementsByClassName('mco-b2-hero-block-video-type'); let b2_hero_block_youtube_url = document.getElementsByClassName('mco-b2-hero-block-youtube-url'); let b2_hero_block_brightcove_info = document.getElementsByClassName('mco-b2-hero-block-brightcove-info'); let b2_hero_block_modals = document.getElementsByClassName('mco-b2-hero-block-modal'); for(let i = 0; i < b2_hero_block_modal_triggers.length; i++) { let trigger = b2_hero_block_modal_triggers[i]; let video_type = b2_hero_block_video_type[i].textContent; let youtube_url = b2_hero_block_youtube_url[i].textContent; let brightcove_info = b2_hero_block_brightcove_info[i].textContent; let modal = b2_hero_block_modals[i]; let modal_content_div = modal.getElementsByClassName('mco-b2-hero-block-modal-content')[0]; trigger.addEventListener('click', function () { if (modal.style.display == "none") { // Load Video Content if (video_type == 'youtube') { // Insert YouTube Iframe into Div let youtube_video_id = youtube_url.split('=')[1].split('&#038;')[0] modal_content_div.innerHTML = `<iframe width='933' height='525' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/${youtube_video_id}' frameborder='0' allow='accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture' allowfullscreen></iframe>`; } else { // Insert Brightcove Video Info Into Div let account_id = brightcove_info.split(":")[0]; let video_id = brightcove_info.split(":")[1]; modal_content_div.innerHTML = `<video class='video-js vjs-fluid mco-featured-stories-e1-video' data-account='${account_id}' data-player='default' data-embed='default' controls='' data-video-id='${video_id}' data-playlist-id='' data-application-id='' width='960' height='540'></video>`; let brightcove_videos = document.getElementsByClassName("mco-featured-stories-e1-video"); for (let i = 0; i < brightcove_videos.length; i++) { let video = brightcove_videos[i]; let script = document.createElement("script"); script.async = true; script.src = "https://players.brightcove.net/" + account_id + "/default_default/index.min.js"; video.parentNode.insertBefore(script, video.nextSibling); } } } modal.style.display = modal.style.display == "none" ? "block" : "none"; }); modal.addEventListener('click', function(e) { if (e.target.classList.contains("mco-b2-hero-block-modal") || e.target.classList.contains('popup-wrapper')) { modal.setAttribute('style', 'display: none;'); } }); } </script> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">We've been focused on contributing our scientific expertise and experience to help address COVID-19.</h4> <div class="wp-block-columns border-top-1 is-layout-flex wp-container-3"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:32%"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Our investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine</h3> <h3 class="wp-block-heading mr-2"></h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow"> <p>In collaboration with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, we advanced our research and development efforts for our investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine. We continue to make a meaningful impact with this important tool for physicians, patients and the health care system. </p> <p>We're working with health authorities to make our oral antiviral treatment available globally. </p> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns border-top-1 is-layout-flex wp-container-6"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:32%"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading mr-2">Our commitment to access </h3> <h3 class="wp-block-heading mr-2"></h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow"> <p>We have a long track record of making our medicines and vaccines accessible and affordable. Our comprehensive supply and access strategy has enabled timely and broad access to our investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine to patients around the world, including in low- and middle-income countries. &nbsp; </p> <p>Our approach includes purchase and supply agreements with the governments of several countries worldwide. Additionally, we signed <a href="https://www.msd.com/news/amid-humanitarian-crisis-in-india-msd-announces-voluntary-licensing-agreements-with-five-indian-generics-manufacturers-to-accelerate-and-expand-global-access-to-molnupiravir-an-investigational-oral/">voluntary license agreements</a> with multiple generic manufacturers and the <a href="https://www.msd.com/news/the-medicines-patent-pool-mpp-and-msd-enter-into-license-agreement-for-molnupiravir-an-investigational-oral-antiviral-covid-19-medicine-to-increase-broad-access-in-low-and-middle-income-countries/">Medicines Patent Pool</a> to help make generic versions of our treatment option available to more than 100 low- and middle-income countries. We’ve also allocated up to 3 million courses of therapy to UNICEF for low- and middle-income countries. </p> <p>Through our licensing agreements with generics manufacturers and the Medicines Patent Pool, more than 5 million courses of generic therapy have been delivered to 22 low- and middle-income markets included in the licenses through December 2022.&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns border-top-1 is-layout-flex wp-container-9"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:32%"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading mr-2">Clinical trials</h3> <h3 class="wp-block-heading mr-2"></h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow"> <p>We continue our research efforts to study our oral antiviral medicine in other infectious diseases.</p> <p></p> </div> </div> <div style="height:50px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Stepping up to combat COVID-19 as a company</h2> <div id="mco-title-block-block_7281127e0a617c72635c79fcf36e848b" class="mco-title-block msdberg-block mt-2 mb-2 aligncenter" > <div class="wrapper"> <div class="mco-title-block-content"> <h2 class="mco-title-block-title"> </h2> <p class="mco-title-block-description"><p style="text-align: left">Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, we&#8217;ve prioritized the health, safety and well-being of our employees and their families, and supported our health care providers and our communities, including through volunteer and donation efforts. Our work continues, and we&#8217;ll further support efforts to fight COVID-19.</p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-1232202 --> </main><!-- #main --> </div><!-- #primary --> </div><!-- #content --> <script>console.log("https:\/\/www.msd.com\/research\/vaccines\/");</script><script>console.log("https:\/\/www.msd.com\/research\/infectious-diseases\/");</script><script>console.log("https:\/\/www.msd.com\/research\/");</script><div class="related-content-container"> <h2>Related links</h2> <div class="related-content-section"> <div class="related-content-item"> <a href="https://www.msd.com/research/vaccines/" target="" title="Vaccines"> <div class="related-content-item-image-contianer"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/vaccines.jpeg?resize=321,196"> <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/vaccines.jpeg?resize=314,280"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/vaccines.jpeg?resize=404,268"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/vaccines.jpeg?resize=404,268" alt="related content image #1"> </picture> </div> <div class="related-content-content-container"> <p><strong>Vaccines</strong></p> <p class="realted-content-excerpt">Vaccines are one of the greatest public health success stories — and we&#039;ve been discovering, developing, supplying and delivering vaccines to help prevent disease for over 130 years.</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="related-content-item"> <a href="https://www.msd.com/research/infectious-diseases/" target="" title="Infectious diseases"> <div class="related-content-item-image-contianer"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/infection-disease.jpeg?resize=321,196"> <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/infection-disease.jpeg?resize=314,280"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/infection-disease.jpeg?resize=404,268"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/05/infection-disease.jpeg?resize=404,268" alt="related content image #2"> </picture> </div> <div class="related-content-content-container"> <p><strong>Infectious diseases</strong></p> <p class="realted-content-excerpt">Our focus has always been on the prevention and treatment of diseases that threaten people and communities around the world.</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="related-content-item"> <a href="https://www.msd.com/research/" target="" title="Research"> <div class="related-content-item-image-contianer"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2024/07/Head-Photo-e1720562968577.jpg?resize=321,196"> <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2024/07/Head-Photo-e1720562968577.jpg?resize=314,280"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2024/07/Head-Photo-e1720562968577.jpg?resize=404,268"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2024/07/Head-Photo-e1720562968577.jpg?resize=404,268" alt="related content image #3"> </picture> </div> <div class="related-content-content-container"> <p><strong>Research</strong></p> <p class="realted-content-excerpt"> We believe research is the will to conquer the impossible and that science will lead the way.</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footerMain" class="footer"> <div id="footerSocial"> <div class="wrapper"> <h3>Connect with us on social</h3> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/MSDInvents" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/twitter-brands.svg 1x, https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/twitter-brands.svg 2x" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/twitter-brands.svg" alt="social icon"/> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MSDInvents" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/facebook-f-brands.svg 1x, https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/facebook-f-brands.svg 2x" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/facebook-f-brands.svg" alt="social icon"/> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/msd-global" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/linkedin-brands.svg 1x, https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/linkedin-brands.svg 2x" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/linkedin-brands.svg" alt="social icon"/> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/msdinvents/" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/instagram-brands.svg 1x, https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/instagram-brands.svg 2x" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/instagram-brands.svg" alt="social icon"/> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChHvXY_b3cgM_Bvb2J-B5-Q" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/youtube-brands.svg 1x, https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/youtube-brands.svg 2x" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/youtube-brands.svg" alt="social icon"/> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="footerPrograms"> <div class="column col-one"> <input type="checkbox" id="columnOne" class="checkbox-toggle"> <label for="columnOne" class="column-header">For patients and health care professionals</label> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.msdmanuals.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MSD Manuals</a> <br/> Medical information source covering thousands of topics in all fields of medicine </li> <li> <a href="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clinical trials</a> <br/> Learn about our clinical trials and find available studies </li> </ul> </div> <div class="column col-two"> <input type="checkbox" id="columnTwo" class="checkbox-toggle"> <label for="columnTwo" class="column-header">Sustainability</label> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.msd.com/company-overview/sustainability/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impact Report</a> <br/> Reporting on our commitment to operating responsibly to benefit society </li> <li> <a href="https://www.msdformothers.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MSD for Mothers</a> <br/> An initiative to create a world where no woman has to die giving life </li> </ul> </div> <div class="column col-three"> <input type="checkbox" id="columnThree" class="checkbox-toggle"> <label for="columnThree" class="column-header">About MSD</label> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.msd-animal-health.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MSD Animal Health</a> <br/> The global animal health business unit of MSD </li> <li> <a href="https://www.msd.com/contact-us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Contact Us</a> <br/> If you have a question or need more information about us, find out who you should contact. </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="footerCopyrightLogos"> <div id="footerCopyright"> <div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menuFooter" class="footer-links"><li id="menu-item-1217128" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217128"><a href="https://www.msd.com/forward-looking-statement/">Forward-looking statement</a></li><li id="menu-item-1217131" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1217131"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com">Cookie policy</a></li><li class="menu-item"><button id="menu-item-1217132" class="ot-sdk-show-settings menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1217132"><a href="#">Cookie Preferences</a></button></li><li id="menu-item-1217133" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1217133"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-1217129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217129"><a href="https://www.msd.com/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a></li><li id="menu-item-1226364" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1226364"><a href="https://www.msdaccessibility.com/">Accessibility</a></li><li id="menu-item-1217130" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1217130"><a href="https://www.msd.com/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></li></ul></div> <small> Copyright © 2025 Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved. </small> </div> <div id="footerLogos"> <a href="https://www.essentialaccessibility.com/msd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/images/accessibility.png" alt="This Web Accessibility icon serves as a link to download eSSENTIAL Accessibility assistive technology software for individuals with physical disabilities. It is being featured as part of a Disability Community Involvement initiative that reflects our commitment to Diversity, Inclusion,Corporate Citizenship and Social Responsibility."/> </a> <!-- Truste badges --> <a href="//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid= " target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img style="border: none" class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="//privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid= " alt="View Privacy Shield Verification Status"/> </a> <a href="//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid= " target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img style="border: none" class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="//privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid= " alt="View APEC CBPR Privacy Certification Status"/> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer><!-- #footerMain --> </div><!-- #page --> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mco-hero-block-css-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/plugins/cex-wpvip-mhh-msdberg/hero-block/css/style.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mco-title-block-css-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/plugins/cex-wpvip-mhh-msdberg/title-block/css/style.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='related-content-styles-css' href='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/css/related-content-section.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-container-3.wp-container-3,.wp-container-6.wp-container-6,.wp-container-9.wp-container-9{flex-wrap:nowrap;} </style> <script defer="defer" src='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/js/plugins.min.js?ver=20190301' id='Mco-plugins-js'></script> <script defer="defer" src='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-msd-theme/js/scripts.min.js?ver=20190301' id='Mco-scripts-js'></script> <script defer="defer" src='https://unpkg.com/micromodal/dist/micromodal.min.js?ver=6.2.6' id='tiny-modal-js-js'></script> <script defer="defer" src='https://www.msd.com/wp-content/plugins/cex-wpvip-mhh-msdberg/hero-block/js/index.js?ver=6.2.6' id='hero-modal-block-js-js'></script> <div id="externalLinkModal" class="popup" style="display: none;"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content foward-guide-modal-content"> <h3>You are leaving MSD.com</h3> <div class="forward-guidance-content"> <p id="externalLinkModalMessage" style="max-width: 31.25rem;"></p> </div> <div class="btn-container text-center"> <a href="javascript:void()" class="btn tertiary" title="" onclick="document.getElementById('externalLinkModal').style.display = 'none';">Cancel</a> <a href="" target="_blank" class="btn tertiary negative" id="externalLinkModalBtn">Continue</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> let whitelist_domains = "-develop.go-vip.net/msd,-preprod.go-vip.net/msd,vip2-msd.com/msd,msd.com,q4cdn.com,cloudfront.net,wpvip-safety-data-sheets.s3.amazonaws.com,google.com/calendar,outlook.live.com/calendar,calendar.yahoo.com,jobs.msd.com,msdresponsibility.com,msdprivacy.com,msd,localhost,msdlicensing.com,msd-animal-health.com,facebook.com,twitter.com,linkedin.com,mailto:,tel:,javascript:void"; let whitelist_domains_array = whitelist_domains.split(','); whitelist_domains_array.unshift(document.location.hostname); // External Links try { // Switching to MutationObserver to apply External Link feature to dynamic DOM. // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const mhh_el_observer_config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: true }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mhh_el_observer_callback = function(mutationsList, observer) { // Use traditional 'for loops' for IE 11 for(const mutation of mutationsList) { // Updated from document.links to querySelectorAll so that multiple event listeners aren't attached. let links = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a:not(.external-link)')); for (let i = 0; i < links.length; i++) { let link = links[i]; if (!shouldWhitelistDomain(link.href) && !link.classList.contains('external-link')) { link.classList.add('external-link'); link.addEventListener("click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); let message = getLinkContent(link.href); document.getElementById('externalLinkModalMessage').textContent = message; document.getElementById('externalLinkModalBtn').href = this.href; document.getElementById('externalLinkModalBtn').setAttribute('onclick', 'document.getElementById(\'externalLinkModal\').style.display = "none";'); document.getElementById('externalLinkModal').style.display = document.getElementById('externalLinkModal').style.display === 'none' ? 'block' : 'none'; }); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mhh_el_observer_observer = new MutationObserver(mhh_el_observer_callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mhh_el_observer_observer.observe(document.querySelector('#page'), mhh_el_observer_config); } catch(ex) { console.log(ex); } function getLinkContent(link) { try { let message = htmlDecode("The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. We do not review or control the content of any third-party site. We do not endorse and are not responsible for the accuracy, content, practices, or standards of any third-party sources."); if (link.indexOf('merck.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("You are now leaving this website. By continuing, you will be directed to a site intended only for residents of the United States and Canada. We are called MSD everywhere, except in the United States and Canada where we are known as Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA"); } if (link.indexOf('merck.ca') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("You are now leaving this website. By continuing, you will be directed to a site intended only for residents of the United States and Canada. We are called MSD everywhere, except in the United States and Canada where we are known as Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA"); } if (link.indexOf('jobs.merck.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("You are now leaving this website. By continuing, you will be directed to a site intended only for residents of the United States and Canada. We are called MSD everywhere, except in the United States and Canada where we are known as Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA"); } if (link.indexOf('merckorders.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("You are now leaving this website. By continuing, you will be directed to a site intended only for residents of the United States and Canada. We are called MSD everywhere, except in the United States and Canada where we are known as Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA"); } if (link.indexOf('msd.versaic.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. We do not review or control the content of any third-party site. We do not endorse and are not responsible for the accuracy, content, practices, or standards of any third-party sources."); } if (link.indexOf('https://msd.versaic.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. We do not review or control the content of any third-party site. We do not endorse and are not responsible for the accuracy, content, practices, or standards of any third-party sources."); } if (link.indexOf('www.msd.versaic.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. We do not review or control the content of any third-party site. We do not endorse and are not responsible for the accuracy, content, practices, or standards of any third-party sources."); } if (link.indexOf('http://msd.versaic.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. We do not review or control the content of any third-party site. We do not endorse and are not responsible for the accuracy, content, practices, or standards of any third-party sources."); } if (link.indexOf('versaic.com') !== -1) { message = htmlDecode("The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. We do not review or control the content of any third-party site. We do not endorse and are not responsible for the accuracy, content, practices, or standards of any third-party sources."); } return message; } catch(ex) { console.log(ex); } } function htmlDecode(input){ if (input === '') return ''; var e = document.createElement('div'); e.innerHTML = input; return e.childNodes[0].nodeValue; } function shouldWhitelistDomain(link){ return whitelist_domains_array.some(domain => new RegExp(domain).test(link)); } </script> <script> var utag_data = { page_type : "research", page_audience : "patients and consumers", page_therapeuticarea : "infectious diseases", page_reputationdriver : "innovation", page_contenttopic : "innovation", page_secondarycontenttag : "covid-19", page_theme : "infectious diseases", page_milestone : "none" } ; utag_data.page_datepublished = "2023-06-05 12:43:35"; utag_data.page_datemodified = "2024-05-21 14:59:34"; dataLayer.push(utag_data); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* * FileSaver.js * A saveAs() FileSaver implementation. * * By Eli Grey, http://eligrey.com * * License : https://github.com/eligrey/FileSaver.js/blob/master/LICENSE.md (MIT) * source : http://purl.eligrey.com/github/FileSaver.js */ // The one and only way of getting global scope in all environments // https://stackoverflow.com/q/3277182/1008999 var _global = typeof window === 'object' && window.window === window ? window : typeof self === 'object' && self.self === self ? self : typeof global === 'object' && global.global === global ? global : this function bom (blob, opts) { if (typeof opts === 'undefined') opts = { autoBom: false } else if (typeof opts !== 'object') { console.warn('Deprecated: Expected third argument to be a object') opts = { autoBom: !opts } } // prepend BOM for UTF-8 XML and text/* types (including HTML) // note: your browser will automatically convert UTF-16 U+FEFF to EF BB BF if (opts.autoBom && /^\s*(?:text\/\S*|application\/xml|\S*\/\S*\+xml)\s*;.*charset\s*=\s*utf-8/i.test(blob.type)) { return new Blob([String.fromCharCode(0xFEFF), blob], { type: blob.type }) } return blob } function download (url, name, opts) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest() xhr.open('GET', url) xhr.responseType = 'blob' xhr.onload = function () { saveAs(xhr.response, name, opts) } xhr.onerror = function () { console.error('could not download file') } xhr.send() } function corsEnabled (url) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest() // use sync to avoid popup blocker xhr.open('HEAD', url, false) try { xhr.send() } catch (e) {} return xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status <= 299 } // `a.click()` doesn't work for all browsers (#465) function click (node) { try { node.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('click')) } catch (e) { var evt = document.createEvent('MouseEvents') evt.initMouseEvent('click', true, true, window, 0, 0, 0, 80, 20, false, false, false, false, 0, null) node.dispatchEvent(evt) } } // Detect WebView inside a native macOS app by ruling out all browsers // We just need to check for 'Safari' because all other browsers (besides Firefox) include that too // https://www.whatismybrowser.com/guides/the-latest-user-agent/macos var isMacOSWebView = /Macintosh/.test(navigator.userAgent) && /AppleWebKit/.test(navigator.userAgent) && !/Safari/.test(navigator.userAgent) var saveAs = _global.saveAs || ( // probably in some web worker (typeof window !== 'object' || window !== _global) ? function saveAs () { /* noop */ } // Use download attribute first if possible (#193 Lumia mobile) unless this is a macOS WebView : ('download' in HTMLAnchorElement.prototype && !isMacOSWebView) ? function saveAs (blob, name, opts) { var URL = _global.URL || _global.webkitURL var a = document.createElement('a') name = name || blob.name || 'download' a.download = name a.rel = 'noopener' // tabnabbing // TODO: detect chrome extensions & packaged apps // a.target = '_blank' if (typeof blob === 'string') { // Support regular links a.href = blob if (a.origin !== location.origin) { corsEnabled(a.href) ? download(blob, name, opts) : click(a, a.target = '_blank') } else { click(a) } } else { // Support blobs a.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob) setTimeout(function () { URL.revokeObjectURL(a.href) }, 4E4) // 40s setTimeout(function () { click(a) }, 0) } } // Use msSaveOrOpenBlob as a second approach : 'msSaveOrOpenBlob' in navigator ? function saveAs (blob, name, opts) { name = name || blob.name || 'download' if (typeof blob === 'string') { if (corsEnabled(blob)) { download(blob, name, opts) } else { var a = document.createElement('a') a.href = blob a.target = '_blank' setTimeout(function () { click(a) }) } } else { navigator.msSaveOrOpenBlob(bom(blob, opts), name) } } // Fallback to using FileReader and a popup : function saveAs (blob, name, opts, popup) { // Open a popup immediately do go around popup blocker // Mostly only available on user interaction and the fileReader is async so... popup = popup || open('', '_blank') if (popup) { popup.document.title = popup.document.body.innerText = 'downloading...' } if (typeof blob === 'string') return download(blob, name, opts) var force = blob.type === 'application/octet-stream' var isSafari = /constructor/i.test(_global.HTMLElement) || _global.safari var isChromeIOS = /CriOS\/[\d]+/.test(navigator.userAgent) if ((isChromeIOS || (force && isSafari) || isMacOSWebView) && typeof FileReader !== 'undefined') { // Safari doesn't allow downloading of blob URLs var reader = new FileReader() reader.onloadend = function () { var url = reader.result url = isChromeIOS ? url : url.replace(/^data:[^;]*;/, 'data:attachment/file;') if (popup) popup.location.href = url else location = url popup = null // reverse-tabnabbing #460 } reader.readAsDataURL(blob) } else { var URL = _global.URL || _global.webkitURL var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob) if (popup) popup.location = url else location.href = url popup = null // reverse-tabnabbing #460 setTimeout(function () { URL.revokeObjectURL(url) }, 4E4) // 40s } } ) _global.saveAs = saveAs.saveAs = saveAs if (typeof module !== 'undefined') { module.exports = saveAs; } /*! ics.js Wed Sept 14 2017 */ var ics=function(e,t){"use strict";{if(!(navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE")>-1&&-1==navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 10"))){void 0===e&&(e="default"),void 0===t&&(t="Calendar");var r=-1!==navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Win")?"\r\n":"\n",n=[],i=["BEGIN:VCALENDAR","PRODID:"+t,"VERSION:2.0"].join(r),o=r+"END:VCALENDAR",a=["SU","MO","TU","WE","TH","FR","SA"];return{events:function(){return n},calendar:function(){return i+r+n.join(r)+o},addEvent:function(t,i,o,l,u,s){if(void 0===t||void 0===i||void 0===o||void 0===l||void 0===u)return!1;if(s&&!s.rrule){if("YEARLY"!==s.freq&&"MONTHLY"!==s.freq&&"WEEKLY"!==s.freq&&"DAILY"!==s.freq)throw"Recurrence rrule frequency must be provided and be one of the following: 'YEARLY', 'MONTHLY', 'WEEKLY', or 'DAILY'";if(s.until&&isNaN(Date.parse(s.until)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'until' must be a valid date string";if(s.interval&&isNaN(parseInt(s.interval)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'interval' must be an integer";if(s.count&&isNaN(parseInt(s.count)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'count' must be an integer";if(void 0!==s.byday){if("[object Array]"!==Object.prototype.toString.call(s.byday))throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' must be an array";if(s.byday.length>7)throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' array must not be longer than the 7 days in a week";s.byday=s.byday.filter(function(e,t){return s.byday.indexOf(e)==t});for(var c in s.byday)if(a.indexOf(s.byday[c])<0)throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' values must include only the following: 'SU', 'MO', 'TU', 'WE', 'TH', 'FR', 'SA'"}}var g=new Date(l),d=new Date(u),f=new Date,S=("0000"+g.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),E=("00"+(g.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),v=("00"+g.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),y=("00"+g.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),A=("00"+g.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),T=("00"+g.getSeconds().toString()).slice(-2),b=("0000"+d.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),D=("00"+(d.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),N=("00"+d.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),h=("00"+d.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),I=("00"+d.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),R=("00"+d.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),M=("0000"+f.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),w=("00"+(f.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),L=("00"+f.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),O=("00"+f.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),p=("00"+f.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),Y=("00"+f.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),U="",V="";y+A+T+h+I+R!=0&&(U="T"+y+A+T,V="T"+h+I+R);var B,C=S+E+v+U,j=b+D+N+V,m=M+w+L+("T"+O+p+Y);if(s)if(s.rrule)B=s.rrule;else{if(B="rrule:FREQ="+s.freq,s.until){var x=new Date(Date.parse(s.until)).toISOString();B+=";UNTIL="+x.substring(0,x.length-13).replace(/[-]/g,"")+"000000Z"}s.interval&&(B+=";INTERVAL="+s.interval),s.count&&(B+=";COUNT="+s.count),s.byday&&s.byday.length>0&&(B+=";BYDAY="+s.byday.join(","))}(new Date).toISOString();var H=["BEGIN:VEVENT","UID:"+n.length+"@"+e,"CLASS:PUBLIC","DESCRIPTION:"+i,"DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+m,"DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+C,"DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+j,"LOCATION:"+o,"SUMMARY;LANGUAGE=en-us:"+t,"TRANSP:TRANSPARENT","END:VEVENT"];return B&&H.splice(4,0,B),H=H.join(r),n.push(H),H},download:function(e,t){if(n.length<1)return!1;t=void 0!==t?t:".ics",e=void 0!==e?e:"calendar";var a,l=i+r+n.join(r)+o;if(-1===navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 10"))a=new Blob([l]);else{var u=new BlobBuilder;u.append(l),a=u.getBlob("text/x-vCalendar;charset="+document.characterSet)}return saveAs(a,e+t),l},build:function(){return!(n.length<1)&&i+r+n.join(r)+o}}}console.log("Unsupported Browser")}}; function GenerateICS(title, description, start, end) { let cal = new ics(); cal.addEvent(decodeURIComponent(title), decodeURIComponent(description), "", start, end); cal.download(decodeURIComponent(title)); } </script><script> /* https://stackoverflow.com/a/26633844/3019650 */ if (!window.CSS || !CSS.supports('color', 'var(--fake-var)')) { (function (a, b, c, d) { a = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/css-vars-ponyfill@2'; b = document; c = 'script'; d = b.createElement(c); d.src = a; d.type = 'text/java' + c; d.async = true; a = b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0]; a.parentNode.insertBefore(d, a); })(); function deferCssVars(method) { if (typeof cssVars === "function") { method(); } else { setTimeout(function () { deferCssVars(method) }, 50); } } deferCssVars(function () { cssVars() }); } </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10