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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Korzybski</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Алфред Кожибски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Кожибски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="آلفرد کورزیبسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد کورزیبسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="אלפרד קורז'יבסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד קורז'יבסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="الفريد كورزيبسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفريد كورزيبسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="アルフレッド・コージブスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・コージブスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Коржибски, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коржибски, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Korzybski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alfred Korzybski</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Korzybski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alfred_Korzybski.jpg/191px-Alfred_Korzybski.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alfred_Korzybski.jpg/286px-Alfred_Korzybski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Alfred_Korzybski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-07-03</span>)</span>July 3, 1879<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula Country">Vistula Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 1950<span style="display:none">(1950-03-01)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Connecticut" title="Lakeville, Connecticut">Lakeville, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mira_Edgerly" class="mw-redirect" title="Mira Edgerly">Mira Edgerly</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1919)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish philosophy">Polish philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_General_Semantics" title="Institute of General Semantics">Institute of General Semantics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_semantics" title="General semantics">General semantics</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_map_is_not_the_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="The map is not the territory">The map is not the territory</a></i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈalfrɛt<span class="wrap"> </span>kɔˈʐɨpskʲi]</a></span>; July 3, 1879 – March 1, 1950) was a Polish-American independent scholar who developed a field called <a href="/wiki/General_semantics" title="General semantics">general semantics</a>, which he viewed as both distinct from, and more encompassing than, the field of <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>. He argued that human knowledge of the world is limited both by the human <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> humans have developed, and thus no one can have direct access to reality, given that the most we can know is that which is filtered through the brain's responses to reality. His best known dictum is "<a href="/wiki/Map%E2%80%93territory_relation" title="Map–territory relation">The map is not the territory</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Abdank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Herb_Abdank.svg/160px-Herb_Abdank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Herb_Abdank.svg/240px-Herb_Abdank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Herb_Abdank.svg/320px-Herb_Abdank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Korzybski's family coat-of-arms (see <a href="/wiki/Abdank_coat_of_arms" title="Abdank coat of arms">Abdank coat of arms</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula Country">Vistula Country</a>, which was then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Korzybski belonged to an aristocratic Polish family whose members had worked as mathematicians, scientists, and engineers for generations. He learned the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> at home and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> in schools, and having a French and German <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>, he became fluent in four languages as a child. </p><p>Korzybski studied engineering at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1918) Korzybski served as an <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence officer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> Army. After being wounded in a leg and suffering other injuries, he moved to North America in 1916 (first to Canada, then to the United States) to coordinate the shipment of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> to Russia. He also lectured to Polish-American audiences about the conflict, promoting the sale of <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">war bonds</a>. After the war he decided to remain in the United States, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized citizen</a> in 1940. He met <a href="/wiki/Mira_Edgerly-Korzybska" title="Mira Edgerly-Korzybska">Mira Edgerly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a painter of portraits on ivory, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">1918 Armistice</a>; They married in January 1919; the marriage lasted until his death. </p><p><a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a> published Korzybski's first book, <i>Manhood of Humanity</i>, in 1921. In this work he proposed and explained in detail a new theory of humankind: mankind as a "<a href="/wiki/General_semantics#The_major_premises" title="General semantics">time-binding</a>" class of life (humans perform time binding by the transmission of knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstractions</a> through time which become accreted in cultures). In 1925 and 1926, Korzybski observed psychiatric patients at St. Elizabeth's hospital in D.C. under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_White" title="William Alanson White">William Alanson White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_semantics">General semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korzybski's work culminated in the initiation of a discipline that he named <a href="/wiki/General_semantics" title="General semantics">general semantics</a> (GS). This should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>. The basic principles of general semantics, which include time-binding, are described in the publication <i>Science and Sanity</i>, published in 1933. In 1938, Korzybski founded the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_General_Semantics" title="Institute of General Semantics">Institute of General Semantics</a> in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-World War II housing shortage in Chicago cost him the institute's building lease, so in 1946 he moved the institute to <a href="/wiki/Lakeville_(Salisbury,_Connecticut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakeville (Salisbury, Connecticut)">Lakeville, Connecticut</a>, U.S., where he directed it until his death in 1950. </p><p>Korzybski maintained that humans are limited in what they know by (1) the structure of their nervous systems, and (2) the <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structure</a> of their languages. Humans cannot experience the world directly, but only through their "abstractions" (nonverbal impressions or "gleanings" derived from the nervous system, and verbal indicators expressed and derived from language). These sometimes mislead us about what is the truth. Our understanding sometimes lacks <i>similarity of structure</i> with what is actually happening. </p><p>He sought to train our awareness of abstracting, using techniques he had derived from his study of mathematics and science. He called this awareness, this goal of his system, "consciousness of abstracting". His system included the promotion of attitudes such as "I don't know; let's see," in order that we may better discover or reflect on its realities as revealed by modern science. Another technique involved becoming inwardly and outwardly quiet, an experience he termed, "silence on the objective levels". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""To_be""><span id=".22To_be.22"></span>"To be"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "To be""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many devotees and critics of Korzybski reduced his rather complex system to a simple matter of what he said about the verb form "is" of the general verb "to be."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His system, however, is based primarily on such terminology as the different "orders of abstraction," and formulations such as "consciousness of abstracting." The contention that Korzybski <i>opposed</i> the use of the verb "to be" would be a profound exaggeration. </p><p>He thought that <i>certain uses</i> of the verb "to be", called the "is of identity" and the "is of <a href="/wiki/E-Prime#Different_functions_of_"to_be"" title="E-Prime">predication</a>", were faulty in structure, e.g., a statement such as, "Elizabeth is a fool" (said of a person named "Elizabeth" who has done something that we regard as foolish). In Korzybski's system, one's assessment of Elizabeth belongs to a higher order of abstraction than Elizabeth herself. Korzybski's remedy was to <i>deny</i> identity; in this example, to be aware continually that "Elizabeth" is <i>not</i> what we <i>call</i> her. We find Elizabeth not in the verbal domain, the world of words, but the nonverbal domain (the two, he said, amount to different orders of abstraction). This was expressed by Korzybski's most famous premise, "<a href="/wiki/Map%E2%80%93territory_relation" title="Map–territory relation">the map is not the territory</a>". Note that this premise uses the phrase "is not", a form of "to be"; this and many other examples show that he did not intend to abandon "to be" as such. In fact, he said explicitly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that there were no structural problems with the verb "to be" when used as an <a href="/wiki/E-prime#The_different_functions_of_'to_be'" class="mw-redirect" title="E-prime">auxiliary verb</a> or when used to state existence or location. It was even acceptable at times to use the faulty forms of the verb "to be," as long as one was aware of their structural limitations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anecdotes">Anecdotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anecdotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One day, Korzybski was giving a lecture to a group of students, and he interrupted the lesson suddenly in order to retrieve a packet of <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a>, wrapped in white paper, from his briefcase. He muttered that he just had to eat something, and he asked the students on the seats in the front row if they would also like a biscuit. A few students took a biscuit. "Nice biscuit, don't you think," said Korzybski, while he took a second one. The students were chewing vigorously. Then he tore the white paper from the biscuits, in order to reveal the original packaging. On it was a big picture of a dog's head and the words "Dog Cookies." The students looked at the package, and were shocked. Two of them wanted to vomit, put their hands in front of their mouths, and ran out of the lecture hall to the toilet. "You see," Korzybski remarked, "I have just demonstrated that people don't just eat food, but also words, and that the taste of the former is often outdone by the taste of the latter."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Burroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="William Burroughs">William Burroughs</a> went to a Korzybski workshop in the autumn of 1939. He was 25 years old, and paid $40. His fellow students—there were 38 in all—included young <a href="/wiki/Samuel_I._Hayakawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel I. Hayakawa">Samuel I. Hayakawa</a> (later to become a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Wendell Johnson</a> (founder of the <a href="/wiki/Monster_Study" title="Monster Study">Monster Study</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korzybski's work received positive reactions from a variety of individuals in the 1940s and 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> named a character after him in his 1940 short story "<a href="/wiki/Blowups_Happen" title="Blowups Happen">Blowups Happen</a>", and science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt" title="A. E. van Vogt">A. E. van Vogt</a> in his novel "<a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Null-A" title="The World of Null-A">The World of Null-A</a>", published in 1948. On March 8, 1949, fellow science-fiction author <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> wrote to Heinlein referencing Korzybski as an influence on what would become <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, you didn't specify in your book what actual reformation took place in the society to make supermen. Got to thinking about it other day. The system is <a href="/wiki/Excalibur_(L._Ron_Hubbard)" title="Excalibur (L. Ron Hubbard)">Excalibur</a>. It makes <a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Null-A" title="The World of Null-A">nul A's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Korzybski's ideas influenced philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a> who used his phrase "the map is not the territory" in lectures. Writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a> was also deeply influenced by Korzybski's ideas. </p><p>As reported in the third edition of <i>Science and Sanity</i>, in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> used Korzybski's system to treat <a href="/wiki/Combat_stress_reaction" title="Combat stress reaction">battle fatigue</a> in Europe, under the supervision of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kelley" title="Douglas Kelley">Douglas M. Kelley</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who went on to become the psychiatrist in charge of the Nazi war criminals at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg</a>. </p><p>Some of the General Semantics tradition was continued by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_I._Hayakawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel I. Hayakawa">Samuel I. Hayakawa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1921 <i>Manhood of Humanity: The Science and Art of Human Engineering</i>, E.P. Dutton, New York, USA</li> <li>1933 <i>Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics</i>, Science Press Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa., USA</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski_Memorial_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture">Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_and_object" title="Concept and object">Concept and object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming" title="Neuro-linguistic programming">Neuro-linguistic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pula" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Pula">Robert Pula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_differential" title="Structural differential">Structural differential</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/korzybski">"Korzybski"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Korzybski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fkorzybski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Korzybski">"Korzybski"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Korzybski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FKorzybski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Shelton1954" class="citation web cs1">Don Shelton (July 13, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://american-miniatures20c.blogspot.com/2007/06/edgerly-mira-portrait-of-three-sisters.html">"20C - American Miniature Portraits: Korzybska, Mira Edgerly - portrait of three sisters or a triptych?"</a>. <i>American-miniatures20c.blogspot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American-miniatures20c.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=20C+-+American+Miniature+Portraits%3A+Korzybska%2C+Mira+Edgerly+-+portrait+of+three+sisters+or+a+triptych%3F&rft.date=1954-07-13&rft.au=Don+Shelton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerican-miniatures20c.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F06%2Fedgerly-mira-portrait-of-three-sisters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorzybski1990" class="citation book cs1">Korzybski, Alfred (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Liup07h3fbIC&pg=PR23"><i>Collected Writings, 1920-1950</i></a>. Institute of GS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910780-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910780-08-7"><bdi>978-0-910780-08-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Writings%2C+1920-1950&rft.pub=Institute+of+GS&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-910780-08-7&rft.aulast=Korzybski&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiup07h3fbIC%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalsemantics.org/about-us/history/">"The Institute of General Semantics » History"</a>. <i>Generalsemantics.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Generalsemantics.org&rft.atitle=The+Institute+of+General+Semantics+%C2%BB+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generalsemantics.org%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Korzybski, <i>Selections from Science and Sanity</i>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Diekstra, <i>Haarlemmer Dagblad</i>, 1993, cited by L. Derks & J. Hollander, <i>Essenties van NLP</i> (Utrecht: Servire, 1996), p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007204146/http://nakedlunch.org/naked-lunch/space-time-travel/naked-lunch-and-chicago/seminal-semantics-antics/">"Naked Lunch @ 50 » Seminal Semantics Antics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nakedlunch.org/naked-lunch/space-time-travel/naked-lunch-and-chicago/seminal-semantics-antics/">the original</a> on October 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naked+Lunch+%40+50+%C2%BB+Seminal+Semantics+Antics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnakedlunch.org%2Fnaked-lunch%2Fspace-time-travel%2Fnaked-lunch-and-chicago%2Fseminal-semantics-antics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319195937/http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/overview-of-general-semantics/notable-individuals/">"Notable Individuals Influenced by General Semantics"</a>. The Institute of General Semantics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/overview-of-general-semantics/notable-individuals/">the original</a> on March 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notable+Individuals+Influenced+by+General+Semantics&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+General+Semantics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generalsemantics.org%2Fthe-general-semantics-learning-center%2Foverview-of-general-semantics%2Fnotable-individuals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tonyortega.org/2014/11/08/the-heinlein-letters-what-l-ron-hubbards-close-friends-really-thought-of-him/">"The Heinlein Letters: What L. Ron Hubbard's close friends really thought of him | the Underground Bunker"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heinlein+Letters%3A+What+L.+Ron+Hubbard%27s+close+friends+really+thought+of+him+%26%23124%3B+the+Underground+Bunker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftonyortega.org%2F2014%2F11%2F08%2Fthe-heinlein-letters-what-l-ron-hubbards-close-friends-really-thought-of-him%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Korzybski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kodish, Bruce. 2011. <i>Korzybski: A Biography</i>. Pasadena, CA: Extensional Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9700664-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9700664-0-4">978-0-9700664-0-4</a> softcover, 978-09700664-28 hardcover.</li> <li>Kodish, Bruce and Susan Presby Kodish. 2011. <i>Drive Yourself Sane: Using the Uncommon Sense of General Semantics, Third Edition</i>. Pasadena, CA: Extensional Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9700664-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9700664-1-1">978-0-9700664-1-1</a></li> <li>Alfred Korzybski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811091339/http://www.generalsemantics.org/store/all-books/57-manhood-of-humanity.html"><i>Manhood of Humanity</i></a>, foreword by Edward Kasner, notes by <a href="/wiki/M._Kendig" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Kendig">M. Kendig</a>, Institute of General Semantics, 1950, hardcover, 2nd edition, 391 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937298-00-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-937298-00-X">0-937298-00-X</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manhoodofhumanit00korziala">Copy of the first edition</a>.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061133/http://www.generalsemantics.org/store/all-books/56-science-and-sanity-an-introduction-to-non-aristotelian-systems-and-general-semantics.html"><i>Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics</i></a>, Alfred Korzybski, preface by <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Pula" title="Robert P. Pula">Robert P. Pula</a>, Institute of General Semantics, 1994, hardcover, 5th edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937298-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-937298-01-8">0-937298-01-8</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esgs.free.fr/uk/art/sands.htm">Full text online</a>.)</li> <li>Alfred Korzybski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210202807/http://www.generalsemantics.org/store/all-books/58-alfred-korzybski-collected-writings-1920-1950.html"><i>Collected Writings 1920-1950</i></a>, Institute of General Semantics, 1990, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-685-40616-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-685-40616-4">0-685-40616-4</a></li> <li>Montagu, M. F. A. (1953). Time-binding and the concept of culture. <i>The Scientific Monthly</i>, Vol. 77, No. 3 (Sep., 1953), pp. 148–155.</li> <li>Murray, E. (1950). In memoriam: Alfred H. Korzybski. <i>Sociometry</i>, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Feb., 1950), pp. 76–77.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Korzybski&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alfred_Korzybski" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Alfred Korzybski">Alfred Korzybski</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31349">Works by Alfred Korzybski</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Korzybski%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20Korzybski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Korzybski%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20Korzybski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Korzybski%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20Korzybski%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Korzybski%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20Korzybski%22%29%20OR%20%28%221879-1950%22%20AND%20Korzybski%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alfred Korzybski</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gestalt.org/alfred.htm">Alfred Korzybski and Gestalt Therapy Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ags.org.au">Australian General Semantics Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalsemantics.org">Institute of General Semantics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078999">Finding aid to Alfred Korzybski papers at Columbia University. 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