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<li id="toc-Lister's_first_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lister's_first_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Lister's first operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lister's_first_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microscope_experiments_1852" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscope_experiments_1852"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Microscope experiments 1852 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscope_experiments_1852-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observations_on_the_Contractile_Tissue_of_the_Iris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations_on_the_Contractile_Tissue_of_the_Iris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3.1 Observations on the Contractile Tissue of the Iris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations_on_the_Contractile_Tissue_of_the_Iris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations_on_the_Muscular_Tissue_of_the_Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations_on_the_Muscular_Tissue_of_the_Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3.2 Observations on the Muscular Tissue of the Skin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations_on_the_Muscular_Tissue_of_the_Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Graduation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_profession_1854" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_profession_1854"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Surgical profession 1854 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_profession_1854-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edinburgh_1853–1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edinburgh_1853–1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Edinburgh 1853–1860 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Edinburgh_1853–1860-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Edinburgh 1853–1860 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Edinburgh_1853–1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-James_Syme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Syme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 James Syme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Syme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_in_Edinburgh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_in_Edinburgh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Arrival in Edinburgh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_in_Edinburgh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extramural_lecturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extramural_lecturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Extramural lecturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extramural_lecturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistant_surgeoncy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistant_surgeoncy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Assistant surgeoncy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistant_surgeoncy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_physiology_and_pathology_1853–1859" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_physiology_and_pathology_1853–1859"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Contributions to physiology and pathology 1853–1859 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_physiology_and_pathology_1853–1859-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1855:_Beginning_of_inflammation_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1855:_Beginning_of_inflammation_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 1855: Beginning of inflammation research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1855:_Beginning_of_inflammation_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1856_Beginning_of_coagulation_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1856_Beginning_of_coagulation_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 1856 Beginning of coagulation research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1856_Beginning_of_coagulation_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1856_On_the_minute_structure_of_involuntary_muscle_fibre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1856_On_the_minute_structure_of_involuntary_muscle_fibre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.3 1856 On the minute structure of involuntary muscle fibre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1856_On_the_minute_structure_of_involuntary_muscle_fibre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1857_On_the_flow_of_the_lacteal_fluid_in_the_mesentery_of_the_mouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1857_On_the_flow_of_the_lacteal_fluid_in_the_mesentery_of_the_mouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.4 1857 On the flow of the lacteal fluid in the mesentery of the mouse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1857_On_the_flow_of_the_lacteal_fluid_in_the_mesentery_of_the_mouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_papers_on_the_origin_and_mechanism_of_inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_papers_on_the_origin_and_mechanism_of_inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.5 Seven papers on the origin and mechanism of inflammation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_papers_on_the_origin_and_mechanism_of_inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1858_An_Inquiry_Regarding_the_Parts_of_the_Nervous_System_Which_Regulate_the_Contractions_of_the_Arteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1858_An_Inquiry_Regarding_the_Parts_of_the_Nervous_System_Which_Regulate_the_Contractions_of_the_Arteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.6 1858 An Inquiry Regarding the Parts of the Nervous System Which Regulate the Contractions of the Arteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1858_An_Inquiry_Regarding_the_Parts_of_the_Nervous_System_Which_Regulate_the_Contractions_of_the_Arteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1858_On_the_Cutaneous_Pigmentary_System_of_the_Frog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1858_On_the_Cutaneous_Pigmentary_System_of_the_Frog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.7 1858 On the Cutaneous Pigmentary System of the Frog </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1858_On_the_Cutaneous_Pigmentary_System_of_the_Frog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1858_On_the_early_stages_of_inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1858_On_the_early_stages_of_inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.8 1858 On the early stages of inflammation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1858_On_the_early_stages_of_inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_a_Case_of_Spontaneous_Gangrene_from_Arteritis,_and_on_the_Causes_of_Coagulation_of_the_Blood_in_Diseases_of_the_Blood-Vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_a_Case_of_Spontaneous_Gangrene_from_Arteritis,_and_on_the_Causes_of_Coagulation_of_the_Blood_in_Diseases_of_the_Blood-Vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.9 On a Case of Spontaneous Gangrene from Arteritis, and on the Causes of Coagulation of the Blood in Diseases of the Blood-Vessels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_a_Case_of_Spontaneous_Gangrene_from_Arteritis,_and_on_the_Causes_of_Coagulation_of_the_Blood_in_Diseases_of_the_Blood-Vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1858_Preliminary_account_of_an_inquiry_into_the_functions_of_the_visceral_nerves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1858_Preliminary_account_of_an_inquiry_into_the_functions_of_the_visceral_nerves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.10 1858 Preliminary account of an inquiry into the functions of the visceral nerves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1858_Preliminary_account_of_an_inquiry_into_the_functions_of_the_visceral_nerves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notice_of_further_researches_on_the_coagulation_of_the_blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notice_of_further_researches_on_the_coagulation_of_the_blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.11 Notice of further researches on the coagulation of the blood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notice_of_further_researches_on_the_coagulation_of_the_blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glasgow_appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glasgow_appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Glasgow appointment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glasgow_appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glasgow_1860–1869" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glasgow_1860–1869"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Glasgow 1860–1869 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glasgow_1860–1869-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Glasgow 1860–1869 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Glasgow_1860–1869-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 University life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_to_surgeoncy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_surgeoncy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Election to surgeoncy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_surgeoncy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holmes_System_of_Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holmes_System_of_Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Holmes System of Surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holmes_System_of_Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croonian_Lecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croonian_Lecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Croonian Lecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croonian_Lecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_excision_of_the_wrist_for_caries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_excision_of_the_wrist_for_caries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 On excision of the wrist for caries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_excision_of_the_wrist_for_caries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edinburgh_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edinburgh_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Edinburgh position </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edinburgh_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pasteur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pasteur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Pasteur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pasteur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbolic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbolic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Carbolic acid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbolic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiseptic_system_1865–1867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiseptic_system_1865–1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Antiseptic system 1865–1867 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antiseptic_system_1865–1867-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Antiseptic system 1865–1867 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Antiseptic_system_1865–1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Hospitalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860's_surgery_and_pathological_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860's_surgery_and_pathological_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 1860's surgery and pathological theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860's_surgery_and_pathological_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Early experiments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiseptic_treatment_and_dressings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiseptic_treatment_and_dressings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Antiseptic treatment and dressings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiseptic_treatment_and_dressings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_Greenlees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Greenlees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 James Greenlees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Greenlees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improved_dressing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improved_dressing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Improved dressing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improved_dressing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_a_new_method_of_treating_compound_fracture,_abscess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_a_new_method_of_treating_compound_fracture,_abscess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_a_new_method_of_treating_compound_fracture,_abscess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carcinoma_of_the_breast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carcinoma_of_the_breast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Carcinoma of the breast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carcinoma_of_the_breast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiseptic_principle_of_the_practice_of_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiseptic_principle_of_the_practice_of_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Antiseptic principle of the practice of surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiseptic_principle_of_the_practice_of_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrations_of_the_antiseptic_system_of_treatment_in_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations_of_the_antiseptic_system_of_treatment_in_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Illustrations of the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations_of_the_antiseptic_system_of_treatment_in_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_reception_of_antisepsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_reception_of_antisepsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 First reception of antisepsis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_reception_of_antisepsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simpson's_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simpson's_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10.1 Simpson's attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simpson's_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_experimentalist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_experimentalist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 First experimentalist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_experimentalist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edinburgh_1869–1877" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edinburgh_1869–1877"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Edinburgh 1869–1877 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Edinburgh_1869–1877-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Edinburgh 1869–1877 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Edinburgh_1869–1877-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sprays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sprays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_1877–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_1877–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 London 1877–1900 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-London_1877–1900-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle London 1877–1900 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-London_1877–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moving_to_Regents_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_to_Regents_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Moving to Regents Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_to_Regents_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introductory_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductory_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Introductory address </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductory_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wiring_of_fractured_patellas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiring_of_fractured_patellas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Wiring of fractured patellas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiring_of_fractured_patellas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_abroad_(1870–1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_abroad_(1870–1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reception abroad (1870–1876) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_abroad_(1870–1876)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception abroad (1870–1876) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_abroad_(1870–1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Later life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lister_Memorial_Fund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lister_Memorial_Fund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Lister Memorial Fund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lister_Memorial_Fund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Awards and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Medals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Academic societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Monuments and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_(journals_and_proceedings)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_(journals_and_proceedings)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.1 Articles (journals and proceedings) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_(journals_and_proceedings)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joseph_Lister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Lister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.1.1 Joseph Lister </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Lister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis_Pasteur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_Pasteur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.1.2 Louis Pasteur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_Pasteur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.2 Books and monographs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joseph_Lister_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Lister_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.2.1 Joseph Lister </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Lister_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters_and_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters_and_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.3 Chapters and contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters_and_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries_and_encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries_and_encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.4 Dictionaries and encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries_and_encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectures_and_addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectures_and_addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.5 Lectures and addresses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectures_and_addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.6 Letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.7 Medical registers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.8 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.9 Theses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2.10 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Joseph Lister</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جوزف ليستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزف ليستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_Lister" title="Cozef Lister – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozef Lister" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جوزف لیستر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزف لیستر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জোসেফ লিস্টার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোসেফ লিস্টার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джозеф Листер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джозеф Листер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Джозеф Лістэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джозеф Лістэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джоузеф Листър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джоузеф Листър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_Barwn_1af_Lister" title="Joseph Lister, Barwn 1af Lister – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joseph Lister, Barwn 1af Lister" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1._baron_Lister" title="Joseph Lister, 1. baron Lister – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph Lister, 1. baron Lister" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1._Baron_Lister" title="Joseph Lister, 1. Baron Lister – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Lister, 1. Baron Lister" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Τζόζεφ Λίστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόζεφ Λίστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جوزف لیستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف لیستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="조지프 리스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 리스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ժոզեֆ Լիստեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժոզեֆ Լիստեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="जोसेफ लिस्टर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोसेफ लिस्टर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="ג'וזף ליסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף ליסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9ph_Lister" title="Joséph Lister – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Joséph Lister" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಲಿಸ್ಟರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಲಿಸ್ಟರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯოზეფ ლისტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯოზეფ ლისტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Листер, Жозеф – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Листер, Жозеф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEozefs_Listers" title="Džozefs Listers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džozefs Listers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Џозеф Листер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џозеф Листер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="ജോസഫ് ലിസ്റ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോസഫ് ലിസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯოზეფ ლისტერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოზეფ ლისტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جوزف ليستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوزف ليستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жозеф Листер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жозеф Листер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%87%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျိုးဇက် လစ်စတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိုးဇက် လစ်စတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ジョゼフ・リスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョゼフ・リスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="جوزف لسٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوزف لسٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="جوزف لیسټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوزف لیسټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Листер, Джозеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Листер, Джозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D" title="जोसेफ् लिस्टर् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जोसेफ् लिस्टर्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Џозеф Листер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џозеф Листер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1:e_baron_Lister" title="Joseph Lister, 1:e baron Lister – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Lister, 1:e baron Lister" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜோசப் லிஸ்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜோசப் லிஸ்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="โจเซฟ ลิสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจเซฟ ลิสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джозеф Лістер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозеф Лістер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="لسٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joseph Lister" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="约瑟夫·李斯特，第一代李斯特男爵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·李斯特，第一代李斯特男爵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British scientist, surgeon and antiseptic pioneer (1827–1912)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lord Lister" redirects here. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Joseph Lister (disambiguation)">Joseph Lister (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lord Lister (disambiguation)">Lord Lister (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Lister</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons">FRCS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg/220px-Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg/330px-Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg/440px-Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lister in 1902</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">37th <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1895–1900</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">The Lord Kelvin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">Sir William Huggins</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1827-04-05)5 April 1827 <a href="/wiki/Upton_House,_Newham" title="Upton House, Newham">Upton House</a>, West Ham, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1912(1912-02-10) (aged 84) <a href="/wiki/Walmer" title="Walmer">Walmer</a>, Kent, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Cemetery" title="Hampstead Cemetery">Hampstead Cemetery</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Syme_Lister" title="Agnes Syme Lister">Agnes Syme</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1856; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1893)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_Lister" title="Joseph Jackson Lister">Joseph Jackson Lister</a> (1786–1869)</li><li>Isabella Harris</li></ul></div> (1792–1864)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Lister's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Joseph_Lister_signature.png/128px-Joseph_Lister_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Joseph_Lister_signature.png 1.5x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="52" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgical <a href="/wiki/Sterile_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterile technique">sterile techniques</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1880)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a> (1890)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1894)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1902)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">FRCSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">FRCPGlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons">FRCS</a> (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright2023-1">[1]</a>) was a British <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a>, medical scientist, experimental <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathologist</a> and pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Aseptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseptic">antiseptic surgery</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons200294–99-2">[2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright2023-1">[1]</a> Joseph Lister revolutionised the craft of surgery in the same manner that <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> revolutionised the science of surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihan1927-3">[3]</a> From a technical viewpoint, Lister was not an exceptional surgeon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons200294–99-2">[2]</a> but his research into <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounds">wounds</a> revolutionised surgery throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1928-4">[4]</a> Lister's contributions were four-fold. Firstly, as a surgeon at the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary" title="Glasgow Royal Infirmary">Glasgow Royal Infirmary</a>, he introduced carbolic acid (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>) as a <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">steriliser</a> for surgical instruments, patients' skins, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sutures</a>, surgeons' hands, and wards, promoting the principle of <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a>. Secondly, he researched the role of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">tissue perfusion</a> in the healing of wounds. Thirdly, he advanced diagnostic science by analyzing specimens using microscopes. Fourthly, he devised strategies to increase the chances of survival after surgery. His most important contribution, however, was recognising that <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a> in wounds is caused by germs, in connection to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>'s then-novel <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_theory" title="Fermentation theory">fermentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999144-7">[6]</a> Lister's work led to a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Post-operative_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-operative infections">post-operative infections</a> and made surgery safer for patients, leading to him being distinguished as the "father of modern surgery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Lister was born to a prosperous, educated <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> family in the village of <a href="/wiki/Upton_House,_Newham" title="Upton House, Newham">Upton</a>, then near but now in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> England. He was the fourth child and second son of four sons and three daughters<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194921–22-10">[9]</a> born to gentleman scientist and <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> merchant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_Lister" title="Joseph Jackson Lister">Joseph Jackson Lister</a> and school assistant Isabella Lister née Harris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19245-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201820-12">[11]</a> The couple married in a ceremony held in <a href="/wiki/Ackworth,_West_Yorkshire" title="Ackworth, West Yorkshire">Ackworth, West Yorkshire</a> on 14 July 1818.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194920-13">[12]</a> Lister's paternal great-great-grandfather, Thomas Lister was the last of several generations of farmers who lived in <a href="/wiki/Bingley" title="Bingley">Bingley</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194918-14">[13]</a> Lister joined the Society of Friends as a young man and passed his beliefs on to his son, Joseph Lister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194918-14">[13]</a> He moved to London in 1720 to open a tobacconist's shop<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194918-14">[13]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aldersgate" title="Aldersgate">Aldersgate Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19241-15">[14]</a> His son, John Lister, was born there. Lister's grandfather was apprenticed to watchmaker, Isaac Rogers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody197355-16">[15]</a> in 1752 and followed that trade on his own account in Bell Alley, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a> from 1759 to 1766. He then took over his father's tobacco business,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194918-14">[13]</a> but gave it up in 1769 in favour of working at his father-in-law Stephen Jackson's business as a wine-merchant at No 28 Old Wine and Brandy Values on <a href="/wiki/Lothbury" title="Lothbury">Lothbury</a> Street, opposite Tokenhouse Yard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194919-17">[16]</a> His father was a pioneer in the design of <a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">achromatic</a> object lenses for use in <a href="/wiki/Compound_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound microscope">compound microscopes</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> He spent 30 years perfecting the microscope, and in the process, discovered the Law of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aplanatic_Foci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aplanatic Foci (page does not exist)">Aplanatic Foci</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1893347-18">[17]</a> building a microscope where the image point of one lens coincided with the focal point of another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> Up until that time, the best higher magnification lenses produced an excessive secondary aberration known as a <a href="/wiki/Coma_(optics)" title="Coma (optics)">coma</a>, which interfered with normal use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> It was considered a major advance that elevated <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> into an independent science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2011-19">[18]</a> By 1832, Lister's work had built a reputation sufficient to enable his being elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1920-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2016376-21">[20]</a> His mother, Isabella, was the youngest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Master_mariner" title="Master mariner">master mariner</a> Anthony Harris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19244-22">[21]</a> Isabella worked at the <a href="/wiki/Ackworth_School" title="Ackworth School">Ackworth School</a>, a Quaker school for the poor, assisting her widowed mother, the <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(education)" title="Superintendent (education)">superintendent</a> of the school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19244-22">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Parents</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabella_Lister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Josephs's mother, Isabella Harris, in 1839" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Isabella_Lister.jpg/152px-Isabella_Lister.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Isabella_Lister.jpg/228px-Isabella_Lister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Isabella_Lister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="384" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Isabella Harris ca. 1839</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Jackson_Lister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Josephs's father, Joseph Jackson Lister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Joseph_Jackson_Lister.jpg/132px-Joseph_Jackson_Lister.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Joseph_Jackson_Lister.jpg/198px-Joseph_Jackson_Lister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Joseph_Jackson_Lister.jpg/264px-Joseph_Jackson_Lister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1362" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Joseph Jackson Lister</div></div></div></div></div> The eldest daughter of the couple was Mary Lister. On 21 August 1851, she married the barrister Rickman Godlee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2006-23">[22]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a>, who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Friends meeting house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plaistow,_Newham" title="Plaistow, Newham">Plaistow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Court_Magazine_and_Monthly_Critic184511-24">[23]</a> The couple had six children. Their second child was <a href="/wiki/Rickman_Godlee" title="Rickman Godlee">Rickman Godlee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgeon</a> who became Professor of Clinical Surgery at the <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2006-23">[22]</a> and surgeon to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. He became Lister's biographer in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2006-23">[22]</a> The eldest son of Joseph and Isabella Lister was John Lister, who died of a painful brain tumour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDormandy2004262-25">[24]</a> With John's death, Joseph became the heir of the family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDormandy2004262-25">[24]</a> The couple's second daughter was Isabella Sophia Lister, who married Irish Quaker Thomas Pim<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaun2009-26">[25]</a> in 1848. Lister's other brother William Henry Lister died after a long illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194921–22-10">[9]</a> The youngest son was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lister" title="Arthur Lister">Arthur Lister</a>, a wine merchant, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanist</a> and lifelong Quaker, who studied <a href="/wiki/Mycetozoa" title="Mycetozoa">Mycetozoa</a>. He worked alongside his daughter <a href="/wiki/Gulielma_Lister" title="Gulielma Lister">Gulielma Lister</a> to produce the standard monograph on Mycetozoa. By 1898, Lister's work had built a reputation sufficient to enable his election to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENature1908-27">[26]</a> Gulielma Lister, a talented artist, later updated the standard monograph with colour drawings. Her work built a reputation sufficient to be elected a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society</a> in 1904. She becoming its vice-president in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilvieHarvey200393-28">[27]</a> The couple's last child was Jane Lister; she married widower Smith Harrison, a wholesale tea merchant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckWellsChalkley1888331-29">[28]</a> After their marriage, the Listers lived at 5 Tokenhouse Yard in <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">Central London</a> for three years until 1822, where they ran a <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port wine</a> business in partnership with Thomas Barton Beck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner-Thorpe20019-30">[29]</a> Beck was the grandfather of the professor of surgery and proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Beck" title="Marcus Beck">Marcus Beck</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> who would later promote Lister's discoveries in his fight to introduce antiseptics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakula1985-32">[31]</a> In 1822, Lister's family moved to Stoke Newington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19247-33">[32]</a> In 1826, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Upton_House,_Newham" title="Upton House, Newham">Upton House</a>, a long low <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne style</a> mansion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19247-33">[32]</a> that came with 69 acres of land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191323-34">[33]</a> It had been rebuilt in 1731, to suit the style of the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell197350–57-35">[34]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Early homes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Upton_House_Drawing_by_Mary_Lister.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Upton House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upton_House_Drawing_by_Mary_Lister.png/288px-Upton_House_Drawing_by_Mary_Lister.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upton_House_Drawing_by_Mary_Lister.png/432px-Upton_House_Drawing_by_Mary_Lister.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upton_House_Drawing_by_Mary_Lister.png/576px-Upton_House_Drawing_by_Mary_Lister.png 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="499" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Upton House. The watercolour was created by his older sister, Mary Joseph</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School">School</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: School">edit</a>]</div> As a child, Lister had a stammer and this was possibly why he was educated at home until he was eleven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2004-36">[35]</a> Lister then attended Isaac Brown and Benjamin Abbott's Academy, a private<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> Quaker school in <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15-38">[37]</a> When Lister was thirteen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2004-36">[35]</a> he attended <a href="/wiki/Grove_House_School" title="Grove House School">Grove House School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tottenham" title="Tottenham">Tottenham</a>, also a private Quaker School<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15-38">[37]</a> to study mathematics, natural science, and languages. His father was insistent that Lister received a good grounding in French and German, in the knowledge he would learn Latin at school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19242-39">[38]</a> From an early age, Lister was strongly encouraged by his father<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> and would talk about his father's great influence later in life, particularly in encouraging him in his study of natural history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2004-36">[35]</a> Lister's interest in natural history led him to <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">study bones</a> and to collect and dissect small animals and fish that were examined using his father's microscope<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1920-20">[19]</a> and then drawn using the <a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">camera lucida</a> technique that his father had explained to him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> or sketched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15-38">[37]</a> His father's interests in microscopical research developed in Lister the determination to become a surgeon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1920-20">[19]</a> and prepared him for a life of scientific research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> None of Lister's relatives were in the medical profession. According to Godlee, the decision to become a physician seemed to be an entirely spontaneous decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192414-40">[39]</a> In 1843 his father decided to send him to university. As Lister was unable to attend either <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> or the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> owing to the <a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">religious tests</a> that effectively barred him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> he decided to apply to the non-sectarian <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> <a href="/wiki/UCL_Medical_School" title="UCL Medical School">Medical School</a> (UCL), one of only a few institutions in Great Britain that accepted Quakers at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBankston200517-41">[40]</a> Lister took the public examination in the junior class of botany, a required course that would enable him to matriculate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a26-42">[41]</a> Lister left school in the spring of 1844 when he was seventeen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15-38">[37]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Schools that Lister attended</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Lister_Hotel_Hitchin_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benjamin Abbott's Isaac Brown Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lord_Lister_Hotel_Hitchin_2017.jpg/231px-Lord_Lister_Hotel_Hitchin_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lord_Lister_Hotel_Hitchin_2017.jpg/347px-Lord_Lister_Hotel_Hitchin_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lord_Lister_Hotel_Hitchin_2017.jpg/462px-Lord_Lister_Hotel_Hitchin_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2039" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Lord Lister Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a>, formerly Isaac Brown and Benjamin Abbott's Academy, where Lister was a student from 1838 to 1841</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:255px;max-width:255px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Grove_House_from_Bruce_Castle_Museum_and_Archive_collections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grove School in Tottenham, 1842" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Grove_House_from_Bruce_Castle_Museum_and_Archive_collections.jpg/253px-Grove_House_from_Bruce_Castle_Museum_and_Archive_collections.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Grove_House_from_Bruce_Castle_Museum_and_Archive_collections.jpg/380px-Grove_House_from_Bruce_Castle_Museum_and_Archive_collections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Grove_House_from_Bruce_Castle_Museum_and_Archive_collections.jpg/506px-Grove_House_from_Bruce_Castle_Museum_and_Archive_collections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1359" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Grove House, a private Quaker school in Tottenham. A lithograph by W.D. Sparkes in 1842.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University">University</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: University">edit</a>]</div> In 1844, just before Lister's seventeenth birthday, he moved to an apartment at 28 London Road that he shared with Edward Palmer, also a Quaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201829-43">[42]</a> Between 1844 and 1845, Lister continued his pre-matriculation studies, in Greek, Latin and <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197734-44">[43]</a> In the Latin and Greek classes, he won a "Certificate of Honour".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a-45">[44]</a> For the experimental natural philosophy class, Lister won first prize and was awarded a copy of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a>'s "Recreations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangensteenWangensteen1974-46">[45]</a> Although his father wanted him to continue his general education,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194924-47">[46]</a> the university had demanded since 1837, that each student obtain a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (BA) degree before commencing medical training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2000194-48">[47]</a> Lister matriculated in August 1845, initially studying for a BA in <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197738-49">[48]</a> Between 1845 and 1846, Lister studied the mathematics of natural philosophy, mathematics and Greek earning a "Certificate of Honour" in each class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a-45">[44]</a> Between 1846 and 1847, Lister studied both <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a> (chemistry) and won a prize for his essay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a-45">[44]</a> On 21 December 1846, Lister and Palmer attended <a href="/wiki/Robert_Liston" title="Robert Liston">Robert Liston</a>'s famous operation where <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> was applied by Lister's classmate, William Squire to <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anaesthetise</a> a patient for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquire1888-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> On 23 December 1847, Lister and Palmer moved to 2 Bedford Place and were joined by John Hodgkin, the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin" title="Thomas Hodgkin">Thomas Hodgkin</a> who discovered <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201840-52">[51]</a> Lister and Hodgkin had been school friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201840-52">[51]</a> In December 1847, Lister graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Arts 1st division, with a distinction in classics and botany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> While he was studying, Lister suffered from a mild bout of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, a year after his elder brother died of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> The bereavement combined with the stress of his classes led to a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder#Definition" title="Mental disorder">nervous breakdown</a> in March 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201855-53">[52]</a> Lister's nephew Godlee used the term to describe the situation and is perhaps indicative that adolescence was just as difficult in 1847, as it is now.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> Lister decided to take a long holiday<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> to recuperate and this delayed the start of his studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> In late April 1848, Lister visited the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> with Hodgkin and by 7 June 1848, he was visiting <a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201844-54">[53]</a> At the end of June, Lister accepted an invitation to stay in the home of Thoman Pim, a Dublin Quaker. Using it as his base, Lister travelled throughout Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">[54]</a> On 1 July 1848, Lister received a letter full of warmth and love from his father where his last meeting was "...sunshine after a refreshing shower, following a time of cloud" and advised him to "cherish a pious cheerful spirit, open to see and to enjoy the bounties and the beauties spread around us :—not to give way to turning thy thoughts upon thyself nor even at present to dwell long on serious things".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> From 22 July 1848, for more than a year, the record is blank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_student">Medical student</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical student">edit</a>]</div> Lister registered as a medical student in the winter of 1849<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201845-57">[56]</a> and became active in the University Debating Society and the Hospital Medical Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> In the autumn of 1849, he returned to college with a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> given to him by his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> After completing courses in anatomy, physiology and surgery, he was awarded a "Certificate of Honours", winning the silver medal in anatomy and physiology and a gold medal in botany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a26-42">[41]</a> His main lecturers were <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Robert Edmond Grant</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Viner_Ellis" title="George Viner Ellis">George Viner Ellis</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Benjamin Carpenter</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence" title="Medical jurisprudence">medical jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> Lister often spoke highly of Lindley and Graham in his writings, but <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wharton_Jones" title="Thomas Wharton Jones">Wharton Jones</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmic medicine</a> and surgery, and <a href="/wiki/William_Sharpey" title="William Sharpey">William Sharpey</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, exercised the greatest influence on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> He was greatly attracted by Dr. Sharpey's lectures, which inspired in him a love of experimental physiology and histology that never left him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19006-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> praised Wharton Jones for the method and quality of his physiology lectures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> As a clinical scientist working in physiological sciences, he was foremost in the number of discoveries he made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> He was also considered a brilliant ophthalmic surgeon, his main field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> He conducted research into the circulation of blood and the phenomena of inflammation, carried out on the frog's web<a href="#cite_note-59">[b]</a> and the bat's wing, and no doubt suggested this method of research to Lister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> Sharpey was called the father of modern physiology as he was the first to give a series of lectures on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> Prior to that the field had been considered part of anatomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> Sharpey studied at Edinburgh University, then went to Paris to study clinical surgery under French anatomist <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dupuytren" title="Guillaume Dupuytren">Guillaume Dupuytren</a> and operative surgery under <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lisfranc_de_St._Martin" title="Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin">Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin</a>. Sharpey met Syme while in Paris and became the two became life-long friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416-37">[36]</a> After he moved to Edinburgh he taught anatomy with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Thomson" title="Allen Thomson">Allen Thomson</a> as his physiological colleague. He left Edinburgh in 1836, to become the first Professor of Physiology. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:842px;max-width:842px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lister's university and his lecturers</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:UCL_Gower_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gower street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UCL_Gower_Street.jpg/185px-UCL_Gower_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UCL_Gower_Street.jpg/278px-UCL_Gower_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UCL_Gower_Street.jpg/370px-UCL_Gower_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gower street entrance to the university</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Wharton_Jones2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wharton Jones, published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Wharton_Jones2.jpg/103px-Thomas_Wharton_Jones2.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Wharton_Jones2.jpg/155px-Thomas_Wharton_Jones2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Wharton_Jones2.jpg/206px-Thomas_Wharton_Jones2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="2552" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wharton Jones</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Sharpey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="William Sharpey, taken in 1874" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/William_Sharpey.jpg/104px-William_Sharpey.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/William_Sharpey.jpg/156px-William_Sharpey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/William_Sharpey.jpg/208px-William_Sharpey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1392" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">William Sharpey</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flore_des_serres_v16_093a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John Lindley, English Botanist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flore_des_serres_v16_093a.jpg/95px-Flore_des_serres_v16_093a.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flore_des_serres_v16_093a.jpg/143px-Flore_des_serres_v16_093a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flore_des_serres_v16_093a.jpg/190px-Flore_des_serres_v16_093a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2266" data-file-height="3306" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">John Lindley</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Graham_Litho.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thomas Graham, taken in 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thomas_Graham_Litho.JPG/107px-Thomas_Graham_Litho.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thomas_Graham_Litho.JPG/161px-Thomas_Graham_Litho.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thomas_Graham_Litho.JPG/214px-Thomas_Graham_Litho.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1639" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thomas Graham</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Grant72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Robert Grant, taken in 1852" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Robert_Grant72.jpg/110px-Robert_Grant72.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Robert_Grant72.jpg/165px-Robert_Grant72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Robert_Grant72.jpg/220px-Robert_Grant72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="2578" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Robert Grant</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Carpenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="William Carpenter, date is unknown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Carpenter.jpg/110px-William_Carpenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Carpenter.jpg/165px-William_Carpenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Carpenter.jpg/220px-William_Carpenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1086" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">William Carpenter</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clinical_instruction">Clinical instruction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical instruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microscope,_English,_1830-1850,_given_to_Lord_Lister_by_his_Wellcome_L0057966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Microscope%2C_English%2C_1830-1850%2C_given_to_Lord_Lister_by_his_Wellcome_L0057966.jpg/220px-Microscope%2C_English%2C_1830-1850%2C_given_to_Lord_Lister_by_his_Wellcome_L0057966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Microscope%2C_English%2C_1830-1850%2C_given_to_Lord_Lister_by_his_Wellcome_L0057966.jpg/330px-Microscope%2C_English%2C_1830-1850%2C_given_to_Lord_Lister_by_his_Wellcome_L0057966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Microscope%2C_English%2C_1830-1850%2C_given_to_Lord_Lister_by_his_Wellcome_L0057966.jpg/440px-Microscope%2C_English%2C_1830-1850%2C_given_to_Lord_Lister_by_his_Wellcome_L0057966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>The microscope given to Lister in 1849 by his father J.J. Lister who designed it. This is the third in a set of three built by James Smith. It is an Achromatic microscope with a compound automatic objective and graduated automatic objective<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellcome_Historical_Medical_Museum1927134-60">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> To qualify for his degree, Lister had to complete two years of clinical instruction,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2000194-48">[47]</a> and began his residency at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a> in October 1850.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201845-57">[56]</a> as an intern and then house physician to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hayle_Walshe" title="Walter Hayle Walshe">Walter Hayle Walshe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> professor of pathological anatomy and author of the 1846 study, The Nature and Treatment of Cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalshe1846-61">[59]</a> Lister in 1850 again received "Certificates of Honours" and won two gold medals in anatomy and a silver medal each in surgery and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a26-42">[41]</a> In his second year in 1851, Lister became first a dresser in January 1851<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">[60]</a> then a house surgeon to <a href="/wiki/John_Eric_Erichsen" title="John Eric Erichsen">John Eric Erichsen</a> in May 1851.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> Erichsen was professor of surgery<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> and author of the 1853 Science and Art of Surgery,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErichsen1853-63">[61]</a> described as one of the most celebrated English-language textbooks on surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">[60]</a> The book went through many editions; <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Beck" title="Marcus Beck">Marcus Beck</a> edited the eighth and ninth, adding Lister's antiseptic techniques and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Pasteur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2012-64">[62]</a> Lister's first case notes were recorded on 5 February 1851. As a dresser, his immediate superior was <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Thompson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet">Henry Thompson</a>, who recalled "..a shy Quaker...I remember that he had a better microscope than any man in the college".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201842-65">[63]</a> Lister had only just begun working in his role as dresser to Erichsen in January 1851, when an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a> broke out in the male ward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> An infected patient from an Islington workhouse was left in Erichsen's surgical ward for two hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> The hospital had been free of infection but within days there were twelve cases of infection and four deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> In his notebook, Lister stated that the disease was a form of surgical fever, and particularly noted that recent surgical patients were infected the worst, but that those with older surgeries with suppurating wounds, 'mostly escaped'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> It was while Lister worked for Erichsen, that his interest in the healing of wounds began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> Erichsen was a <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">miasmist</a> who thought the wounds became infected from miasmas from the wound itself that caused a noxious form of "bad air" that spread to other patients in the ward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> Erichsen believed that seven patients with an infected wound had saturated of the ward with "bad air", which spread to cause gangrene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> However Lister saw that some wounds, when <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debrided</a> and cleaned, would sometimes heal. He believed that something in the wound itself was at fault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> When he became a house surgeon, Lister had patients put in his charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">[60]</a> For the first time, he came into contact face-to-face with various forms of blood-poisoning diseases like <a href="/wiki/Pyaemia" title="Pyaemia">pyaemia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924562-66">[64]</a> and hospital gangrene, which rots living tissue with a remarkable rapidity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999-67">[65]</a> While examining in an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> an excision of the elbow of a little boy who had died of <a href="/wiki/Pyaemia" title="Pyaemia">pyaemia</a>, Lister noticed that a thick yellow-<a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> was present at the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus bone</a>, and distended the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_veins" title="Brachial veins">brachial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axillary_vein" title="Axillary vein">axillary veins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19007-68">[66]</a> He also noticed that the pus advanced in the reverse direction along the veins, bypassing the valves in the veins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19007-68">[66]</a> He also found suppuration in a knee-joint and multiple <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a> in the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19007-68">[66]</a> Lister knew that <a href="/wiki/Charles-Emmanuel_S%C3%A9dillot" title="Charles-Emmanuel Sédillot">Charles-Emmanuel Sédillot</a> had discovered that multiple abscesses in the lungs were caused by introducing pus into the veins of an animal. At the time he could not explain the facts but believed the pus in the organs had a <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastatic</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19007-68">[66]</a> On 2 October 1900, during <a href="/wiki/The_Huxley_Lecture" title="The Huxley Lecture">The Huxley Lecture</a>, Lister described how his interest in the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a> and how it applied to surgery began with his investigation into the death of that little boy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2014-69">[67]</a> There was an epidemic of gangrene during his surgeoncy. The treatment method was to chloroform the patient, scrape the soft slough off and burn the necrotic flesh away with <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_nitrate" title="Mercury(II) nitrate">mercury pernitrate</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">[60]</a> Occasionally the treatment would succeed, but when a grey film appeared at the edges of the wound, it presaged death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">[60]</a> In one patient, the repeated treatment failed several times, so Erichsen amputated the limb, which healed fine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19009-70">[68]</a> Lister recognised was that the disease was a "local poison" and probably parasitic in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19009-70">[68]</a> He examined the diseased tissues under his microscope. He saw peculiar objects that he could not identify, as he had no frame of reference to draw conclusions from these observations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">[60]</a> In his notebook he recorded: <blockquote>I imagined they might be the materies morbi in the form of some kind of fungus.<a href="#cite_note-71">[c]</a></blockquote> Lister wrote two papers on the epidemics; but both were lost: Hospital gangrene<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> and Microscope. They were read to the Student Medical Society at UCL.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lister's_first_operation">Lister's first operation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lister's first operation">edit</a>]</div> On 26 June 2013, medical historian Ruth Richardson and orthopaedic surgeon Bryan Rhodes published a paper in which they described their discovery of Lister's first operation, made while both were researching his career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> At 1 pm on 27 June 1851, Lister, a second-year medical student working at a casualty ward in Gower Street, conducted his first operation. Julia Sullivan, a mother of eight grown children, had been stabbed in the abdomen by her husband, a drunk and ne'er-do-well, who was taken into custody.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose2014-72">[69]</a> On 15 September 1851, Lister was called as a witness to the husband's trial at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose2014-72">[69]</a> His testimony helped convict the husband, who was <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">transported to Australia</a> for 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose2014-72">[69]</a> About a yard of <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> about eight inches across, damaged in two places, protruded from the woman's lower <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, which had three open wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> After cleaning the intestines with blood-warm water, Lister was unable to place them back into the body, so he decided to extend the cut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> then placed them back into the abdomen, and sewed and <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sutured</a> the wounds shut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> He administered <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> to induce <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> and enable the intestines to recover. Sullivan recovered her health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> This was a full decade before his first public operation in the Glasgow Infirmary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> This operation was missed by historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> Liverpool consultant surgeon John Shepherd, in his essay on Lister, Joseph Lister and abdominal surgery, written in 1968,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepard1968-73">[70]</a> failed to mention the operation, and instead started his account from the 1860s onwards. He apparently was unaware of this surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microscope_experiments_1852">Microscope experiments 1852</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Microscope experiments 1852">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Observations_on_the_Contractile_Tissue_of_the_Iris">Observations on the Contractile Tissue of the Iris</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Observations on the Contractile Tissue of the Iris">edit</a>]</div> Lister's first paper,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853a-74">[71]</a> written while he was still at university,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191330-75">[72]</a> was published in the <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science">Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science</a> in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422-76">[73]</a> On 11 August 1852, Lister attended an operation at University College Hospital by Wharton Jones,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191329-77">[74]</a> who presented him with a fresh slice of human <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>. Lister took the opportunity to study the iris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853a-74">[71]</a> He reviewed existing research and studied tissue from a horse, a cat, a rabbit and a guinea pig as well as six surgical specimens from patients who had undergone eye surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193-78">[75]</a> Lister was unable to complete his research to his satisfaction, due to his need to pass his final examination. He offered an apology in the paper: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">My engagements do not allow me to carry the inquiry further at present; and my apology for offering the results of an incomplete investigation is that a contribution tending, in however small a degree, to extend our acquaintance with so important an organ as the eye, or to verify observations that may be thought doubtful, may probably be of interest to the physiologist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191330-75">[72]</a></blockquote> The paper advanced the work of Swiss physiologist <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a>, demonstrating the existence of two distinct muscles, the dilator and sphincter in the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1920-20">[19]</a> This corrected the convictions of previous researchers that there was no dilator pupillae muscle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Observations_on_the_Muscular_Tissue_of_the_Skin">Observations on the Muscular Tissue of the Skin</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Observations on the Muscular Tissue of the Skin">edit</a>]</div> His next paper, an investigation into <a href="/wiki/Goose_bumps" title="Goose bumps">goose bumps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191331-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853b-80">[77]</a> was published on 1 June 1853 in the same journal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423-81">[78]</a> Lister was able to confirm Kölliker's experimental finding that in humans the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> fibres are responsible for making hair stand out from the skin, in contrast to other mammals, whose large tactile hairs are associated with <a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated muscle">striated muscle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193-78">[75]</a> Lister also demonstrated a new method of creating histological sections from the tissue of the scalp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423–24-82">[79]</a> Lister's microscopy skills were so advanced that he was able to correct the observations of German histologist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gustav_Jakob_Henle" title="Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle">Friedrich Gustav Henle</a>, who mistook small blood vessels for <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">muscle fibres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853b6–7-83">[80]</a> In each of the papers, he created camera lucida drawings so accurate that they could be used to scale and measure the observations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423-81">[78]</a> Both papers attracted significant attention in Britain and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424-84">[81]</a> Naturalist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, an old friend of Lister's father, was particularly impressed by them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424-84">[81]</a> Owen contemplated recruiting Lister for his department and forwarded him a thank-you letter on 2 August 1853.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424-84">[81]</a> Kölliker was particularly pleased with the analysis that Lister had formulated. Kölliker made many trips to Britain, and eventually met Lister. They became life-long friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424-84">[81]</a> Their close friendship was described in a letter by Kölliker on 17 November 1897, that <a href="/wiki/Rickman_Godlee" title="Rickman Godlee">Rickman Godlee</a> chose to use to illustrate their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425-85">[82]</a> Kölliker sent a letter to Lister when he was president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, congratulating him on receiving the Copley medal, fondly remembering old friends who had died, and celebrating his time in Scotland with Syme and Lister. Kölliker was 80 years old at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduation">Graduation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Graduation">edit</a>]</div> Lister graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine">Bachelor of Medicine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#United_Kingdom" title="Latin honors">honours</a> in the autumn of 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422-76">[73]</a> During his final year, Lister won several prestigious awards heavily contested among the student body of London teaching hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874-86">[83]</a> He won the Longridge Prize <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For the greatest proficiency evinced during the three years immediately preceding, on the Sessional Examinations for Honours in the classes of the Faculty of Medicine of the College; and for creditable performance of duties of offices at the Hospital</blockquote> that included a £40 stipend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874-86">[83]</a> He was also awarded a gold medal in structural and physiological botany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a-45">[44]</a> Lister won two of the four available gold medals in anatomy and physiology as well as surgery, which came with a scholarship of £50 a year for two years, for his second examination in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874-86">[83]</a> In the same year, Lister passed the examination for the fellowship of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422-76">[73]</a> bringing to a close nine years of education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422-76">[73]</a> Sharpey advised Lister to spend a month at the medical practice of his lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/James_Syme" title="James Syme">James Syme</a> in Edinburgh and then visit medical schools in Europe for a longer period for training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192428–29-87">[84]</a> Sharpey himself had been taught first in Edinburgh and later in Paris. Sharpey had met Syme, a teacher of clinical surgery widely considered the best surgeon in the United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19993-88">[85]</a> while he was in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194927-89">[86]</a> Sharpey had gone to Edinburgh in 1818,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENature1880-90">[87]</a> along with many other surgeons since, due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19993-88">[85]</a> Hunter had taught <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>, seen as the first surgeon to take a scientific approach to the study of medicine, known as the Hunterian method<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956645–650-91">[88]</a> Hunter was an early advocate for careful investigation and experimentation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreHunter2009-92">[89]</a> using the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> to give himself a better understanding of healing than many of his colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19993-88">[85]</a> For example, his 1794 paper, A treatise on the blood, inflammation and gun-shot wounds<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreHunter2009-92">[89]</a> was the first systematic study of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">swelling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19993-88">[85]</a> discovering that inflammation was common to all diseases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurk1994-93">[90]</a> Due to Hunter, surgery, then practised by hobbyists or amateurs, became a true scientific profession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19993-88">[85]</a> As the Scottish universities taught medicine and surgery from a scientific viewpoint, surgeons who wished to emulate those techniques travelled there for training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989320–321-94">[91]</a> Scottish universities had several other features that distinguished them from those in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeison1972-95">[92]</a> They were inexpensive and did not require religious admissions tests, and thus attracted the most scientifically progressive students in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeison1972-95">[92]</a> The most important differentiator was that medical schools in Scotland had evolved from a scholarly tradition, where English medical schools relied on hospitals and practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeison1972-95">[92]</a> Experimental science had no practitioners at English medical schools and while Edinburgh University medical school was large and active at the time, southern medical schools were generally moribund, and their laboratory space and teaching materials inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeison1972-95">[92]</a> English medical schools also tended to view surgery as manual labour, not a respectable calling for a gentleman academic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeison1972-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surgical_profession_1854">Surgical profession 1854</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Surgical profession 1854">edit</a>]</div> Before Lister's studies of surgery, many people believed that chemical damage from exposure to "bad air", or <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">miasma</a>, was responsible for infections in wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199919-96">[93]</a> Hospital wards were occasionally aired out at midday as a precaution against the spread of infection via miasma, but facilities for washing hands or a patient's wounds were not available. A surgeon was not required to wash his hands before seeing a patient; in the absence of any theory of <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">bacterial infection</a>, such practices were not considered necessary. Despite the work of <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a>, hospitals practised surgery under unsanitary conditions. Surgeons of the time referred to the "good old surgical stink" and took pride in the stains on their unwashed operating gowns as a display of their experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196024-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edinburgh_1853–1860">Edinburgh 1853–1860</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Edinburgh 1853–1860">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Syme">James Syme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: James Syme">edit</a>]</div> Syme, a well-established clinical lecturer at Edinburgh University for more than two decades before he met Lister,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19994-98">[95]</a> was considered the boldest and most original surgeon then living in Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlore1920350-99">[96]</a> He became a surgical pioneer during his career, preferring simpler surgical procedures, as he detested complexity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19994-98">[95]</a> in the era that immediately preceded the introduction of anaesthesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2013-100">[97]</a> In September 1823, at the age of 24, Syme made a name for himself by first performing an amputation at the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip-joint</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2013-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1824-101">[98]</a> the first in Scotland. Considered the bloodiest operation in surgery, Syme completed it in less than a minute,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw19994-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2013-100">[97]</a> as speed was essential at that time, before <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>. Syme became widely known and acclaimed for developing a surgical operation that became known as Syme amputation, an amputation at the <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a> where the foot is removed and the heel pad is preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1956-102">[99]</a> Syme was considered a scientific surgeon, as evidenced by his paper On the Power of the Periosteum to form New Bone,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2013-100">[97]</a> and became one of the first advocates of antiseptics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_in_Edinburgh">Arrival in Edinburgh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arrival in Edinburgh">edit</a>]</div> In September 1853, Lister arrived in Edinburgh bearing letters of introduction from Sharpey to Syme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194933-103">[100]</a> Lister was anxious about his first appointment but decided to settle in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> after meeting Syme, who embraced him with open arms, invited him to dinner, and offered him an opportunity to assist him in his private operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192428–29-87">[84]</a> Lister was invited to Syme's house Millbank in Morningside (now part of <a href="/wiki/Astley_Ainslie_Hospital" title="Astley Ainslie Hospital">Astley Ainslie Hospital</a>),<a href="#cite_note-rce-104">[101]</a> where he met, amongst others, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Syme_Lister" title="Agnes Syme Lister">Agnes Syme</a>, Syme's daughter from another marriage and granddaughter of physician <a href="/wiki/Robert_Willis_(physician)" title="Robert Willis (physician)">Robert Willis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeFanu19741111-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196030–31-106">[103]</a> While Lister thought that Agnes was not conventionally pretty, he admired her quickness of mind, her familiarity with medical practice, and her warmth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196030–31-106">[103]</a> He became a frequent visitor to Millbank and met a much wider group of eminent people than he would have in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192433-107">[104]</a> In the same month, Lister began work as an assistant to Syme at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192428–29-87">[84]</a> In a letter to his father, Lister expressed surprise at the size of the infirmary and spoke about his impressions of Syme, "..is larger than I expected to find it; there are 200 Surgical beds, and a large number in other departments. At University College Hospital there were only about 60 Surgical beds, so altogether a prospect appears to be opening of a very profitable stay here. ...Syme is, I suppose, the first of British surgeons, and to observe the practice and hear the conversation of such a man is of the greatest possible advantage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192430-108">[105]</a> By October 1853, Lister decided to spend the winter in Edinburgh. Syme was so impressed by Lister, that after a month Lister became Syme's supernumerary house surgeon at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Infirmary_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh">Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192434-109">[106]</a> and his assistant in his private hospital at Minto House in Chambers Street.<a href="#cite_note-rce-104">[101]</a> As house surgeon, Lister assisted Syme during every operation, taking notes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192434-109">[106]</a> It was a much-coveted position<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> and gave Lister the option of choosing which of the ordinary cases he would attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1920-20">[19]</a> During this period, Lister presented a paper at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh">Royal Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society</a> on the structure of cancellous exostoses that had been removed by Syme, demonstrating that the method of ossification of these growths is the same as that which occurs in <a href="/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate" title="Epiphyseal plate">epiphyseal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">cartilage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192435-110">[107]</a> In September 1854, Lister's house surgeoncy appointment was finished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018112-111">[108]</a> With the prospect of being out of a job, he spoke to his father about seeking a position at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Free_Hospital" title="Royal Free Hospital">Royal Free Hospital</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018112-111">[108]</a> However, Sharpey had written to Syme warning him that it was unlikely that Lister would be welcome at the Royal Free as he would have likely eclipsed Thomas H. Wakley, whose father held considerable sway at the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018113-112">[109]</a> Lister then made plans to tour Europe for a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018114-113">[110]</a> However, an opportunity presented itself with the death of noted infirmary surgeon and surgical lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Extramural_medical_education_in_Edinburgh" title="Extramural medical education in Edinburgh">Edinburgh Extramural School of Medicine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_James_Mackenzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard James Mackenzie (page does not exist)">Richard James Mackenzie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192438–39-114">[111]</a> Mackenzie had been seen as a successor to Syme<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192438–39-114">[111]</a> but had contracted <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in Balbec in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Scutari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, while on a four-month volunteer sabbatical as field surgeon to the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Cameron_Highlanders" title="Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders">79th Highlanders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> Lister proposed to Syme that he take over Mackenzie's position and become assistant surgeon to Syme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018114-113">[110]</a> Syme initially rejected the idea, as Lister was not licensed to operate in Scotland, but later warmed to the idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018114-113">[110]</a> In October 1854, Lister was appointed as a lecturer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196038-115">[112]</a>Lister successfully transferred the lease held by Mackenzie at his lecture room at 4 High School Yards, to himself. On 21 April 1855, Lister was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192441-116">[113]</a> and two days later rented a home at 3 Rutland Square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> In June 1855, Lister made a hurried trip to Paris to take a course on operative surgery on the dead body and returned in June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192441-116">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">At the Royal Infirmary</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lister in 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg/133px-Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg/200px-Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg/266px-Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Joseph Lister c. 1855</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Residents_at_the_Old_Royal_Infirmary,_Edinburgh,_summer_Wellcome_V0027881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Residents_at_the_Old_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_summer_Wellcome_V0027881.jpg/208px-Residents_at_the_Old_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_summer_Wellcome_V0027881.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Residents_at_the_Old_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_summer_Wellcome_V0027881.jpg/312px-Residents_at_the_Old_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_summer_Wellcome_V0027881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Residents_at_the_Old_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_summer_Wellcome_V0027881.jpg/416px-Residents_at_the_Old_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_summer_Wellcome_V0027881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="2293" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lister with his colleagues at the Old Royal Infirmary</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Infirmary,_Edinburgh,_Scotland._Line_engraving_aft_Wellcome_V0012599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="infirmary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Line_engraving_aft_Wellcome_V0012599.jpg/239px-The_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Line_engraving_aft_Wellcome_V0012599.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Line_engraving_aft_Wellcome_V0012599.jpg/359px-The_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Line_engraving_aft_Wellcome_V0012599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Line_engraving_aft_Wellcome_V0012599.jpg/478px-The_Royal_Infirmary%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Line_engraving_aft_Wellcome_V0012599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="2144" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The old infirmary</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extramural_lecturing">Extramural lecturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Extramural lecturing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advert_for_a_Joseph_Lister_Lecture_on_the_Principles_Wellcome_L0034539.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Advert_for_a_Joseph_Lister_Lecture_on_the_Principles_Wellcome_L0034539.jpg/220px-Advert_for_a_Joseph_Lister_Lecture_on_the_Principles_Wellcome_L0034539.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Advert_for_a_Joseph_Lister_Lecture_on_the_Principles_Wellcome_L0034539.jpg/330px-Advert_for_a_Joseph_Lister_Lecture_on_the_Principles_Wellcome_L0034539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Advert_for_a_Joseph_Lister_Lecture_on_the_Principles_Wellcome_L0034539.jpg/440px-Advert_for_a_Joseph_Lister_Lecture_on_the_Principles_Wellcome_L0034539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>Poster announcing the Joseph Lister lecturers at High School Yards</figcaption></figure> On 7 November 1855, Lister gave his first <a href="/wiki/Extramural_medical_education_in_Edinburgh" title="Extramural medical education in Edinburgh">extramural</a> lecture on the "Principles and Practice of Surgery", in a lecture theatre at 4 High School Yards<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192451-117">[114]</a> known as Old Jerusalem, directly located across from the infirmary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192453-118">[115]</a> His first lecture was read from 21 pages of <a href="/wiki/Foolscap_folio" title="Foolscap folio">foolscap folio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192452-119">[116]</a> Lister's first lectures were based on notes, either read or spoken, but over time he used notes less and less,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192453-118">[115]</a> becoming extempore in his speech, slowly and deliberately forming his argument as he went along.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlayson190010-120">[117]</a> With this deliberate way of speaking, he managed to overcome a slight, occasional stammer which in his early days had been more pronounced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlayson190010-120">[117]</a> His first student was <a href="/wiki/John_Batty_Tuke" title="John Batty Tuke">John Batty Tuke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192453-118">[115]</a> in a class of nine or ten, mostly consisting of dressers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192452-119">[116]</a> Within a week, twenty-three people had joined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192452-119">[116]</a> In the next year, only eight folk turned up. In the summer of 1858, Lister had the ignominious experience of reading his lecture to a single student, who arrived ten minutes late. Seven more students arrived later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194940-121">[118]</a> His first lecture focused on the concept of surgery, giving a definition of disease that linked it to the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197772-122">[119]</a> He then explained that surgery could have more benefits than medicine, which could only comfort the patient at best. He then explained the attributes a good surgeon should exhibit, before finishing the lecture by recommending Syme's book "Principles of Surgery". Lister completed 114 lectures that followed a standard syllabus. Lecture VII described his earliest experiment on inflammation, where he put mustard on his arm and watched the results. Lectures IV to IX dealt with the circulation of blood. Inflammation was discussed in lectures X to XIII. The second half of the course dealt with clinical surgery. For the last four days, he gave two lectures a day, to complete the event before his wedding, with the first course ending on 18 April 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197773-123">[120]</a> In the summer of 1858, Lister started a second, completely separate course, where he lectured on surgical pathology and operative surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192467-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> By mid-summer 1854, Lister had started to <a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">court</a> Agnes Syme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonninLeFanu1967-125">[122]</a> Lister wrote to his parents about his love but they worried about the union, particularly since he was Quaker and Agnes had given no indication that she would change her denomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018117-126">[123]</a> At that time when a Quaker married a person of another <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a>, it was considered as marrying out of the society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196038-115">[112]</a> Lister was determined to marry Agnes and sent a further letter to his father, asking him if his financial support would continue should Lister and Agnes marry. Lister's father replied that Agnes not being in the Society of Friends would not affect his pecuniary arrangements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">[54]</a> and offered his son extra money to buy furniture and suggested that Syme would offer a dowry and that he would negotiate with Syme directly on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">[54]</a> His father suggested that Lister voluntarily resign from the Society of Friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">[54]</a> Lister made up his mind and subsequently left the Quakers to become a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, later joining the congregation of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Saint Paul's Episcopal Church</a> in Jeffrey Street, Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192442-127">[124]</a> In August 1855, Lister became engaged to Agnes Syme<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> and on 23 April 1856 married her in the drawing room of Millbank, Syme's house in <a href="/wiki/Morningside,_Edinburgh" title="Morningside, Edinburgh">Morningside</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192454-128">[125]</a> Agnes's sister stated that this was out of consideration of any Quaker relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">[54]</a> Only the Syme family were present.<a href="#cite_note-Courage_p39-129">[126]</a> The Scottish physician and family friend <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(physician,_born_1810)" title="John Brown (physician, born 1810)">John Brown</a> toasted the couple after the reception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">[54]</a> The couple spent a month at Upton and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192454-128">[125]</a> followed by a three-month tour of the leading medical institutes in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192454–58-130">[127]</a> They returned in October 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192458-131">[128]</a> By this time, Agnes was enamoured with medical research and became Lister's partner in the laboratory for the rest of her life.<a href="#cite_note-Courage_p39-129">[126]</a> When they returned to Edinburgh, the couple moved into a rented house at 11 Rutland Street in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192458-131">[128]</a> The house was situated over three floors with a study on the first floor, that was converted into a consulting room for patients and a room with hot and cold taps on the second floor that became his laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">[54]</a> The Scottish surgeon <a href="/wiki/Watson_Cheyne" title="Watson Cheyne">Watson Cheyne</a>, who was almost a surrogate son to Lister, stated after his death that Agnes had entered into her work wholeheartedly, had been his only secretary, and that they discussed his work on an almost equal footing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> Lister's books are full of Agnes' careful handwriting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> Agnes would take <a href="/wiki/Dictation_(exercise)" title="Dictation (exercise)">dictation</a> from Lister for hours at a stretch. Spaces would be left blank amongst the reams of Agnes' handwriting for small diagrams, that Lister would create using the camera lucida technique and Agnes would later paste in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">[55]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lister's family</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesSyme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="James Syme, circa 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/JamesSyme.jpg/124px-JamesSyme.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/JamesSyme.jpg/186px-JamesSyme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/JamesSyme.jpg/248px-JamesSyme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">James Syme, circa 1855</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnes_Syme_Lister.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Early photograph of Agnes Syme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Agnes_Syme_Lister.png/165px-Agnes_Syme_Lister.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Agnes_Syme_Lister.png/248px-Agnes_Syme_Lister.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Agnes_Syme_Lister.png/330px-Agnes_Syme_Lister.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="365" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Photogravure of Agnes "Aggie" Syme in 1856, taken by Sir <a href="/wiki/Emery_Walker" title="Emery Walker">Emery Walker</a> in 1924</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:J._lister_and_his_wife_Agnes_Lister,_seated._Wellcome_L0016133.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wedding photograph of the Listers, taken in April 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/J._lister_and_his_wife_Agnes_Lister%2C_seated._Wellcome_L0016133.jpg/141px-J._lister_and_his_wife_Agnes_Lister%2C_seated._Wellcome_L0016133.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/J._lister_and_his_wife_Agnes_Lister%2C_seated._Wellcome_L0016133.jpg/212px-J._lister_and_his_wife_Agnes_Lister%2C_seated._Wellcome_L0016133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/J._lister_and_his_wife_Agnes_Lister%2C_seated._Wellcome_L0016133.jpg/282px-J._lister_and_his_wife_Agnes_Lister%2C_seated._Wellcome_L0016133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1474" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wedding photograph of the couple, taken in April 1856</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistant_surgeoncy">Assistant surgeoncy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Assistant surgeoncy">edit</a>]</div> On 13 October 1856, he was unanimously elected to the position of Assistant <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surgeoncy#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:surgeoncy">Surgeoncy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Royal_Infirmary" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Royal Infirmary">Edinburgh Royal Infirmary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192458-131">[128]</a> In 1856 he was also elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Harveian_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Harveian Society of Edinburgh">Harveian Society of Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_physiology_and_pathology_1853–1859">Contributions to physiology and pathology 1853–1859</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contributions to physiology and pathology 1853–1859">edit</a>]</div> Between 1853 and 1859 in Edinburgh, Lister conducted a series of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathological</a> experiments His approach was rigorous and meticulous in both measurement and description.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013192-134">[131]</a> Lister was clearly aware of the latest advances in physiological research in France, Germany, and other European countries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> and maintained an ongoing discussion of his observations and results with other leading physicians in his <a href="/wiki/Peer_group" title="Peer group">peer group</a> including <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Wittich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Wittich (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Wittich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013192-134">[131]</a> and ensured he correctly cited their work. Lister's primary instrument of research was his microscope and his primary research subjects were frogs. Before his honeymoon, the couple had visited his uncle's house in <a href="/wiki/Kinross" title="Kinross">Kinross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018123-135">[132]</a> Lister took his microscope and captured several frogs, intending to use them in the study of inflammation, but they escaped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018123-135">[132]</a> When he returned from his honeymoon, he used frogs captured from <a href="/wiki/Duddingston_Loch" title="Duddingston Loch">Duddingston Loch</a> in his experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018124-136">[133]</a> Lister carried out his experiments in his laboratory and in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_(Dick)_School_of_Veterinary_Studies" title="Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies">veterinary</a> college abattoir, on animals that were either dead or <a href="/wiki/Chloroform#Anaesthetic" title="Chloroform">chloroformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pithing" title="Pithing">pithed</a>, to deprive it of sensation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191352-137">[134]</a> He also used bats, sheep, cats, rabbits, oxen and horses in his experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191352-137">[134]</a> Lister's tirelessness in his pursuit of knowledge was illustrated by his assistant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Annandale" title="Thomas Annandale">Thomas Annandale</a>, who stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I confess that on more than one occasion our patience was a little tried by the long hours were thus engaged, and more particularly when the dinner hour was many hours overdue, but no one could work with Mr. Lister without imbibing some of his enthusiasm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191349-138">[135]</a></blockquote> These experiments resulted in the publication of eleven papers between 1857 and 1859.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013192-134">[131]</a> They included the study of the nervous control of arteries, the earliest stages of inflammation, the early stages of coagulation, the structure of <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">nerve fibres</a>, and the study of the nervous control of the gut with reference to sympathetic nerves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013192-134">[131]</a> He continued these experiments for three years until he was appointed to a position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196042-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1855:_Beginning_of_inflammation_research">1855: Beginning of inflammation research</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1855: Beginning of inflammation research">edit</a>]</div> In a letter dated 16 September 1855, Lister recorded the beginnings of his research into inflammation, six weeks before his lectures were to begin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192443-140">[137]</a> Later in life, Lister stated that he considered his research into inflammation to have been an "essential preliminary" to his conception of the antiseptic principle and insisted that these early findings be included in any memorial volume of his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194941-141">[138]</a> In 1905, when he was seventy-eight years old, he wrote, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If my works are read when I am gone, these will be the ones most highly thought of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018291-142">[139]</a></blockquote> Inflammation is defined by four symptoms, heat, redness, swelling and pain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197770-143">[140]</a> Surgeons prior to Lister saw it as the signal for the arrival of suppuration or putrefaction, local or general infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197771-144">[141]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a> had not yet been discovered, the concept of infection did not yet exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197771-144">[141]</a> However, Lister knew that slowing of the blood through the capillaries seemed to precede inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018124-136">[133]</a> Joseph Jackson Lister had written a paper with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin" title="Thomas Hodgkin">Thomas Hodgkin</a> that described how <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a> behaved prior to a <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">clot</a>, i.e. specifically how the concave cells fitted themselves together into stacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197771-144">[141]</a> Lister knew that to observe the next step, it was important that the tissue remain alive so the blood vessels could be observed through the microscope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197771-144">[141]</a> In September 1855, Lister's first experiment was on the artery of a frog viewed under his microscope, subjected to a water droplet of differing temperatures, to determine the early stage of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192443–45-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister190012-146">[143]</a> He initially applied a water droplet at 80 °F (27 °C) which caused the artery to contract for a second and the flow to cease, then dilate as the area turned red and the flow of blood increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192444-147">[144]</a> He progressively increased the temperature to 200 °F (93 °C). The blood slowed down and then coagulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192444-147">[144]</a> He continued the experiment on the wing of a <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroformed</a> bat to widen his research focus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196041-148">[145]</a> Lister concluded that the contraction of the vessels led to the exclusion of blood cells from the capillaries, not their arrest, and that blood <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> continued to flow. This was his first independent discovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197772-122">[119]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Frog%27s_foot_specimen_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister,_1857_Wellcome_L0058709.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The frogs web" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Frog%27s_foot_specimen_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_1857_Wellcome_L0058709.jpg/109px-Frog%27s_foot_specimen_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_1857_Wellcome_L0058709.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Frog%27s_foot_specimen_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_1857_Wellcome_L0058709.jpg/164px-Frog%27s_foot_specimen_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_1857_Wellcome_L0058709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Frog%27s_foot_specimen_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_1857_Wellcome_L0058709.jpg/218px-Frog%27s_foot_specimen_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_1857_Wellcome_L0058709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3940" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Frog's web prepared by Joseph Lister, 1857</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:246px;max-width:246px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The common frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg/244px-European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg/366px-European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg/488px-European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Speciman of common frog that Lister used in his early experiments</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_(3204039207).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The type of bat that Lister experimented on" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_%283204039207%29.jpg/227px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_%283204039207%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_%283204039207%29.jpg/341px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_%283204039207%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_%283204039207%29.jpg/454px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_%283204039207%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2073" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Speciman of common bat found at Duddingston Loch that Lister experimented on</div></div></div></div></div> The experiments ceased between October 1855 and continued in September 1856 when the couple moved into Rutland Square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197786-149">[146]</a> Lister started with mustard as an irritant, then <a href="/wiki/Croton_oil" title="Croton oil">Croton oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">oil of Cantharidin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197786-149">[146]</a> These experiments led to the production of three papers. His first paper grew out of the need to prepare for these extramural lectures and had begun the year before, continuing in development for six weeks after he moved into Rutland Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197784-150">[147]</a> The early paper, titled: "On the early stages of inflammation as observed in the Foot of a Frog" was read to the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh on 5 December 1856. The last third was read out <a href="/wiki/Extemporaneous_speaking" title="Extemporaneous speaking">extempore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197784-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1856_Beginning_of_coagulation_research">1856 Beginning of coagulation research</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1856 Beginning of coagulation research">edit</a>]</div> Lister also conducted research into the process of <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a> during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197791-151">[148]</a> He had observed inflammation in certain cases of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">septicaemia</a> that affected the blood vessel's lining, and led to intravascular <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">blood clotting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013195-152">[149]</a> which led to putrefaction and secondary haemorrhage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulloch1927531-153">[150]</a> A simple experiment in December 1856 described by Agnes, where he pricked his own finger to observe the process of coagulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197791-151">[148]</a> led to five physiology papers on coagulation between 1858<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192467-124">[121]</a> and 1863.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2014-69">[67]</a> Several competing theories explained the occurrence of a blood clot, and although the theories were largely abandoned, it was still thought that blood contained a liquifying agent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197792-154">[151]</a> i.e. <a href="/wiki/Fibrin" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a> held in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1860234-155">[152]</a> that became known as the "Ammonia theory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulloch1927531-153">[150]</a> In 1824, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scudamore" title="Charles Scudamore">Charles Scudamore</a> had proposed <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScudamore182415–26-156">[153]</a> The prevailing theory was from <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ward_Richardson" title="Benjamin Ward Richardson">Benjamin Ward Richardson</a>, who won the 1857 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astley_Cooper_triennial_prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astley Cooper triennial prize (page does not exist)">Astley Cooper triennial prize</a> for an essay where he postulated that blood remained liquid due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_von_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke">Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke</a> proposed that the vital actions of the vessels inhibited the blood's natural tendency to coagulate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrücke1857-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1856_On_the_minute_structure_of_involuntary_muscle_fibre">1856 On the minute structure of involuntary muscle fibre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1856 On the minute structure of involuntary muscle fibre">edit</a>]</div> Lister's third paper,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192445-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858a-159">[156]</a> published in 1858 in the same journal and read before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> on 1 December 1856,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192445-158">[155]</a> concerned the histology and function of the minute structures of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">involuntary muscle fibres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193-78">[75]</a> The experiment, conducted in the autumn of 1856,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197011-160">[157]</a> was designed to confirm Kölliker's observations on the structure of individual muscle fibres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193-78">[75]</a> Kölliker's description had been criticised, as he had used needles to separate the tissue to observe individual cells, and his critics said that he had observed artefacts from the experiment rather than real muscle cells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197784-150">[147]</a> Lister proved conclusively that the muscle fibres of blood vessels, described by Lister as slightly flattened and elongated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192445-158">[155]</a> were similar to those found by Kölliker in pig intestine, but wrapped spirally and individually around the innermost membrane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197011-160">[157]</a> He stated that the variations in shape, from long tubular bodies with pointed ends and elongated nuclei to short "spindles" with squat nuclei, represented different phases of muscular contraction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197011-160">[157]</a> During the "Huxley Lecture" he stated in retrospect, that he could not imagine a more efficient mechanism to constrict these vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19005-161">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1857_On_the_flow_of_the_lacteal_fluid_in_the_mesentery_of_the_mouse">1857 On the flow of the lacteal fluid in the mesentery of the mouse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1857 On the flow of the lacteal fluid in the mesentery of the mouse">edit</a>]</div> His next paper<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853c-162">[159]</a> was a short report based on observations that he had made in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192464-163">[160]</a> This first experiment, as opposed to purely microscope work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425-85">[82]</a> determined the nature of the flow of <a href="/wiki/Chyle" title="Chyle">chyle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatics</a> and whether the <a href="/wiki/Lacteal" title="Lacteal">lacteals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">gastrointestinal wall</a> could absorb solid granules from the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425-85">[82]</a> For the first experiment, a mouse fed beforehand on bread and milk was chloroformed and then had its abdomen opened and a length of intestine placed on glass under a microscope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425-85">[82]</a> Lister repeated the experiment several times and each time saw mesenteric lymph flowing in a steady stream, without visible contractions of the <a href="/wiki/Lacteal" title="Lacteal">lacteals</a>. For the second experiment, Lister dyed some bread with <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a> and fed it to a mouse, with the result that no indigo particles were ever seen in the chyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192426-164">[161]</a> Lister delivered the paper to the 27th meeting of the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> 26 August to 2 September 1857.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonninLeFanu1967-125">[122]</a> The paper was formally published in 1858 in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853c-162">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seven_papers_on_the_origin_and_mechanism_of_inflammation">Seven papers on the origin and mechanism of inflammation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Seven papers on the origin and mechanism of inflammation">edit</a>]</div> In 1858, Lister published seven papers on physiological experiments he conducted on the origin and mechanism of inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> Two of these papers were research into the neural control by the nervous system of blood vessels, "An Inquiry Regarding the Parts of the Nervous System Which Regulate the Contractions of the Arteries" and "On the Cutaneous Pigmentary System of the Frog", while the third and the principal paper in the series was titled: "On the Early Stages of Inflammation", which extended the research of Wharton Jones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> The three papers were read to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London on 18 June 1857.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192446-166">[163]</a> They had originally been written as one paper and had been sent to Sharpey, <a href="/wiki/John_Goodsir" title="John Goodsir">John Goodsir</a> and the English pathologist <a href="/wiki/James_Paget" title="James Paget">James Paget</a> for review.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197787-167">[164]</a> However, Paget and Goodsir both recommended that it be published as three separate papers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197787-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolf193324-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1858_An_Inquiry_Regarding_the_Parts_of_the_Nervous_System_Which_Regulate_the_Contractions_of_the_Arteries">1858 An Inquiry Regarding the Parts of the Nervous System Which Regulate the Contractions of the Arteries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1858 An Inquiry Regarding the Parts of the Nervous System Which Regulate the Contractions of the Arteries">edit</a>]</div> During 1856, Lister has been thinking about the nervous control of blood vessels and had been studying the work of various French researchers who were examining the <a href="/wiki/Denervation" title="Denervation">denervation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nerves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197012-169">[166]</a> Lister thought that how blood vessels behaved when irritated was important to understand the inflammatory process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197787-167">[164]</a> The experiments on <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor" title="Vasomotor">vasomotor</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor_center" title="Vasomotor center">control</a> began in the autumn of 1856 and continued until the autumn of the next year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197016-170">[167]</a> In total, Lister conducted 13 experiments, some of which were repeated to verify the results of other experiments in the series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197017–21-171">[168]</a> He used a microscope fitted with an <a href="/wiki/Ocular_micrometer" title="Ocular micrometer">ocular micrometer</a>, a recent invention, to measure the diameter of blood vessels in a common frogs web. In a before and after experiment, he <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablated</a> parts of the central nervous system<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858b610–611-172">[169]</a> and also before and after, split the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> Lister concluded that blood vessel tone<a href="#cite_note-174">[d]</a> was controlled from the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858b625-175">[171]</a> This refuted Wharton's conclusions, in his paper Observations on the State of the Blood and the Blood-Vessels in Inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> who was not able to confirm that the control of blood vessels of the hind legs was dependent upon spinal centres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest19705-177">[173]</a> In October 1857, the referee for <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions</a> John Goodsir wrote to Sharpey who warned Lister that the experimental conclusions were similar to findings by the German <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Pfl%C3%BCger" title="Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger">Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197015-178">[174]</a> This was to enable Lister to print an acknowledgement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197015-178">[174]</a> Pflüger found that vasomotor control was through nerve fibres connected to the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">spinal canal</a> which were similar to Lister research showing vaso-motor fibres came from the spinal canal through the sciatic plexus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197016-170">[167]</a> Although their approaches were similar, Lister used denervation and discovered that even after parts of the spinal cord were removed, the <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a> eventually recovered their contractility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197016-170">[167]</a> These experiments<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858b-179">[175]</a> settled a contemporary dispute between physiologists concerning the origin of the influence exercised over <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> diameter (calibre) by the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013195-152">[149]</a> The dispute began when <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Haller" title="Albrecht von Haller">Albrecht von Haller</a> formulated a new theory known as Sensibility and Irritability in his 1752 thesis De partibus corporis humani sensibilibus et irritabilibus. The dispute had been debated since the middle of the 18th century. Haller put forward the view that contractability was a power inherent in the tissues which possessed it, and was a fundamental fact of physiology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197023-180">[176]</a> It concerned the property of irratability, the supposed automatic response of muscular tissue, especially visceral tissue, to external stimulus, that caused them to contract when stimulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197023-180">[176]</a> Even as late as 1853, highly respected textbooks, for example <a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Benjamin Carpenter</a> Principles of Human Physiology stated the doctrine of 'irritability' was a fact beyond dispute,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1853309-181">[177]</a> and this was still considered contentious when <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_Bennett" title="John Hughes Bennett">John Hughes Bennett</a> created the Physiology article for the 8th edition of <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197023-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1858_On_the_Cutaneous_Pigmentary_System_of_the_Frog">1858 On the Cutaneous Pigmentary System of the Frog</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1858 On the Cutaneous Pigmentary System of the Frog">edit</a>]</div> The second part of the original paper<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858c-182">[178]</a> was an experiment into the nature and behaviour of <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">pigment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197788-183">[179]</a> It had been known for some years that the skin of frogs is capable of varying in colour under different circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450-184">[180]</a> The first account of this mechanism had been first described by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_von_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke">Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke</a> of Vienna in 1832<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450-184">[180]</a> and later investigated further by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Wittich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Wittich (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Wittich</a> in 1854<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858c-182">[178]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Harless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emile Harless (page does not exist)">Emile Harless</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarless1846-185">[181]</a> Lister had noted that the beginning of inflammation was always accompanied by a change of colour in the frog's web.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450-184">[180]</a> He determined that the pigments consisted of "very minute pigment-granules" contained in a network of <a href="/wiki/Stellate_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellate cells">stellate cells</a>, the branches of which, subdividing minutely and <a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomosing</a> freely with one another and with those of neighbouring cells, constitute a delicate network in the substance of the true skin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450-184">[180]</a> It had been supposed that the concentration and diffusion of the pigment depended upon the contraction and extension of the branches of the star-shaped cells in which it was contained; and that only these movements of the cells were under the influence of the nervous system. At the time, there was no <a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">cell theory</a> of matter nor were there any <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">dyes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">fixatives</a> that could used to enhance experimental discovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197788-183">[179]</a> Indeed, Lister wrote of this, stating "The extreme delicacy of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> makes it very difficult to trace it among the surrounding tissue".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197788-183">[179]</a> Lister observed that it was the pigment granules themselves and not the cells that moved, and that this movement was not merely brought about by the control of the nervous system, but perhaps by the direct action of irritants on the tissues themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450-184">[180]</a> He believed that the pigment reflected the activity of blood vessels, though it was the slowing of blood flow that initiated the process of inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197788-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1858_On_the_early_stages_of_inflammation">1858 On the early stages of inflammation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1858 On the early stages of inflammation">edit</a>]</div> The focal study<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858d-186">[182]</a> was the longest paper of the three and the last to be published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197787-167">[164]</a> Like many of his colleagues, Lister was aware that inflammation was the first stage of many postoperative conditions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohrer20124-187">[183]</a> and that excessive inflammation often preceded the onset of a septic condition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018120-188">[184]</a> Once that happened, the patient would develop a fever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018120-188">[184]</a> Lister had come to the conclusion that accurate knowledge of the functioning of inflammation could not be obtained by researching the more advanced stages, which were subject to secondary processes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447-189">[185]</a> He therefore started in quite a different way from that of almost all his predecessors by directing his enquiry to the very first deviations from health, hoping to find in them "the essential character of the morbid state most unequivocally stamped".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447-189">[185]</a> Essentially, Lister performed these experiments to discover the causes of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">erythrocyte</a> adhesiveness. As well as experimenting on frogs' web and bats wing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447-189">[185]</a> Lister used blood that he had obtained from the end of his own <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone#Distal_phalanx" title="Phalanx bone">finger</a> that was inflamed and compared it against blood from one of his other fingers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> He discovered that after something irritating had been applied to living tissues which did not kill them outright, firstly the blood vessels contracted and their <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> became very small; the part became pale. Secondly, the vessels after an interval, dilated and the part became red. Thirdly, some of the blood in the most injured blood vessels slowed down in its flow and coagulated. Redness occurred which, being solid, could not be pressed away. Lastly, the fluid of the blood passed through the vessel walls and formed a "blister" about the seat of injury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191352-137">[134]</a> He found that each tiny artery was surrounded by a muscle, which enables it to contract and dilate. He found further that this contraction and dilation was not an individual act on its part, but was an act dictated to it by the nervous cells in the spinal cord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191353-190">[186]</a> The paper was divided into four sections: <ul><li>The aggregation of red blood cells when removed from the body, i.e., which occurs during <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This section deals with the aggregation of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">cells</a> of the blood, which occurs during the process of <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting</a>. It shows that when blood is removed from the body this aggregation depends on their possessing a certain degree of mutual adhesiveness, which is much greater in the <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> than in the <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. This property, though apparently not depending upon vitality, is capable of remarkable variations, in consequence of very slight chemical changes in the <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447-189">[185]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The structure and function of blood vessels.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This section shows that the arteries regulate, by their contractility, the amount of blood transmitted in a given time through the <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a>, but that neither full dilatation, extreme contraction, nor any intermediate state of the arteries, is capable per se of producing accumulation of blood cells in the capillaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448-191">[187]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The effects of irritants on blood vessels, e.g., hot water.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This section details how the effects are two-fold <dl><dd><ul><li>firstly, a dilatation of the arteries (commonly preceded by a brief period of contraction), which is developed through the nervous system and is not confined to the part brought into actual contact with the irritant, but implicates a surrounding area of greater or less extent; and</li> <li>secondly, an alteration in the tissues upon which the irritant directly acts, which makes them influence the blood in the same manner as does ordinary solid matter. This imparts adhesiveness to both the red and the white blood cells, making them prone to stick to one another and to the walls of the vessels, and so gives rise, if the damage to the tissues be severe, to stagnation of the blood flow and ultimately to obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448-191">[187]</a></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The effects of irritants on tissue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448-191">[187]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The fourth section describes the effects of irritants upon the tissues. It proves that those which destroy the tissues when they act powerfully, produce by their gentler action only a condition bordering on loss of vitality, i.e. a condition in which the tissues are incapacitated, but from which they may recover, provided the irritation has not been too severe or protracted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448-191">[187]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> Lister's paper was able to show that <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a> is governed by the constriction and dilation of the arteries. The action is affected by trauma,<a href="#cite_note-192">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irritation" title="Irritation">irritation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflex action</a> through the central nervous system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> He noticed that although the capillary walls lack muscle fibres, they are very elastic and are subject to significant capacity variations that are influenced by arterial blood flow into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> Drawings made with a camera lucida were used to depict the experimental reactions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> They displayed vascular stasis and congestion in the early stages of the body's reaction to damage. According to Lister, vascular alterations that were initially brought on by reflexes occurring within the nervous system were followed by changes that were brought on by local tissue damage. In the conclusions of the paper, Lister linked his experimental observations to physical clinical conditions, for example skin damage resulting from boiling water and trauma occurring after a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_incision" title="Surgical incision">surgical incision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">[162]</a> After the paper was read to the Royal Society in June 1857, it was very well received and his name became known outside Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble196042-139">[136]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Camera lucida illustrations from this paper</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Frogs_web_inflammed_with_mustard_(light).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frogs web that has been irritated with mustard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Frogs_web_inflammed_with_mustard_%28light%29.png/188px-Frogs_web_inflammed_with_mustard_%28light%29.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Frogs_web_inflammed_with_mustard_%28light%29.png/282px-Frogs_web_inflammed_with_mustard_%28light%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Frogs_web_inflammed_with_mustard_%28light%29.png/376px-Frogs_web_inflammed_with_mustard_%28light%29.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="580" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Frogs web that has been irritated with mustard</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_a_Case_of_Spontaneous_Gangrene_from_Arteritis,_and_on_the_Causes_of_Coagulation_of_the_Blood_in_Diseases_of_the_Blood-Vessels">On a Case of Spontaneous Gangrene from Arteritis, and on the Causes of Coagulation of the Blood in Diseases of the Blood-Vessels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: On a Case of Spontaneous Gangrene from Arteritis, and on the Causes of Coagulation of the Blood in Diseases of the Blood-Vessels">edit</a>]</div> Lister's first paper is an account of a case of spontaneous gangrene in a child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192468-193">[188]</a> The paper on coagulation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858f-194">[189]</a> was read before the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medico-Chirugical_Society_of_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medico-Chirugical Society of Edinburgh (page does not exist)">Medico-Chirugical Society of Edinburgh</a> on 18 March 1858.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197792-154">[151]</a> In an account written by Agnes, she states that there was no one at the medical school meeting who was capable of appreciating it, and the remarks made upon it were very poor. There were suggestions for improvement which Lister threw out. There was lots of cheering, proclaiming it a great success. The paper was written up at 7pm, with Lister dictating and Agnes writing it during a 50-minute session, followed by the exposition to the society at George Street hall at 8pm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192472–73-195">[190]</a> Lister first used the amputated legs from sheep and discovered that blood remained liquid in the blood vessels for up to six days and still underwent coagulation, albeit more slowly when the vessel was opened. He also noticed that if vessels remained fresh, the blood would remain fluid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858f898-196">[191]</a> In later experiments he moved to cats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197792-154">[151]</a> He tried to emulate an inflamed blood vessel by exposing the jugular vein of the animal and applying irritants then constricting and opening the flow, to measure the effect. He noticed that in the damaged vessel the blood would coagulate<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858f-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013195-152">[149]</a> He eventually came to the conclusion that if there was ammonia in the blood, it was much less important than the condition of the vessel in stopping coagulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197792-154">[151]</a> He tested his hypothesis on three cadavers by examining the condition of various veins and arteries and found he was correct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858f905-197">[192]</a> He also concluded that the Ammonia theory did not apply to vessels in the body, but it could apply to blood outside the body. While that was incorrect, his other conclusions were accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197792-154">[151]</a> Specifically that inflammation in the blood vessel lining, results in coagulation occurring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2014-69">[67]</a> Lister realised that <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">vascular occlusion</a> increased the pressure through the network of small vessels, leading to the formation of "liquor sanguinis"<a href="#cite_note-198">[f]</a> that lead to further localised damaged <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2014-69">[67]</a> Certainly, Lister had no knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Coagulation#The_coagulation_cascade" title="Coagulation">coagulation cascade</a> but his experiments contributed to the current understanding of <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">clotting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013195-152">[149]</a> the final product of coagulation. Lister continued experimenting in April, examining vessels and blood from a horse. This resulted in another communication to the society on 7 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197792-154">[151]</a> His work in coagulation continued until the end of the year. Lister's second article on coagulation was published in August 1958, and was one of two case histories he published in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Medical_Journal" title="Scottish Medical Journal">Edinburgh Medical Journal</a> in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197793-199">[193]</a> Titled: "Case of Ligature of the Brachial Artery, Illustrating the Persistent Vitality of the Tissues".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858g-200">[194]</a> The history described saving a patient's arm from being amputated which had been constricted by a tourniquet for thirty hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192468-193">[188]</a> The second history was titled "Example of mixed Aortic Aneurysm" and published in December 1858.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1858_Preliminary_account_of_an_inquiry_into_the_functions_of_the_visceral_nerves">1858 Preliminary account of an inquiry into the functions of the visceral nerves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1858 Preliminary account of an inquiry into the functions of the visceral nerves">edit</a>]</div> Lister continual interest in the nervous control of blood vessels led him to conduct a series of experiments during June and July 1858, where he researched the nervous control of the gut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197793-199">[193]</a> The research was published in the form of three letters sent to Sharpey. The first two letters were sent on 28 June and 7 July 1858<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolf193312–19-202">[196]</a> The last letter was published as the "Preliminary Account of an Inquiry into the Functions of the Visceral Nerves, with special reference to the so-called Inhibitory System.".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858e-203">[197]</a> He had been studying the work of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a>, LJ Budge and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Volney_Waller" title="Augustus Volney Waller">Augustus Waller</a> and had become interested in what was known as "sympathetic action", where inflammation appeared in a different area from the source of irritation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202085-204">[198]</a> This led him to study Pflüger's 1857 paper titled "About the inhibitory nervous system for the peristaltic movements of the intestines",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPflüger1857-205">[199]</a> proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Splanchnic_nerves" title="Splanchnic nerves">splanchnic nerves</a> instead of exciting the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">intestine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">muscle layer</a> that they are connected to, inhibit their movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197793-199">[193]</a> The German <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Weber" title="Eduard Weber">Eduard Weber</a> made the same claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197793-199">[193]</a> Pflüger had named these inhibitory nerves "Hemmungs-Nervensystem", a name that Syme, at Lister's request thought they should be translated as inhibitory nervous system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924297-206">[200]</a> Lister dismissed Pflüger's idea of inhibitory nerves as not only implausible but not supported by observation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202086-207">[201]</a> as a mild stimulus caused increased muscle activity which changed to a decreased muscle activity as the incoming stimulus became stronger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202086-207">[201]</a> Lister believed that it was questionable whether the motions of the heart or the intestines are ever checked by the spinal system, except for very brief periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202086-207">[201]</a> Lister conducted a series of experiments using mechanical irritation and <a href="/wiki/Galvanism" title="Galvanism">galvanism</a> to stimulate the nerves and spinal cord in rabbits and frogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202086-207">[201]</a> and due to rabbits active gut movement, he considered them ideal for the experiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013196-208">[202]</a> To ensure their gut reflexes were not impaired, the rabbits were not anaesthetised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013195-152">[149]</a> Lister conducted three experiments. In the first experiment, an incision was made in the rabbit's side and a section of <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">intestine</a> was pulled through the skin. Lister then connected a <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">magnetic coil battery</a> to the splanchnic nerves in the spinal cord. When the current was applied, the gut completely relaxed but when the current was applied locally, a small localised contraction occurred that did not spread to the bowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013195-152">[149]</a> Lister stated that "this observation is of fundamental importance, since it proves that the inhibitory influence does not operate directly upon the muscular tissue, but upon the nervous apparatus by which its contractions are, under ordinary circumstances, elicited".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858e-203">[197]</a> In the second experiment, Lister examined the reaction in a section of the bowel, when he restricted the blood supply by tying the vessels and found that there was an increase in <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>. When he applied current the gut relaxed. He concluded that activity in the gut was under the control of bowel wall nerves and had been stimulated due to loss of blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858e-203">[197]</a> In the third experiment he removed the nerves from a section of the bowel while ensuring to maintain a good blood supply. This time, stimulation of the section had no effect except when the section would spontaneously contract. During the histological study of the bowel wall, Lister discovered a <a href="/wiki/Plexus" title="Plexus">plexus</a> of neurons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013196-208">[202]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">myenteric plexus</a>, that confirmed the observations made by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Meissner" title="Georg Meissner">Georg Meissner</a> in 1857.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeissner1857-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeckel2022-210">[204]</a> Lister concluded, "...it appears that the intestines possess an intrinsic ganglionic apparatus which is in all cases essential to the <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic</a> movements, and, while capable of independent action, is liable to be stimulated or checked by other parts of the nervous system".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202086-207">[201]</a> Although Lister did not believe in the inhibitory system, he did conclude that extrinsic nerves controlled the intestinal motor function indirectly through their effect on the plexus. It was not until 1964 that this was proven by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl%E2%80%90Axel_Norberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl‐Axel Norberg (page does not exist)">Karl‐Axel Norberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorberg1964-211">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notice_of_further_researches_on_the_coagulation_of_the_blood">Notice of further researches on the coagulation of the blood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notice of further researches on the coagulation of the blood">edit</a>]</div> Lister's third paper on coagulation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859b-212">[206]</a> was a short article in the form of a communication consisting of five pages that were read before the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medico-Chirugical_Society_of_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medico-Chirugical Society of Edinburgh (page does not exist)">Medico-Chirugical Society of Edinburgh</a> on 16 November 1859. In the paper, Lister found that the coagulation of blood was not solely dependent on the presence of ammonia, but may also be influenced by other factors. In a demonstration before the society, Lister had a sample of horse's blood that had been shed twenty-nine hours earlier and added <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> to it. The blood remained fluid despite being acidified, but it eventually coagulated after being left to stand for 15 minutes. Lister demonstrated that the Ammonia theory was incorrect as the coagulation of the blood was not dependent on the presence of ammonia. He concluded that other factors may influence blood coagulation in addition to or instead of ammonia, and that the Ammonia theory was fallacious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859b-212">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glasgow_appointment">Glasgow appointment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Glasgow appointment">edit</a>]</div> On 1 August 1859, Lister wrote to his father to inform him of the ill-health of <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Adair_Lawrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Adair Lawrie (page does not exist)">James Adair Lawrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Surgery_(Glasgow)" title="Regius Professor of Surgery (Glasgow)">Regius Professor of Surgery</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, believing he was close to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192478–79-213">[207]</a> The anatomist <a href="/wiki/Allen_Thomson" title="Allen Thomson">Allen Thomson</a> had written to Syme to inform him of Lawrie's condition and that it was his opinion that Lister was the most suitable person for the position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192477-214">[208]</a> Lister stated that Syme believed he should become a candidate for the position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192478–79-213">[207]</a> He went on to discuss the merits of the post; a higher salary, being able to undertake more surgery and being able to create a bigger private practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192478–79-213">[207]</a> Lawrie died on 23 November 1859.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> In the following month, Lister received a private communication, although baseless, that confirmed he had received the appointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192480-216">[210]</a> However, it was clear the matter was not settled when a letter appeared in the <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">Glasgow Herald</a> on 18 January 1860 that discussed a rumour that the decision had been handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a> and officials in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192480-216">[210]</a> The letter annoyed the members of the governing body of Glasgow University, the <a href="/wiki/Academic_senate" title="Academic senate">Senatus Academicus</a>. The matter was referred to the Vice-Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(minister)" title="Thomas Barclay (minister)">Thomas Barclay</a> who tipped the decision in favour of Lister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192481-218">[212]</a> On 28 January 1860, Lister's appointment was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glasgow_1860–1869">Glasgow 1860–1869</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Glasgow 1860–1869">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister_(1827_%E2%80%93_1912)_surgeon_Wellcome_L0002075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_L0002075.jpg/220px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_L0002075.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_L0002075.jpg/330px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_L0002075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_L0002075.jpg/440px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_L0002075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Lister 1860 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Annan" title="Thomas Annan">Thomas Annan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_life">University life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: University life">edit</a>]</div> To be formally inducted into the academic staff, Lister had to deliver a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> oration before the <a href="/wiki/Academic_senate#Scotland" title="Academic senate">senatus academicus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192489-219">[213]</a> In a letter to his father, he described how surprised he was when a letter arrived from <a href="/wiki/Allen_Thomson" title="Allen Thomson">Allen Thomson</a> informing him that the thesis had to be presented the next day on 9 March. Lister unable to start the paper until 2 am that night, had only prepared around two-thirds of it, when he arrived in Glasgow. The rest was written at Thomson's house. In the letter, he described the dread he felt being admitted into the room prior to presenting the oration. After the thesis was read and Lister was inducted to the senate, he signed a statement not to act contrary to the wishes of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192490-220">[214]</a> While the contents of his thesis have been lost, the title is known, "De Arte Chirurgica Recte Erudienda" ("On the proper way of teaching the art of surgery").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoutts1909582-221">[215]</a> In early May 1860, the couple made the journey to Glasgow to move into their new house at 17 Woodside Place, at the time on the western edge of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192489-219">[213]</a> In 1860, university life in Glasgow was lived in the grimy quadrangles of the small college on Glasgow <a href="/wiki/High_Street,_Glasgow" title="High Street, Glasgow">High Street</a>, a mile east of the city centre next to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary" title="Glasgow Royal Infirmary">Glasgow Royal Infirmary</a> (GRI) and the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Cathedral</a> and surrounded by the most squalid part of the old medieval city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194953-222">[216]</a> The Scottish poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> wrote of his student days at the college, that while <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> could smell 75 different stenches during his student days in Cologne, Lang counted more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194953-222">[216]</a> The city was so polluted the grass did not grow. The position of Professor of Surgery at Glasgow was peculiar, as it did not carry with it an appointment as surgeon to the Royal Infirmary, as the university was separate from the hospital. The allotment of surgical wards to the care of the Professor of Surgery depended upon the goodwill of the directors of the infirmary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191361–62-223">[217]</a> His predecessor Lawrie never held any hospital appointments at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194952-224">[218]</a> Having no patients to care for, Lister immediately began a summer lecture course. He discovered that college classrooms were considered too small and had low ceilings for the number of students, which made them unpleasant to be in when filled to overcrowding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194953-222">[216]</a> Before his first lecture, the couple cleaned and painted the dingy lecture room assigned to them, at their own expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194953-222">[216]</a> He inherited a large class of students from his predecessor that grew rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194953-222">[216]</a> After his first session, he wrote favourably of Glasgow: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The facilities I have here for prosecuting this course as compared to the difficulties I laboured under in Edinburgh are quite delightful – museums, abundant material and a good library all at my disposal and my colleague Allen Thompson co-operating in the kindest and most valuable manner<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194954-225">[219]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:742px;max-width:742px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Glasgow university life</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:57px;max-width:57px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lister%27s_Glasgow_residence,_17_Woodside_Place._Wellcome_M0006522.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="17 Woodside Place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lister%27s_Glasgow_residence%2C_17_Woodside_Place._Wellcome_M0006522.jpg/55px-Lister%27s_Glasgow_residence%2C_17_Woodside_Place._Wellcome_M0006522.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lister%27s_Glasgow_residence%2C_17_Woodside_Place._Wellcome_M0006522.jpg/83px-Lister%27s_Glasgow_residence%2C_17_Woodside_Place._Wellcome_M0006522.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lister%27s_Glasgow_residence%2C_17_Woodside_Place._Wellcome_M0006522.jpg/110px-Lister%27s_Glasgow_residence%2C_17_Woodside_Place._Wellcome_M0006522.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="4014" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Woodside Place</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lister,_Inner_Quadrangle_of_the_old_college_of_Glasgow._Wellcome_M0006515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The university quadrangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lister%2C_Inner_Quadrangle_of_the_old_college_of_Glasgow._Wellcome_M0006515.jpg/111px-Lister%2C_Inner_Quadrangle_of_the_old_college_of_Glasgow._Wellcome_M0006515.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lister%2C_Inner_Quadrangle_of_the_old_college_of_Glasgow._Wellcome_M0006515.jpg/167px-Lister%2C_Inner_Quadrangle_of_the_old_college_of_Glasgow._Wellcome_M0006515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lister%2C_Inner_Quadrangle_of_the_old_college_of_Glasgow._Wellcome_M0006515.jpg/222px-Lister%2C_Inner_Quadrangle_of_the_old_college_of_Glasgow._Wellcome_M0006515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2819" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The old college</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:59px;max-width:59px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_college_from_high_street_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Old_college_from_high_street_front.jpg/57px-Old_college_from_high_street_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Old_college_from_high_street_front.jpg/86px-Old_college_from_high_street_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Old_college_from_high_street_front.jpg/114px-Old_college_from_high_street_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2797" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The old college entrance</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street_From_College_Open_(-4)_LACMA_M.2008.40.98.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glasgow high street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/High_Street_From_College_Open_%28-4%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.98.4.jpg/110px-High_Street_From_College_Open_%28-4%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.98.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/High_Street_From_College_Open_%28-4%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.98.4.jpg/165px-High_Street_From_College_Open_%28-4%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.98.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/High_Street_From_College_Open_%28-4%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.98.4.jpg/220px-High_Street_From_College_Open_%28-4%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.98.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1582" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Glasgow high street from the college</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary,_3-4_front._Wellcome_M0006527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glasgow Royal Infirmary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_3-4_front._Wellcome_M0006527.jpg/117px-Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_3-4_front._Wellcome_M0006527.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_3-4_front._Wellcome_M0006527.jpg/176px-Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_3-4_front._Wellcome_M0006527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_3-4_front._Wellcome_M0006527.jpg/234px-Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_3-4_front._Wellcome_M0006527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="2732" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Glasgow Royal Infirmary</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lister,_Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary,_New_Surgical_Block,_1861_Wellcome_M0006518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Surgical block" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lister%2C_Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_New_Surgical_Block%2C_1861_Wellcome_M0006518.jpg/145px-Lister%2C_Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_New_Surgical_Block%2C_1861_Wellcome_M0006518.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lister%2C_Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_New_Surgical_Block%2C_1861_Wellcome_M0006518.jpg/218px-Lister%2C_Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_New_Surgical_Block%2C_1861_Wellcome_M0006518.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lister%2C_Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_New_Surgical_Block%2C_1861_Wellcome_M0006518.jpg/290px-Lister%2C_Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_New_Surgical_Block%2C_1861_Wellcome_M0006518.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4287" data-file-height="2449" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The surgical house</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary,_entrance_1861_Wellcome_M0006521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_entrance_1861_Wellcome_M0006521.jpg/119px-Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_entrance_1861_Wellcome_M0006521.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_entrance_1861_Wellcome_M0006521.jpg/179px-Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_entrance_1861_Wellcome_M0006521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_entrance_1861_Wellcome_M0006521.jpg/238px-Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary%2C_entrance_1861_Wellcome_M0006521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2708" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Entrance to the new surgical hospital</div></div></div></div></div> In August 1860, Lister was visited by his parents, who took a "saloon" carriage on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)" title="Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)">Great Northern Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977101-226">[220]</a> In September 1860, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Beck" title="Marcus Beck">Marcus Beck</a> came to live with the Listers and their two servants, while he studied medicine at the university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977101-226">[220]</a> In the closing weeks of the summer, the Listers along with Beck, Lucy Syme and Ramsay went on a short holiday to <a href="/wiki/Balloch,_West_Dunbartonshire" title="Balloch, West Dunbartonshire">Balloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a>. While the group was visiting <a href="/wiki/Tarbet,_Argyll" title="Tarbet, Argyll">Tarbet, Argyll</a>, the men rowed across the loch and ascended <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lomond" title="Ben Lomond">Ben Lomond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977102-227">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_to_surgeoncy">Election to surgeoncy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Election to surgeoncy">edit</a>]</div> In August 1860, Lister had been rejected for a post at the Royal Infirmary by David Smith, a shoemaker who was the chairman of the hospital board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018135-228">[222]</a> When Lister put his case to Smith explaining the need for anatomical demonstrations so the students could understand the practice of surgery, Smith stated his belief that "the infirmary was a curative institution, not an educational one".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> The rejection both annoyed and surprised Lister as he had been promised by Thomson that the position was assured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977102-227">[221]</a> Indeed, he had informed his father of the fact that the post was guaranteed in his letter to his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018135-228">[222]</a> In November 1860, the winter lecture course began. In total 182 students registered for the lectures<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192493-229">[223]</a> and according to Godlee it was likely the "largest class of systematic surgery in Great Britain, if not in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192493-229">[223]</a> The class consisting of mostly 4th year students with some 3rd and 2nd year students, was so enthused, that they decided to make Lister the Honorary President of their Medical Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977102-227">[221]</a> When the time approached for the election to the surgeoncy in 1861, 161 students signed a petition on parchment supporting his claim for election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192493-229">[223]</a> Lister was not elected until 5 August 1861, in what was described by Beck as a "troublesome canvas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109-230">[224]</a> Lister was put in charge of wards XXIV (24) and XXV (25) in October 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerly2003153-231">[225]</a> It wasn't until November 1861 that he performed his first public operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192495-232">[226]</a> Soon after Lister arrived at the GRI, a new surgical block was built and it was here that he conducted many of his trials of antisepsis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkinsonMossRussell1994107-233">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holmes_System_of_Surgery">Holmes System of Surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Holmes System of Surgery">edit</a>]</div> Between the end of his winter lecture course and his appointment, Lister's correspondence contained little of scientific interest. A letter to his father dated 2 August 1861 explained why.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192494-234">[228]</a> He had halted his experiments on coagulation to work on two chapters, "Amputation" and "On Æsthetics" (On anaesthetics) for the medical reference work System of Surgery by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Holmes" title="Timothy Holmes">Timothy Holmes</a>, published in four volumes in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister186251–106-235">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a> was Lister's preferred anaesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977108-236">[230]</a> He wrote three papers for Holmes in 1861, 1870 and 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909a135–175-237">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuxton192410-238">[232]</a> The science of anaesthesia was in its infancy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924103-239">[233]</a> when Lister first recommended chloroform to Syme in 1855, and he continued to use it until the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109-230">[224]</a> His sister Isabella Sophie first described it to him in 1848 when she had a tooth pulled. He had also used it without complications on three patients with tumours of the jaw in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977108-236">[230]</a> He classed it along with alcohol and opium as a "specific irritant" in "On the early stages of imflammation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977108-236">[230]</a> Lister preferred it to <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a>, as it was safer to use in artificial light, protected the heart and blood vessels, and, Lister believed, gave the patient "mental tranquility" as it was the safest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109-230">[224]</a> In the 1871 edition, he reported that there had been no deaths in the Edinburgh or Glasgow infirmaries from chloroform,between 1861 and 1870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109-230">[224]</a> Lister described how his assistant applied the chloroform onto a simple handkerchief used as a mask and watched the patient's breathing. In 1870 however Lister updated the chapter to state that he felt apprehension about using chloroform on the "aged and infirm".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109-230">[224]</a> In the same edition he recommended <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> for tooth extraction and the use of ether to avoid vomiting after <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_surgery" title="Abdominal surgery">abdominal surgery</a>. In the winter of 1873, the English medical journals reported that <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_sulfate" title="Ethyl sulfate">sulphuric ether</a> should be used instead but Watson Cheyne stated there had been no deaths from chloroform during the winter of 1873. In 1880, the British Medical Association recommended the synthetic gas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethidene_dichloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethidene dichloride (page does not exist)">ethidene dichloride</a> for clinical trials. On 14 November 1881, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a> published the dose-response curve of chloroform but Lister believed that smaller doses were sufficient to anaesthetize the patient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909a162-240">[234]</a> Starting in April 1882, Lister first conducted clinical research using ether and from July to November, lab experiments on <a href="/wiki/Chaffinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaffinch">chaffinches</a> and then on himself and Agnes, to determine the correct dose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977110-241">[235]</a> The 1882 chapter continued to recommend chloroform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977110-241">[235]</a> The chapter on amputation was much more technical than the anaesthesia chapter, for example describing the ways of cutting the skin to produce flaps to close over the wound.<a href="#cite_note-242">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909b378–417-243">[236]</a> In the first edition, Lister examined the history of amputation from <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pridgin_Teale_(died_1867)" title="Thomas Pridgin Teale (died 1867)">Thomas Pridgin Teale</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hey_(surgeon)" title="William Hey (surgeon)">William Hey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chopart" title="François Chopart">François Chopart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pirogov" title="Nikolay Pirogov">Nikolay Pirogov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jean_Larrey" title="Dominique Jean Larrey">Dominique Jean Larrey</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497-244">[237]</a> and the discovery of the tourniquet by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etienne_Morel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etienne Morel (page does not exist)">Etienne Morel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonninLeFanu1967-125">[122]</a> In the first edition, Lister devoted seven pages to <a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dressing (medical)">dressings</a>, but by the third edition used only a single sentence to recommend a dry dressing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192496-245">[238]</a> as opposed to the more common water dressing, thought to excluded air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977130-246">[239]</a> By the third edition, Lister focused on describing three innovative surgical techniques. The first was a method for amputation through the thigh that he developed between 1858 and 1860, a modification of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Douglas_Carden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Douglas Carden (page does not exist)">Henry Douglas Carden</a>'s technique for knee amputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497-244">[237]</a> The thigh amputation went through the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_condyle_of_femur" title="Lateral condyle of femur">femoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Condyle" title="Condyle">condyles</a> in a circular fashion with a small posterior flap that enabled a neat scar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2010-247">[240]</a> The second technique was an <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aortic</a> tourniquet for controlling blood flow in the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497-244">[237]</a> The vessels of the aorta were too tough to close properly and <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)" title="Ligature (medicine)">ligatures</a> either damaged the artery walls or caused premature death if left in too long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977110-241">[235]</a> The third technique was a method of bloodless operation that he created in 1863–1864 by elevating a limb and quickly applying an <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">india rubber</a> tourniquet to stop limb circulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924100–101-248">[241]</a> It became unnecessary with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Esmarch_bandage" title="Esmarch bandage">Esmarch bandage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonninLeFanu1967-125">[122]</a> In 1859, he advocated for the use of silver wire sutures that had been invented by <a href="/wiki/J._Marion_Sims" title="J. Marion Sims">J. Marion Sims</a>, but their use fell out of favour with the introduction of antiseptics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497-244">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croonian_Lecture">Croonian Lecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Croonian Lecture">edit</a>]</div> On 1 January 1863, Lister returned to the topic of coagulation with the <a href="/wiki/Croonian_Medal" title="Croonian Medal">Croonian Lecture</a> titled "On the coagulation of the blood",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1863-249">[242]</a> although it contained little that was new.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977112-250">[243]</a> The lecture, given in London at the invitation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192468-193">[188]</a> began by reconfirming the fallacious nature of the ammonia theory, instead proposing that shed blood coagulates when the solid and fluid elements of the blood meet. His experiments had confirmed that blood plasma (liquor sanguinis) alone does not coagulate, but does when in contact with red blood cells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2014-69">[67]</a> Lister suggested that living tissues possessed similar properties in relation to blood coagulation. He mentioned the presence of coagulable fluid in the interstices of cellular tissue and described instances of <a href="/wiki/Oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedema">oedema</a> liquid coagulating after emission, possibly due to a slight admixture of red blood cells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1863-249">[242]</a> Lister highlighted the tendency of inflamed tissues to induce coagulation in their vicinity, suggesting that inflamed tissues temporarily lose their vital properties and behave like ordinary solids, leading to coagulation. He provided examples of inflamed arteries and veins exhibiting coagulation on their interior, like artificially deprived vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1863-249">[242]</a> Lister then noted that inflamed tissues induce coagulation and oedema effusions remain liquid. He hypothesised that the accumulated red blood cells increased pressure in inflamed <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> and contributed to the loss of healthy condition in capillary walls, leading to coagulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1863-249">[242]</a> In closing, Lister said his previous microscopic investigation published in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions</a>, supported the view that tissues could be temporarily deprived of vital power by irritants. He proposed that inflammatory congestion arose from the adhesiveness of red blood cells to irritated tissues, like their behaviour outside the body when encountering ordinary solids. In finishing the lecture, Lister said he was satisfied that his previous conclusions on the nature of inflammation were independently confirmed through his research into blood coagulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1863-249">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_excision_of_the_wrist_for_caries">On excision of the wrist for caries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: On excision of the wrist for caries">edit</a>]</div> Lister's most original work that he undertook during 1863 and the beginning of 1864 was the development of a surgical technique for the excision of caries from the wrist, i.e., the removal of diseased bone due to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924118-251">[244]</a> The procedure consisted of removing the ends of the bones entering into an articulation instead of amputating the whole limb, and was considered a recent development in "conservative surgery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924118-251">[244]</a> Several surgeons had attempted the procedure. It was first performed by German surgeons Johann von Dietz in 1839 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Ferdinand_Heyfelder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Ferdinand Heyfelder (page does not exist)">Johann Ferdinand Heyfelder</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ferdinand_Heyfelder" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Ferdinand Heyfelder">de</a>] in 1849, followed by British surgeon <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Fergusson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Fergusson, 1st Baronet">William Fergusson</a> in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGant1872181-252">[245]</a> While the development of techniques for excision of the elbow was largely successful, similar success for the excision of the wrist was elusive, so amputation was still considered the most appropriate treatment even in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924118-251">[244]</a> Lister developed a complicated technique that removed the tissue where the disease was likely to occur but preserved the structures used to move the fingers and wrist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924119-253">[246]</a> The technique was adopted by the profession and the only complaint from surgeons was the length of the operation at 90 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924119-253">[246]</a> Lister waited almost a year before publishing the paper in March 1865 in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1865-254">[247]</a> The paper presented 15 case histories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977114-255">[248]</a> In summary, ten people were cured, two had hopes of achieving a cure, two died of causes independent of the operation and Lister considered one operation unsatisfactory, a failure rate of 13%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977114-255">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edinburgh_position">Edinburgh position</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Edinburgh position">edit</a>]</div> Professor of Systematic Surgery in Edinburgh <a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(surgeon)" title="James Miller (surgeon)">James Miller</a> died in June 1864.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924108-256">[249]</a> The Edinburgh chair, considered the most prestigious within the Scottish medical community, came with an annual stipend of £700-£800 per year. Syme and his friends suggested that Lister should apply as his candidature was all but assured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924108-256">[249]</a> A number of reasons have been advanced for why Lister applied. In a letter to his father, he said that he saw Glasgow as a stepping stone. There were a multitude of reasons to either stay or go. He was drawn to research, his friends were there, and he found the routine tasks in Glasgow to be "working in a corner". There was also the fact that his tenure only lasted 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924109–110-257">[250]</a> Testimonials from Christison, Paget, Buchanan and Syme followed the application. By the end of June, Lister was convinced the position was his.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924110-258">[251]</a> However, the chair went with <a href="/wiki/James_Spence_(surgeon)" title="James Spence (surgeon)">James Spence</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018147-259">[252]</a> Lister was disappointed and in social settings tended to <a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a> in conversation, but by October his father, in a letter said that it was, "very gratifying to learn thy complete reconcilement to remaining at Glasgow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977115-260">[253]</a> Before he received the disappointing news, Lister had been called back to Upton as his mother Isabella was on her deathbed. She died on 3 September 1864.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924111-261">[254]</a> His father now lived alone at Upton as the only daughter left at home had married in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924111-261">[254]</a> Communication with his children became of paramount importance to Joseph Jackson and he started to send Lister a letter every week, stating in October "The thought that thou wilt look for letters from thee weekly, and the letters when they come, are alike gratifying to thy poor father."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018148-262">[255]</a> <dl><dt>Winter lecture course</dt></dl> On 1 November, Lister began the winter lecture course, divided in two: common tissue and organ conditions, and conditions of physiology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977115-260">[253]</a> His first lectures were on blood, then nerves, then detailed special nerves which explained the process of inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977116-263">[256]</a> In introducing the subject, he stated that any injury that didn't cause death would result in inflammation with the familiar symptoms of redness, swelling and pain. These symptoms indicated "inflammatory congestion",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191357-264">[257]</a> the suspension of vital energy, beginning with red corpuscles adhering together, which was caused by fibrin, which itself was caused by two substances in the blood, one in the blood cells and one in liquor sanguis (plasma). He described two types of inflammation, direct and indirect. He saw direct inflammation as caused by a noxious agent and indirect by "sympathy", an indication that his frame of reference was wholly inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977116-263">[256]</a> He then provided various examples and examined various types of inflammation such as acute, latent and chronic. The following lectures explained how to alleviate the symptoms of inflammation, by for example elevating a limb to enable blood flow, or reducing tension by draining an abscess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977117-265">[258]</a> The remarkable aspect of Lister's theory of inflammation was that while the details of his observations were correct, his theoretical structure to explain his observations was completely wrong. Lister's error lay in his belief that inflammation was a "unitary disease", a single underlying disease, when in effect it was a range of conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977117-265">[258]</a> The second division of the lectures focused on the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system, bones, joints and nerves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118-266">[259]</a> <dl><dt>Christmas</dt></dl> Lister and Agnes spent Christmas 1864 with Joseph Jackson at Upton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118-266">[259]</a> In January, Lister attended a quite unusual operation by Syme in Edinburgh in which a patient's tongue was removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118-266">[259]</a> A month later, Lister received an interesting letter from Jackson on fees that indicated Lister's growing private practice that he began in 1861. His practice was unusual, as it was solely dedicated to surgery, during a period when operations either took place at the doctor's surgery or at the patient's home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118-266">[259]</a> In March 1865, Lister and his colleagues became involved in the case of the murderer <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Pritchard" title="Edward William Pritchard">Edward William Pritchard</a> who was employed as a doctor in Glasgow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924115–1116-267">[260]</a> Prichard had broken his oath. In a letter to his father, Lister expressed his sincere hope that he would be hung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924115–1116-267">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pasteur">Pasteur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pasteur">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/220px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/330px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/440px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>Louis Pasteur in his laboratory. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a> in 1885</figcaption></figure> At the end of 1864<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne19259-268">[261]</a> or during the spring of 1865<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble1960457-269">[262]</a> (sources vary) while walking home with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Anderson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Anderson (chemist)">Thomas Anderson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194960-270">[263]</a> the chemistry professor at Glasgow and discussing putrefaction, Anderson drew Lister's attention to the latest research of the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924162-271">[264]</a> who had discovered living things that caused <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuland2011363-272">[265]</a> Lister had not been a wide reader of continental literature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924162-271">[264]</a> but began reading the weekly journal <a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences">Comptes rendus hebdomadaires</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> in the years 1860-1863 where Pasteur discussed fermentation and putrefaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191397-273">[266]</a> The two papers that Anderson recommended to Lister were Sur les corpuscules organisés qui existent dans l'atmosphère, examen de la doctrine des générations spontanées 1861 (On the organized particles that exist in the atmosphere, examination of the doctrine of spontaneous generations).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1861a-274">[267]</a> In this paper, Pasteur disproved the theory of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a> by proving the hypothesis that life in boiled infusions arose from <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">[268]</a> He also proved that particles in the air could be cultivated; and that if they were introduced from the air into a sterile liquid, they would reappear and multiply in the liquid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201611-276">[269]</a> The second paper was Pasteur's magnum opus, titled Examen du rôle attribué au gaz oxygène atmosphérique dans la destruction des matières animales et végétales après la mort 1863 (Examination of the role attributed to atmospheric oxygen gas in the destruction of animal and plant matter after death),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1863a-277">[270]</a> published 29 June 1863.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977121-278">[271]</a> The paper concluded that fermentation, putrefaction and slow combustion destroyed organic matter and these were necessary processes for life to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">[268]</a> Pasteur learned that slow combustion was related to the <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_infection" title="Anaerobic infection">anaerobic conditions</a> when <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> were present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">[268]</a> Several other papers would directly influence Lister's work on microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201611-276">[269]</a> The third paper was the Mémoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique (Extrait par l'auteur) (Memoir on the so-called <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a> (Extracted by the author)), published in 1857,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1857-279">[272]</a> described the discovery of the microbe responsible for fermentation in beer yeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">[268]</a> The fourth paper was the Memoire sur la Fermentation Alcoolique (Memoir on Alcoholic Fermentation), published in <a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique" title="Annales de chimie et de physique">Annales de chimie et de physique</a> in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1860-280">[273]</a> Pasteur described living microorganisms in yeast, <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a>, that were responsible for the effervescent change that led to fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">[268]</a> The last paper by Pasteur was the Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygène libre et déterminant des fermentations, (Animal Infusoria Living in the Absence of Free Oxygen and their fermentations)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1861b-281">[274]</a> That paper, presented in 1861, was seminal in enabling Lister to understand the nature of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">[268]</a> where the body's response to infections leads to injury of the tissue and organs. Pasteur's research led him to believe the ferment that produced <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">Butyric acid</a> was a microbe that lived in the absence of oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">[268]</a> The last paper that Lister found important was "Recherches sur la putréfaction" (Research on putrefaction)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1863b-282">[275]</a> that concluded that "...that putrefecation is determined by living ferments".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191398-283">[276]</a> Lister was not the only surgeon interested in Pasteur's research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018159-284">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_Wells" title="Thomas Spencer Wells">Thomas Spencer Wells</a>, surgeon to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>, had emphasised the significance of Pasteur's work at a meeting of the British Medical Association in 1864,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons200296-285">[278]</a> stating "[By] applying the knowledge for which we are indebted to Pasteur of the presence in the atmosphere of organic germs ... it is easy to understand that some germs find their most appropriate nutriment in the secretions from wounds, or in pus, and that they so modify it as to convert it into a poison when absorbed". However, Wells did not have an experiment to demonstrate germ theory and was unable to develop the techniques to put it into practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorboys200079-286">[279]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:443px;max-width:443px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lister's colleagues</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur,_foto_av_Paul_Nadar,_Crisco_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Louis Pasteur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/140px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/210px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/280px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3292" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Louis Pasteur before 1895</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ThomasAnderson(1819-1874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thomas Anderson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ThomasAnderson%281819-1874%29.jpg/147px-ThomasAnderson%281819-1874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ThomasAnderson%281819-1874%29.jpg/221px-ThomasAnderson%281819-1874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ThomasAnderson%281819-1874%29.jpg/294px-ThomasAnderson%281819-1874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thomas Anderson circa 1870</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Spencer_Wells_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thomas Wells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thomas_Spencer_Wells_2.jpg/144px-Thomas_Spencer_Wells_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thomas_Spencer_Wells_2.jpg/216px-Thomas_Spencer_Wells_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thomas_Spencer_Wells_2.jpg/288px-Thomas_Spencer_Wells_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1422" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thomas Spencer Wells</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipitous</a> discovery of Pasteur's work at a time when he was struggling to control post-surgical infections<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201617-287">[280]</a> provided a simple explanation for a problem he had long experienced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright1977144-288">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194960-270">[263]</a> He was now convinced that infection and suppuration of wounds must be due to entry into the wound of minute living airborne creatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194960-270">[263]</a> He recognised that contamination was the vector for infection, realising from the first that the surgeon's hands, dressings and instruments would also be contaminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194960-270">[263]</a> However, Pasteur's work confirmed the view Lister had always expressed that contamination came from the air. Lister did not realise the vast and diverse amount of microbial life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194960-270">[263]</a> As Lister's work at that time derived directly from Pasteur's, Lister probably thought that wound infection was due to a single organism. He had no concept, nor indeed did anybody else, of the vast number of types of germs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194961-289">[282]</a> Reading the papers did spur him to determine how the hands, dressings and instruments he used could be rid of these ubiquitous organisms and how the wound could be cleared of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194961-289">[282]</a> Pasteur suggested three methods to eliminate microorganisms: filtration, exposure to heat, or exposure to chemical solutions. Lister was particularly interested in the efficacy of filtration and repeated many of Pasteur's experiments in modified form for instruction in his class,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194961-289">[282]</a> but eventually excluded the first two techniques as not applicable for the treatment of wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018159-284">[277]</a> Lister confirmed Pasteur's conclusions with his own experiments and decided to use his findings to develop antiseptic techniques for wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1867a-290">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbolic_acid">Carbolic acid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Carbolic acid">edit</a>]</div> In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Friedlieb_Ferdinand_Runge" title="Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge">Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">germicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, then known as carbolic acid, which he derived in an impure form from <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyman19961-291">[284]</a> At that time, there was uncertainty as to the relationship of <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a> – a chemical that had been used as a preservative on the wood used for <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">railway sleeper</a> and ships to protect the wood from rotting – and carbolic acid.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a> Upon hearing that creosote had been used for treating sewage<a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-293">[286]</a> in Carlisle, Lister obtained a sample from Anderson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199929-294">[287]</a> Known as "German creosote", it was a thick, smelly tarry substance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924182-295">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiseptic_system_1865–1867">Antiseptic system 1865–1867</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Antiseptic system 1865–1867">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/On_the_Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery.djvu/page1-220px-On_the_Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/On_the_Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery.djvu/page1-330px-On_the_Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/On_the_Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery.djvu/page1-440px-On_the_Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="3821" /></a><figcaption>The widespread introduction of <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic surgical</a> methods followed the publishing of Lister's <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery" title="Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery">Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery</a> in 1867</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Eakins,_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_(The_Gross_Clinic)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thomas_Eakins%2C_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_%28The_Gross_Clinic%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Thomas_Eakins%2C_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_%28The_Gross_Clinic%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thomas_Eakins%2C_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_%28The_Gross_Clinic%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Thomas_Eakins%2C_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_%28The_Gross_Clinic%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thomas_Eakins%2C_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_%28The_Gross_Clinic%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Thomas_Eakins%2C_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_%28The_Gross_Clinic%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4537" data-file-height="5627" /></a><figcaption>The Portrait of Dr. Samuel D. Gross. The portrait of American surgeon Samuel Gross at work created by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eakins" title="Thomas Eakins">Thomas Eakins</a> in 1875. Gross rejected Lister's methodology when Lister visited the International Medical Congress in Philadelphia in 1876. Gross is quoted as saying: "Little if any faith is placed by any enlightened or experienced surgeon on this side of the Atlantic in the so-called carbolic acid treatment of Professor Lister".<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> Examination of the portrait reveals that the assistant is holding the surgical instrument by the blade instead of the handle, delivering germs directly into the wound. The assistants have dirt on their hands, and a family member is present at the operation, bringing more germs into the operation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eakins,_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg/220px-Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg/330px-Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg/440px-Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2753" /></a><figcaption>The Agnew Clinic by Thomas Eakins in 1889. It details an operation by <a href="/wiki/David_Hayes_Agnew" title="David Hayes Agnew">David Hayes Agnew</a>, professor of surgery who was on the point of retiring, to the students of University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Examination of the portrait shows that the surgeons are now wearing <a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)" title="Scrubs (clothing)">surgical dress</a>, the use of surgical drapes over the body is predominant and a nurse is present as it is an operation on a woman. Lister's work elicited a worldwide revolution in surgery in less than 25 years.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hospitalism">Hospitalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hospitalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_surgery" title="History of surgery">History of surgery</a></div> The history of antiseptic surgery in the years before 1847, was preventing or treating infection in accidental wounds, often received in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright196877-297">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1860's_surgery_and_pathological_theory">1860's surgery and pathological theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 1860's surgery and pathological theory">edit</a>]</div> In the 1860s, Lister's assumptions about surgery and theory of pathology were similar to those of his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992-298">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_experiments">Early experiments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Early experiments">edit</a>]</div> In early March 1865, Lister conducted his first experiment using the acid on a patient whose wrist was being excised due to caries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018161-299">[292]</a> Although he carefully washed the wound, it became infected and the experiment was a failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018162-300">[293]</a> On 21 March 1865, Lister began his second experiment with carbolic acid on a 22-year-old patient named Neil Kelly who had a severe compound fracture of the leg.{<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018162-300">[293]</a> His treatment consisted of cleaning the wound of all blood clots and then applying the undiluted carbolic acid by the use of forceps across the whole wound. A piece of lint soaked in the acid was then laid on the leg, overlapping the wound and fixed by an adhesive plaster. A sheet of thin block tin or sheet lead that was sterilized by the acid and placed to cover the lint, to prevent the antiseptic from evaporating. This was further fixed with adhesive plaster and packing was used between the limb and the splints for the purpose of soaking up any blood or discharges. A crust formed that was not removed except to apply a new antiseptic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924182–183-301">[294]</a> While the treatment possessed many of the essential characteristics of the antiseptic dressings that Lister would subsequently introduce, it failed and suppuration began to occur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924182–183-301">[294]</a> leading to the death of the patient. Lister blamed himself and noted that the treatment "..proved unsuccessful, in consequence, as I now believe, of improper management".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand2010-302">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiseptic_treatment_and_dressings">Antiseptic treatment and dressings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Antiseptic treatment and dressings">edit</a>]</div> The essential part of the wound treatment was not the application of strong carbolic acid to the wound, although that required careful management to ensure the wound was sterilised, but designing the dressing in such a manner to stop the ingress of airborne infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194963-303">[296]</a> This was often misunderstood, even when he was explaining the procedure to fellow doctors at Glasgow who were celebrating him as humanity's benefactor, and it caused him considerable irritation and unhappiness later in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194962–63-304">[297]</a> They were confused by the initial application of the acid and this led to the claim that Lister was advocating for the use of carbolic acid to prevent suppuration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194963-303">[296]</a> The disadvantages of the first primitive <a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">dressings</a> of lint soaked in carbolic acid were soon apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924183-305">[298]</a> The German creosote was also far from ideal, as it irritated the skin, causing <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulceration</a> and then suppuration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194962-306">[299]</a> that occasionally resulted in tissue <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>. It was also almost insoluble in water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924183-305">[298]</a> Lister began to look for another source of phenol. Lister discovered<a href="#cite_note-308">[h]</a> that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crace_Calvert" title="Frederick Crace Calvert">Frederick Crace Calvert</a>, an honorary chemistry professor from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Manchester_Institution" title="Royal Manchester Institution">Royal Manchester Institution</a> was manufacturing small quantities of phenol at a much finer purity and managed to obtain some.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199929-294">[287]</a> The phenol was in the form of small white crystals which liquified at 80 °F (27 °C)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199929-294">[287]</a> and were readily soluble in a ratio of 1:20 parts of water and to any extent soluble in oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194963-303">[296]</a> The watery solution could be used in a <a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotion</a> of any strength<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194963-303">[296]</a> and be used for disinfection of wounds while the solution in oil that served as a reservoir of antiseptic seemed likely to provide a suitable dressing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924183-305">[298]</a> Lister began to experiment with the phenol and produced a new dressing made of a putty that consisted of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">carbonate of lime</a> mixed with phenol mixed with boiled <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a> in a ratio of 1:4 or 1:6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924184-309">[301]</a> After two failures, Lister hard no clear experimental design<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977135-310">[302]</a> to test the efficacy of carbolic acid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018162-300">[293]</a> At that point he decided to only experiment on patients with <a href="/wiki/Open_fracture" title="Open fracture">compound fractures</a>, i.e. open wounds where the fractured bone breaks through the skin, leading to extensive loss of blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> In 1865, industrial accidents often led to the patient being thrown to the ground, leading to dirt entering the wound and a risk of deep infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGageDunbarCannada2023-312">[304]</a> By the time the patient saw a surgeon several hours later, suppuration had invariably set in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924181-313">[305]</a> In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> was the standard treatment for compound fractures. Lister reasoned that he could experiment on the patient and if the treatment failed, perform the amputation to remove the limb and save the patient's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018163-314">[306]</a> He believed this experimental model was both ethically and medically ideal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018163-314">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Greenlees">James Greenlees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: James Greenlees">edit</a>]</div> On 12 August 1865, Lister achieved success for the first time when he used the crude oily<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> full-strength carbolic acid to disinfect a compound fracture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199929-294">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1867b4-315">[307]</a> He applied a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution onto the wound of an 11-year-old boy, James Greenlees, who sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel passed over his left leg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199930-316">[308]</a> After washing the wound with carbolic acid dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, he applied a dressing of putty mixed with the acid widely over the wound and placed a sheet of tin to cover the wound and protect it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> The putty ensured that the acid didn't wash out of the wound in blood or lymph fluid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> He <a href="/wiki/Splint_(medicine)" title="Splint (medicine)">splinted</a> the leg and bandaged it to hold the lot in place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> After four days, he renewed the pad and discovered that no infection had developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> He again dressed it and left it for five days. When he removed the second dressing, he found the skin around the wound was burnt and applied a dressing of <a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">gauze</a> soaked in a combination of 5% to 10% acid and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> for a further four days. He then applied a water dressing to the wound until it completely healed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> After slightly over six weeks, Lister discovered that the boy's bones had fused back together without <a href="/wiki/Suppuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppuration">suppuration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194964-317">[309]</a> Confident that carbolic acid was the antiseptic that he had been looking for, Lister treated patient after patient at the Royal Infimary in the following months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018189-318">[310]</a> improving both the wound dressing design and the operating treatment. During the summer, the Listers never strayed far from Glasgow as he was still monitoring Greenlees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977137-319">[311]</a> In the same month, he treated two <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a>. Both sores were washed with an acid in oil solution and one was covered with an oiled paper coated with <a href="/wiki/Varnish#Resin_2" title="Varnish">spirit varnish</a> and the second with <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a> covered with a water dressing. In both cases the dressing failed and he swapped them for a water dressing covered with cotton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977137-319">[311]</a> On 11 September 1865, Lister treated the second patient with the acid, Patrick F., a labourer with a compound fracture of the thigh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> After the thigh was splinted, the small wound was dressed using lint dipped in carbolic acid and covered in oil paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909b5-320">[312]</a> After 16 days, the patient had an excellent <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977136-311">[303]</a> On 22 September, the Listers decided to take short holiday to Upton and the patient was left with his house surgeon, John Macfee. However, the treatment failed and the limb was amputated after gangrene developed in the wound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977137-319">[311]</a> When he wrote up his seminal paper, Lister considered the wound size too small to have effectively tested the efficacy of the acid, but he was happy with the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977137-319">[311]</a> At Christmas 1865, the Lister joined the Symes in Edinburgh. It was eight months before Lister treated another compound fracture. In 22 January 1866 he treated John Austin, a shipwreck survivor with a wound in the leg that had developed into a ulcer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977137-319">[311]</a> He washed the wound in 20:1 oil-to-acid solution and dressed it with a lint bandage dipped in the solution covered with <a href="/wiki/Plaster#Gypsum_plaster" title="Plaster">plaster of paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977137-319">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improved_dressing">Improved dressing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Improved dressing">edit</a>]</div> On 19 May 1866, the first patient to use the improved method<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194964-317">[309]</a> presented at Lister's accident ward with a compound fracture with extensive swelling and bruising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194949-321">[313]</a> The patient was John Hainy, a 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Pattern_(casting)" title="Pattern (casting)">casting</a> moulder in an <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">iron foundry</a>, who had been supervising a crane when a chain broke and a metal box, containing a sand mould weighing 12 <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">hundredweight</a> or 1,344 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> (609.6 kg), fell from a height of four feet and landed obliquely on his left leg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench1913110-322">[314]</a> Both leg bones were broken and a wound measuring 1.5 by 0.75 inches (38 by 19 mm) had bled profusely into the muscles and tissue of the leg. A secondary complication had occurred when air bubbles had mixed with the blood when the man was moved to the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench1913110-322">[314]</a> The normal treatment would have been amputation, but Lister decided to treat the wound with phenol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench1913111-323">[315]</a> He squeezed the leg to remove as much air and blood as possible, then placed a piece of lint soaked in carbolic acid on the wound and covered it with <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">tin foil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench1913111-323">[315]</a> A bloody crust formed over the wound, consisting of a scab free of bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977138-324">[316]</a> Lister saw for the first time how the scab was gradually converted into living tissue, even when new carbolic acid was being applied - something entirely new.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977138-324">[316]</a> Unfortunately Hainy developed <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">bed sores</a> that became gangrenous. These were treated with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> to remove the necrotic flesh and carbolic acid to sterilize the wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977138-324">[316]</a> Hainy survived the injury. On 27 May, Lister wrote to his father expressing intense satisfaction, stating "I tried the application of carbolic acid to the wound, to prevent decomposition of the blood and to prevent the fearful mischief of suppuration. It is now eight days since the accident and patient has been going exactly as though the fracture were a simple one." Two weeks later another letter followed, reporting "The great swelling has almost entirely subsided, and the limb is becoming firm".<a href="#cite_note-326">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194964-317">[309]</a> On 7 August 1866, Hainy was released from hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977138-324">[316]</a> Lister continued to refine the dressing and perfect the antiseptic treatment. He would often spend long nights experimenting in his home laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194964-317">[309]</a> He searched for a material that could be placed over the wound and under the carbolic acid, that would serve to protect the wound from the irritating effects of the acid and stop the ingress of microbes but enable bodily secretions to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194965-327">[318]</a> He eventually settled on the use of oiled silk sold under the "Green oiled silk protective" brand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194965-327">[318]</a> The silk surface was painted with one part <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrin</a>, two parts of powdered <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> and 16 parts of watery acid in a 20-1 water-acid solution, to ensure a thorough wetting.<a href="#cite_note-329">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194965-327">[318]</a> The sterile silk dressing was an effective barrier between the acid and the tissue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194965-327">[318]</a> He described the new treatment as "An antiseptic to exclude putrefaction with a protective to exclude the atmosphere will by their joint action, keep the wound from abnormal stimulus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194965-327">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_a_new_method_of_treating_compound_fracture,_abscess">On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess">edit</a>]</div> In early 1867, Lister began writing the compound fracture case histories of his experiments with carbolic acid as a new paper, the first to describe his new technique of antiseptics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977144-330">[320]</a> Titled On a New Method of treating Compound Fracture, Abscess, Etc., with Observations on the Conditions of Suppuration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1867a-290">[283]</a> the paper was published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> in five instalments between March and July 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924188-331">[321]</a> The first appeared on 10 March 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977144-330">[320]</a> The paper was divided into a main section dealing with compound fractures, and a short note on the treatment of abscesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924188-331">[321]</a> Lister's theory of inflammation provided the conceptual structure of the article.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992163-332">[322]</a> He stated that the inflammation that appeared immediately after an injury was both necessary and dangerous. It was a precursor to healing, but the fluids which flowed into the wound were akin to dead tissue. Inflammation could trigger putrefaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992163-332">[322]</a> Lister described tissues healing by <a href="/wiki/Granulation_tissue" title="Granulation tissue">granulation</a>, which he believed was the likely outcome in wounds in compound fractures. Lister believed that cells of granulated tissue were remarkably active and that since they were alive, they were immune to putrefaction and also to secondary inflammation, as they lacked sensory nerves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992163-332">[322]</a> Airborne putrefaction, "a danger that was underrated", was proven by the <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing#Proliferative_phase" title="Wound healing">scabs</a> which appeared to protect small wounds as they <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">healed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992164-333">[323]</a> Lister then explained how often it appeared in less than 24 hours and had an associated <a href="/wiki/Death_smell" title="Death smell">smell</a>. He described the source of putrefaction and how the "raw surface" of the wound could putrify before the granulations formed or the liquids on the surface of the granulations putrified. The liquids were extremely acrid and acted on the sensory nerves to initiate indirect inflammation and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>. This led to increased cell turnover and cellular death, increasing the quantity of putrescent material in the wound. Sloughs were produced that resulted in <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">suppuration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992164-333">[323]</a> In the next section, Lister made his most famous declaration, namely that the decomposition of organic tissue was not caused by the gaseous components in the atmosphere but "minute particles suspended in [the air], which are the germs of various low forms of life, long since revealed by the microscope, and regarded as merely accidental concomitants of putrescence" and had been identified by Pasteur as the "essential cause" of putrefaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018169-334">[324]</a> He described germs as working in the same manner as yeast converts sugar to alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992164-333">[323]</a> Lister's germs were scavengers who lived on dead tissue. He didn't see them as parasites on living tissue. In that respect, Lister's paper is open to many interpretations, but in the context of wounds, he believed that living tissue could resist germs. He never made the distinction as to whether germs were living beings for example in <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a>, that entered the body or were a chemical agent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992164-333">[323]</a> In the rest of the paper, Lister described using carbolic acid, and how the acid formed a dense crust protecting the wound from the ingress of germs. He then described his experiments on 11 patients.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992165-335">[325]</a> Healing by granulation occurred in all cases except 7,10, and 11, which didn't suppurate. Cases 1 and 9 did suppurate. Lister didn't regard pus as significant, as it was not associated with inflammation or change in putrefaction. In essence, he had attained healing by granulation without inflammation in compound fracture cases. He believed that the elimination of suppuration wasn't a desirable therapeutic outcome, as a small amount of suppuration on a healthy granulation wasn't a cause for alarm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992165-335">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carcinoma_of_the_breast">Carcinoma of the breast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Carcinoma of the breast">edit</a>]</div> In July 1867, Lister discovered that his sister Isabella Pim had breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018175-336">[326]</a> Pim had visited Paget and Syme to seek treatment but had such an extensive carcinoma that both surgeons advised against operating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924633-337">[327]</a> Lister made the difficult decision to perform a <a href="/wiki/Radical_mastectomy" title="Radical mastectomy">radical mastectomy</a>. He consulted Syme in Edinburgh and rehearsed the operation on a dead body. The recovery went smoothly and although there was some suppuration in the wound, Lister's use of antiseptics prevented putrefaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924633-337">[327]</a> The next day he wrote to his father, "I may say the operation was done at least as well as if she was not my sister. But I do not wish to do such a thing again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018178-338">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiseptic_principle_of_the_practice_of_surgery">Antiseptic principle of the practice of surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Antiseptic principle of the practice of surgery">edit</a>]</div> Within a few days of the publishing of the last part of the previous paper, Syme asked Lister to attend the British Medical Association meeting in Dublin on 9 August 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924192-339">[329]</a> Lister had some difficulty preparing a new paper, the seminal "On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery-*" Lister's second paper on antiseptic surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924192-339">[329]</a> It was later published in the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> on 21 September 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1867a-290">[283]</a> Lister claimed that based on experiments on inflammation, the essential cause of suppuration in wounds was decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992166-340">[330]</a> Several aspects of this claim need to be examined. Firstly, it was specific to wounds, as Lister had other views about suppuration elsewhere on the body. Secondly, he stipulated that decomposition was the "essential" cause of suppuration, i.e. not the only cause. Thirdly, decomposition was the cause of pus in wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992166-340">[330]</a> Lister's pronouncement is best described as that he had discovered that the only important cause of suppuration in inflamed wounds is decomposition. Lister was specifically referring to the pathology of pus formation in inflamed tissue, the essential cause of harm in the practice of surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992166-340">[330]</a> His appeal to the reader, in essence, to surgical consensus, was: "To prevent the occurrence of suppuration, with all its attendant risks, was an object manifestly desirable", and refers to the surgeon's dread of pus appearing in an inflamed wound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992166-340">[330]</a> Lister then made the wholly inaccurate statement that "...oxygen, which was universally regarded as the agent by which putrefaction was effected" compared to other sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992166-340">[330]</a> Lister introduced the work of Pasteur, claiming that decomposition might be avoided by using a dressing that could destroy the minute organisms in the wound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992167-341">[331]</a> Lister decided to formulate his new surgical technique into a general principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992166-340">[330]</a> He termed it the "antiseptic principle", thus linking its nomenclature to carbolic acid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977149-342">[332]</a> His principle was that all the local inflammatory mischief and general febrile disturbance which follow severe injuries are due to the irritation, and the reason for this was the carbolic acid induced suppuration but prevented decomposition, which was contrary to normal surgical treatment that saw suppuration as an indication that something was wrong, in Lister's case essentially that the antiseptic treatment had failed.[325] influence of decomposing blood or sloughs.<a href="#cite_note-343">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992167-341">[331]</a> He stating a "great principle" – not that decomposition was the cause of disease in wounds, but that it was the only cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992167-341">[331]</a> The paper instructed surgeons to continue treatment even when suppuration appeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992167-341">[331]</a> The reason for this was the carbolic acid-induced suppuration but prevented decomposition, which was contrary to normal surgical treatment, which saw suppuration as an indication that something was wrong, in Lister's case essentially that the antiseptic treatment had failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992167-341">[331]</a> He noted that he felt it necessary to affirm on "pathological principles" that <a href="/wiki/Granulation_tissue" title="Granulation tissue">granulation tissue</a> had no inherent tendency to form pus but only did so when "subjected to a preternatural tendency". He explained that carbolic acid and decomposing substances were similar, i.e., both caused suppuration by a chemical process but carbolic acid only acted on the surface of the tissue to which it was applied, but decomposition is a "self-propagating and self-aggravating poison". Decomposing tissue was a breeding ground for more decomposition that led to putrefaction in the tissue surrounding it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992167-341">[331]</a> Lister argued that the pus formed by carbolic acid was acceptable as long as it wasn't accompanied by inflammation. In this respect, Lister's approach to normal or abnormal healing by granulation was the same as the average surgeon of the period: that healthy healing didn't occur when inflammation was present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992167-341">[331]</a> Lister paid particular attention to putrefaction. The last part of the paper stating that decomposing wounds were the cause of disease in hospitals, which was not an uncommon belief amongst the surgical community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992168-344">[333]</a> He described how the two large wards where he offered treatment were the unhealthiest in Glasgow and how since the application of antiseptics, "wounds and abscesses no longer poison the atmosphere with putrid exhalations" and the wards completely changed their character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992168-344">[333]</a> Not a single instance of pyaemia, hospital gangrene, or erysipelas had occurred in them since the new regime of antiseptics had begun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1867a45-345">[334]</a> However, Lister did not explain how the "putrid exhalations" led to fever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992168-344">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations_of_the_antiseptic_system_of_treatment_in_surgery">Illustrations of the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Illustrations of the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery">edit</a>]</div> On 21 September 1867, Lister published a new paper, "Illustrations of the Antiseptic System of Treatment in Surgery", in The Lancet,<a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a> his third paper on antisepsis. The paper summarised his earlier claims and added a significant new observation on the agent of putrefaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992168-344">[333]</a> He stated that the "character of the decomposition in a given fermentable substance is determined by the nature of the organism that develops in it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992168-344">[333]</a> He suggested that the cause of fermentation in food was yeasts and the cause of putrefaction was possible <a href="/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">Vibrios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceDixey1992168-344">[333]</a> At the end of the paper, he stated that on the basis of his new antiseptic theory "a really trustworthy treatment for compound fractures and other severe contused wounds has been established for the first time, so far as I am aware, in the history of surgery". <dl><dt>Sterility experiment</dt></dl> In October 1867, Lister repeated a modified form of Pasteur's experiment, originally devised by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Chevreul</a>, to support germ theory and disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis201030–38-347">[336]</a> Lister poured urine into four glass flasks, then washed the necks to remove any urine and modified three of them, extending and drawing their necks into a narrow tube bent at an acute angle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194961-289">[282]</a> The fourth's neck was cut short and left vertical, but with a reduced diameter, smaller than the others' necks. The flasks were then boiled and when the heat was withdrawn, air was allowed to rush into the flask to replace the condensed steam. The flasks were then left undisturbed in the same room, the necks open to the air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924223-348">[337]</a> Within four days a vegetative mould appeared in the fourth flask while the other three flasks remained clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1868-349">[338]</a> Lister would later use the flasks in demonstrations. His dresser John Rudd Leeson described how Lister took the three flasks to London on their laps in a specially reserved first-class cabin, to ensure the flasks would survive the journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis201030–38-347">[336]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Sterility experiment to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_flask_designed_by_Joseph_Lister,_United_Kingdom,_1860-_Wellcome_L0058255.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass flask" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Glass_flask_designed_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_1860-_Wellcome_L0058255.jpg/142px-Glass_flask_designed_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_1860-_Wellcome_L0058255.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Glass_flask_designed_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_1860-_Wellcome_L0058255.jpg/213px-Glass_flask_designed_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_1860-_Wellcome_L0058255.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Glass_flask_designed_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_1860-_Wellcome_L0058255.jpg/284px-Glass_flask_designed_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_1860-_Wellcome_L0058255.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Glass flask used in the experiment</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_flask_containing_urine_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister,_Unit_Wellcome_L0058254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass flask" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Glass_flask_containing_urine_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_Unit_Wellcome_L0058254.jpg/142px-Glass_flask_containing_urine_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_Unit_Wellcome_L0058254.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Glass_flask_containing_urine_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_Unit_Wellcome_L0058254.jpg/213px-Glass_flask_containing_urine_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_Unit_Wellcome_L0058254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Glass_flask_containing_urine_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_Unit_Wellcome_L0058254.jpg/284px-Glass_flask_containing_urine_prepared_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_Unit_Wellcome_L0058254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Glass flask containing urine</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_reception_of_antisepsis">First reception of antisepsis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: First reception of antisepsis">edit</a>]</div> Although Lister was honoured in later life, his ideas about the transmission of infection and the use of antiseptics were widely criticised in his early career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry201840-43-350">[339]</a> On 24 August 1867, within a month of Lister's publishing his first paper on antiseptics, the editor of The Lancet, Lister's nemesis <a href="/wiki/James_G._Wakley" title="James G. Wakley">James G. Wakley</a>, wrote an editorial crediting Pasteur for Lister's research and invited physicians to investigate Lister's claims and report their findings to the journal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199931-351">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simpson's_attack">Simpson's attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Simpson's attack">edit</a>]</div> On 21 September 1867, Scottish <a href="/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetrician</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Young_Simpson" title="James Young Simpson">James Young Simpson</a>, professor of medicine and midwifery at Edinburgh University and discoverer of chloroform, published an editorial that attacked Lister in the Edinburgh Daily Review, written under the pen name "Chirurgicus", a common practice to signal a personal attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977151-352">[341]</a> Simpson's motive was that he was trying to convince the medical community of the efficacy of his <a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">acupressure</a> technique, which used needles to halt arterial haemorrhage, counter to Lister's use of ligatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199931-351">[340]</a> The editorial letter was the first of many and began a tit-for-tat argument in the press over months and eventually led to the acceptance of antisepsis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Simpson claimed that Lister's prior article had copied a continental practice<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194973-353">[342]</a> and accused him of plagiarising the work of French doctor and pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Jules_Lemaire" title="Jules Lemaire">Jules Lemaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199931-351">[340]</a> Lemaire had described carbolic acid as a constituent of coal tar in 1860<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199932-354">[343]</a> in "Saponinated coal tar"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemaire1860-355">[344]</a> and after a long series of investigations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924160-356">[345]</a> had followed up with an 1863 book, "De l'acide phénique, de son action sur les végétaux, les animaux, les ferments, les venins, les virus, les miasmes et de ses applications à l'industrie, à l'hygiène, aux sciences anatomiques et à la thérapeutique" (Carbolic acid, its action on plants, animals, ferments, venoms, viruses, miasmas and its applications to industry, hygiene, anatomical sciences and therapy) with the second edition in 1865, where he described the antiseptic power of carbolic acid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemaire1865-357">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay1958-358">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977151-352">[341]</a> While Lemaire believed in the germ theory and realised the causes of putrefaction, he made no attempt to develop a process to exclude them from the wound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199932-354">[343]</a> On 5 October 1867, Lister gave a robust reply to Simpson in a letter "On the Use of Carbolic Acid" to The Lancet, denying that he had heard of Lemaire's work and arguing that that work had made little impact on the medical profession.<a href="#cite_note-360">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199933-361">[349]</a> Lister went on to defend his work, stating: <dl><dd><dl><dd>"For my own part, I may say that, of all the gentlemen from Great Britain and both continents who have recently visited Glasgow, not one has ever expressed the slightest doubt that the system in question was entirely new; the novelty, I may remark, being, not the surgical use of carbolic acid (which I never claimed), but the methods of its employment with the view of protecting the reparatory processes from disturbance by external agency."</dd></dl></dd></dl> He unsuccessfully searched all the Glasgow libraries for Lemaires work<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194973-353">[342]</a> before finally discovering a copy in the library of Edinburgh University.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2011-362">[350]</a> On 19 October, Lister wrote a follow-up letter to The Lancet<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977153-363">[351]</a> and stated he didn't claim to be the first physician to use carbolic acid and that he chose the acid due to its strength as an antiseptic. He also included a letter of support from a Carlisle medical student, Phillip Hair, who had studied in Paris. Hair stated he had seen no treatments there that were as effective as Lister's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199934-364">[352]</a> Lister's response angered Simpson and two weeks later on 2 November 1867 he published a bitter reply: "Carbolic acid and its compounds in surgery" in ,The Lancet under his own name.<a href="#cite_note-365">[353]</a> Simpson reiterated his previous claims about Lemaire's and others' prior use of the acid, mentioning <a href="/wiki/James_Spence_(surgeon)" title="James Spence (surgeon)">James Spence</a>, who had used the acid to wash amputations, but had abandoned its use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977154-366">[354]</a> He cited a report by <a href="/wiki/Sampson_Gamgee" title="Sampson Gamgee">Sampson Gamgee</a> who visited Paris and reported that surgeons were using a solution of 100:1 of water to acid, while Lister recommended 40:1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199934-364">[352]</a> Simpson exposed his true motives when he compared his preferred technique of acupressure to Lister's use of ligatures. He used the work of <a href="/wiki/William_Pirrie_(surgeon)" title="William Pirrie (surgeon)">William Pirrie</a>, professor of surgery at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen University">Aberdeen University</a>, who had used acupressure to stop pus formation during <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> operations, to illustrate his point, that there had been no deaths from pyaemia at the hospital, compared to the many deathd in Glasgow and Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199934-364">[352]</a> Simpson was acutely embarrassed when Pirrie replied a week later in The Lancet in a small article titled "On the Use of Carbolic Acid in Burns",<a href="#cite_note-367">[355]</a> recommending its use for burn injuries and believing it proved effective in other treatments. Lister replied with a short note on 9 November<a href="#cite_note-368">[356]</a> to ask the reader to: "to judge for themselves how far the present attack admits of justification, promising to publish additional articles on his antiseptic technique".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199934-364">[352]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">First response to antiseptic surgery</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:James_G_Wakley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="James G Wakley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/James_G_Wakley.png/146px-James_G_Wakley.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/James_G_Wakley.png/219px-James_G_Wakley.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/James_G_Wakley.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="309" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wakley, the Lancet editor who invited responses to Lister's papers</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpson_James_Young_signature_picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="James Young" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Simpson_James_Young_signature_picture.jpg/147px-Simpson_James_Young_signature_picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Simpson_James_Young_signature_picture.jpg/221px-Simpson_James_Young_signature_picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Simpson_James_Young_signature_picture.jpg/294px-Simpson_James_Young_signature_picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="562" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Young became Lister's nemesis, to promote his accupressure technique</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pirrie._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028772.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Use of carbolic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/William_Pirrie._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028772.jpg/140px-William_Pirrie._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028772.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/William_Pirrie._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028772.jpg/210px-William_Pirrie._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028772.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/William_Pirrie._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028772.jpg/280px-William_Pirrie._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028772.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3223" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pirrie described using the acid for burn treatment</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JSGamgeelge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Samspon Gamgee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/JSGamgeelge.jpg/142px-JSGamgeelge.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/JSGamgeelge.jpg/213px-JSGamgeelge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/JSGamgeelge.jpg/284px-JSGamgeelge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="450" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sampson Gamgee documented the early use of carbolic acid in Paris</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_experimentalist">First experimentalist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: First experimentalist">edit</a>]</div> The first experimentalist surgeon to question the validity of the airborne microorganisms hypothesis was Edinburgh surgeon and professor of medicine <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_Bennett" title="John Hughes Bennett">John Hughes Bennett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199963-369">[357]</a> In a January 1868 lecture for the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Medical Journal">Edinburgh Medical Journal</a>, Bennett advanced The Atmospheric Germ Theory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1868-370">[358]</a> agreeing with the theories of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet" title="Félix Archimède Pouchet">Félix Archimède Pouchet</a>, professor of natural history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rouen_Normandy" title="University of Rouen Normandy">University of Rouen</a>, who believed in <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a> of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1868-370">[358]</a> Bennet described his own theory of molecular degeneration to explain how microorganisms transformed old tissue into new tissue by the action of molecules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199963-369">[357]</a> Bennett taught that <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> were the foundational building blocks of tissue and that microorganisms could be spontaneously created from different combinations of molecules. In his view, each molecule had a specific function, i.e. certain molecules were destructive to tissue, while others constructed tissue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199963-369">[357]</a> Bennett believed that diseases developed from the physical properties of the air, such as its density or changes in temperature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199963-369">[357]</a> Bennett believed that the germs that Pasteur captured couldn't be identified as organic organisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199964-371">[359]</a> The components of this dust were also found in minerals and they were either lint, debris from clothing, vegetable matter or pieces of seeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199964-371">[359]</a> Bennett particularly disagreed about temperature. Pasteur stated that germs died when heated to 30 degrees above boiling, and also from extreme cold. In the lecture, he referred to Pouchet's experiments duplicating Pasteur's, and refuted Pasteur's conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199964-371">[359]</a> Bennet didn't realise that Pasteur had proved his theory by both isolating the germs and stopping them from reappearing. In his experiments, Bennett reported that he "proved" that germs generate spontaneously, so therefore one could never create a germ-free environment.<a href="#cite_note-Ravi-372">[360]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The experimentalists</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:229px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hughes_Bennett._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028519.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John Hughes Bennett" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Hughes_Bennett._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028519.jpg/139px-John_Hughes_Bennett._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028519.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Hughes_Bennett._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028519.jpg/209px-John_Hughes_Bennett._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Hughes_Bennett._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028519.jpg/278px-John_Hughes_Bennett._Photograph._Wellcome_V0028519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1710" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bennet believed in the spontaneous generation of life</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:229px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix-Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet._Reproduction_of_etching_by_L._Flame_Wellcome_V0004765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Etching of Pouchet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/F%C3%A9lix-Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet._Reproduction_of_etching_by_L._Flame_Wellcome_V0004765.jpg/145px-F%C3%A9lix-Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet._Reproduction_of_etching_by_L._Flame_Wellcome_V0004765.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/F%C3%A9lix-Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet._Reproduction_of_etching_by_L._Flame_Wellcome_V0004765.jpg/218px-F%C3%A9lix-Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet._Reproduction_of_etching_by_L._Flame_Wellcome_V0004765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/F%C3%A9lix-Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet._Reproduction_of_etching_by_L._Flame_Wellcome_V0004765.jpg/290px-F%C3%A9lix-Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet._Reproduction_of_etching_by_L._Flame_Wellcome_V0004765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="3351" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pouchet believed in the spontaneous generation of life</div></div></div></div></div> It was likely that Hughes Bennett never adequately sterilized his experimental apparatus correctly.<a href="#cite_note-Ravi-372">[360]</a> On 8 November 1868, Lister gave a lecture on germ theory, where he elaborated on the origin of germs, as a rebuttal of Bennett's theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199965-373">[361]</a> In 1869, at the meetings of the British Association at <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, Lister's ideas were mocked; and again, in 1873, the medical journal <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> warned the entire medical profession against his progressive ideas.<a href="#cite_note-374">[362]</a> However, Lister did have some supporters, including <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Beck" title="Marcus Beck">Marcus Beck</a>, a consultant surgeon at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a>, who not only practised Lister's antiseptic technique, but included it in the next edition of one of the main surgical textbooks of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakula1985-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2009-375">[363]</a> Lister's use of carbolic acid proved problematic, and he eventually repudiated it for superior methods. The spray irritated eyes and respiratory tracts, and the soaked bandages were suspected of damaging tissue, so his teachings and methods were not always adopted in their entirety.<a href="#cite_note-376">[364]</a> Because his ideas were based on germ theory, still in its infancy, their adoption was slow.<a href="#cite_note-377">[365]</a> General criticism of his methods was exacerbated by the fact that he found it hard to express himself adequately in writing, so his methods seemed complicated, unorganised, and impractical.<a href="#cite_note-378">[366]</a> Lister left Glasgow University in October 1869<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924244-379">[367]</a> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/George_Husband_Baird_MacLeod" title="George Husband Baird MacLeod">George Husband Baird MacLeod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[368]</a> Lister returned to Edinburgh as successor to Syme as professor of surgery at the University of Edinburgh and continued to develop improved methods of antisepsis and asepsis. Amongst those he worked with there, was the senior apothecary and later MD, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gunn_(doctor)" title="Alexander Gunn (doctor)">Alexander Gunn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edinburgh_1869–1877">Edinburgh 1869–1877</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Edinburgh 1869–1877">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micro-pipette_used_by_Lord_Joseph_Lister_in_his_experiments_on_souring_milk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Micro-pipette_used_by_Lord_Joseph_Lister_in_his_experiments_on_souring_milk.jpg/220px-Micro-pipette_used_by_Lord_Joseph_Lister_in_his_experiments_on_souring_milk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Micro-pipette_used_by_Lord_Joseph_Lister_in_his_experiments_on_souring_milk.jpg/330px-Micro-pipette_used_by_Lord_Joseph_Lister_in_his_experiments_on_souring_milk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Micro-pipette_used_by_Lord_Joseph_Lister_in_his_experiments_on_souring_milk.jpg/440px-Micro-pipette_used_by_Lord_Joseph_Lister_in_his_experiments_on_souring_milk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3948" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Micro-pipette used by Lister that dispensed a bacterial solution diluted to contain an average of "rather less than one bacterium" per drop</figcaption></figure> In Edinburgh, his primary objectives were to perfect the design of his dressings, improve the reliability of antiseptics and apply his technique to an ever wider class of operations. He selected cases of the repair of bone deformities and rewiring of fractures where the union had malformed while healing.<a href="#cite_note-382">[370]</a> In 1870, Lister published "On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital". Lister's meticulous nature became ever more apparent in his casebooks for wards 4 and 5 at the infirmary.<a href="#cite_note-383">[371]</a> On 14 January 1871, Lister published his first details of Gauze and Spray in the British Medical Journal.<a href="#cite_note-384">[372]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Edinburgh Royal Infirmary</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Infirmary_Adam_(Paul_Sandby).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edinburgh Royal Infirmary on infirmary street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Edinburgh_Infirmary_Adam_%28Paul_Sandby%29.jpg/288px-Edinburgh_Infirmary_Adam_%28Paul_Sandby%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Edinburgh_Infirmary_Adam_%28Paul_Sandby%29.jpg/432px-Edinburgh_Infirmary_Adam_%28Paul_Sandby%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Edinburgh_Infirmary_Adam_%28Paul_Sandby%29.jpg/576px-Edinburgh_Infirmary_Adam_%28Paul_Sandby%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="617" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">North facade of the Edinburgh Royal Infimary</div></div></div></div></div> In 1872 he was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Aesculapian_Club" title="Aesculapian Club">Aesculapian Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprays">Sprays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Sprays">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lister%27s_carbolic_steam_spray_apparatus,_Hunterian_Museum,_Glasgow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lister%27s_carbolic_steam_spray_apparatus%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/220px-Lister%27s_carbolic_steam_spray_apparatus%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lister%27s_carbolic_steam_spray_apparatus%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/330px-Lister%27s_carbolic_steam_spray_apparatus%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lister%27s_carbolic_steam_spray_apparatus%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/440px-Lister%27s_carbolic_steam_spray_apparatus%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Lister's carbolic steam spray apparatus, <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunterian Museum">Hunterian Museum</a>, Glasgow</figcaption></figure> Therefore, Lister tested the results of spraying instruments, surgical incisions, and dressings with a solution of carbolic acid. Lister found that the solution swabbed on wounds remarkably reduced the incidence of gangrene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1868-349">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="London_1877–1900">London 1877–1900</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: London 1877–1900">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg/220px-Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg/330px-Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg/440px-Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Lister spraying phenol over patient, 1882</figcaption></figure> On 10 February 1877, the Scottish surgeon Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Fergusson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Fergusson, 1st Baronet">William Fergusson</a>, Chair of Systematic Surgery at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Hospital" title="King's College Hospital">King's College Hospital</a>, died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924395-386">[374]</a> On 18 February, in reply to a tentative approach from a representative of Kings College, Lister stated that he would be willing to accept the chair<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924397-387">[375]</a> if he could radically reform the teaching there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924397-387">[375]</a> There was no doubt that Lister's mission was both evangelical and apostolic and this was his true purpose in moving to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2011-362">[350]</a> British surgeon <a href="/wiki/John_Wood_(surgeon)" title="John Wood (surgeon)">John Wood</a>, originally next in line, was elected to the chair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999110-388">[376]</a> Wood was hostile to Lister obtaining the chair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999110-388">[376]</a> On 8 March 1877, in a private letter to an associate, Lister contrasted their differing teaching methods and stated in no uncertain terms his opinion of Fergusson, "The mere fact of Fergusson having held the clinical chair is surely a matter of no great moment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199961-389">[377]</a> In a comment to another colleague, Lister stated that his goal in taking the appointment was "the thorough working of the antiseptic system with a view to its diffusion in the Metropolis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199961-389">[377]</a> At a memorial held by his students to persuade him to remain, Lister criticised London teaching. His impromptu speech was heard by a reporter who ensured that it was published in the London and Edinburgh newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924398-390">[378]</a> This jeopardised Lister's position, as word reached the governing council at King's College, who awarded the chair to John Wood a few weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018187-391">[379]</a> However, negotiations were renewed in May and he was finally elected on 18 June 1877 to a newly created Chair of Clinical Surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> The second Clinical Surgery Chair was created specifically for Lister because the hospital feared the negative publicity that would have resulted had Lister not been elected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999111-392">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_to_Regents_Park">Moving to Regents Park</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Moving to Regents Park">edit</a>]</div> On 11 September 1877, Joseph and Aggie moved to London<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999112-393">[381]</a> and found a house at 12 Park Crescent in <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924407-394">[382]</a> Lister began teaching on October 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999112-393">[381]</a> The hospital made attendance at Lister's lectures mandatory for all students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999112-393">[381]</a> Attendance was small, compared to the four hundred students who regularly attended his classes in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999112-393">[381]</a> Lister's conditions of employment were met, but he was only provided with 24 beds, instead of the 60 beds that he was used to in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999113-395">[383]</a> Lister stipulated that he should be able to bring from Edinburgh four people who would constitute the core of his new staff at the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924410-396">[384]</a> These were <a href="/wiki/Watson_Cheyne" title="Watson Cheyne">Watson Cheyne</a> who became his assistant surgeon, John Stewart, an anatomical artist and senior assistant, and W. H. Dobie and James Altham Lister's dressers (surgical assistants who dressed wounds).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924410-396">[384]</a> There was considerable friction at Lister's first lecture, both from students who heckled him<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999113-395">[383]</a> and staff. Even the nurses were hostile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924410-396">[384]</a> This was clearly illustrated in October 1877<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924412-397">[385]</a> when a patient, Lizzie Thomas, who travelled from the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary to be treated for a <a href="/wiki/Psoas_muscle_abscess" title="Psoas muscle abscess">Psoas abscess</a>, was not admitted due to not having the correct paperwork.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924412–413-398">[386]</a> Lister could hardly believe that such a lack of sympathy from imperious nurses could exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924413-399">[387]</a> More so, such a state of mind was a real danger to his patients, because his system depended on loyal staff to carry out the preparations for antiseptic surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924413-399">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductory_address">Introductory address</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Introductory address">edit</a>]</div> On 1 October 1877, Lister held the customary introductory address. His inaugural lecture in London concerned "The nature of fermentation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924414-400">[388]</a> Lister described the fermentation of milk and explained how putrefaction was caused by fermentation of blood<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924414–417-401">[389]</a> and tried to prove that all fermentation was due to microorganisms. To demonstrate, he used a series of test tubes containing milk, loosely covered with glass caps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2011-362">[350]</a> Although air had entered the test tubes and the milk had not decomposed, demonstrating that air was responsible for fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2011-362">[350]</a> The experiment had two conclusions, first that unboiled milk had no tendency to ferment and secondly that an organism that Lister had isolated,<a href="#cite_note-402">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactococcus_lactis" title="Lactococcus lactis">Bacterium lactis</a> was the cause of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2011-362">[350]</a> The address was badly received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999113-395">[383]</a> In defence, John Stewart described it as: "a brilliant and most hopeful beginning of what we regarded as a campaign in the enemy's country... There seemed to be a colossal apathy, an inconceivable indifference to the light which, to our minds, shone so brightly, a monstrous inertia to the force of new ideas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924417-403">[391]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Medical items at Lister's inaugural lecture</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_of_six_test_tubes_used_by_Joseph_Lister,_United_Kingdom,_Wellcome_L0058562.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The frogs web" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Set_of_six_test_tubes_used_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_Wellcome_L0058562.jpg/138px-Set_of_six_test_tubes_used_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_Wellcome_L0058562.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Set_of_six_test_tubes_used_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_Wellcome_L0058562.jpg/207px-Set_of_six_test_tubes_used_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_Wellcome_L0058562.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Set_of_six_test_tubes_used_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_Wellcome_L0058562.jpg/276px-Set_of_six_test_tubes_used_by_Joseph_Lister%2C_United_Kingdom%2C_Wellcome_L0058562.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Test tubes containing milk. Lister was confident in saying that milk from the cow was not inherently fermentative</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wiring_of_fractured_patellas">Wiring of fractured patellas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Wiring of fractured patellas">edit</a>]</div> In October 1877, Lister performed an operation on a patient, Francis Smith, that was not considered life-threatening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999113–114-404">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924421-405">[393]</a> The open operation on a fractured <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a>, in front of 200 students, involved wiring the two fragments together<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924421-405">[393]</a> and was likely the first time a healthy knee-joint was ever opened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1919102-406">[394]</a> In 1881 Lister was elected President of the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Society_of_London" title="Clinical Society of London">Clinical Society of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-407">[395]</a> In October 1883, <a href="/wiki/St_Clair_Thomson" title="St Clair Thomson">St Clair Thomson</a> gathered together and examined Lister's first seven knee surgery patients at the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Society_of_London" title="Medical Society of London">Medical Society of London</a> meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1919102-406">[394]</a> He[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] also developed a method of repairing <a href="/wiki/Kneecap" class="mw-redirect" title="Kneecap">kneecaps</a> with metal wire and improved <a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a> technique. He also became known for being the first surgeon to use catgut ligatures, sutures and rubber drains, and developed an aortic tourniquet.<a href="#cite_note-408">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">[8]</a> He introduced a diluted spray of carbolic acid combined for surgical use. However he abandoned carbolic acid sprays in the late 1890s after he saw that they provided no beneficial change in the outcomes of the surgeries. The only reported reactions were minor symptoms that did not affect the surgical outcome as a whole, like coughing, irritation of the eye, and minor tissue damage among his patients who were exposed to the carbolic acid sprays during the surgery.<a href="#cite_note-409">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_abroad_(1870–1876)">Reception abroad (1870–1876)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Reception abroad (1870–1876)">edit</a>]</div> In 1869, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathias_Saxtorph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathias Saxtorph (page does not exist)">Mathias Saxtorph</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> visited Lister in Glasgow to adopt his methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinderForrest2005-410">[398]</a> In July 1870, Saxtorph recognised Lister's technique as being effective in a letter to Lister where he stated: <blockquote>The Frederick Hospital, to which I am head surgeon is a very old building and I have 150 patients in the surgical wards. Foremerly, there used to be every year several cases of death from pyaemia, sometime, arising from the most trivial injuries. Now, I have had the satisfaction that not a single case of pyaemia has occurred since I came home last year, which result is certainly owing to the introduction of your antiseptic treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToledo-PereyraToledo1976736–744-411">[399]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> The first use of Lister's method in Germany was by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Thiersch" title="Karl Thiersch">Karl Thiersch</a> in Leipzig in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924335-412">[400]</a> Thiersch practised Lister's approach since its introduction and never published his results, but did teach it to his students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924335-412">[400]</a> His house surgeon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Georg_Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Georg Joseph (page does not exist)">Hermann Georg Joseph</a> tested it on 16 patients with abscesses, with favourable results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinderForrest2005-410">[398]</a> Joseph wrote a thesis on his results, proving the value of the Lister method, and presented in Leipzig the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpmalis1968-413">[401]</a> In January 1870, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Adolf_von_Bardeleben" title="Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben">Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben</a> presented a paper to the Berlin Medical Society that described the results but provided no statistical evaluation of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpmalis1968-413">[401]</a> The adoption of Listerism on the European continent halted during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, but it became the greatest opportunity to advance Lister's ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinderForrest2005-410">[398]</a> At the start of the war, Lister had written a pamphlet known as "A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable To Wounded Soldiers in the Present War" that described a simplified technique of antiseptic that could be used on the battlefield and military hospital.<a href="#cite_note-414">[402]</a> The pamphlet was immediately translated into German, but never made a material difference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpmalis1968-413">[401]</a> By far the most important advocate for Lister's antiseptic system in Germany was surgeon and <a href="/wiki/Osteotomy" title="Osteotomy">osteotomy</a> specialist<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199998-415">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Volkmann" title="Richard von Volkmann">Richard von Volkmann</a>, who taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">University of Halle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlich2013-416">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">[405]</a> In August 1870, he became surgeon-general during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and was responsible for 12 army hospitals and 1442 beds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">[405]</a> When he returned to his own hospital in the winter of 1871, he found large numbers of patients with infectious diseases throughout the ward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">[405]</a> He wrote of the experience: <blockquote>The mortality after large amputations and complicated fractures grew year by year. In the summer of 1871, during my absence on the battlefield, the clinic was crowded by a large amount of injured. For eight months, in the winter of 1871 to 1872, the numbers of blood poisoning and rose disease victims were so great, that I considered applying for a temporary closure of the facility. Without a morgue, the dead stayed in the cellar beneath the wards</blockquote> In 1872, Volkmann sent his assistant <a href="/wiki/Max_Schede" title="Max Schede">Max Schede</a> to visit Lister at his clinic, to learn his new techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">[405]</a> Once Schede returned in the autumn of 1872, Volkmann began to use Lister's new techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">[405]</a> On 16 February 1873, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Billroth" title="Theodor Billroth">Theodor Billroth</a>, Volkmann wrote: <blockquote>since autumn of last year (1872), I have been experimenting with Lister's method... Already, the first trials in the old 'contaminated' house, show wounds healing, uneventful, without fever and pus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">[405]</a></blockquote> In April 1874, Volkmann presented a lecture titled: "About antiseptic occlusive bandages and their influence on the healing process of wounds" where he detailed the influence of Lister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">[405]</a> The lecture became famous in Germany, to such an extent that Lister's antiseptics were established in Germany, faster than in any other developed country. At the German Congress of Surgery, the members were so enthused with the results of Lister's work, that they invited him to visit Germany and see first-hand the results of his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199999-418">[406]</a> Lister decided to accept the invitation to a continental tour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924366-419">[407]</a> In the spring of 1875, Lister along with Agnes, his sister-in-law and two nieces left Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924366-419">[407]</a> The group spent several weeks in a tour that began in <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> in France, visited several cities in Italy and finished with a four-day visit to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924366-419">[407]</a> The first place in Germany that Lister visited was the "Allgemeines Krankenhaus" (general hospital) in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, which was run by Nussbaum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1875-420">[408]</a> A celebratory dinner was held in Munich for Lister, with seventy guests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199999-418">[406]</a> Lister received his most glorious reception in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, where Karl Thiersch held a banquet for three to four hundred guests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199999-418">[406]</a> Lister then visited Volkmann in Halle before visiting Berlin, where the group was entertained by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Adolf_von_Bardeleben" title="Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben">Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben</a>, who worked at the <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> hospital and was one of the earliest adopters of antiseptics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpmalis1968-413">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister,_Baron_Lister_acclaims_Louis_Pasteur_at_Pasteu_Wellcome_V0027885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister_acclaims_Louis_Pasteur_at_Pasteu_Wellcome_V0027885.jpg/220px-Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister_acclaims_Louis_Pasteur_at_Pasteu_Wellcome_V0027885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister_acclaims_Louis_Pasteur_at_Pasteu_Wellcome_V0027885.jpg/330px-Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister_acclaims_Louis_Pasteur_at_Pasteu_Wellcome_V0027885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister_acclaims_Louis_Pasteur_at_Pasteu_Wellcome_V0027885.jpg/440px-Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister_acclaims_Louis_Pasteur_at_Pasteu_Wellcome_V0027885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3779" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Lister acclaims Louis Pasteur at Pasteur's Jubilee, Paris, 1892. Photograph after a painting by Jean-André Rixens</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister_(1827_%E2%80%93_1912)_surgeon_Wellcome_V0017954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0017954.jpg/220px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0017954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0017954.jpg/330px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0017954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0017954.jpg/440px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0017954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3268" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Lister by Harry Herman Salomon from a photograph. Commissioned by Henry Welcome</figcaption></figure> In December 1892, Lister attended a celebration of the 70th birthday of Pasteur at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a> in Paris,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949120-421">[409]</a> The theatre, designed to hold 2500 people, was crowded and included the university governing staff, ministers of state, ambassadors, the President of France <a href="/wiki/Sadi_Carnot_(statesman)" title="Sadi Carnot (statesman)">Sadi Carnot</a> and representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949121-422">[410]</a> Lister, invited to give the address, received a great ovation when he stood up. He spoke of the debt that he and surgery owed to Pasteur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949121-422">[410]</a> In a scene captured later by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Rixens" title="Jean-André Rixens">Jean-André Rixens</a>, Pasteur strode forward and kissed Lister on both cheeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949121-422">[410]</a> In January 1896, Lister was present when Pasteur's body was laid in his tomb at the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949121-422">[410]</a> In 1893, four days into a spring holiday in <a href="/wiki/Rapallo" title="Rapallo">Rapallo</a>, Agnes Lister died from acute <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924525-423">[411]</a> While still responsible for the wards at Kings College Hospital, Lister's private practice ceased along with an appetite for experimental work. He severely curtailed social gatherings, studying and writing lost appeal for him, and he sank into <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">melancholy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924526-424">[412]</a> On 31 July 1895, Lister retired from Kings College Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_1895-425">[413]</a> Lister was presented with a portrait painted by Scottish artist <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Lorimer" title="John Henry Lorimer">John Henry Lorimer</a>, in a small presentation, held in recognition of the affection and esteem that felt by his colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_1895-425">[413]</a> Despite suffering a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, he still came into the public light from time to time. He had for several years been a Surgeon Extraordinary to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, and from March 1900 was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Serjeant_Surgeon" title="Serjeant Surgeon">Serjeant Surgeon</a> to the Queen,<a href="#cite_note-426">[414]</a> thus becoming the senior surgeon in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Household" title="Medical Household">Medical Household</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Household">Royal Household</a> of the sovereign. After her death the following year, he was re-appointed as such to her successor, <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-427">[415]</a> On 24 June 1902, with a 10-day history of <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a> with a distinct mass on the right lower quadrant, Edward was operated on by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Treves,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet">Sir Frederick Treves</a> two days before his scheduled <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Edward_VII_and_Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra">coronation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-428">[416]</a> Like all internal surgery at the time, the appendectomy needed by the King still posed an extremely high risk of death by post-operational infection, and surgeons did not dare operate without consulting Britain's leading surgical authority.<a href="#cite_note-429">[417]</a> Lister obligingly advised them in the latest antiseptic surgical methods (which they followed to the letter), and the King survived, later telling Lister, "I know that if it had not been for you and your work, I wouldn't be sitting here today."<a href="#cite_note-430">[418]</a> In 1903, Lister left London to live in the coastal village of <a href="/wiki/Walmer" title="Walmer">Walmer</a> at Park House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2004-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Lord Lister died on 10 February 1912 at his country home at the age of 84.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924596-431">[419]</a> The first part of Lister's funeral was a large public service held at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, which took place at 1.30 pm on 16 February 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> His body was moved from his house and taken to the Chapel of St. Faith and a wreath of orchids and lilies was placed by the German ambassador Count <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolff_Metternich" title="Paul Wolff Metternich">Paul Wolff Metternich</a> on behalf of the German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> Before the start of the service, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bridge" title="Frederick Bridge">Frederick Bridge</a> played the music of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Chopin)#Funeral_march" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Chopin)">funeral march</a> by Chopin and Beethoven's Tres Aequili.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> The body was then placed on a high <a href="/wiki/Catafalque" title="Catafalque">catafalque</a>, where his <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> and Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a> were placed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> It was then borne by several pallbearers including <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Guinness,_2nd_Earl_of_Iveagh" title="Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh">Rupert Guinness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_MacAlister" title="Donald MacAlister">Donald MacAlister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watson_Cheyne" title="Watson Cheyne">Watson Cheyne</a>, Godlee and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Mitchell_Caird" title="Francis Mitchell Caird">Francis Mitchell Caird</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> where the catafalque was conveyed to <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Cemetery" title="Hampstead Cemetery">Hampstead Cemetery</a> in London,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924596-431">[419]</a> reaching it at 4pm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> Lister's body was then buried in a plot in the south-east corner of the central chapel, attended by a small group of his family and friends. Many tributes from learned societies all over the world were published in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> on that day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> A memorial service was held in <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a> in Edinburgh on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> Glasgow University held a memorial service in Bute Hall on 15 February 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuneral1912-432">[420]</a> A marble medallion of Lister was placed in the north <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> of Westminster Abbey, which sits alongside four other noted men of science, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">Watt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924596-431">[419]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lister's funeral and medallion</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister,_Baron_Lister%27s_funeral_procession_leaving_Wes_Wellcome_V0027888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Funeral at Westminister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister%27s_funeral_procession_leaving_Wes_Wellcome_V0027888.jpg/157px-Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister%27s_funeral_procession_leaving_Wes_Wellcome_V0027888.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister%27s_funeral_procession_leaving_Wes_Wellcome_V0027888.jpg/236px-Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister%27s_funeral_procession_leaving_Wes_Wellcome_V0027888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister%27s_funeral_procession_leaving_Wes_Wellcome_V0027888.jpg/314px-Joseph_Lister%2C_Baron_Lister%27s_funeral_procession_leaving_Wes_Wellcome_V0027888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="2328" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Joseph Lister, Baron Lister's funeral procession leaving Westminster Abbey</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Lister_memorial,_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marble plaque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lord_Lister_memorial%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/127px-Lord_Lister_memorial%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lord_Lister_memorial%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/191px-Lord_Lister_memorial%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lord_Lister_memorial%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/254px-Lord_Lister_memorial%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="3385" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Memorial plaque in marble to Lister by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brock" title="Thomas Brock">Thomas Brock</a> in 1915</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lister_Memorial_Fund">Lister Memorial Fund</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Lister Memorial Fund">edit</a>]</div> Following his death, the Lord Lister Memorial Fund was established by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> as a public subscription to raise monies for the public good in honour of Lord Lister.<a href="#cite_note-433">[421]</a> It led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Lister_Medal" title="Lister Medal">Lister Medal</a>, considered the most prestigious prize that can be awarded to a surgeon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a>]</div> On 26 December 1883, Queen Victoria created Lister a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Park_Crescent,_London" title="Park Crescent, London">Park Crescent</a> in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">St Marylebone</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon_Gazette,_No._2530018836687-434">[422]</a> In 1885, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>, the highest <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> order of merit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924475-435">[423]</a> The order was restricted to 30 living Germans and as many foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924475-435">[423]</a> On 8 February 1897, he was further honoured when Her Majesty raised him to the peerage as Baron Lister, of <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon_Gazette,_No._268211897758-436">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[425]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1902_Coronation_Honours" title="1902 Coronation Honours">1902 Coronation Honours</a> list published on 26 June 1902 (the original day of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>'s coronation),<a href="#cite_note-438">[426]</a> Lord Lister was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">privy counsellor</a> and one of the original members of the new <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (OM). He received the order from the King on 8 August 1902,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times,_No._3684219026-439">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon_Gazette,_No._2747019025679-440">[428]</a> and was sworn a member of the Privy Council at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> on 11 August 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon_Gazette,_No._2746419025173-441">[429]</a> In December 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">King of Denmark</a> bestowed upon Lister the Knight of the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924581-442">[430]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">Order of chivalry</a> that gave him more pleasure than any of his later honours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924581-442">[430]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lister's coat of arms and order of chivalry and orders of merit</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Achievement_of_arms_(of_Baron_Lister%3F)._Watercolour._Wellcome_V0018195.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Arms of Joseph Lister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Achievement_of_arms_%28of_Baron_Lister%3F%29._Watercolour._Wellcome_V0018195.jpg/154px-Achievement_of_arms_%28of_Baron_Lister%3F%29._Watercolour._Wellcome_V0018195.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Achievement_of_arms_%28of_Baron_Lister%3F%29._Watercolour._Wellcome_V0018195.jpg/231px-Achievement_of_arms_%28of_Baron_Lister%3F%29._Watercolour._Wellcome_V0018195.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Achievement_of_arms_%28of_Baron_Lister%3F%29._Watercolour._Wellcome_V0018195.jpg/308px-Achievement_of_arms_%28of_Baron_Lister%3F%29._Watercolour._Wellcome_V0018195.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3002" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Arms of Lord Lister: Ermine, on a fess invected sable three mullets of six points argent in chief a <a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Aesculapius" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff of Aesculapius">Staff of Aesculapius</a> erect proper with canton of a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand of Ulster</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaft_und_k%C3%BCnste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pour le mérite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaft_und_k%C3%BCnste.jpg/193px-Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaft_und_k%C3%BCnste.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaft_und_k%C3%BCnste.jpg/290px-Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaft_und_k%C3%BCnste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaft_und_k%C3%BCnste.jpg/386px-Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaft_und_k%C3%BCnste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pour le mérite, awarded in 1885</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Merit_in_Westminster_Cathedral_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Order of merit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_Merit_in_Westminster_Cathedral_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Order_of_Merit_in_Westminster_Cathedral_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_Merit_in_Westminster_Cathedral_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Order_of_Merit_in_Westminster_Cathedral_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_Merit_in_Westminster_Cathedral_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Order_of_Merit_in_Westminster_Cathedral_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="2961" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Order of merit, awarded in 1902</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Dannebrog,_1876,_General_Georg_Edvard_Ramsay_-_National_Museum_of_Finland_-_DSC04020.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Order of the Dannebrog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Order_of_the_Dannebrog%2C_1876%2C_General_Georg_Edvard_Ramsay_-_National_Museum_of_Finland_-_DSC04020.JPG/144px-Order_of_the_Dannebrog%2C_1876%2C_General_Georg_Edvard_Ramsay_-_National_Museum_of_Finland_-_DSC04020.JPG" decoding="async" width="144" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Order_of_the_Dannebrog%2C_1876%2C_General_Georg_Edvard_Ramsay_-_National_Museum_of_Finland_-_DSC04020.JPG/216px-Order_of_the_Dannebrog%2C_1876%2C_General_Georg_Edvard_Ramsay_-_National_Museum_of_Finland_-_DSC04020.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Order_of_the_Dannebrog%2C_1876%2C_General_Georg_Edvard_Ramsay_-_National_Museum_of_Finland_-_DSC04020.JPG/288px-Order_of_the_Dannebrog%2C_1876%2C_General_Georg_Edvard_Ramsay_-_National_Museum_of_Finland_-_DSC04020.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Grand Cross, Order of the Dannebrog, awarded in 1902</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medals">Medals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Medals">edit</a>]</div> Throughout his life, Lister was awarded a number of medals for his achievements. In May 1890, Lister was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924475-435">[423]</a> that included the delivery of a short oration or lecture, that was held at the Synod Hall in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-443">[431]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_societies">Academic societies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Academic societies">edit</a>]</div> Lister was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a> between 1880 and 1888. In 1877, Lister was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Cothenius_Medal" title="Cothenius Medal">Cothenius Medal</a> of the German Society of Naturalists.<a href="#cite_note-444">[432]</a> In 1886, he was elected vice president of the college, but declined the nomination for office of president, as he wished to devote his remaining time to further research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949144-445">[433]</a> In 1887, Lister presented the <a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradshaw lecture">Bradshaw lecture</a> with a lecture titled "On the Present Position of Antiseptic Treatment in Surgery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> In 1897, Lister was awarded the College Gold Medal, their highest honour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> Lister was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> He served as a trustee on the Royal Society council between 1881 and 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> Ten years later, in November 1893 Lister was elected for two years, to the position of foreign secretary of the society, succeeding the Scottish geologist Sir <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924527-446">[434]</a> In 1895, he was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[435]</a> succeeding Lord <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Kelvin</a>. He held the position until 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">[30]</a> In March 1893, Lister received a telegram from Pasteur, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir_F%C3%A9lix_Guyon" title="Jean Casimir Félix Guyon">Félix Guyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jacques_Bouchard" title="Charles Jacques Bouchard">Charles Bouchard</a> that informed him he had been elected an associate of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Academie des Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924542–543-448">[436]</a> Lister was elected an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1893, an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1897, and an International Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-449">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[439]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_and_legacy">Monuments and legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Monuments and legacy">edit</a>]</div> In 1903, the British Institute of Preventive Medicine was renamed <a href="/wiki/Lister_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine" title="Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine">Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine</a> in honour of Lister.<a href="#cite_note-listinst-452">[440]</a> The building, along with another adjacent building, forms what is now the <a href="/wiki/Lister_Hospital_(Chelsea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lister Hospital (Chelsea)">Lister Hospital in Chelsea</a>, which opened in 1985. The building at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary" title="Glasgow Royal Infirmary">Glasgow Royal Infirmary</a> which houses the <a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">cytopathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a> departments was named in Lister's honour to recognise his work at the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-453">[441]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lister_Hospital,_Stevenage" title="Lister Hospital, Stevenage">Lister Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">[7]</a> Lister's name is one of 23 people featured on the <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a><a href="#cite_note-lhshtm-454">[442]</a> – although the committee which chose the names to include on the frieze did not provide documentation about why certain names were chosen and others were not.<a href="#cite_note-455">[443]</a> Only two British surgeons have public monuments in London, Lister and <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a>. The statue of Lister, created by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brock" title="Thomas Brock">Thomas Brock</a> in bronze in 1924, stands at the north end of <a href="/wiki/Portland_Place" title="Portland Place">Portland Place</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924535-456">[444]</a> A bronze statue of Lister, mounted on a granite base in Glasgow's <a href="/wiki/Kelvingrove_Park" title="Kelvingrove Park">Kelvingrove Park</a>, was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Paulin" title="George Henry Paulin">George Henry Paulin</a> in 1924. It sits next to a statue of <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-457">[445]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery Expedition</a> of 1901–1904 named the highest point in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Range" title="Royal Society Range">Royal Society Range</a>, Antarctica, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lister" title="Mount Lister">Mount Lister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gnis_ml-458">[446]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Listerine_Antiseptic_800.016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Listerine Antiseptic Bottle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Listerine_Antiseptic_800.016.jpg/91px-Listerine_Antiseptic_800.016.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Listerine_Antiseptic_800.016.jpg/137px-Listerine_Antiseptic_800.016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Listerine_Antiseptic_800.016.jpg/183px-Listerine_Antiseptic_800.016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Listerine Antiseptic Bottle.<a href="#cite_note-459">[447]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1879 Joseph Lawrence, the American inventor of <a href="/wiki/Listerine" title="Listerine">Listerine</a> antiseptic, developed as a surgical antiseptic but nowadays best known as a mouthwash, named it after Lister.<a href="#cite_note-hicks-460">[448]</a> Microorganisms named in his honour include the pathogenic <a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a> bacterial genus named by <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pirie" title="Harvey Pirie">J. H. H. Pirie</a>, typified by the food-borne pathogen <a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Listerella" class="mw-redirect" title="Listerella">Listerella</a> <a href="/wiki/Slime_mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Slime mould">slime mould</a> genus first described by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Jahn" title="Eduard Jahn">Eduard Adolf Wilhelm Jahn</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-461">[449]</a> The Academy Award-winning 1936 film <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Louis_Pasteur" title="The Story of Louis Pasteur">The Story of Louis Pasteur</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Halliwell_Hobbes" title="Halliwell Hobbes">Halliwell Hobbes</a> depicts Lister as one of the beleaguered microbiologist's most noted supporters in the otherwise largely hostile medical community, and the key speaker at a ceremony in his honour. Two <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps">postage stamps</a> were issued in September 1965 to honour Lister on the centenary of his antiseptic surgery at the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary" title="Glasgow Royal Infirmary">Glasgow Royal Infirmary</a> of Greenlees, the first ever recorded instance of such treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1993-462">[450]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Listerbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary"><img alt="Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Listerbuilding.jpg/359px-Listerbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Listerbuilding.jpg/539px-Listerbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Listerbuilding.jpg/719px-Listerbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1286" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lister Building, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary" title="Glasgow Royal Infirmary">Glasgow Royal Infirmary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 333.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 331.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lister_Room,_The_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow,_Scotland.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lister Room, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow"><img alt="Lister Room, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lister_Room%2C_The_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow%2C_Scotland.JPG/497px-Lister_Room%2C_The_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow%2C_Scotland.JPG" decoding="async" width="332" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lister_Room%2C_The_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow%2C_Scotland.JPG/745px-Lister_Room%2C_The_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow%2C_Scotland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lister_Room%2C_The_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow%2C_Scotland.JPG/993px-Lister_Room%2C_The_Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow%2C_Scotland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lister Room, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 353.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Policlinico_Umberto_I,_Rome;_the_tympanum_sculptures_Wellcome_V0030919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lister Frieze, Polyclinic Umberto I hospital in Rome. The tympanum sculptures show Lister operating"><img alt="Lister Frieze, Polyclinic Umberto I hospital in Rome. The tympanum sculptures show Lister operating" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Policlinico_Umberto_I%2C_Rome%3B_the_tympanum_sculptures_Wellcome_V0030919.jpg/530px-Policlinico_Umberto_I%2C_Rome%3B_the_tympanum_sculptures_Wellcome_V0030919.jpg" decoding="async" width="354" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Policlinico_Umberto_I%2C_Rome%3B_the_tympanum_sculptures_Wellcome_V0030919.jpg/794px-Policlinico_Umberto_I%2C_Rome%3B_the_tympanum_sculptures_Wellcome_V0030919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Policlinico_Umberto_I%2C_Rome%3B_the_tympanum_sculptures_Wellcome_V0030919.jpg/1059px-Policlinico_Umberto_I%2C_Rome%3B_the_tympanum_sculptures_Wellcome_V0030919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="2091" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lister Frieze, Polyclinic Umberto I hospital in Rome. The tympanum sculptures show Lister operating</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 340px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 338px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Lister_of_Lyme_Regis_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lister's name on the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, in Keppel Street"><img alt="Image of Lister's name on the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, in Keppel Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Baron_Lister_of_Lyme_Regis_.jpg/507px-Baron_Lister_of_Lyme_Regis_.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Baron_Lister_of_Lyme_Regis_.jpg/760px-Baron_Lister_of_Lyme_Regis_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Baron_Lister_of_Lyme_Regis_.jpg/1013px-Baron_Lister_of_Lyme_Regis_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lister's name on the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a>, in Keppel Street</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 322px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 320px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CoastHouseDeal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coast House, Deal, with its blue plaque to Lister."><img alt="Coast House, Deal, with its blue plaque to Lister." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CoastHouseDeal.jpg/480px-CoastHouseDeal.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CoastHouseDeal.jpg/720px-CoastHouseDeal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CoastHouseDeal.jpg/960px-CoastHouseDeal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coast House, Deal, with its blue plaque to Lister.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister%27s_hearse._Photograph_by_Topical_Press_agency._Wellcome_V0027889.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lister's hearse prior to his funeral service at Westminster Abbey"><img alt="Lister's hearse prior to his funeral service at Westminster Abbey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister%27s_hearse._Photograph_by_Topical_Press_agency._Wellcome_V0027889.jpg/358px-Joseph_Lister%27s_hearse._Photograph_by_Topical_Press_agency._Wellcome_V0027889.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister%27s_hearse._Photograph_by_Topical_Press_agency._Wellcome_V0027889.jpg/537px-Joseph_Lister%27s_hearse._Photograph_by_Topical_Press_agency._Wellcome_V0027889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Joseph_Lister%27s_hearse._Photograph_by_Topical_Press_agency._Wellcome_V0027889.jpg/716px-Joseph_Lister%27s_hearse._Photograph_by_Topical_Press_agency._Wellcome_V0027889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="2344" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lister's hearse prior to his funeral service at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister_Memorial,_London_(2014).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lord Lister Memorial in Portland Place by Sir Thomas Brock in bronze, 1924"><img alt="Lord Lister Memorial in Portland Place by Sir Thomas Brock in bronze, 1924" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Joseph_Lister_Memorial%2C_London_%282014%29.JPG/202px-Joseph_Lister_Memorial%2C_London_%282014%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Joseph_Lister_Memorial%2C_London_%282014%29.JPG/304px-Joseph_Lister_Memorial%2C_London_%282014%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Joseph_Lister_Memorial%2C_London_%282014%29.JPG/405px-Joseph_Lister_Memorial%2C_London_%282014%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lord Lister Memorial in Portland Place by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Brock">Sir Thomas Brock</a> in bronze, 1924 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Allgemeine_Poliklinik_%E2%80%93_Lister,_Vienna,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque commemorating Joseph Lister on the facade of the polyclinic in Vienna"><img alt="Plaque commemorating Joseph Lister on the facade of the polyclinic in Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Allgemeine_Poliklinik_%E2%80%93_Lister%2C_Vienna%2C_2019.jpg/360px-Allgemeine_Poliklinik_%E2%80%93_Lister%2C_Vienna%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Allgemeine_Poliklinik_%E2%80%93_Lister%2C_Vienna%2C_2019.jpg/540px-Allgemeine_Poliklinik_%E2%80%93_Lister%2C_Vienna%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Allgemeine_Poliklinik_%E2%80%93_Lister%2C_Vienna%2C_2019.jpg/720px-Allgemeine_Poliklinik_%E2%80%93_Lister%2C_Vienna%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque commemorating Joseph Lister on the facade of the polyclinic in Vienna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LORD_LISTER_(1827-1912)_SURGEON_LIVED_HERE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque at 12 Park Crescent, Regent's Park, London"><img alt="Plaque at 12 Park Crescent, Regent's Park, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LORD_LISTER_%281827-1912%29_SURGEON_LIVED_HERE.jpg/202px-LORD_LISTER_%281827-1912%29_SURGEON_LIVED_HERE.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LORD_LISTER_%281827-1912%29_SURGEON_LIVED_HERE.jpg/304px-LORD_LISTER_%281827-1912%29_SURGEON_LIVED_HERE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LORD_LISTER_%281827-1912%29_SURGEON_LIVED_HERE.jpg/405px-LORD_LISTER_%281827-1912%29_SURGEON_LIVED_HERE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque at 12 <a href="/wiki/Park_Crescent,_London" title="Park Crescent, London">Park Crescent</a>, Regent's Park, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister_(1827_%E2%80%93_1912)_surgeon_Wellcome_V0003619.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photogravure plaque, Wellcome Institute, London"><img alt="Photogravure plaque, Wellcome Institute, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0003619.jpg/174px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0003619.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0003619.jpg/262px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0003619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0003619.jpg/349px-Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister_%281827_%E2%80%93_1912%29_surgeon_Wellcome_V0003619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="3285" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photogravure plaque, Wellcome Institute, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 383.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 381.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lister_medallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medallion commemorating Lister's development of a carbolic spray device.[451]"><img alt="Medallion commemorating Lister's development of a carbolic spray device.[451]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Lister_medallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="382" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="261" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medallion commemorating Lister's development of a carbolic spray device.<a href="#cite_note-463">[451]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers">Papers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Papers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Lister BJ (1878). On the lactic fermentation and its bearings on pathology. London: J.E. Adlard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30715167">30715167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+lactic+fermentation+and+its+bearings+on+pathology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.E.+Adlard&rft.date=1878&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30715167&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Barron+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a>, an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_anti-bacterial_effects_of_penicillium_moulds_before_Fleming" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoveries of anti-bacterial effects of penicillium moulds before Fleming">Discoveries of anti-bacterial effects of penicillium moulds before Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sampson_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Sampson Gamgee">Joseph Sampson Gamgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listerine" title="Listerine">Listerine</a>, a mouthwash named after Lister.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Charles_Cameron" title="Hector Charles Cameron">Hector Charles Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Cheyne" title="Watson Cheyne">Watson Cheyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Health_Care" title="Museum of Health Care">Museum of Health Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">List of presidents of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Fermentation was the word Lister used for the putrefactive process of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> that we might now describe as wound infection<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013a-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The webbed feet of the hind leg of a chloroformed frog. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> An obsolete medical term that describes a morbid material substance that acts as the immediate cause of a disease </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Known as vascular tone, that is defined as the degree of constriction experienced by a blood vessel relative to its maximally dilated state<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatziprodromouTricoliPoulikakosVentikos2007-173">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Defined as traumatic injury, sudden physical <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> caused by an external force, which does not rise to the level of <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">major trauma</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> The Latin name for <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Blood plasma</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> The article as it appears in the Collected Papers is reprinted from the third edition published in 1883 </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Likely from Anderson<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018134-307">[300]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Listers letter to his father of 11th June 1866 is printed in full in Cameron 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194965–68-325">[317]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> As silk is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a>, the watery solution of carbolic acid wouldn't easily penetrate the material, as any water-based solution would <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect" title="Hydrophobic effect">bead</a> when it met the silk. Using the fine Dextrin and starch mixture painted onto the silk allowed the acid to be absorbed into the powder and permeate the material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath1875144-328">[319]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> Emphasis is present in the original </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> Contrary to Lister's appraisal, there was excited interest in Lemaire's work in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1882355-359">[348]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright2023-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright2023_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright2023_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartwright2023">Cartwright 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons200294–99-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons200294–99_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons200294–99_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimmons2002">Simmons 2002</a>, pp. 94–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihan1927-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihan1927_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoynihan1927">Moynihan 1927</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1928-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1928_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFord1928">Ford 1928</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013a-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013a_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson2013a">Richardson 2013a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw1999144-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaw1999144_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaw1999">Gaw 1999</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittAubin2012_8-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFPittAubin2012">Pitt & Aubin 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1967-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1967_9-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFCope1967">Cope 1967</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194921–22-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194921–22_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194921–22_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19245-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee19245_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201820-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201820_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194920-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194920_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194918-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194918_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194918_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194918_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194918_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19241-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee19241_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody197355-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoody197355_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoody1973">Goody 1973</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194919-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194919_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1893347-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1893347_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1893">Lister 1893</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2011-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2011_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2011">Davidson 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1920-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1920_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1920_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1920_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1920_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1920_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1920">Clark 1920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2016376-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2016376_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapman2016">Chapman 2016</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19244-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee19244_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee19244_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2006-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2006_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2006_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2006_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlarr's2006">Plarr's 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Court_Magazine_and_Monthly_Critic184511-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Court_Magazine_and_Monthly_Critic184511_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Court_Magazine_and_Monthly_Critic1845">The Court Magazine and Monthly Critic 1845</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDormandy2004262-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDormandy2004262_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDormandy2004262_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDormandy2004">Dormandy 2004</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaun2009-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaun2009_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaun2009">Shaun 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENature1908-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENature1908_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNature1908">Nature 1908</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilvieHarvey200393-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgilvieHarvey200393_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgilvieHarvey2003">Ogilvie & Harvey 2003</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckWellsChalkley1888331-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckWellsChalkley1888331_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckWellsChalkley1888">Beck, Wells & Chalkley 1888</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner-Thorpe20019-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner-Thorpe20019_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner-Thorpe2001">Gardner-Thorpe 2001</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2008_31-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlarr's2008">Plarr's 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakula1985-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakula1985_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakula1985_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSakula1985">Sakula 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19247-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee19247_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee19247_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191323-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191323_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell197350–57-35"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416_37-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416_37-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192416_37-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192412–15_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, pp. 12–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee19242-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee19242_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192414-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192414_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBankston200517-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBankston200517_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBankston2005">Bankston 2005</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a26-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1859a26_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1859a26_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1859a26_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1859a">Lister 1859a</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201829-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201829_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197734-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher197734_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1859a-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1859a_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1859a_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1859a_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1859a_45-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1859a">Lister 1859a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangensteenWangensteen1974-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangensteenWangensteen1974_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangensteenWangensteen1974">Wangensteen & Wangensteen 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194924-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194924_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2000194-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2000194_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2000194_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2000">Bonner 2000</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher197738-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher197738_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESquire1888-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESquire1888_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSquire1888">Squire 1888</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonRhodes2013_51-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardsonRhodes2013">Richardson & Rhodes 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201840-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201840_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201840_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201855-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201855_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201844-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201844_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018119_55-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2013b_56-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson2013b">Richardson 2013b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201845-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201845_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201845_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19006-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19006_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1900">Lister 1900</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellcome_Historical_Medical_Museum1927134-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellcome_Historical_Medical_Museum1927134_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWellcome_Historical_Medical_Museum1927">Wellcome Historical Medical Museum 1927</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalshe1846-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalshe1846_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalshe1846">Walshe 1846</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191332-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191332_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191332_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191332_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191332_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191332_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191332_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191332_62-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErichsen1853-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErichsen1853_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErichsen1853">Erichsen 1853</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2012-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlarr's2012_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlarr's2012">Plarr's 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201842-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201842_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924562-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924562_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 562. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1999_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1999">Cohen 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19007-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19007_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19007_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19007_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19007_68-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1900">Lister 1900</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2014-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass2014_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass2014_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass2014_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass2014_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass2014_69-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlass2014">Glass 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19009-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19009_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19009_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1900">Lister 1900</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose2014-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose2014_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose2014_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose2014_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose2014">Rose 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepard1968-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepard1968_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepard1968">Shepard 1968</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853a-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1853a_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1853a_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1853a">Lister 1853a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191330-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191330_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191330_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192422_76-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191329-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191329_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013193_78-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2013">Howard 2013</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191331-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191331_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853b-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1853b_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1853b">Lister 1853b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423–24-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192423–24_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853b6–7-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1853b6–7_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1853b">Lister 1853b</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192424_84-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192425_85-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris201874_86-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192428–29-87">^ <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192445_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192445_158-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858a-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1858a_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1858a">Lister 1858a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197011-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest197011_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest197011_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest197011_160-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBest1970">Best 1970</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister19005-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister19005_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1900">Lister 1900</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1853c-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1853c_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1853c_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1853c">Lister 1853c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192464-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192464_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192426-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192426_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2013194_165-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2013">Howard 2013</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192446-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192446_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 46. </li> <li 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Blood and the Blood-Vessels in Inflammation"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+State+of+the+Blood+and+the+Blood-Vessels+in+Inflammation&rft.volume=MCT-36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=391-402&rft.date=1853-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2104154%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20896014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F095952875303600119&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=T.+Wharton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2104154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest19705-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest19705_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBest1970">Best 1970</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest197015-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest197015_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest197015_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBest1970">Best 1970</a>, p. 15. </li> 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher197788_183-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192450_184-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarless1846-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarless1846_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarless1846">Harless 1846</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858d-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1858d_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1858d">Lister 1858d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohrer20124-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohrer20124_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBohrer2012">Bohrer 2012</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018120-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018120_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018120_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192447_189-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191353-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191353_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192448_191-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 48. </li> <li 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<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher197793_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher197793_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher197793_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher197793_199-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1858g-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1858g_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1858g">Lister 1858g</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1858" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (December 1858). 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977101_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977102-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977102_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977102_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977102_227-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018135-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018135_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018135_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192493-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192493_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192493_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192493_229-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109_230-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109_230-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977109_230-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerly2003153-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerly2003153_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSummerly2003">Summerly 2003</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192495-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192495_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkinsonMossRussell1994107-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkinsonMossRussell1994107_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkinsonMossRussell1994">Jenkinson, Moss & Russell 1994</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192494-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192494_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister186251–106-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister186251–106_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1862">Lister 1862</a>, pp. 51–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977108-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977108_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977108_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977108_236-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909a135–175-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909a135–175_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFListerCameron1909a">Lister & Cameron 1909a</a>, pp. 135–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuxton192410-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuxton192410_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuxton1924">Buxton 1924</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924103-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924103_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909a162-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909a162_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFListerCameron1909a">Lister & Cameron 1909a</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977110-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977110_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977110_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977110_241-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909b378–417-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEListerCameron1909b378–417_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFListerCameron1909b">Lister & Cameron 1909b</a>, pp. 378–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497_244-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497_244-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192497_244-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee192496-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee192496_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977130-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977130_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2010-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis2010_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis2010">Louis 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924100–101-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924100–101_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1863-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1863_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1863_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1863_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1863_249-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1863_249-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1863">Lister 1863</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977112-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977112_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924118-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924118_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924118_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924118_251-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGant1872181-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGant1872181_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGant1872">Gant 1872</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924119-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924119_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924119_253-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1865-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1865_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1865">Lister 1865</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977114-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977114_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977114_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924108-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924108_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924108_256-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924109–110-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924109–110_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924110-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924110_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018147-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018147_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977115-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977115_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977115_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924111-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924111_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924111_261-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018148-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzharris2018148_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzharris2018">Fitzharris 2018</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977116-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977116_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977116_263-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191357-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191357_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977117-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977117_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977117_265-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118_266-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1977118_266-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1977">Fisher 1977</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924115–1116-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924115–1116_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924115–1116_267-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, pp. 115–1116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne19259-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne19259_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheyne1925">Cheyne 1925</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble1960457-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoble1960457_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoble1960">Noble 1960</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron194960-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194960_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194960_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194960_270-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194960_270-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron194960_270-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924162-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924162_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924162_271-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuland2011363-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuland2011363_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuland2011">Nuland 2011</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrench191397-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrench191397_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrench1913">Wrench 1913</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1861a-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasteur1861a_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPasteur1861a">Pasteur 1861a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614_275-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614_275-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614_275-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614_275-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201614_275-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDePaolo2016">DePaolo 2016</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201611-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201611_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDePaolo201611_276-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDePaolo2016">DePaolo 2016</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasteur1863a-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasteur1863a_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPasteur1863a">Pasteur 1863a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977121-278"><a 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BMJ. 2 (505): 243–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.505.243">10.1136/bmj.2.505.243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2261349">2261349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20745963">20745963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=A+Method+of+Antiseptic+Treatment+Applicable+to+Wounded+Soldiers+in+the+Present+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=505&rft.pages=243-244&rft.date=1870-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2261349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20745963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.505.243&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2261349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199998-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaw199998_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaw1999">Gaw 1999</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlich2013-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlich2013_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlich2013">Schlich 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008-417">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008_417-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008_417-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008_417-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008_417-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008_417-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008_417-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008_417-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008">Willy et al. 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaw199999-418">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaw199999_418-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaw199999_418-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaw199999_418-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaw1999">Gaw 1999</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924366-419">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924366_419-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924366_419-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924366_419-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister1875-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister1875_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister1875">Lister 1875</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949120-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1949120_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1949121-422">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1949121_422-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1949121_422-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1949121_422-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1949121_422-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1949">Cameron 1949</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924525-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924525_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 525. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924526-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodlee1924526_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodlee1924">Godlee 1924</a>, p. 526. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet_1895-425">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1895_425-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1895_425-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartWilliams1895" class="citation journal cs1">Hart E, Williams D, eds. 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The Royal Society. 2020 The Royal Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=Code==NA8069&dsqCmd=Show.tcl">the original</a> on 24 October 2019. 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Retrieved 30 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.thackraymuseum.co.uk&rft.atitle=1142.003+%7C+Collections+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.thackraymuseum.co.uk%2Fobject-1142-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography_2">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles_(journals_and_proceedings)">Articles (journals and proceedings)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Articles (journals and proceedings)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Alberti S (1 March 2012). "Saints and Sinners: Joseph Lister". The Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 94 (3): 90–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1308%2F147363512X13189526440393">10.1308/147363512X13189526440393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+of+England&rft.atitle=Saints+and+Sinners%3A+Joseph+Lister&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=90-91&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1308%2F147363512X13189526440393&rft.aulast=Alberti&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2018" class="citation journal cs1">Barry RR (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/from-barbers-and-butchers-to-modern-surgeons">"From Barbers and Butchers to Modern Surgeons"</a>. Distillations. 4 (1): 40–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=From+Barbers+and+Butchers+to+Modern+Surgeons&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-43&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Rego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Ffrom-barbers-and-butchers-to-modern-surgeons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1868" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett JH (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5000128">"The Atmospheric Germ Theory: A Lecture Delivered to the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, January 17, 1868"</a>. Edinburgh Medical Journal. 13 (9): 810–834. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5000128">5000128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Atmospheric+Germ+Theory%3A+A+Lecture+Delivered+to+the+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+in+Edinburgh%2C+January+17%2C+1868&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=810-834&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5000128%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+Hughes+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5000128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1970" class="citation journal cs1">Best AE (January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034011">"Reflections on Joseph Lister's Edinburgh Experiments on Vaso-Motor Control"</a>. Medical History. 14 (1): 10–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300015106">10.1017/S0025727300015106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034011">1034011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4904726">4904726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Joseph+Lister%27s+Edinburgh+Experiments+on+Vaso-Motor+Control&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-30&rft.date=1970-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1034011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4904726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025727300015106&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1034011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonninLeFanu1967" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnin JG, LeFanu WR (February 1967). "Joseph Lister 1827–1912. A bibliographical biography". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 49 (1): 4–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1302%2F0301-620X.49B1.4">10.1302/0301-620X.49B1.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5335466">5335466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lister+1827%E2%80%931912.+A+bibliographical+biography&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-23&rft.date=1967-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1302%2F0301-620X.49B1.4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5335466&rft.aulast=Bonnin&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=LeFanu%2C+W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brand RA (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895836">"Biographical Sketch: Baron Joseph Lister, FRCS, 1827-1912"</a>. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 468 (8): 2009–2011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11999-010-1319-3">10.1007/s11999-010-1319-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895836">2895836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20364338">20364338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Orthopaedics+%26+Related+Research&rft.atitle=Biographical+Sketch%3A+Baron+Joseph+Lister%2C+FRCS%2C+1827-1912&rft.volume=468&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2009-2011&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2895836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20364338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11999-010-1319-3&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2895836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrücke1857" class="citation journal cs1">Brücke EW (January 1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5183388">"An Essay on the Cause of the Coagulation of the Blood"</a>. The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. 19 (37): 183–212. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5183388">5183388</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30163999">30163999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+and+Foreign+Medico-Chirurgical+Review&rft.atitle=An+Essay+on+the+Cause+of+the+Coagulation+of+the+Blood.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=183-212&rft.date=1857-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5183388%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30163999&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCcke&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5183388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulloch1927" class="citation journal cs1">Bulloch W (9 April 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/119531a0.pdf?origin=ppub">"Some Aspects of Lister's Scientific Work"</a> (PDF). Nature. 119 (2997): 531–533. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927Natur.119..531B">1927Natur.119..531B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F119531a0">10.1038/119531a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4114620">4114620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Lister%27s+Scientific+Work&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2997&rft.pages=531-533&rft.date=1927-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4114620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F119531a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927Natur.119..531B&rft.aulast=Bulloch&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F119531a0.pdf%3Forigin%3Dppub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton1924" class="citation journal cs1">Buxton DW (July 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2F2.1.1">"Joseph, 1st Baron Lister, Paul Bert, and the Dosimetric Method of Administering Chloroform"</a>. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2F2.1.1">10.1093/bja/2.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=Joseph%2C+1st+Baron+Lister%2C+Paul+Bert%2C+and+the+Dosimetric+Method+of+Administering+Chloroform&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1924-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbja%2F2.1.1&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Dudley+Wilmot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbja%252F2.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatziprodromouTricoliPoulikakosVentikos2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chatziprodromou I, Tricoli A, Poulikakos D, Ventikos Y (January 2007). "Haemodynamics and wall remodelling of a growing cerebral aneurysm: A computational model". Journal of Biomechanics. 40 (2): 412–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbiomech.2005.12.009">10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.12.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16527284">16527284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomechanics&rft.atitle=Haemodynamics+and+wall+remodelling+of+a+growing+cerebral+aneurysm%3A+A+computational+model&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=412-426&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbiomech.2005.12.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16527284&rft.aulast=Chatziprodromou&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Tricoli%2C+A.&rft.au=Poulikakos%2C+D.&rft.au=Ventikos%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1956" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen H (24 March 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1979293">"Reflections On The Hunterian Method"</a>. British Medical Journal. 1 (4968): 645–650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4968.645">10.1136/bmj.1.4968.645</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20334843">20334843</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1979293">1979293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20788514">20788514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Reflections+On+The+Hunterian+Method&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4968&rft.pages=645-650&rft.date=1956-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1979293%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20788514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20334843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4968.645&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1979293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen J (September 1999). 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The British Medical Journal. 1 (2669): 440–446. 24 February 1912. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25296192">25296192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Funeral+Of+Lord+Lister&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2669&rft.pages=440-446&rft.date=1912-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25296192%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25296192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNature1908" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F078325a0">"Arthur Lister, F.R.S"</a>. Nature. 78 (2023): 325. 6 August 1908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908Natur..78Q.325.">1908Natur..78Q.325.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F078325a0">10.1038/078325a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4035846">4035846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Arthur+Lister%2C+F.R.S&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2023&rft.pages=325&rft.date=1908-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F078325a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4035846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1908Natur..78Q.325.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F078325a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNature1880" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F021567a0">"William Sharpey M.D., F.R.S."</a> Nature. 21 (546): 567–568. April 1880. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1880Natur..21..567.">1880Natur..21..567.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F021567a0">10.1038/021567a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4001006">4001006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=William+Sharpey+M.D.%2C+F.R.S.&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=546&rft.pages=567-568&rft.date=1880-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4001006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F021567a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1880Natur..21..567.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F021567a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Joseph_Lister">Joseph Lister</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Joseph Lister">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1853a" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (1 January 1853a). Lankester E, Busk G (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21464893">"Observations on the Contractile Tissue of the Iris"</a>. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. s1-1 (1). W. Clowes and Sons: 8–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Microscopical+Science&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+Contractile+Tissue+of+the+Iris&rft.volume=s1-1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-17&rft.date=1853-01-01&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21464893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1853b" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (1 October 1853b). Lankester E, Busk G (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21464893">"Observations on the muscular tissue of the skin"</a>. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. s1-1 (4). W. Clowes and Sons: 262–268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Microscopical+Science&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+muscular+tissue+of+the+skin&rft.volume=s1-1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=262-268&rft.date=1853-10-01&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21464893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1858a" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (January 1858a). "On the Minute Structure of Involuntary Muscular Fibre". Transactions of the Microscopical Society & Journal. 6 (1): 5–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2818.1858.tb04533.x">10.1111/j.1365-2818.1858.tb04533.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73003542">73003542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Microscopical+Society+%26+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Minute+Structure+of+Involuntary+Muscular+Fibre&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-14&rft.date=1858-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2818.1858.tb04533.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73003542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1853c" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (1 October 1853c). Lankester E, Busk G (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31363088_0001/page/n77/mode/2up">"Proceedings of Societies: Observations on the Flow of the Lacteal Fluid in the Mesentery of the Mouse"</a>. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. s1-6 (21). W. Clowes and Sons: 262–268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Microscopical+Science&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+Societies%3A+Observations+on+the+Flow+of+the+Lacteal+Fluid+in+the+Mesentery+of+the+Mouse&rft.volume=s1-6&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=262-268&rft.date=1853-10-01&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb31363088_0001%2Fpage%2Fn77%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1858b" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (1858b). "An Inquiry Regarding the Parts of the Nervous System Which Regulate the Contractions of the Arteries". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 148. Royal Society: 607–625. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1858RSPT..148..607L">1858RSPT..148..607L</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/108676">108676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+Regarding+the+Parts+of+the+Nervous+System+Which+Regulate+the+Contractions+of+the+Arteries&rft.volume=148&rft.pages=607-625&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F108676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1858RSPT..148..607L&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1858c" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (31 December 1858c). "On the cutaneous pigmentary system of the frog". 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The British Medical Journal. 2 (782). BMJ: 769–771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.782.769">10.1136/bmj.2.782.769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25242441">25242441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2297857">2297857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20748054">20748054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Address+On+The+Effect+Of+The+Antiseptic+Treatment+Upon+The+General+Salubrity+Of+Surgical+Hospitals&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=782&rft.pages=769-771&rft.date=1875-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2297857%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20748054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25242441%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.782.769&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2297857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1870" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (3 September 1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2261349">"A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War"</a>. BMJ. 2 (505): 243–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.505.243">10.1136/bmj.2.505.243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25219599">25219599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2261349">2261349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20745963">20745963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=A+Method+of+Antiseptic+Treatment+Applicable+to+Wounded+Soldiers+in+the+Present+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=505&rft.pages=243-244&rft.date=1870-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2261349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20745963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25219599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.505.243&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2261349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1865" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (March 1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso02listuoft/page/416">"On excision of the wrist for caries"</a>. The Lancet. 85 (2169): 308–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2963737-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(00)63737-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=On+excision+of+the+wrist+for+caries&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2169&rft.pages=308-312&rft.date=1865-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2963737-6&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedpaperso02listuoft%2Fpage%2F416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1868" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2310876">"An Address On The Antiseptic System Of Treatment In Surgery"</a>. The British Medical Journal. 2 (411): 515–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.394.53">10.1136/bmj.2.394.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1447">0007-1447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25215501">25215501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2310876">2310876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20745202">20745202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Address+On+The+Antiseptic+System+Of+Treatment+In+Surgery&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=411&rft.pages=515-517&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2310876%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25215501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.394.53&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20745202&rft.issn=0007-1447&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2310876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Louis_Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Louis Pasteur">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1857" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasteur L (1 January 1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30026/f915.item">"Mémoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique (Extrait par l'auteur)"</a>. Comptes Rendus Chimie (in French). Paris: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences: 913–916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Chimie&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+fermentation+appel%C3%A9e+lactique+%28Extrait+par+l%27auteur%29&rft.pages=913-916&rft.date=1857-01-01&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k30026%2Ff915.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1860" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasteur L (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoiresurlafer00past/page/n3/mode/2up">"Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique"</a>. Annales de chimie et de physique (in French). 58. Mallet-Bachelier: 323–426.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+fermentation+alcoolique&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=323-426&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmmoiresurlafer00past%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1861a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasteur L (19 May 1861a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9761522s/f5.item.texteImage">"Sur les corpuscules organisés qui existent dans l'atmosphère, examen de la doctrine des générations spontanées"</a> (in French). Paris: Society of Chemists of Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sur+les+corpuscules+organis%C3%A9s+qui+existent+dans+l%27atmosph%C3%A8re%2C+examen+de+la+doctrine+des+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rations+spontan%C3%A9es&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Society+of+Chemists+of+Paris&rft.date=1861-05-19&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k9761522s%2Ff5.item.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1861b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasteur L (1 August 1861b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3009c/f344.image.r=infusoires">"Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygène libre et déterminant des fermentations"</a>. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). Paris: 344–347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=Animalcules+infusoires+vivant+sans+gaz+oxyg%C3%A8ne+libre+et+d%C3%A9terminant+des+fermentations&rft.pages=344-347&rft.date=1861-08-01&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3009c%2Ff344.image.r%3Dinfusoires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1863a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasteur L (29 June 1863a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3013&M=pagination">"Examen du rôle attribué au gaz oxygène atmosphérique dans la destruction des matières animales et végétales après la mort"</a>. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). Paris: Académie des sciences: 734–740.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=Examen+du+r%C3%B4le+attribu%C3%A9+au+gaz+oxyg%C3%A8ne+atmosph%C3%A9rique+dans+la+destruction+des+mati%C3%A8res+animales+et+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tales+apr%C3%A8s+la+mort&rft.pages=734-740&rft.date=1863-06-29&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Lister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2FCadresFenetre%3FO%3DNUMM-3013%26M%3Dpagination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1863b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasteur L (1863b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3013s?rk=42918;4">"Recherches sur la putréfaction"</a>. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 56. French Academy of Sciences: 1189–1194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=Recherches+sur+la+putr%C3%A9faction&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=1189-1194&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3013s%3Frk%3D42918%3B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_and_monographs">Books and monographs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Books and monographs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckWellsChalkley1888" class="citation book cs1">Beck W, Wells W, Chalkley H (1888). "Smith Harrison". Biographical Catalogue: Being an Account of the Lives of Friends and Others Whose Portraits are in the London Friends' Institute. Also Descriptive Notices of Those of the Friends' Schools and Institutions of which the Gallery Contains Illustrations, &c., &c., &c. Friends' institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smith+Harrison&rft.btitle=Biographical+Catalogue%3A+Being+an+Account+of+the+Lives+of+Friends+and+Others+Whose+Portraits+are+in+the+London+Friends%27+Institute.+Also+Descriptive+Notices+of+Those+of+the+Friends%27+Schools+and+Institutions+of+which+the+Gallery+Contains+Illustrations%2C+%26c.%2C+%26c.%2C+%26c&rft.pub=Friends%27+institute&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Wells%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Chalkley%2C+H.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankston2005" class="citation book cs1">Bankston J (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephlisterstor00john">Joseph Lister and the Story of Antiseptics (Uncharted, Unexplored, and Unexplained)</a>. Bear, Del: Mitchell Lane Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58415-262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58415-262-0"><bdi>978-1-58415-262-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53375913">53375913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Lister+and+the+Story+of+Antiseptics+%28Uncharted%2C+Unexplored%2C+and+Unexplained%29&rft.place=Bear%2C+Del&rft.pub=Mitchell+Lane+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53375913&rft.isbn=978-1-58415-262-0&rft.aulast=Bankston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephlisterstor00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlore1920" class="citation book cs1">Blore GH (1920). Victorian Worthies: Sixteen Biographies. Library of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-0875-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-0875-1"><bdi>978-1-4655-0875-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Worthies%3A+Sixteen+Biographies&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-0875-1&rft.aulast=Blore&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohrer2012" class="citation book cs1">Bohrer D (2012). Sources of Contamination in Medicinal Products and Medical Devices. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-48750-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-48750-1"><bdi>978-0-470-48750-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Contamination+in+Medicinal+Products+and+Medical+Devices&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-48750-1&rft.aulast=Bohrer&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2000" class="citation book cs1">Bonner TN (2000). Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750–1945. 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Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80789-2"><bdi>978-0-307-80789-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1328528416">1328528416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctors%3A+The+Biography+of+Medicine&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1328528416&rft.isbn=978-0-307-80789-2&rft.aulast=Nuland&rft.aufirst=Sherwin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoctorsbiography00nula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2002" class="citation book cs1">Simmons JG (2002). "Joseph Lister Antisepsis and Modern Surgery". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/doctorsdiscoveri00john">Doctors and discoveries: lives that created today's medicine</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 94–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15276-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15276-6"><bdi>978-0-618-15276-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7603987M">7603987M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lister+Antisepsis+and+Modern+Surgery&rft.btitle=Doctors+and+discoveries%3A+lives+that+created+today%27s+medicine&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=94-99&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7603987M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-618-15276-6&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=John+Galbraith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoctorsdiscoveri00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScudamore1824" class="citation book cs1">Scudamore C (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21305511/page/n3/mode/2up">An essay on the blood [electronic resource] : comprehending the chief circumstances which influence its coagulation; the nature of the buffy coat; with a concise medical view of the state of the blood in disease; and an account of the powers of a saturated solution of alum, as a styptic remedy in haemorrhage</a>. London: Joseph Mallet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+essay+on+the+blood+%5Belectronic+resource%5D+%3A+comprehending+the+chief+circumstances+which+influence+its+coagulation%3B+the+nature+of+the+buffy+coat%3B+with+a+concise+medical+view+of+the+state+of+the+blood+in+disease%3B+and+an+account+of+the+powers+of+a+saturated+solution+of+alum%2C+as+a+styptic+remedy+in+haemorrhage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Joseph+Mallet&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Scudamore&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21305511%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation book cs1">Smith R (2020). Inhibition : History and Meaning in the Sciences of Mind and Brain Inhibition. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520911703">10.1525/9780520911703</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91170-3"><bdi>978-0-520-91170-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1198929890">1198929890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inhibition+%3A+History+and+Meaning+in+the+Sciences+of+Mind+and+Brain+Inhibition&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1198929890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520911703&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91170-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyman1996" class="citation book cs1">Tyman JH (21 August 1996). Synthetic and Natural Phenols. Studies in organic chemistry (Elsevier Science Publishers). Vol. 52. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054219-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054219-5"><bdi>978-0-08-054219-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162130788">162130788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthetic+and+Natural+Phenols&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+organic+chemistry+%28Elsevier+Science+Publishers%29&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1996-08-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162130788&rft.isbn=978-0-08-054219-5&rft.aulast=Tyman&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshe1846" class="citation book cs1">Walshe WH (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21941397">The nature and treatment of cancer</a>. London: Taylor and Walton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/970800717">970800717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+and+treatment+of+cancer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Walton&rft.date=1846&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970800717&rft.aulast=Walshe&rft.aufirst=Walter+Hayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21941397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorboys2000" class="citation book cs1">Worboys M (2000). Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1865–1900. Cambridge history of medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77302-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77302-7"><bdi>978-0-521-77302-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43555373">43555373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreading+Germs%3A+Disease+Theories+and+Medical+Practice+in+Britain%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+history+of+medicine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43555373&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77302-7&rft.aulast=Worboys&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrench1913" class="citation book cs1">Wrench GT (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924012168948/page/n7/mode/2up">Lord Lister; his life and work</a>. London: Fisher Unwin, New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14798321">14798321</a> – via Cornell University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Lister%3B+his+life+and+work&rft.pub=London%3A+Fisher+Unwin%2C+New+York%3A+Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14798321&rft.aulast=Wrench&rft.aufirst=Guy+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924012168948%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellcome_Historical_Medical_Museum1927" class="citation book cs1">Wellcome Historical Medical Museum (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b20457261/">Lister centenary exhibition at the Wellcome historical medical museum</a>. London: The Wellcome Foundation Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4257520">4257520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lister+centenary+exhibition+at+the+Wellcome+historical+medical+museum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Wellcome+Foundation+Ltd&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4257520&rft.au=Wellcome+Historical+Medical+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb20457261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelcome1910" class="citation book cs1">Welcome HS (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofantis00well">The evolution of antiseptic surgery, an historical sketch of the use of antiseptics from the earliest times</a>. St. Louis: Burrroughs Welcome and Co. pp. 63–84. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4359622">4359622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+antiseptic+surgery%2C+an+historical+sketch+of+the+use+of+antiseptics+from+the+earliest+times&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pages=63-84&rft.pub=Burrroughs+Welcome+and+Co&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4359622&rft.aulast=Welcome&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofantis00well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Court_Magazine_and_Monthly_Critic1845" class="citation book cs1">"Miscellany and monthly Critic". The Court Magazine and Monthly Critic, and Lady's Magazine and Museum: A Family Journal of the Belles Lettres, Music, Fine Arts, Drama, Fashion, Etc. Vol. 27. Dobbs. July 1845. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892339141">892339141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miscellany+and+monthly+Critic&rft.btitle=The+Court+Magazine+and+Monthly+Critic%2C+and+Lady%27s+Magazine+and+Museum%3A+A+Family+Journal+of+the+Belles+Lettres%2C+Music%2C+Fine+Arts%2C+Drama%2C+Fashion%2C+Etc&rft.pub=Dobbs&rft.date=1845-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892339141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Joseph_Lister_2">Joseph Lister</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Joseph Lister">edit</a>]</div> Two quarto volumes of Lister's collected papers, that were prepared by Sir <a href="/wiki/Hector_Charles_Cameron" title="Hector Charles Cameron">Hector Charles Cameron</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Watson_Cheyne" title="Watson Cheyne">W. Watson Cheyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rickman_Godlee" title="Rickman Godlee">Rickman J. Godlee</a>, C. J. Martin and <a href="/wiki/Dawson_Williams" title="Dawson Williams">Dawson Williams</a>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListerCameron1909a" class="citation book cs1">Lister BJ, Cameron HC (1909a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31363088_0001">The collected papers of Joseph Baron Lister</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/838259550">838259550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collected+papers+of+Joseph+Baron+Lister&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F838259550&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Baron+Joseph&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Hector+Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb31363088_0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListerCameron1909b" class="citation book cs1">Lister BJ, Cameron HC (1909b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31363088_0002">The collected papers of Joseph Baron Lister</a>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/841851608">841851608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collected+papers+of+Joseph+Baron+Lister&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F841851608&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Baron+Joseph&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Hector+Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb31363088_0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1859a" class="citation book cs1">Lister J (1859a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b2493074x/">Testimonials in favour of Joseph Lister, Esq., F.R.C.S. Eng. and Edin., Assistant-Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh : candidate for the Professorship of Surgery in the University of Glasgow</a>. Edinburgh: T. Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimonials+in+favour+of+Joseph+Lister%2C+Esq.%2C+F.R.C.S.+Eng.+and+Edin.%2C+Assistant-Surgeon+to+the+Royal+Infirmary+of+Edinburgh+%3A+candidate+for+the+Professorship+of+Surgery+in+the+University+of+Glasgow&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+Constable&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb2493074x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapters_and_contributions">Chapters and contributions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Chapters and contributions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lister J (1862). "Amputation". In Holmes T (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/systemofsurgeryt03holmuoft">System of Surgery</a>. Vol. third. London: Parker, Son and Bourn, West Strand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697607903">697607903</a>. <q>In four volumes. Operative surgery; diseases of the organs of Special sense, respiration, circulation, locomotion and innervation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amputation&rft.btitle=System+of+Surgery&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Parker%2C+Son+and+Bourn%2C+West+Strand&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F697607903&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsystemofsurgeryt03holmuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dictionaries_and_encyclopedias">Dictionaries and encyclopedias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Dictionaries and encyclopedias">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cartwright FF (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-Regis">"Joseph Lister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lister&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Frederick+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJoseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-Regis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lawrence C (23 September 2004). "Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister (1827–1912), surgeon and founder of a system of antiseptic surgery". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34553">10.1093/ref:odnb/34553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lister%2C+Joseph%2C+Baron+Lister+%281827%E2%80%931912%29%2C+surgeon+and+founder+of+a+system+of+antiseptic+surgery&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34553&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1893" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lister J (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228188/page/n357">"Lister, Joseph Jackson"</a>. In Stephen L, Lee S (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder, and Co. p. 347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lister%2C+Joseph+Jackson&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.228188%2Fpage%2Fn357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaun2009" class="citation book cs1">Shaun B (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/pim-john-harold-a7348">Dictionary of Irish Biography</a>. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. Pim, John Harold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=Pim%2C+John+Harold&rft.pub=Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Shaun&rft.aufirst=Boylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dib.ie%2Fbiography%2Fpim-john-harold-a7348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lectures_and_addresses">Lectures and addresses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Lectures and addresses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyne1925" class="citation book cs1">Cheyne SW (14 May 1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29825611">Lister and his achievement : being the first Lister memorial lecture delivered at the Royal college of surgeons of England on May 14, 1925</a>. London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lister+and+his+achievement+%3A+being+the+first+Lister+memorial+lecture+delivered+at+the+Royal+college+of+surgeons+of+England+on+May+14%2C+1925&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1925-05-14&rft.aulast=Cheyne&rft.aufirst=Sir+WM+William+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29825611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1877" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (6 October 1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2221161">"Introductory Address Delivered in the Medical Department of King's College"</a>. BMJ. 2 (875): 465–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.875.465">10.1136/bmj.2.875.465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2221161">2221161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20748639">20748639</a>. <q>Introductory Address Delivered in the Medical Department of King's College</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Introductory+Address+Delivered+in+the+Medical+Department+of+King%27s+College&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=875&rft.pages=465-469&rft.date=1877-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2221161%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20748639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.875.465&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2221161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1863" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (June 1863). "The Croonian Lecture: On the Coagulation of the Blood". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 12. Royal Society: 580–611. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/112320">112320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Croonian+Lecture%3A+On+the+Coagulation+of+the+Blood&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=580-611&rft.date=1863-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F112320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1869" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (1869). "Introductory Lecture Delivered In The University Of Edinburgh, November 8th, 1869". The British Medical Journal. 2 (466): 601–604. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1447">0007-1447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25217818">25217818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Introductory+Lecture+Delivered+In+The+University+Of+Edinburgh%2C+November+8th%2C+1869&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=466&rft.pages=601-604&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25217818%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0007-1447&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1871" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (26 August 1871). "Address In Surgery, Delivered At The Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting Of The British Medical Association, Held In Plymouth, August 8th, 9th, 10th, And 11th, 1871". The British Medical Journal. 2 (556): 225–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.556.225">10.1136/bmj.2.556.225</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25230222">25230222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Address+In+Surgery%2C+Delivered+At+The+Thirty-Ninth+Annual+Meeting+Of+The+British+Medical+Association%2C+Held+In+Plymouth%2C+August+8th%2C+9th%2C+10th%2C+And+11th%2C+1871&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=556&rft.pages=225-233&rft.date=1871-08-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.556.225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25230222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1900" class="citation journal cs1">Lister J (6 October 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2463910">"The Huxley Lecture"</a>. BMJ. 2 (2075): 969–977. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.2075.969">10.1136/bmj.2.2075.969</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2463910">2463910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20759189">20759189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=The+Huxley+Lecture&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2075&rft.pages=969-977&rft.date=1900-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2463910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20759189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.2075.969&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2463910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)<img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Letters">Letters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Letters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf1933" class="citation journal cs1">Rudolf CR (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30629408/mode/2up">"Eight Letters Of Joseph (Lord) Lister To William Sharpey"</a>. The British Journal of Surgery. XX (77, 79). J. Wright, Wellcome Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Eight+Letters+Of+Joseph+%28Lord%29+Lister+To+William+Sharpey&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=77%2C+79&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Rudolf&rft.aufirst=C.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30629408%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_registers">Medical registers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Medical registers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlarr's2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:372684/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E000500%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier">"Lister, Joseph (1827–1912)"</a>. Plarr's Lives of the Fellows. The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 24 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plarr%27s+Lives+of+the+Fellows&rft.atitle=Lister%2C+Joseph+%281827%E2%80%931912%29&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fclient%2Fen_GB%2Flives%2Fsearch%2Fdetailnonmodal%2Fent%3A%24002f%24002fSD_ASSET%24002f0%24002fSD_ASSET%3A372684%2Fone%3Fqu%3D%2522rcs%253A%2BE000500%2522%26rt%3Dfalse%257C%257C%257CIDENTIFIER%257C%257C%257CResource%2BIdentifier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlarr's2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E000801b.htm">"Beck, Marcus (1843–1893)"</a>. Plarr's Lives of the Fellows. Royal College of Surgeons of England. 11 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plarr%27s+Lives+of+the+Fellows&rft.atitle=Beck%2C+Marcus+%281843%E2%80%931893%29&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fbiogs%2FE000801b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlarr's2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E000206b.htm">"Erichsen, Sir John Eric"</a>. Plarr's Lives of the Fellows. London: Royal College of Surgeons of England. 22 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plarr%27s+Lives+of+the+Fellows&rft.atitle=Erichsen%2C+Sir+John+Eric&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fbiogs%2FE000206b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlarr's2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:372408/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E000221%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier">"Godlee, Sir Rickman John (1849–1925)"</a>. Plarr's Lives of the Fellows. London: The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 11 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plarr%27s+Lives+of+the+Fellows&rft.atitle=Godlee%2C+Sir+Rickman+John+%281849%E2%80%931925%29&rft.date=2006-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fclient%2Fen_GB%2Flives%2Fsearch%2Fdetailnonmodal%2Fent%3A%24002f%24002fSD_ASSET%24002f0%24002fSD_ASSET%3A372408%2Fone%3Fqu%3D%2522rcs%253A%2BE000221%2522%26rt%3Dfalse%257C%257C%257CIDENTIFIER%257C%257C%257CResource%2BIdentifier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlarr's2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:376054/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E003871%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier">"Syme, James (1799–1870)"</a>. Plarr's Lives of the Fellows. London: The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plarr%27s+Lives+of+the+Fellows&rft.atitle=Syme%2C+James+%281799%E2%80%931870%29&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fclient%2Fen_GB%2Flives%2Fsearch%2Fdetailnonmodal%2Fent%3A%24002f%24002fSD_ASSET%24002f0%24002fSD_ASSET%3A376054%2Fone%3Fqu%3D%2522rcs%253A%2BE003871%2522%26rt%3Dfalse%257C%257C%257CIDENTIFIER%257C%257C%257CResource%2BIdentifier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._253001883" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25300/page/6687">"No. 25300"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 28 December 1883. p. 6687.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25300&rft.pages=6687&rft.date=1883-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25300%2Fpage%2F6687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._268211897" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26821/page/758">"No. 26821"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 9 February 1897. p. 758.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26821&rft.pages=758&rft.date=1897-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26821%2Fpage%2F758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._274641902" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27464/page/5173">"No. 27464"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 12 August 1902. p. 5173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27464&rft.pages=5173&rft.date=1902-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27464%2Fpage%2F5173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._274701902" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27470/page/5679">"No. 27470"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 2 September 1902. p. 5679.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27470&rft.pages=5679&rft.date=1902-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27470%2Fpage%2F5679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times,_No._368421902" class="citation news cs1">"Court Circular". The Times. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Circular&rft.issue=36842&rft.pages=p.-6&rft.date=1902-08-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theses">Theses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Theses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErichsen1853" class="citation book cs1">Erichsen J (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/101515909.nlm.nih.gov/page/n1/mode/2up">The Science and Art of Surgery. Being a treatise on surgical injuries, diseases, and operations. By John Erichsen, Professor of Surgery in University College, and Surgeon to University College Hospital. Illustrated by Two Hundred and Fifty Engravings on Wood</a>. London: Walton and Maberly, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Art+of+Surgery.+Being+a+treatise+on+surgical+injuries%2C+diseases%2C+and+operations.+By+John+Erichsen%2C+Professor+of+Surgery+in+University+College%2C+and+Surgeon+to+University+College+Hospital.+Illustrated+by+Two+Hundred+and+Fifty+Engravings+on+Wood.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Walton+and+Maberly%2C+Upper+Gower+Street%2C+and+Ivy+Lane%2C+Paternoster+Row&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Erichsen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F101515909.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarless1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harless E (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jay3sytx">Inaugural-Abhandlung über den Einfluss der Gase auf die Form der Blutkörperchen von Rana temporaria : als erster Abschnitt der Untersuchung über die Wirkung der Gase auf die Blutkörperchen sämmtlicher Thierklassen / von Emil Harless</a> [Inaugural treatise on the influence of gases on the form of the blood corpuscles of Rana temporaria : as the first section of the investigation into the effect of gases on the blood corpuscles of all classes of animals] (pdf) (in German). Erlagen: Verlag von Carl Heyder, Royal College of Surgeons of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inaugural-Abhandlung+%C3%BCber+den+Einfluss+der+Gase+auf+die+Form+der+Blutk%C3%B6rperchen+von+Rana+temporaria+%3A+als+erster+Abschnitt+der+Untersuchung+%C3%BCber+die+Wirkung+der+Gase+auf+die+Blutk%C3%B6rperchen+s%C3%A4mmtlicher+Thierklassen+%2F+von+Emil+Harless.&rft.place=Erlagen&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Carl+Heyder%2C+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+of+England&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Harless&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwellcomecollection.org%2Fworks%2Fjay3sytx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerly2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Summerly PA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theses.gla.ac.uk/40933/1/2003SummerlyPhD.pdf">Visual pathology: a case study in late nineteenth-century clinical photography in Glasgow, Scotland</a> (PDF) (Phd Thesis). University of Glasgow. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Visual+pathology%3A+a+case+study+in+late+nineteenth-century+clinical+photography+in+Glasgow%2C+Scotland&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Summerly&rft.aufirst=Paula+A.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F40933%2F1%2F2003SummerlyPhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDronsfieldEllis2009" class="citation web cs1">Dronsfield A, Ellis P (1 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240727072036/https://edu.rsc.org/feature/solving-an-infectious-problem/2020229.article">"Solving an infectious problem"</a>. Education in chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.rsc.org/feature/solving-an-infectious-problem/2020229.article">the original</a> on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+in+chemistry&rft.atitle=Solving+an+infectious+problem&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.aulast=Dronsfield&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.rsc.org%2Ffeature%2Fsolving-an-infectious-problem%2F2020229.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGageDunbarCannada2023" class="citation web cs1">Gage M, Dunbar RP, Cannada LK (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240729160246/https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/open-fractures/">"Open Fractures"</a>. Orthoinfo. Rosemont,IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/open-fractures/">the original</a> on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthoinfo&rft.atitle=Open+Fractures&rft.date=2023-05&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+Robert+P.&rft.au=Cannada%2C+Lisa+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthoinfo.org%2Fen%2Fdiseases--conditions%2Fopen-fractures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1993" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths A (July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postalmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Stamp-History-1965-Lister.pdf">"Joseph Lister, Antiseptic Surgery"</a> (PDF). The Postal Museum. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Postal+Museum&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lister%2C+Antiseptic+Surgery&rft.date=1993-07&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postalmuseum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2FStamp-History-1965-Lister.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreHunter2009" class="citation web cs1">Moore W, Hunter J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240727072655/https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/john-hunter-1728-93/">"John Hunter (1728–1793). Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation"</a>. JLL Bulletin. London: Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/john-hunter-1728-93/">the original</a> on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JLL+Bulletin&rft.atitle=John+Hunter+%281728%E2%80%931793%29.+Commentaries+on+the+history+of+treatment+evaluation&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Hunter%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jameslindlibrary.org%2Farticles%2Fjohn-hunter-1728-93%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2014" class="citation news cs1">Rose B (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-25862541">"Joseph Lister's unknown operation uncovered"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Joseph+Lister%27s+unknown+operation+uncovered&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-25862541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Lister" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joseph_Lister_(1827-1912)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Joseph Lister (1827-1912)">Joseph Lister</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26184">Works by Joseph Lister</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26184">Works by Lord Lister</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lister%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20Lister%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lister%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20Lister%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lister%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20Lister%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lister%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20Lister%22%29%20OR%20%28%221827-1912%22%20AND%20Lister%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Joseph Lister</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4134">Works by Joseph Lister</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lister-institute.org.uk">The Lister Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&sText=lister&LinkID=mp02756">Collection of portraits of Lister at the National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himetop.wikidot.com/international-museum-of-surgical-science">Statue of Sir Joseph Lister</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Linck" title="Louis Linck">Louis Linck</a> at The International Museum of Surgical Science in Chicago</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_A._Lawrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James A. Lawrie (page does not exist)">James A. Lawrie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Surgery_(Glasgow)" title="Regius Professor of Surgery (Glasgow)">Regius Professor of Surgery in Glasgow</a> 1860–1869 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Husband_Baird_MacLeod" title="George Husband Baird MacLeod">George Husband Baird MacLeod</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Syme" title="James Syme">James Syme</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Clinical_Surgery" title="Regius Professor of Clinical Surgery">Regius Professor of Surgery in Edinburgh</a> 1869–1877 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Annandale" title="Thomas Annandale">Thomas Annandale</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor_of_Clinical_Surgery,_King%27s_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professor of Clinical Surgery, King's College (page does not exist)">Professor of Clinical Surgery, King's College</a> 1877–1893 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Watson_Cheyne" title="Watson Cheyne">William Watson Cheyne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">37th <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> 1895–1900 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brouncker,_2nd_Viscount_Brouncker" title="William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker">Viscount Brouncker</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hoskyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet">John Hoskyns</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wyche" title="Cyril Wyche">Cyril Wyche</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">Earl of Carbery</a> (1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Southwell_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Southwell (diplomat)">Robert Southwell</a> (1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu</a> (1695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Lord Somers</a> (1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> (1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a> (1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (1778)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Marquess of Northampton</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">Lord Wrottesley</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1890)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Lister</a> (1895)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Lord Adrian</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Lord May</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Sir Paul Nurse</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's t-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test">Z-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations, education and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nursing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nursing">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155768#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121293197">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40170542">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19558/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppG9YYkDH9HHdd8PMtrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118573535">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50080617">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12006748t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12006748t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621006">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35308165">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091169&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1345006">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p170154696">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3113212">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000664273&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mqvmst5h3hrlw">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810619979305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264655805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521043006706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13039916?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24739914000">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/joseph-lister/">Leopoldina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=8949">Scientific illustrators</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/906086">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118573535.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118573535">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02818047X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tq647k">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&oldid=1259142082">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&oldid=1259142082</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1827_births" title="Category:1827 births">1827 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_deaths" title="Category:1912 deaths">1912 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_medical_doctors" title="Category:19th-century English medical doctors">19th-century English medical doctors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_surgeons" title="Category:19th-century British surgeons">19th-century British surgeons</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFCameron1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatziprodromouTricoliPoulikakosVentikos2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheyne1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheyne1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnorConnor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCope1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoutts1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowtherDupree2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDePaolo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDormandy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDronsfieldEllis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErichsen1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlayson1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzharris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuneral1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGageDunbarCannada2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGant1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner-Thorpe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaw1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeison1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodlee1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoody1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarless1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartWilliams1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurwitzDupree2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJenkinsonMossRussell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKachru2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrenceDixey1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeFanu1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemaire1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemaire1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemay1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinderForrest2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1853a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1853b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1853c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858e\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858f\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1858g\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1859a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1859b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1867a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1867b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1870\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLister1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerCameron1909a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerCameron1909b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeissner1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreHunter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihan1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakayama2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNature1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNature1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeckel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorberg1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuland2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgilvieHarvey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasteur1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasteur1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasteur1861a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasteur1861b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasteur1863a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasteur1863b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPflüger1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirrie1867\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPittAubain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittAubin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlarr\u0026#039;s2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlarr\u0026#039;s2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlarr\u0026#039;s2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlarr\u0026#039;s2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlarr\u0026#039;s2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswamyCresenceRejithaLekshmi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavichandran2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2013b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsonRhodes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolf1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutkow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakula1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorlemmer1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzWilder1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScudamore1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaun2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquire1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummerly2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyme1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeuber1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Court_Magazine_and_Monthly_Critic1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Times,_No._368421902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToledo-PereyraToledo1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurk1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpmalis1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalshe1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangensteenWangensteen1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson_Wemyss1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelcome1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellcome_Historical_Medical_Museum1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillySchneiderEngelhardtHargens2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorboys2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorboys2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrench1913\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite gnis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 103,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite newspaper The Times\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Copley Medallists 1901-1950\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Lister, Joseph\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 16,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 18,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 37,\n [\"Postnominals\"] = 2,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Public health\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Royal Society presidents 1800s\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 4,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-npo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 830,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC-limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._253001883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._268211897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._274641902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon_Gazette,_No._274701902\"] = 1,\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","660","18.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","500","14.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","480","13.4"],["?","380","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","200","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","4.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.2"],["[others]","800","22.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-h5pb8","timestamp":"20241123162010","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Joseph Lister","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Lister","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155768","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155768","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-08T21:50:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T16:20:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a1\/Joseph_Lister_1902.jpg","headline":"British surgeon and antiseptic pioneer (1827\u20131912)"}</script> </body> </html>