CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '917883e43d1bfe87',cH: '8uuA5ZGfSTE_HV_UBPGS4vW6FVBKUzJb99cAukKJgsA-1740495104-1.2.1.1-HzIvV3bRYRFQ1wk35X_Zei.rEBUtldOcneh5.JYZXu7dboHWr124GM30EsfQfpzM',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ali%20Alshduifat&__cf_chl_tk=30ZZZUN3WU3AL8hjID.o6Mh9hZVOwIcFmujU1iKoO8Y-1740495104-1.0.1.1-7qV2OxBkkJTh290WBVx.5osZ7UkUMRJuj1DJRgNBofs",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740495104',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ali%20Alshduifat&__cf_chl_f_tk=30ZZZUN3WU3AL8hjID.o6Mh9hZVOwIcFmujU1iKoO8Y-1740495104-1.0.1.1-7qV2OxBkkJTh290WBVx.5osZ7UkUMRJuj1DJRgNBofs",md: "xZ3ERrwepPRIoacl4Bg9K2kD5bDWV.d.OQZ1RmWrGmY-1740495104-1.2.1.1-Ac7mO1LmvK8N0yJIfTGav8euWSD44uS4rHrCCfodvhu3Xg.ZTytsapcDqnr1A6uTIZSfP8bLxc6VjS6okci5Orxss1pLSB30J3AwpsZHTSlkuJoGgmO8.hKZ5uZiXOi3GDVueez414NL3wh5jhOjZjxGu.hEpVstKW1d6rEiFnZY3rMxRHsUglWozriQtgJeRfoOVxK7bYzjPVm1YsHtTvMPeW5U7m86iiwHWi8csVh06tSVz79f.Yz9pI0sW205ohKfiSxYiAve.1S8frGBNnWai2W04CRQr1IZy6I.FgJwhGt8MUJPMUH6RykxYXT2ovRQBUPAI2wJUXMjI3rsX8VuwnSfX7jFUlS8G8eTr9.Hka1LMwo6_SJ3y6t5DfnWzsW3JbiSFKCBGhyRsG3u0guMl6FqhsMhAC.IOLAixsBQOseqeDq.QKYQqPyesptMjbvZp_jJp.qj7A1JhLi8ehFev1Nq.lzyP0wMl_o95TK89b5Fu41XrQboPMG0SHfZotFL6qSSgrNPyImkuigDt0JBbo4fQ9ggQWc7talxICXFg064GnctHilByF4_nQdMauiwXG0haLnxYC8riwz9_.P9D6yqkWW.4z7VYEoztfSlX7Zj9mvd2B.pqnCOmikC9WRxhJ4XWPVpiN3g3_8azMgaM8qQfLPKFevXt_jh9GKGlUwaruZpzhZsOAtykgC8SuT3emBD6jvWOzT47pPQOzXwU.Gwr.uSBfOiC4uxvNxYO4nnm3W0mXq9eeYYqwKs7M.k7lbwwWQzDCI5RRfwU0uaIzf0jdR5jWkHvW4LnEvSfmJycebuelbtw_jWpAavbimSpVJHXzSvUDnVu6L__rj7cT.s9IazkLPcVeL27fUCWo.h11Kk8ubqgYjP9L4TDTQtE1dcNcT3e34e8ze69hJJ7wu6aKPbBMDLB4zJbIdfcdLstdrX_a60atyvlOXCbffDqff4gi8nuezC9UfwEK7cmqhpma_588fEBYDlmg3Yy0OryxqDHPXMC9x1SXNWMR8igT9Uo_WbkScMlnjMQ_7O7juQJuBjbOZJ3EKtqILSTlmPzgJYX_rhLW_WHWbOEG_rwheroWBo2UD_ReaFB45nW5CeEJMC3A6F1wgSaFui1iuGSVQHaHlKhZOx42AY7gH4VyTEPphjJmju1_b27.JXTHEdBX1u0l2a5PGN9vIcpl.GDH9UfE5ikEI2fyDfNov31huoSwq8Bhg1lg_zi4RWJDZ4ckDTcHEANqD6qHt4GNXj0p4OYZ32ByAb5EHRugSZ0nDhzUJRbW8Pd27LYoHlwXdFZVFjBMr9.1Cx7e1rilueOTTDd8jaLCQtNaOdAYyK6RUCdVcCVobZPPKv368nQZ4RTjNi.mwFl9CjmsH7CfAU9ukAgMdixM5RzkiaJBNe8UwdElJtP8WOTUhsktRvLepQuxTNHY1vsNrP3bJkVfzqcok2emWtd5Y63eKSG3Zc7GbCk8ZJsL8xaH3EeE8Aj5ZaO76ee7WFX6eONyfTHP41cxmZrAjTfZzx3bCzoL7_JxQ_giLeEaYcHSs.7li4_P8eB54VhifVKMOHbDMRzcuxIfdRkzhShYwM6gysqclNVGSVkUlo0QvGOM5wI3rBDYygcMyyOs1SJkQZte2IfKiNvoDZecL1VlFVKiqah7ewaw7XKAJ0V03pJq29YMwpPagIhRQDcS6CE2TyoeiwXHIXANZiiqwrbqxyn88dOZ08yZEA.YPNgfTnj6REgrg2nPhq3tvKCFx9j1n8aqP1a1hl_noTS7xQq0ai6NQctWVRRYOem.0JxtGbfDVyWCZCpwZycdCqi4paUBMfNG2WJhF8RQDpHcIhi6.lJcy9waEcWBvYFArenl4pz.FLcW1NCy9qX27CQZ7Ywjy1WWo.nCWwxMOUjAZBysqbcpOCPyjF1YPgEuXiCSjyC0OHvJG1g2xOa2bNhSmoytijEas",mdrd: "ZUceNoq5RUHAZp0LrCIQcjQnHr2btcf6.CK2.3SVwrg-1740495104-1.2.1.1-gcNU1mgVhynMs.zrnwmrAgViCFn.iEiVEAOPPrn.Fx0.t8wb_xYhnhwSQfes83JpVqzHKoqpDkD8LMXDep5Nlj4OnJ.RlLoWfA1BM0mjYAv3KcYplHnWsEIXln.eeutS1mKSMTXhetmeWZcWOpiq4kuhN91YG5I_UskkEnFBz0jZIIrqVSze.F.aiL7FvRKaK56KCdo.M6bgMPDzS4q1H95X4T9E93zLlWxd0mhOmQliVxVN5Gtj2kwQjv9q5qpsDoq_X2VoI0L2a09exEOkW31VwPvDRU8YVh.jSuq1NFupyVzQzdEKGvRK4nevx0Rs3.Pv8d_F_HYfzViOGbEdfQkx8eyZ3yzA2Ri5OO.o4pKblhX6owpQT.ly6FD0O5bI4w0CaVyUZxgFlKVbivbFxWokp60zEyGUZ5m3Oi8wt5L0vKFRbzSkDezIcqzlRYepwyZ08zNGZs1FhXAACyLmIHE4hst94ECFMqWUXtwPgoPO6ENj9CgfPj6wBntdjExUsZoMGdo9Sf9csdjrOQrHRiiDQj13ALDULIH.yYrX_OPfVy2dcnD_TFvu45AK2fS6L_wzu7qhHWPaNUQ12R1FB6zTey3TVsxc1e8sSeDd3gW2tmniW9w1BZWT.WAybgQuywARStIR2ohi2FlqT8PksfulP5DPV4EP6PhejJBIq0Rd7RROpD6Oth76SWRGN4HOHmUCIiqLFhTfnrb0WIHsfe3Zq0fsm7X4TYDpjHc7iJayOoM0C1eTO0NxztdEyi0muaXElHKBU7hbSIFDwFCi2kkTn2dnn4NbVmhteUi60OWu4z5HeGjxAmVrzzfRLk7tOCnU6oFgJnq4AmnQguCZ5Uscfn7c_TNKltr3cEuZmeTzp5Ig_XWiLnB5mSHa6oeBq17cE9XNBunpv1zNv45TTeeKctEiDDNF4aNGmkGibb02gDqLbh_bsg.Pfm4mB.5oZObFjVy4rgPFij_WI49.zZiplgXYZCF8zsHNtxMkcWBrmWv37elGJcyjqCoT5po_.0KDTSrwDY3pcJZXgVvsnUlDCoAygZUlXlQTDR3Y2PYsGdAr3tBBawysVB2apTDRuH7aM79xXmAwabRbLOTrZAHGvAeC.Mh66n48UvTJAVfB6qOZaOhlUxy.ajpp89fVOk2OGXaUJXxTkefa2IvJmCB4oKFHhjpHurdDmLBv8NzlB5VKYYxx1VrziH4w2s_MXB4MK4GbcNnu1hH1cfmp6i7uwl65qvCnJQ.7rlojst0NGWrs3YXSgodfWGY4EAA2pk9cmmdvpASqt174HITsVGBf0d0t4SnyCB1M6EJkvEG6gEcpFaA2ylgx7WTQHOwW7NOa1cVqkIQLyDaYB451t3mmKqOgSOxddn5aC6P4qfPT5SMPyGUsYS_IY2mOP3uOqXnZ062UbjxlfTp3syXluOuYsKmsfVx3Tjui3.PTBR_L4.bsdatbH3RYknOS.EtywQPU4LQPAGfk10vVjs3Y0JUz7xOXgS_CneQYwOyeOs1F9H9YYUlx4Jt.h5cCAj4hHxKem.V44xqAciUoOpoLwAjDZbl09m3raKBjHS2uQHyqzqhBBL31eIGP82C79aHLU70OlA2H9u7q2YW3mWzhf_Nn0nWJlbTUEeGZxRe9rJdZaWDnwTh8QUUDIsfHmrEL9xydlknd7rqvsySsMTxUib4NkMRVZRD6LmjeksmjFqdlLyZuu95K7MBb8Mv.FF.zn72GJnYl9I8_Be7UaLCN4YXFqwDWqS2rullH_ILoKPyCbQwUmOUnmQ3zoFWx5A_A1A5H8ZGYdK15FAcolpZ7SFuzcCmm1hbxwivvzfqr6Fh4Bw8G15H8_oBPInakGZg71eipShg2XgC5kuql9Y7gG6OOzIx4i9NHMrrGgn6zuztPZ4NryWtPDpDjnucqrVYCQ5keEEvEWPvAkhFzDK3xU.ohKsWc09lGSCQjtV6OVDxme5EFljvhrtQjB31SCizw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917883e43d1bfe87';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ali%20Alshduifat&__cf_chl_rt_tk=30ZZZUN3WU3AL8hjID.o6Mh9hZVOwIcFmujU1iKoO8Y-1740495104-1.0.1.1-7qV2OxBkkJTh290WBVx.5osZ7UkUMRJuj1DJRgNBofs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>