CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '919a42168da0f44c',cH: 'AyZefeshyuVTDY88K_UiXecNQCO1GCopKN1lpKZVj2Y-1740848925-1.2.1.1-9fbnIZysUHjVaBhrgYVeGS7bpabqktmc.IYQQLwB5fEDMxxvk2MzKyhPjQWakU8K',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=LULCC&__cf_chl_tk=3RPh5Byptu8l03GbardkpuXT4zRn6p5MoHmlOsMzQgY-1740848925-1.0.1.1-ZFMtukl_hqUH0b7NDx7jwO.Dmq.VwGVERHnst4bWIUc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740848925',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=LULCC&__cf_chl_f_tk=3RPh5Byptu8l03GbardkpuXT4zRn6p5MoHmlOsMzQgY-1740848925-1.0.1.1-ZFMtukl_hqUH0b7NDx7jwO.Dmq.VwGVERHnst4bWIUc",md: "_FxGjPq4gMo1nbtE1.RmC7iVMWh7OiOfl1naPJBJxHI-1740848925-1.2.1.1-Rpd4L.C8wDrZvx_n1WdWNkvkFRz8F02mg8RtyKIXVGxRjnf7zvE7rb5Xoln913MkJQQkbzb5ac.zlKovaMHmwsgXnWhAwsG1hKeZ6TGriaKp5Tt67oeIzBlD6ZktFyh85gCvpQspg8NjUrm8jX5LC8_uQSkxd2R6CX9I1gLkiyWKiN6WutNAD2vL03EH2G1LR76OLhNkL8195qV8aXBEktiw.fxcqwvuG1EZ.GC5XHSy.25eaY2Ocoj.1aaAiZ6VGpykvgEOHZP_AmyO7nDPkPeZvVmq0dVb9rIWL2KOGML38wuG3bTnfh2_pX5QKh1N8AApO5DEuffDdUUApxejdhZ4eUp5xth1CJtFN_3SulUnVqk2G3bDr12NFEA9U8r5RLqwCdZgz_fGsEVSJJwOX7imIJavyTzF_27Cr61g1FpoTUDR8EyK6rCwlK3ZcW2SbWRTb5YCDLecNxoTpp9Bkpj47xqijeJNy6SP7Z8vYL..FpbVD7HDanr2lv5pFuogZNQqTSCPB6CPC_GbU0Wa5ZRioIA_lyC_do3T.6sZjwt6KhdV5BdMHe5A4J7kgf2S9l9VvJdqp2MWfU7KyEgN37M7nQ0qBtUGNNWoHII0_11SRok2dN6Q6nQWpvcEfN6lIAoRfjKjpDZZKAjxnyz2Ufi4cjtshkAYMDLenQaE_VY1FyKK86s72bvwX45DJ.tmpU09wLZR_Tubklr6OQpJTUmsXira6njmu4v9LTQLV59nHoD2U6k_9PRYT0uPanaX2VbcmWllOw6GCfxhQWuf4LdHUQ2Q5Tx5yNPSLpfXVkzT4OXIFl.4uwJyw3FBlBavaZlp5BPQLTrBSVYpSk33f.HMB4NR2FyUDipQtZuyMp0U7xsjdUDfWS0oX1FjylIAA9czlNA8rLGQwD11ic4h3UscRFntWIDKxCbulhZA.QV6Wxs8OBtTmO7mqVWJpIQ7lbc28JMQaoe9d_CTsPosk8_lck0juVHmjsgBvMD.aQVQfwf1Zfx25KJK4.nQZjA11ld_gNUpQQbyvuGVN.4tPpQDxbpU9_7oCR68ItGuwi06ofgn0R8_1iiazIeehCu6Ma_BLer_jTr.1KUWfnnwy36WEF154agK7KBOF52qKVfbdKaiHIgZHXD3d4d9BOc5.MKNreiTcfCGm7U8X4iJ4ey0hTUdl6ToBMiNrhFvpuqePYQJFPhKhul92pUoeAHKuDsaHSKoyEky5lxquvrYZX9GHewXuZV86g3gdpsyy7B_B0kzzxDLwnSrjtSucVSL",mdrd: "AMqQrMFr7TZiDvoccJAxxOmizsjtr5QRh1_u2b0ibPI-1740848925-1.2.1.1-XW7Rf9xO9PIhs_hMKcjltN0oRG1mn029yMUHaAipCQWUgM47qTjU9niiiMDvsldyw6gwRWBF1YkFQTfxtlj.opHJLN8IfvTwj2EZljU7PpfTTgU7U5l60pv_CcsqdWxYCFJ7Yu24y51wndXtxEfUmdEeDANzRS5HIKWcRFMW8d7ejIGy_uDZWHCd278tN7xl6Leb9kFFVwMldkif1pSMZye5kL2KqTl6pScdjpnaUApd_WzsT7Fe7NOtWbxpDX4Gr5WFV98N1sQP8ka6uQ5Y.FKhuCF74WDIOcaAR_I.srRQ1yIoc1lzsQhyH7_JJ3PT0hGAcbFqcdzoGuJ6JJL1izUXWat2P4VP_3FCP1L9XebAXBp9Ak7fzSGXhfsWkizIW0S1.5Ra2zVtZMTjeV6oAcabI9w8XLtuHru5GEYDkPosH49Jypt7XN3saADm37pvq_wOcb3__qtmqE3LQXtmEJN_CTZJ07sKOnJMtmEx.VxrRAVPMA3Dp4Z4UwfcqUlYxZtO2nSrts8mLnyYK59vSCSWxGkOHa_JtWt5VV9JpmL.yFnlgwIoCNn48zDPElYP2GsIim78Miwl0sfF08M7GM7mQkz3aYJAmIZXKpwRgwKuWIaVuD4pGiGQCqGkYQn5tQ6hI.PSzZbCl9cwYKsG9LtmkAiCMRHPsVT8oV9gwsFlPZPWAvAHj5MB0vSgF5Jbmy9PL2mzuh8mtntD6S923Laei97hpXoZ3nJG8OwC0FbU7qpwvFGh8DyeTA5LqmmWXGt13vT7ofJzzD_xnYnStQHTcGkFM.G5DDhR4IAASaw_t2X6wZGP9CvvZE7QirUaTSlkS9mEInOTOdMqba4oNmtrwhUllUv.uPlPKrS.eEcT_PhqZnw5O4wtNKxScR40DzWLz1q2WZq3Ta2rhoJPb1YmBnZTPSG7p1jx5r5Xpmamt7IeEUhD1HBfEyivMqfjDPo4tVvFgYmnJe.PI7WMEw3T6oHVi8u6AHb1dFegu4wqtMZe6bYtkLKYvQCpR0bKjHz5GOw7QoMa6NKITV3mjbwuTyJy8dtWiAcd6YpWNM5EVLSRnLxDNGK_KdpVAEgIPAhEVd6eXENf8AhvdKtIg6SmW_KagtYkznJUXOF0a_1Q5WJ9VPD64h3XAdDPyF65MF0Nd6xRmwak3hzrKDoOrAQcMk44YDbL6Gt5SbGx_OouQexjuu2AF8HU6wFLvQBiSjMUXfIHbKIpx1mmSd7KCwtWcvo9hPJIHNRB8G17xOenqhuw5wG9f0fbhXcUMTGOTh9QEhmM0boGDDbdfZXuU8x43_3QlMSfTFFTwnFV15NoCVD1qc7VpdGE9LgugcGeLzbYVuFyfhpp0SoqyFofnJFfA2T3H34wP7i9tQroo4Y9WiFmzSTws3MVsnlRChMKb2S5s2FgIv5yye1QXG.71LRCze1Bm2hgmn.fquLcQyMQ58Gz8A9ZSSB58tRTQ_PAptYPi3MPfcuioWJMYxifLAxzz51r6JriasvYIwBPyeD_PRJjdw5guY1MYeM0JabGvOXpYSphiv7NTMz5Z4awQPRN5YCQWyBDZ.J4eQMR1Zz.kITYcomTbMrplkomrAfP6piNnyidIvVvTrPETuF5pUT.MzMqyyQNbjxVfZGePXhpYt1nGd0gHdxunZB32JkV3lRyOYvfZxgUUkdPL.A_paYU8Yr5XSJ.QTA7.KIj7WgZf8c_DkRLjjV62r2RGowbZDwM2J9cl0VEr9Zq_tAt8Ys5GeVI0n3Kim4bA1UUTjCQEnGoWy9HRuwG9XM7IDnjiCsPKlEErIMBYfBD9K7MkVg3k7ImKlBrbr4EcWmoImq1m5Hp8IX0K9246DfUnwPkH_vs3n6L5uWtfOHgQleK4JhOxw6BpAyi_F7ek9wkWjKCOcO_j0y6isZO6Xl4IUB.cSQTbJoCNzXmU7l6FMEgPQ36WedwqkNRY4GRlgaTJYOD2iP32_LA2XkZC0pjgN_b"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=919a42168da0f44c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=LULCC&__cf_chl_rt_tk=3RPh5Byptu8l03GbardkpuXT4zRn6p5MoHmlOsMzQgY-1740848925-1.0.1.1-ZFMtukl_hqUH0b7NDx7jwO.Dmq.VwGVERHnst4bWIUc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>