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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Generelle_hensyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generelle_hensyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Generelle hensyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generelle_hensyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kievrikets_skriftspråk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kievrikets_skriftspråk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kievrikets skriftspråk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kievrikets_skriftspråk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Kievrikets skriftspråk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kievrikets_skriftspråk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nestorkrøniken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nestorkrøniken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nestorkrøniken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nestorkrøniken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Igor-kvadet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igor-kvadet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Igor-kvadet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igor-kvadet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undersøkelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undersøkelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Undersøkelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undersøkelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kjente_tekster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kjente_tekster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kjente tekster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kjente_tekster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gammeløstslavisk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 55 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammalaustslavisk" title="Gammalaustslavisk – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gammalaustslavisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammel_%C3%B8stslavisk_sprog" title="Gammel østslavisk sprog – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gammel østslavisk sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forn%C3%B6stslaviska" title="Fornöstslaviska – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fornöstslaviska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Oos-Slawies" title="Oud-Oos-Slawies – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oud-Oos-Slawies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلافية شرقية قديمة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلافية شرقية قديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguu_eslavu_oriental" title="Antiguu eslavu oriental – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antiguu eslavu oriental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_rus_dili" title="Qədim rus dili – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim rus dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Боронғо рус теле – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боронғо рус теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнаруская мова – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытнаруская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнаруская мова – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытнаруская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староруски език – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Староруски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroruski_jezik" title="Staroruski jezik – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Staroruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antic_eslau_oriental" title="Antic eslau oriental – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antic eslau oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Ĕлĕкхи вырăс чĕлхи – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ĕлĕкхи вырăс чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroru%C5%A1tina" title="Staroruština – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Staroruština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altostslawische_Sprache" title="Altostslawische Sprache – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altostslawische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaidaslaavi_keel" title="Vanaidaslaavi keel – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanaidaslaavi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Old East Slavic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguo_eslavo_oriental" title="Antiguo eslavo oriental – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiguo eslavo oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_ekialdeko_eslaviera" title="Antzinako ekialdeko eslaviera – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako ekialdeko eslaviera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اسلاوی شرقی باستان – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلاوی شرقی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieux_russe" title="Vieux russe – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieux russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EC%96%B4" title="고대 동슬라브어 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 동슬라브어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_wuchodos%C5%82owjan%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Stara wuchodosłowjanšćina – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Stara wuchodosłowjanšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroruski_jezik" title="Staroruski jezik – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staroruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Slavia_Timur_Kuno" title="Bahasa Slavia Timur Kuno – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Slavia Timur Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_slava_orientale_antica" title="Lingua slava orientale antica – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua slava orientale antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Slavica_orientalis_antiqua" title="Lingua Slavica orientalis antiqua – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Slavica orientalis antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkrievu_valoda" title="Senkrievu valoda – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senkrievu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senoji_rus%C5%B3_kalba" title="Senoji rusų kalba – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senoji rusų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староруски јазик – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Староруски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudrussisch" title="Oudrussisch – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudrussisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E8%AA%9E" title="古東スラヴ語 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古東スラヴ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ual-Uastslaawisk" title="Ual-Uastslaawisk – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ual-Uastslaawisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslau_oriental_ancian" title="Eslau oriental ancian – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eslau oriental ancian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="قدیم مشرقی سلاوی – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قدیم مشرقی سلاوی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_staroruski" title="Język staroruski – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język staroruski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavo_oriental_antigo" title="Eslavo oriental antigo – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eslavo oriental antigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav%C4%83_Estic%C4%83_Veche" title="Slavă Estică Veche – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Slavă Estică Veche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Древнерусский язык – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнерусский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Былыргы нуучча тыла – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы нуучча тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old East Slavic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_ru%C5%A1tina" title="Stará ruština – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stará ruština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovzhodnoslovan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Starovzhodnoslovanščina – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Starovzhodnoslovanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D0%BD%D2%84%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Дрєвл҄ьн҄ь роусьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – kirkeslavisk" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дрєвл҄ьн҄ь роусьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="kirkeslavisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starowschod%C5%84os%C5%82owja%C5%84sko_godka" title="Starowschodńosłowjańsko godka – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Starowschodńosłowjańsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староруски језик – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Староруски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroruski_jezik" title="Staroruski jezik – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Staroruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaisit%C3%A4slaavi" title="Muinaisitäslaavi – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaisitäslaavi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Борынгы көнчыгыш славян теле – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы көнчыгыш славян теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Do%C4%9Fu_Slavcas%C4%B1" title="Eski Doğu Slavcası – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Doğu Slavcası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньоруська мова – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоруська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="قدیم مشرقی سلاوی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم مشرقی سلاوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Slav_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_c%E1%BB%95" title="Tiếng Slav Đông cổ – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Slav Đông cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="古東斯拉夫語 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古東斯拉夫語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35228#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&oldid=23729587" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&id=23729587&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan 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title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_East_Slavic" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35228" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Izbornik_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Izbornik_page.jpg/250px-Izbornik_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Izbornik_page.jpg/375px-Izbornik_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Izbornik_page.jpg/500px-Izbornik_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Et manusskriptark fra Svyatoslavs <i>Blandete skrifter</i> (1073).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gammeløstslavisk</b>, også kjent som gammelrussisk (<a href="/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk">russisk</a> древнерусский) eller gammel<a href="/wiki/Rutensk" title="Rutensk">rutensk</a>, var et folkelig skriftspråk som ble brukt fra <a href="/wiki/900-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="900-tallet">900-tallet</a> til <a href="/wiki/1300-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1300-tallet">1300-tallet</a> av <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stslavere" title="Østslavere">østslavere</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kievriket" title="Kievriket">Kievriket</a> og i de påfølgende statene som ble dannet etter at førstnevnte kollapset. Det ble snakket <a href="/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt">dialektvarianter</a> av gammeløstslavisk, skjønt ikke utelukkende, i omtrentlig det området som er den europeiske delen av <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a> og i deler av de østlige <a href="/wiki/Voivodskap" title="Voivodskap">voivodskapene</a> i <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a>. </p><p>Ettersom språk er en del av den nasjonale forhistorien til alle østslavere har gammeløstslavisk i økende grad de senere årene blitt referert til som: </p> <ul><li><i>Gammelbelarusisk</i> (belarusisk старабеларуская eller старажытнабеларуская мова) istedenfor det tradisjonelle overnasjonal старажытнаруская мова eller</li> <li><i>Gammelukrainsk</i> (ukrainsk староукраїнська eller давньоукраїнська мова) eller gammelkievisk språk (давньокиївська мова) heller enn gammelrusisk språk (давньоруська мова)</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generelle_hensyn">Generelle hensyn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Generelle hensyn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Generelle hensyn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gammeløstslavisk var en etterkommer av <a href="/wiki/Urslavisk" title="Urslavisk">urslaviske</a> språk og beholdt trofast mange av opphavets trekk. En påfallende nyvinning i dette språkets evolusjon var utviklingen av såkalte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleofoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleofoni (ikke skrevet ennå)">pleofoni</a> (eller polnoglasie, full vokalisering, bruk av hele stemmer) som kom til skille østslaverne fra andre <a href="/wiki/Slaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviske språk">slaviske</a> dialekter. Eksempelvis, vanlig slavisk *gordъ, bosetning, <i>by</i>, ble reflektert i gammeløstslavisk som gorodъ; vanlig slavisk <i>*melko</i>, <i>melk</i> ble i gammeløstslavisk som moloko; og vanlig slavisk <i>*korva</i>, <i>ku</i>, ble i gammeløstslavisk <i>korova</i>. Andre slaviske dialekter er avvikende ved å løse lukkede stavelser likvide lyder *eRC og *aRC som flytende <a href="/wiki/Metatese" title="Metatese">metatese</a> (hvor et <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a> bytter plass i et ord) som i sørslavisk og <a href="/wiki/Tsjekkisk" title="Tsjekkisk">tsjekkisk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Slovakisk" title="Slovakisk">slovakisk</a>, eller ved ingen endring i det hele tatt. </p><p>Ettersom bevarte skriftlige nedtegnelser av språket er sparsommelige er det vanskelig å fastsette språkets nivå av enhet. Når man betrakter antallet østslaviske stammer og klaner som utgjorde <a href="/wiki/Kievriket" title="Kievriket">Kievriket</a> er det sannsynlig at det var mange dialekter av gammeløstslavisk. Vi snakker derfor i dag om kun de språkene i bevarte manuskripter som, i henhold til noen fortolkninger, viser regionale forskjeller fra begynnelsen av de historiske nedtegnelser. </p><p>Med tiden utviklet gammeløstslavisk seg til mer mangfoldige former som ble forløperne til moderne <a href="/wiki/Belarusisk" title="Belarusisk">belarusisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk">russisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutensk" title="Rutensk">rutensk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ukrainsk" title="Ukrainsk">ukrainske</a> språk. Hver av disse språkene har bevarte mye av gammeløstslavisk <a href="/wiki/Grammatikk" title="Grammatikk">grammatikk</a> og ordforråd. </p><p>Ved slutten av «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar%C3%A5ket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tataråket (ikke skrevet ennå)">tataråket</a>» ble området til det tidligere Kievriket delt mellom <a href="/wiki/Storhertugd%C3%B8mmet_Litauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Storhertugdømmet Litauen">Storhertugdømmet Litauen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Storfyrsted%C3%B8mmet_Moskva" title="Storfyrstedømmet Moskva">Storfyrstedømmet Moskva</a>, og to forskjellige skriftspråk utviklet seg i disse to statene, <a href="/wiki/Belarusisk" title="Belarusisk">belarusisk</a> i vest og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelalderrussisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middelalderrussisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">middelalderrussisk</a> i øst. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kievrikets_skriftspråk"><span id="Kievrikets_skriftspr.C3.A5k"></span>Kievrikets skriftspråk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kievrikets skriftspråk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kievrikets skriftspråk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den politiske foreningen av regionen til staten som ble kalt Rus’ fra hvor dagens moderne Belarus, Russland og Ukraina sporer sin opprinnelse, skjedde omtrentlig et århundre før området ble formelt <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristnet</a> i år <a href="/wiki/988" title="988">988</a> og etableringen av sørslavisk <a href="/wiki/Gammelkirkeslavisk" title="Gammelkirkeslavisk">gammelkirkeslavisk</a> som et <a href="/wiki/Liturgi" title="Liturgi">liturgisk</a> språk og ikke minst som skriftspråk. Dokumentasjonen av språket i denne perioden er skrinn og lite, noe som gjør det vanskelig å til fulle å avgjøre forholdet mellom skriftspråk og den dialekten som ble snakket. </p><p>Det er referanser i <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabiske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Bysantinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bysantinsk">bysantinske</a> kilder til førkristne slavere i europeiske Russland som benyttet former for skriftspråk. Til tross for en del megetsigende <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologiske</a> funn og en bestyrkelse av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Munken_Khrabr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munken Khrabr (ikke skrevet ennå)">munken Khrabr</a> fra <a href="/wiki/900-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="900-tallet">900-tallet</a> at oldtidens slavere skrev i «streker og skår og hakk» er det nøyaktige vesen i dette systemet ikke kjent. </p><p>Selv om <a href="/wiki/Det_glagolittiske_alfabetet" title="Det glagolittiske alfabetet">det glagolittiske alfabetet</a>, det eldste slaviske alfabet, var kortvarig introdusert, noe som er bevitnet ved kirkeinskripsjoner i <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, ble det snart erstattet av <a href="/wiki/Det_kyrilliske_alfabetet" title="Det kyrilliske alfabetet">kyrillisk</a>. Eksemplene på skrift på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B8rkeneverskrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjørkeneverskrift (ikke skrevet ennå)">bjørkenever</a> utgravd i Novgorod har gitt en avgjørende informasjon om det rene morsmålet på 900-tallet i nordvestlige Russland, bortimot helt blottet for innflytelse fra kirkeslavisk. Det er også kjent at lån og oversettelseslån fra <a href="/wiki/Bysantinsk_gresk" title="Bysantinsk gresk">bysantinsk gresk</a> begynte å komme inn i morsmålet på denne tiden, og at på samme tid begynte skriftspråket å bli modifisert mot østslavisk. </p><p>Det følgende utdrag illustrerer to av de mest kjente litterære verkene. </p><p><small>Merk: Stavemåten har blitt delvis modernisert. Oversettelsene forsøker å være så bokstavelig som mulig og er ikke litterære. </small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nestorkrøniken"><span id="Nestorkr.C3.B8niken"></span>Nestorkrøniken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Nestorkrøniken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Nestorkrøniken"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nestorkr%C3%B8niken" title="Nestorkrøniken">Nestorkrøniken</a></i>, ca. 1110, fra den litauiske kodeks (manuskript), <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Се повѣсти времѧньных лѣт ‧ ѿкуду єсть пошла руская земѧ ‧ кто въ києвѣ нача первѣє кнѧжит ‧ и ѿкуду руская землѧ стала єсть.</dd> <dd><i>Disse [er] fortellingene om forgangne år, hvorfra landene til ruserne som først begynte å styre ved Kiev og hvorfra landet til ruserne har kommet fra.</i></dd></dl> <p>Tidlig språk; avfall av bokstaven Ъ er i utvikling eller muligens fullstendig (flere ordavslutninger med en konsonant; кнѧжит «å styre» < moderne Uk княжити, R княжить). Sørvestlige trekk omfatter времѧньнъıх, «forgangen», moderne R временных). Korrekt bruk av <a href="/wiki/Perfektum" title="Perfektum">perfektum</a> og <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a>: єсть пошла «er/har kommet» (moderne R пошла), нача «begynte» (moderne R начал som en utvikling av det gamle tiden perfektum.) Merk stilen med tegnsetting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igor-kvadet">Igor-kvadet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Igor-kvadet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Igor-kvadet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Igor-kvadet" title="Igor-kvadet">Igor-kvadet</a></i> eller <i>Sangen om Igors hærtog</i>, Слово о пълку Игоревѣ, ca. 1200, fra <i>Pskov-manuskriptet</i>, <a href="/wiki/1400-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1400-tallet">1400-tallet</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Не лѣпо ли ны бяшетъ братые, начати старыми словесы трудныхъ повѣстій о полку Игоревѣ, Игоря Святъ славича? Начатижеся тъ пѣсни по былинамъ сего времени, а не по замышленію Бояню. Боянъ бо вѣщій, аще кому хотяше пѣснѣ творити, то растекашется мысію по древу, сѣрымъ волкомъ по земли, шизымъ орломъ подъ облакы.</dd> <dd><i>Ville det ikke bli møtt, o brødre, for oss å begynne med de gamle ordene krigsfortelling til Igor, Igor Sviatoslavisj? Og å begynne slik sanne fortellinger fra denne tiden, og ikke slik Boyan fant det opp? For den vise Boyan, om han ønsket å hengi til noen (hans) sang, ville vandre som et ekorn over et tre, som en gråulv over landet, som en blåørn under skyene.</i></dd></dl> <p>Illustrerer sangens epos. Typisk bruk av <a href="/wiki/Metafor" title="Metafor">metaforer</a> og sammenlikninger. Den tilsynelatende (russiske) feilesningen растекаться мыслью по древу (å utbre/helle ut over/over skog) har blitt fast uttrykk i moderne russisk i betydningen «å tale vanskelig, omstendelig, overdrevent» (feillesningen er av мыслію, «som en tanke, tankelignende». Det er tilstede både i manuskriptkopien fra <a href="/wiki/1790" title="1790">1790</a> og den første trykte utgaven fra <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>, og synes å ha blitt ledet av en da misforstått endring i betydningen av ordet R течь, «å flyte», her «å løpe».) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Undersøkelser"><span id="Unders.C3.B8kelser"></span>Undersøkelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Undersøkelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Undersøkelser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De tidligste forsøk på å sette sammen et omfattende leksikon og ordliste av gammeløstslavisk ble gjort av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Vostokov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Vostokov (ikke skrevet ennå)">Aleksander Vostokov</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izmail_Sreznevskij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izmail Sreznevskij (ikke skrevet ennå)">Izmail Sreznevskij</a> på <a href="/wiki/1800-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1800-tallet">1800-tallet</a>. Sreznevskys <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125143351/http://imwerden.de/cat/modules.php?name=books&pa=last_update&pagenum=2&order=p.title,%20p.original&sort=&cid=26&lettereng=&letter=">Materialer for ordliste av gammelrussisk språk på grunnlag av skrevne nedtegnelser</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a>–<a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a>), skjønt ufullstendig, forble en standardreferanse inntil det kom en akademisk ordliste på 24 bind i årene <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>–<a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kjente_tekster">Kjente tekster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kjente tekster" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kjente tekster"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bylina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bylina (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bylinaer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Igor-kvadet" title="Igor-kvadet">Igor-kvadet</a></i> eller Sangen om Igors hærtog – det fremste litterære verk på dette språket</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russkaja_pravda" title="Russkaja pravda">Russkaja pravda</a></i> – lovtekst fra 1000-tallet av <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav I">Jaroslav den vise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molenije_Danila_Zatotsjnika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molenije Danila Zatotsjnika (ikke skrevet ennå)">Molenije Danila Zatotsjnika</a></i> – bønner fra 1200-tallet</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_reise_bortenfor_de_tre_sj%C3%B8er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En reise bortenfor de tre sjøer (ikke skrevet ennå)">En reise bortenfor de tre sjøer</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stslaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Østslaviske språk">Østslaviske språk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviske språk">Slaviske språk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusinsk" title="Rusinsk">Rusinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk">Russisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainsk" title="Ukrainsk">Ukrainsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusisk" title="Belarusisk">Belarusisk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammel%C3%B8stslavisk&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716114537/http://character.webzone.ru/ostromir.htm">Ostromir's Gospel Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drevne.ru/">Internettbibliotek av gammelrussiske tekster</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/">'Izbornyk', bibliotek av gammelukraniske krøniker</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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