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id="toc-Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Non-gender-specific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mantle,_Cloak,_Cape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantle,_Cloak,_Cape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mantle, Cloak, Cape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantle,_Cloak,_Cape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peplum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peplum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Peplum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peplum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Revers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Men's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Men's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Men's-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Men's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-À_la_Romaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#À_la_Romaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>À la Romaine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-À_la_Romaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cavalier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doublet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doublet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Doublet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doublet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pourpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pourpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Pourpoint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pourpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surcoat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surcoat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Surcoat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surcoat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hose,_Stockings_and_Tights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hose,_Stockings_and_Tights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hose, Stockings and Tights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hose,_Stockings_and_Tights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoes_and_Boots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoes_and_Boots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Shoes and Boots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoes_and_Boots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Women's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Women's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Women's-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Women's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chérusque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chérusque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><b>Chérusque</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chérusque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corsage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corsage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Corsage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corsage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Décolletage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Décolletage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Décolletage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Décolletage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girdle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girdle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Girdle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girdle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hoops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>15th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>16th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>18th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>19th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farthingale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farthingale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.5</span> <span>Farthingale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farthingale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panniers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panniers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.6</span> <span>Panniers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panniers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mancheron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mancheron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mancheron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mancheron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petticoat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petticoat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Petticoat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petticoat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stomacher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stomacher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Stomacher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stomacher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undergarments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergarments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Undergarments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergarments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.1</span> <span>Corset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farthingale_or_Vertugadin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farthingale_or_Vertugadin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.2</span> <span><b>Farthingale or Vertugadin</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farthingale_or_Vertugadin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_vs_Progressive_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_vs_Progressive_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><b>Traditional vs Progressive Style</b></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_vs_Progressive_Style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <b>Traditional vs Progressive Style</b> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_vs_Progressive_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Progressive Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Traditional Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinque_Cento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinque_Cento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cinque Cento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinque_Cento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crevé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crevé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Crevé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crevé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Elastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elaborations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elaborations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Elaborations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elaborations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elaborations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elaborations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aglet,_Aiglet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aglet,_Aiglet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Aglet, Aiglet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aglet,_Aiglet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frou-frou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frou-frou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Frou-frou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frou-frou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pouf,_Puff,_Poof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pouf,_Puff,_Poof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Pouf, Puff, Poof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pouf,_Puff,_Poof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shirring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Shirring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Sequins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trim_and_Lace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trim_and_Lace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Trim and Lace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trim_and_Lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gold_and_Silver_Fabric_and_Lace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_and_Silver_Fabric_and_Lace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.1</span> <span>Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_and_Silver_Fabric_and_Lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honiton_Lace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honiton_Lace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.2</span> <span>Honiton Lace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honiton_Lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passementerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passementerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.3</span> <span>Passementerie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passementerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Point_d'Alençon_Lace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_d'Alençon_Lace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.4</span> <span>Point d'Alençon Lace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_d'Alençon_Lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Fabric</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fabric-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fabric subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brocatelle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brocatelle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Brocatelle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brocatelle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broché" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broché"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Broché</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broché-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciselé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciselé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ciselé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciselé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crépe_de_Chine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crépe_de_Chine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Crépe de Chine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crépe_de_Chine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Épinglé_Velvet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Épinglé_Velvet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Épinglé Velvet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Épinglé_Velvet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Lace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberty_Fabrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty_Fabrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Liberty Fabrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty_Fabrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lisse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lisse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Lisse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lisse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Satin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.10</span> <span>Selesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shot_Fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shot_Fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.11</span> <span>Shot Fabric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shot_Fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tissue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.12</span> <span>Tissue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tissue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fancy-dress_Ball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fancy-dress_Ball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Fancy-dress Ball</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fancy-dress_Ball-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fancy-dress Ball subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fancy-dress_Ball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Historical Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Men's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feathers_and_Plumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feathers_and_Plumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Feathers and Plumes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feathers_and_Plumes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feathers and Plumes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feathers_and_Plumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aigrette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aigrette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Aigrette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aigrette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers_or_White_Plumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers_or_White_Plumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers_or_White_Plumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography_for_Plumes_and_Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_for_Plumes_and_Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.1</span> <span>Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_for_Plumes_and_Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Bath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>The Bath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Garter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Garter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>The Garter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Garter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Golden_Fleece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Golden_Fleece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>The Golden Fleece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Golden_Fleece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Victorian_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Victorian_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Royal Victorian Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Victorian_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._John" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._John"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>St. John</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._John-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Star_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Star_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Star of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Star_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thistle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thistle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Thistle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thistle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewelry_and_Stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry_and_Stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Jewelry and Stones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jewelry_and_Stones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jewelry and Stones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jewelry_and_Stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabochon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabochon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Cabochon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabochon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Jet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orfèvrerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orfèvrerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span><i>Orfèvrerie</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orfèvrerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turquoises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turquoises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Turquoises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turquoises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baldric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baldric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Baldric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baldric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuirass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuirass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Cuirass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuirass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Household Cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household_Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grenadier_Guards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenadier_Guards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3.1</span> <span>Grenadier Guards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenadier_Guards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_Guards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_Guards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3.2</span> <span>Life Guards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_Guards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikiversity</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians" title="Social Victorians">Social Victorians</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. </p><p>We also sometimes use the French <i>Wikipédia</i> to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French <i>Wikipédia</i> provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Non-gender-specific">Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantle,_Cloak,_Cape"><span id="Mantle.2C_Cloak.2C_Cape"></span>Mantle, Cloak, Cape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mantle, Cloak, Cape" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mantle, Cloak, Cape"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. </p><p><b>Mantle</b> </p><p>A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use <i>mantle</i> if the garment is more voluminous. </p><p><b>Cloak</b> </p><p><b>Cape</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peplum">Peplum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peplum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Peplum"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to the French <i>Wiktionnaire</i>, a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:</p><blockquote><p><i>Fashion</i>. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (<i>obsolete</i>). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The <i>Daily News</i> reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revers">Revers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Revers"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, <i>revers</i> are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in <i>plural</i>); the material covering such an edge."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the <i>Wiktionnaire</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Men's"><span id="Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Men.27s"></span>Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Military">Men's military uniforms</a> are discussed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="À_la_Romaine"><span id=".C3.80_la_Romaine"></span>À la Romaine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: À la Romaine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: À la Romaine"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Baptist_Straub_-_Mars_um_1772-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johann_Baptist_Straub_-_Mars_um_1772-1.jpg/220px-Johann_Baptist_Straub_-_Mars_um_1772-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johann_Baptist_Straub_-_Mars_um_1772-1.jpg/330px-Johann_Baptist_Straub_-_Mars_um_1772-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johann_Baptist_Straub_-_Mars_um_1772-1.jpg/440px-Johann_Baptist_Straub_-_Mars_um_1772-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 <i>à la romaine</i> <i>Mars</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A few people who attended the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897</a> personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but <i>à la romaine</i>, which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. </p><p>Women as well as men could be dressed <i>à la romaine</i>, but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. </p><p>For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars <i>à la romaine</i>. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars <i>à la romaine</i>, with a helmet, <b>was</b> "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>81, Col. 2c</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalier">Cavalier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cavalier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Cavalier"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg/220px-Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg/330px-Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg/440px-Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption>Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart</figcaption></figure> <p>As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Military">wealthy royalist British military officers</a> during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coats">Coats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Coats"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doublet">Doublet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Doublet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Doublet"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and <b>is somewhere</b>.</li> <li>Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Spencer_Compton_Cavendish#Costume_at_the_Duchess_of_Devonshire's_2_July_1897_Fancy-dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish">Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V</a> shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pourpoint">Pourpoint</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pourpoint" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Pourpoint"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surcoat">Surcoat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Surcoat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Surcoat"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes just called <i>coat</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_by_Sarony_1882_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Oscar_Wilde_by_Sarony_1882_18.jpg/220px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Sarony_1882_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Oscar_Wilde_by_Sarony_1882_18.jpg/330px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Sarony_1882_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Oscar_Wilde_by_Sarony_1882_18.jpg/440px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Sarony_1882_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="3890" /></a><figcaption> Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hose,_Stockings_and_Tights"><span id="Hose.2C_Stockings_and_Tights"></span>Hose, Stockings and Tights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hose, Stockings and Tights" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Hose, Stockings and Tights"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term <i>hose</i> for what we might call stockings or tights. </p><p>In fact, the terminology is specific. <i>Stockings</i> is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. </p><p>The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of <i>tights</i> does not assume that they were knitted. </p><p><i>Clocking</i> is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. </p><p>In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. </p><p>The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball</a>, the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. </p><p>In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shoes_and_Boots">Shoes and Boots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shoes and Boots" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Shoes and Boots"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Women's"><span id="Articles_or_Parts_of_Clothing:_Women.27s"></span>Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chérusque"><span id="Ch.C3.A9rusque"></span><b>Chérusque</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chérusque" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Chérusque"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the French <i>Wikipedia</i>, <i>chérusque</i> is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corsage">Corsage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Corsage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Corsage"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sense is well documented in the <i>OED</i> for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like <i>Godey's Lady's Book</i>, which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. </p><p>The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the <i>OED</i>, American. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Décolletage"><span id="D.C3.A9colletage"></span>Décolletage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Décolletage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Décolletage"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Girdle">Girdle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Girdle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Girdle"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoops">Hoops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hoops" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Hoops"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Striking for how long they lasted and how much they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore hoops from the 15th century, around the time of Katherine of Aragon, through the bustle of the late 19th century. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of panniers and the bustle. Hoops circled the body symmetrically in a cone or drum shape, were moved to the sides with panniers, ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and were pulled to the rear with a bustle. </p><p>That is, like corsets, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist. </p><p>Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops changed — cane, wood, whalebone, steel or wire. Add fabric structural stuff </p><p><i>Hoops</i> is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15th_Century">15th Century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 15th Century" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: 15th Century"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Hoops began in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for many years:</p><blockquote><p>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale (a hooped underskirt) into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. Both styles were worn in the early years of the century.</p><p> By mid-century many changes had occurred, paralleling those in men’s costume. Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (291)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th_Century">16th Century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 16th Century" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: 16th Century"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the garment was called a farthingale. By the 18th century, it was called hoops, which were made of wood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_Century">18th Century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 18th Century" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: 18th Century"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:</p><blockquote><p>SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order: </p><ol><li>The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode.</li> <li>The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720.</li> <li>The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, expect that skirts were allowed to curve outward in back again. English court costume followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century.</li> <li>The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise (see Fig. 452). These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our Revolutionary War period.</li> <li>The return of the bustle in the 1780s.</li> <li>The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (411–413)</li></ol> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_Century">19th Century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 19th Century" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: 19th Century"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire. By the 1860s, hoops made for huge round skirts. </p><p> In Laura Ingalls Wilder's 1941 <i>Little Town on the Prairie</i>, the adolescent Laura wears hoops:</p><blockquote><p>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. </p><p>“As she and Carrie hurried ob she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. </p><p>“Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” </p><p> “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Farthingale">Farthingale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Farthingale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Farthingale"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panniers">Panniers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Panniers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Panniers"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they are "baskets" or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mancheron">Mancheron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mancheron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Mancheron"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, a <i>mancheron</i> is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the present, in French, a <i>mancheron</i> is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petticoat">Petticoat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Petticoat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Petticoat"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to the <i>O.E.D.</i>, a petticoat is a </p><blockquote><p>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in <i>plural</i>: a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now <i>archaic</i> or <i>historical</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>This sense is, according to the <i>O.E.D.</i>, "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term <i>underskirt</i> was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stomacher">Stomacher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Stomacher" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Stomacher"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>O.E.D.</i>, a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Train" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Train"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A train is </p><p>The Length of the Train </p><p><b>For the monarch [or a royal?]</b> </p><p> According to Debrett's,</p><blockquote><p>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: </p><ul><li>Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet</li> <li>Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet</li> <li>Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet</li> <li>Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet</li> <li>Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </blockquote><p>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. </p><p>Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. [<b>peers?</b>] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergarments">Undergarments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Undergarments" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Undergarments"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victorian women's undergarments created the distinctive silhouette. The corset was an important element of this understructure, which also included hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on, but it has never been the only important element. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corset">Corset</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Corset" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Corset"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corset_-_MET_1972.209.49a,_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Corset_-_MET_1972.209.49a%2C_b.jpg/220px-Corset_-_MET_1972.209.49a%2C_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="482" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Corset_-_MET_1972.209.49a%2C_b.jpg/330px-Corset_-_MET_1972.209.49a%2C_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Corset_-_MET_1972.209.49a%2C_b.jpg/440px-Corset_-_MET_1972.209.49a%2C_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC</figcaption></figure> <p>The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball</a> so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. </p><p>This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) </p> <ul><li>This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips.</li> <li>The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists.</li> <li>The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up.</li> <li>The sharp definition of the waist was caused by <ul><li>length of the corset (especially on the sides)</li> <li>the stiffness of the boning</li> <li>the layers of fabric</li> <li>the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing)</li> <li>the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom</li> <li>the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom</li></ul></li> <li>The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back.</li> <li>The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage.</li> <li>The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt.</li> <li>This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels.</li></ul> <p>The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball</a> were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly <b>emphasized</b> at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Farthingale_or_Vertugadin"><b>Farthingale or Vertugadin</b></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Farthingale or Vertugadin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Farthingale or Vertugadin"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Vertugadin</i> is a French term for <i>farthingale</i>, a cage made of hoops supporting a skirt — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, "La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501 [The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501]."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death. </p><p>The French and Spanish farthingales were not identical by the end of the 16th century. The Spanish farthingale shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French farthingale was a flattish "cartwheel" or platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping the skirt into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_vs_Progressive_Style"><b>Traditional vs Progressive Style</b></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Traditional vs Progressive Style" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Traditional vs Progressive Style"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Style">Progressive Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Progressive Style" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Progressive Style"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>artistic dress</i> and <i>aesthetic dress</i> are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, <i>artistic dress</i> is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, <i>aesthetic dress</i> is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Style">Traditional Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Traditional Style" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Traditional Style"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> By the end of the century designs from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Dressmakers_and_Costumiers#The_House_of_Worth" title="Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers">House of Worth</a> (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":</p><blockquote><p>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>530</span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Victorian-looking gowns at the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball</a> are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time <i>artistic</i> or <i>aesthetic</i>. </p><p>William Powell Frith's 1883 painting <i>A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881</i> (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Styles">The Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: The Styles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: The Styles"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/220px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/330px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/440px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>William Powell Frith, <i>A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881</i></figcaption></figure> <p>We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 <i>A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881</i> (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. </p><p>As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.[<b>citation</b>] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. </p><p>A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. [<b>Calvert</b><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (294) </p> <ul><li>historical dress: beautiful clothing.</li></ul> <ul><li>the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys</li> <li>"In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..."</li></ul> <p>Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography [<b>citations</b>] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.[<b>citations</b>] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze [<b>citations</b>] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.[<b>citations</b>] </p><p>But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. </p><p>As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. </p><p>Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>93</span></sup> — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers_or_White_Plumes">Prince of Wales's feathers</a>. </p><p>Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinque_Cento">Cinque Cento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cinque Cento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Cinque Cento"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, <i>Cinque Cento</i> is a shortening of <i>mil cinque cento</i>, or 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crevé"><span id="Crev.C3.A9"></span>Crevé</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Crevé" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Crevé"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Creve</i>, without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [<b>With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.</b>] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elastic">Elastic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Elastic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Elastic"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elaborations">Elaborations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Elaborations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Elaborations"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her 1973 <i>The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season</i>, Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>93</span></sup> </p><p> Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of <i>The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive</i>, Mary Frances Gormally says,</p><blockquote><p>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (117)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aglet,_Aiglet"><span id="Aglet.2C_Aiglet"></span>Aglet, Aiglet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Aglet, Aiglet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section's source code: Aglet, Aiglet"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>4</span></sup> Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frou-frou">Frou-frou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Frou-frou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section's source code: Frou-frou"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In French, <i>frou-frou</i> or, spelled as <i>froufrou</i>, is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first use the French <i>Wiktionnaire</i> lists is Honoré Balzac, <i>La Cousine Bette</i>, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Frou-frou</i> is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pouf,_Puff,_Poof"><span id="Pouf.2C_Puff.2C_Poof"></span>Pouf, Puff, Poof</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Pouf, Puff, Poof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section's source code: Pouf, Puff, Poof"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to the French <i>Wikipédia</i>, a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":</p><blockquote><p>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, <i>Queen of Fashion</i>, translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in <i>The Rules of the Game</i>, n° 40, 2009)</p></blockquote><p><i>Puff</i> and <i>poof</i> are used to describe clothing. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shirring">Shirring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Shirring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section's source code: Shirring"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Shirring</i> is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequins">Sequins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sequins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section's source code: Sequins"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sequins, paillettes, spangles </p><p>Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(216) The French <i>Wiktionnaire</i> defines <i>paillette</i> as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>OED</i>, the use of <i>sequin</i> as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first instance of <i>spangle</i> as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first use of <i>paillette</i> listed in the French <i>Wiktionnaire</i> is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). </p><p>Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trim_and_Lace">Trim and Lace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Trim and Lace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section's source code: Trim and Lace"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>A History of Feminine Fashion</i>, published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Dressmakers_and_Costumiers#Worth,_of_Paris" title="Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers">the Maison Worth</a>, describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Passementerie">passementerie</a> (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:</p><blockquote><p>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Satin">satin</a>], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and <i>passementerie</i>. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>6–7</span></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gold_and_Silver_Fabric_and_Lace">Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section's source code: Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)</p><blockquote><p>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. </p><p>Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his <i>Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition</i>, 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured <i>mashrus</i> at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." </p><p>Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. </p><p> The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honiton_Lace">Honiton Lace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Honiton Lace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section's source code: Honiton Lace"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Kate Stradsin says,</p><blockquote><p>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strook_in_Alen%C3%A7on_naaldkant,_1750-1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Strook_in_Alen%C3%A7on_naaldkant%2C_1750-1775.jpg/220px-Strook_in_Alen%C3%A7on_naaldkant%2C_1750-1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Strook_in_Alen%C3%A7on_naaldkant%2C_1750-1775.jpg/330px-Strook_in_Alen%C3%A7on_naaldkant%2C_1750-1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Strook_in_Alen%C3%A7on_naaldkant%2C_1750-1775.jpg/440px-Strook_in_Alen%C3%A7on_naaldkant%2C_1750-1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passementerie">Passementerie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Passementerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section's source code: Passementerie"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Passementerie</i> is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "<i>exubérance</i>" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Point_d'Alençon_Lace"><span id="Point_d.27Alen.C3.A7on_Lace"></span>Point d'Alençon Lace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Point d'Alençon Lace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section's source code: Point d'Alençon Lace"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. </p><p>Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>233</span></sup> so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>7</span></sup> Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>7</span></sup> </p><p>The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fabric">Fabric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Fabric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section's source code: Fabric"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brocatelle">Brocatelle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Brocatelle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section's source code: Brocatelle"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French <i>Wikipédia</i> defines it like this:</p><blockquote><p>La <b>brocatelle</b> est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Which translates to this:</p><blockquote><p>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</p></blockquote><p>The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broché"><span id="Broch.C3.A9"></span>Broché</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Broché" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section's source code: Broché"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciselé"><span id="Cisel.C3.A9"></span>Ciselé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Ciselé" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section's source code: Ciselé"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crépe_de_Chine"><span id="Cr.C3.A9pe_de_Chine"></span>Crépe de Chine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Crépe de Chine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section's source code: Crépe de Chine"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> distinguishes the use of <i>crêpe</i> (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first <i>e</i>) from <i>crape</i> in textiles, saying <i>crêpe</i> is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Épinglé_Velvet"><span id=".C3.89pingl.C3.A9_Velvet"></span>Épinglé Velvet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Épinglé Velvet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section's source code: Épinglé Velvet"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often spelled <i>épingle</i> rather than <i>épinglé</i>, this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton">Mary, Duchess of Hamilton</a> shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lace">Lace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Lace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section's source code: Lace"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Trim_and_Lace">part of the elaboration of clothing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty_Fabrics">Liberty Fabrics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Liberty Fabrics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section's source code: Liberty Fabrics"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lisse">Lisse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Lisse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section's source code: Lisse"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, the term <i>lisse</i> as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satin">Satin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Satin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section's source code: Satin"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The pre-1927 <i>History of Feminine Fashion</i>, probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:</p><blockquote><p>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>6 in printed, 26 in digital book</span></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selesia">Selesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Selesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section's source code: Selesia"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, <i>silesia</i> is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (<i>Schlesien</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word <i>sleazy</i> — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — may be related. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shot_Fabric">Shot Fabric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Shot Fabric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section's source code: Shot Fabric"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tissue">Tissue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Tissue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section's source code: Tissue"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. </p><p>Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fan">Fan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Fan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section's source code: Fan"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)</p><blockquote><p>FAN (Latin, <i>vannus</i>; French, <i>éventail</i>), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. <i>Ventilabrum</i> and <i>flabellum</i> are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. </p><p>Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or <i>mundus muliebris</i>, of ancient Roman ladies. </p><p>Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. </p><p>Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the <i>Spectator</i> humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. </p><p>The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly <i>chicken skin</i>, but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. </p><p>The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. </p><p>During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. </p><p> Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French <i>brins</i>, the two outer guards <i>panaches</i>, and the mount <i>feuille</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fancy-dress_Ball">Fancy-dress Ball</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Fancy-dress Ball" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section's source code: Fancy-dress Ball"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball</a>, the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on <b>the invitation</b>, but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. </p><p><i>The Queen</i> published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Working_in_Publishing#Journalists" title="Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing">People Working in Publishing</a> page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. </p><p>In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. </p><p>Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the <i>Queen</i> and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress. </p> <ol><li><i>Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It</i>. Wyman & Sons, 1882. (<i>Google Books</i> has this: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ">https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ</a>.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust)</li> <li><i>Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls</i>. Debenham & Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust)</li></ol> <p><br /> As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>93</span></sup> [handled under Elaborations] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_Accuracy">Historical Accuracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Historical Accuracy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section's source code: Historical Accuracy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. </p><p>The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. </p><p>By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). </p> <ul><li>clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques</li> <li>Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball"><span id="Women.27s_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball"></span>Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section's source code: Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>93</span></sup>, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. </p><p>Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Men's_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball"><span id="Men.27s_Versions_of_Historical_Accuracy_at_the_Ball"></span>Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section's source code: Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. </p> <ul><li>Trim</li> <li>Mixing neck treatments</li> <li>Hair</li> <li>Breeches</li> <li>Shoes and boots</li> <li>Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feathers_and_Plumes">Feathers and Plumes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Feathers and Plumes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section's source code: Feathers and Plumes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aigrette">Aigrette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Aigrette" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section's source code: Aigrette"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elizabeth Lewandowski defines <i>aigrette</i> as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers_or_White_Plumes"><span id="Prince_of_Wales.27s_Feathers_or_White_Plumes"></span>Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section's source code: Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/Victorian_Things#Ostrich_Feathers_and_Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers" title="Social Victorians/Victorian Things">Victorian Things</a>. </p><p>For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball</a> as part of their costumes. </p><p> First published in 1893, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Lady_Colin_Campbell" title="Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell">Lady Colin Campbell</a>'s <i>Manners and Rules of Good Society</i> (1911 edition) says that</p><blockquote><p>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.</p><p> White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/Victorian_Things#Ostrich_Feathers_and_Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers" title="Social Victorians/Victorian Things">This fashion was imported from France</a> in the mid 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since King Edward III (1312–1377<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Some women at the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball</a> wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. <b>One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?</b> </p><p>Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball/Photographs" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs"><i>Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball</i> album of 286 photogravure portraits</a>: </p> <ol><li>Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Newcastle" title="Social Victorians/People/Newcastle">Duchess of Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Louisa_Montagu_Cavendish" title="Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish">Luise Cavendish</a>, the Duchess of Devonshire</li> <li>Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Santurce" title="Social Victorians/People/Santurce">Marquisa de Santurce</a></li> <li>Lady <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Farquhar" title="Social Victorians/People/Farquhar">Emilie Farquhar</a></li> <li>Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura_Williamina_Seymour_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Social Victorians/People/Gleichen">Hohenlohe Langenburg</a></li> <li>Louisa Acheson, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Gosford" title="Social Victorians/People/Gosford">Lady Gosford</a></li> <li>Alice Emily White Coke, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Leicester" title="Social Victorians/People/Leicester">Viscountess Coke</a></li> <li>Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Londonderry" title="Social Victorians/People/Londonderry">Vane-Tempest-Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Consuelo_Vanderbilt_Spencer-Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill">Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill</a>, Duchess of <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Marlborough" title="Social Victorians/People/Marlborough">Marlborough</a>, dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph)</li> <li>Mrs. Mary <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Chamberlain" title="Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay</li> <li>Lady Clementine <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Tweeddale" title="Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale">Hay</a> (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (<i>Les Huguenots</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson" title="Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson">Lady Meysey-Thompson</a> (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</li> <li>Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Grosvenor" title="Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor">Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor</a> (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise</li> <li>Lady <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Ancaster" title="Social Victorians/People/Ancaster">Evelyn Ewart</a>, at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Lyttelton" title="Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton">Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton</a> (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Yznaga" title="Social Victorians/People/Yznaga">Emilia Yznaga</a> (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV</li> <li>Lady <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Ilchester" title="Social Victorians/People/Ilchester">Muriel Fox Strangways</a> (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761</li> <li>Lady <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Lucan" title="Social Victorians/People/Lucan">Violet Bingham</a> (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers</li> <li>Rosamond Fellowes, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/de_Ramsey" title="Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey">Lady de Ramsey</a> (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Dupplin" title="Social Victorians/People/Dupplin">Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond</a> (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775</li> <li>Florence Canning, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Garvagh" title="Social Victorians/People/Garvagh">Lady Garvagh</a> (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Suffolk" title="Social Victorians/People/Suffolk">Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter</a> (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes</li> <li>Lady <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Spicer" title="Social Victorians/People/Spicer">Margaret Spicer</a> (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia</li> <li>Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Cavendish_Bentinck" title="Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck">Arthur James</a> (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick</li> <li>Nellie, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Kilmorey" title="Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey">Countess of Kilmorey</a> (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri</li> <li>Daisy, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Warwick" title="Social Victorians/People/Warwick">Countess of Warwick</a> (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette</li></ol> <p>More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bibliography_for_Plumes_and_Prince_of_Wales's_Feathers"><span id="Bibliography_for_Plumes_and_Prince_of_Wales.27s_Feathers"></span>Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<i>The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'</i>: The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for <i>Eighteenth-Century Studies</i> 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x</a>.</li> <li>"Prince of Wales's feathers." <i>Wikipedia</i> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers</a> (accessed November 2022). [<b>Add women to this page</b>]</li> <li>Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." <i>Fraser's magazine</i> 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers</a> (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Honors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section's source code: Honors"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bath">The Bath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: The Bath" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section's source code: The Bath"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Garter">The Garter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: The Garter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section's source code: The Garter"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET%2C_NYC.jpg/220px-The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET%2C_NYC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET%2C_NYC.jpg/330px-The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET%2C_NYC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET%2C_NYC.jpg/440px-The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET%2C_NYC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Golden_Fleece">The Golden Fleece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: The Golden Fleece" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section's source code: The Golden Fleece"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg/220px-Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg/330px-Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg/440px-Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842</figcaption></figure> <p>The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Spencer_Compton_Cavendish#The_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish">Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait</a>. </p><p>The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. </p><p>The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Victorian_Order">Royal Victorian Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Royal Victorian Order" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section's source code: Royal Victorian Order"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._John">St. John</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: St. John" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section's source code: St. John"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Order of the Knights of St. John </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Star_of_India">Star of India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Star of India" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section's source code: Star of India"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thistle">Thistle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Thistle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section's source code: Thistle"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewelry_and_Stones">Jewelry and Stones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Jewelry and Stones" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section's source code: Jewelry and Stones"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabochon">Cabochon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Cabochon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section's source code: Cabochon"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jet">Jet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Jet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section's source code: Jet"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orfèvrerie"><span id="Orf.C3.A8vrerie"></span><i>Orfèvrerie</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Orfèvrerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section's source code: Orfèvrerie"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as <i>orvfèvrerie</i>. <i>Orfèvrerie</i> is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turquoises">Turquoises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Turquoises" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section's source code: Turquoises"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Military" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section's source code: Military"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several men from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/1897_Fancy_Dress_Ball" title="Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball">Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House</a> were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baldric">Baldric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Baldric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section's source code: Baldric"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, the primary sense of <i>baldric</i> is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuirass">Cuirass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Cuirass" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section's source code: Cuirass"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, the primary sense of <i>cuirass</i> is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); <i>spec.</i> a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kn%C3%B6tel_IV,_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg/220px-Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg/330px-Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg/440px-Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Household_Cavalry">Household Cavalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Household Cavalry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section's source code: Household Cavalry"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>1</span></sup> Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>1–2</span></sup> The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>3</span></sup> The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. </p><p>The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>3</span></sup> Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>3</span></sup> In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>3</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grenadier_Guards">Grenadier Guards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Grenadier Guards" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section's source code: Grenadier Guards"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three men — <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord_Algernon_Gordon_Lennox" title="Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox">Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward_George_Villiers_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley" title="Social Victorians/People/Stanley">Lord Stanley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon._Ferdinand_Charles_Stanley" title="Social Victorians/People/Stanley">Hon. F. C. Stanley</a> — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>p. 34, Col. 2a</span></sup> </p><p>Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,</p><blockquote><p>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The name comes from <i>grenades</i>, then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:</p><blockquote><p>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_Guards">Life Guards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Life Guards" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section's source code: Life Guards"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald_Talbot's_Costume" title="Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury">General the Hon. Reginald Talbot</a>, a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>p. 36, Col. 3b</span></sup> </p><p>At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photography">Photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Photography" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section's source code: Photography"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&veaction=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Victorians/Terminology&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section's source code: Footnotes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2661605">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727">"péplum"</a>. <i>Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre</i>. 2021-07-02<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727">https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=p%C3%A9plum&rft.jtitle=Wiktionnaire%2C+le+dictionnaire+libre&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dp%25C3%25A9plum%26oldid%3D29547727&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum">https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">“peplum, n.”. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press, September 2023, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"revers, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560">"revers"</a>. <i>Wiktionnaire</i>. 2023-03-07<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560">https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=revers&rft.jtitle=Wiktionnaire&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Drevers%26oldid%3D31706560&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers">https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” <i>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</i> 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535">http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299">"Cavalier poet"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2023-04-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cavalier+poet&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCavalier_poet%26oldid%3D1151690299&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Tights, N.” <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford UP, July 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746">"Collerette (costume)"</a>. <i>Wikipédia</i>. 2021-06-26<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Collerette+%28costume%29&rft.jtitle=Wikip%C3%A9dia&rft.date=2021-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCollerette_%28costume%29%26oldid%3D184136746&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"corsage, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-2">10.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Blanche. <i>History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century</i>. Harper & Row, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilder, Laura Ingalls. <i>Little Town on the Prairie.</i> Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"mancheron, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843">"Manche (vêtement)"</a>. <i>Wikipédia</i>. 2022-11-28<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manche+%28v%C3%AAtement%29&rft.jtitle=Wikip%C3%A9dia&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DManche_%28v%25C3%25AAtement%29%26oldid%3D199054843&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press, September 2023, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2527938">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/">"Dress Codes"</a>. <i>debretts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=debretts.com&rft.atitle=Dress+Codes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdebretts.com%2Froyal-family%2Fdress-codes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3ASocial+Victorians%2FTerminology" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/">https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729">"Vertugadin"</a>. <i>Wikipédia</i>. 2022-03-12<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vertugadin&rft.jtitle=Wikip%C3%A9dia&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DVertugadin%26oldid%3D191825729&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frith, William Powell. <i>My Autobiography and Reminiscences</i>. 1887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvert, Robyne Erica. <i>Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900</i>. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." <i>Fashion Theory</i> 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1">21.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2">21.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-3">21.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidoff, Leonore. <i>The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season</i>. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"cinquecento, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"creve, v." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-0">24.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-1">24.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of <i>The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive</i>, by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). <i>Fashion Theory</i> 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-1">26.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-2">26.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-3">26.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-4">26.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-5">26.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. <i>The Complete Costume Dictionary</i>. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509">"frou-frou"</a>. <i>Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre</i>. 2023-07-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509">https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=frou-frou&rft.jtitle=Wiktionnaire%2C+le+dictionnaire+libre&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dfrou-frou%26oldid%3D32508509&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou">https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124">"froufrou"</a>. <i>Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre</i>. 2023-06-03<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124">https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=froufrou&rft.jtitle=Wiktionnaire%2C+le+dictionnaire+libre&rft.date=2023-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dfroufrou%26oldid%3D32330124&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou">https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-0">29.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-1">29.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572">"paillette"</a>. <i>Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre</i>. 2024-03-18<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572">https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=paillette&rft.jtitle=Wiktionnaire%2C+le+dictionnaire+libre&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dpaillette%26oldid%3D33809572&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette">https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Sequin, N.” <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford UP, September 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Spangle, N. (1).” <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford UP, July 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-0">32.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-1">32.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">[Worth, House of.] <span class="citation book"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion"><i>A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)</i></a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion">http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Feminine+Fashion+%281800s+to+1920s%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHistoryOfFeminineFashion&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: <a class="external free" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg</a>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up">https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up</a> (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." <i>The Court Historian</i> 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf">http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf</a>: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, <i>Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History</i>, self-published, 1983."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926">"Passementerie"</a>. <i>Wikipédia</i>. 2023-06-10<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Passementerie&rft.jtitle=Wikip%C3%A9dia&rft.date=2023-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPassementerie%26oldid%3D205068926&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689">"MoMu - Open Fashion"</a>. <i>openfashion.momu.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openfashion.momu.be&rft.atitle=MoMu+-+Open+Fashion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenfashion.momu.be%2F%239ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3ASocial+Victorians%2FTerminology" class="Z3988"></span> ModeMuseum Antwerpen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689">http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410">"Brocatelle"</a>. <i>Wikipédia</i>. 2023-06-01<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brocatelle&rft.jtitle=Wikip%C3%A9dia&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBrocatelle%26oldid%3D204796410&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"brocatelle, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"crêpe, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"lisse, n.1." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Silesia, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"sleazy, adj." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Shot, <i>Adj.</i>”  <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford UP,  July 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Tissue, N.” <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford UP, March 2024, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. <b>10</b> (<b>X</b>). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up</a> (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The <i>Queen</i> 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. <i>British Newspaper Archive</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094">https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite id="CITEREFHoll2007" class="citation web cs1">Holl, Evangeline (2007-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/">"The Court Presentation"</a>. <i>Edwardian Promenade</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edwardian+Promenade&rft.atitle=The+Court+Presentation&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Evangeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edwardianpromenade.com%2Fetiquette%2Fthe-court-presentation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3ASocial+Victorians%2FTerminology" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/">https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<i>The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'</i>: The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." <i>Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies</i> 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. <i>Wiley Online</i> DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x</a> (accessed November 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015">"Prince of Wales's feathers"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2022-11-07<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prince+of+Wales%27s+feathers&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPrince_of_Wales%2527s_feathers%26oldid%3D1120556015&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221">"Edward III of England"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2022-12-14<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Edward+III+of+England&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DEdward_III_of_England%26oldid%3D1127343221&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_51-0">51.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_51-1">51.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_51-2">51.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875">"Order of the Golden Fleece"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2020-09-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Order+of+the+Golden+Fleece&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOrder_of_the_Golden_Fleece%26oldid%3D980340875&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the <i>British Numismatic Society</i>. 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf">https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf</a> (accessed January 2023).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite id="CITEREFWulfstan2019" class="citation cs2">Wulfstan (2019-11-10), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg"><i>Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polski%3A+Kolana+orderowa+orderu+Z%C5%82otego+Runa%2C+prze%C5%82om+XV+i+XVI+wieku.&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.au=Wulfstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AThe_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET%2C_NYC.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3ASocial+Victorians%2FTerminology" class="Z3988"></span>. <a class="external free" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. <i>Prince Albert</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61">"Explore the Royal Collection Online"</a>. <i>www.rct.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rct.uk&rft.atitle=Explore+the+Royal+Collection+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%23%2F16%2Fcollection%2F401412%2Fprince-albert-1819-61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3ASocial+Victorians%2FTerminology" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61">https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"cabochon, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"baldric, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"cuirass, n." <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-0">58.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-1">58.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-2">58.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-3">58.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-4">58.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-5">58.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf">https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:14_59-0">59.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:14_59-1">59.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The <i>Gentlewoman</i> 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. <i>British Newspaper Archive</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032">https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350">"Grenadier Guards"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2023-04-22<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grenadier+Guards&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2023-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGrenadier_Guards%26oldid%3D1151238350&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077">"Lord Wentworth's Regiment"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2022-07-24<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lord+Wentworth%27s+Regiment&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2022-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLord_Wentworth%2527s_Regiment%26oldid%3D1100069077&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569">"Cavalier"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2023-04-22<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cavalier&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2023-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCavalier%26oldid%3D1151166569&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/">"Service to the Crown"</a>. <i>The Guards Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guards+Museum&rft.atitle=Service+to+the+Crown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheguardsmuseum.com%2Fabout-the-guards%2Fhistory-of-the-foot-guards%2Fhistory-page-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3ASocial+Victorians%2FTerminology" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/">https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/">"Formation and role of the Regiments"</a>. <i>The Guards Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guards+Museum&rft.atitle=Formation+and+role+of+the+Regiments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheguardsmuseum.com%2Fabout-the-guards%2Fhistory-of-the-foot-guards%2Fhistory-page-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3ASocial+Victorians%2FTerminology" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/">https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_65-0">65.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_65-1">65.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566">"Battle of Waterloo"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2023-09-30<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Waterloo&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.date=2023-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBattle_of_Waterloo%26oldid%3D1177893566&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Social_Victorians/Terminology"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐lcm6g Cached time: 20241122163639 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.412 seconds Real time usage: 0.477 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11657/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 76011/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 20079/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72511/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.098/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3434780/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 345.831 1 -total 85.30% 294.979 1 Template:Reflist 37.32% 129.074 6 Template:Cite_web 28.06% 97.052 18 Template:Cite_journal 26.23% 90.709 19 Template:Citation/core 2.48% 8.576 20 Template:Rp 2.33% 8.063 1 Template:Citation 2.26% 7.804 1 Template:Cite_book 2.20% 7.616 19 Template:Citation/make_link 0.89% 3.066 1 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwikiversity:pcache:idhash:285723-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122163640 and revision id 2688345. 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