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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morgannwg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Morgannwg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morgannwg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Early buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lordship_of_Glamorgan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lordship_of_Glamorgan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Lordship of Glamorgan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lordship_of_Glamorgan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History,_1080–1536" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History,_1080–1536"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 History, 1080–1536 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History,_1080–1536-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings,_1080–1536" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings,_1080–1536"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Buildings, 1080–1536 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings,_1080–1536-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_of_Glamorgan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_of_Glamorgan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 County of Glamorgan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_of_Glamorgan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_1536–1750" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_1536–1750"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 History 1536–1750 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_1536–1750-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings,_1536–1750" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings,_1536–1750"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Buildings, 1536–1750 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings,_1536–1750-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Glamorgan,_1750–1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Glamorgan,_1750–1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Industrial Glamorgan, 1750–1920 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Glamorgan,_1750–1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metals_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3.1 Metals industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3.2 Coal industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings_of_note_1750–1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings_of_note_1750–1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Buildings of note 1750–1920 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings_of_note_1750–1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late-period_Glamorgan,_1920–1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late-period_Glamorgan,_1920–1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Late-period Glamorgan, 1920–1974 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late-period_Glamorgan,_1920–1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings_and_structures,_1920–1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings_and_structures,_1920–1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6 Buildings and structures, 1920–1974 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings_and_structures,_1920–1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Coastline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Civil parishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways_and_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways_and_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Waterways and ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways_and_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture and recreation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_recreation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and recreation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гламорган – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гламорган" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Forgannwg" title="Sir Forgannwg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sir Forgannwg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Forgannwg" title="Sir Forgannwg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sir Forgannwg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorganshire" title="Glamorganshire – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glamorganshire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86" title="گلامورگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلامورگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%AA%A8%EA%B1%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="글러모건주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글러모건주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्लेमोर्गनशायर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लेमोर्गनशायर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F" title="גלמורגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלמורגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorganensis_comitatus" title="Glamorganensis comitatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glamorganensis comitatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorganas" title="Glamorganas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Glamorganas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гламорган – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гламорган" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glamorgan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гламорган – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гламорган" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86" title="گلامورگن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلامورگن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9" title="格拉摩根 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格拉摩根" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q870815#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glamorgan&params=51_40_N_3_40_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki">51°40′N 3°40′W / 51.667°N 3.667°W / 51.667; -3.667</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic county of Wales</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Glamorgan (disambiguation)">Glamorgan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Glamorgan<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname">Morgannwg (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Glamorgan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Glamorgan_Flag.svg/160px-Glamorgan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Glamorgan_Flag.svg/240px-Glamorgan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Glamorgan_Flag.svg/320px-Glamorgan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Glamorgan" title="Flag of Glamorgan">Flag</a> adopted in 2013</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Wales_Historic_Counties_map_Glamorgan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glamorgan shown within Wales"><img alt="Glamorgan shown within Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wales_Historic_Counties_map_Glamorgan.svg/250px-Wales_Historic_Counties_map_Glamorgan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wales_Historic_Counties_map_Glamorgan.svg/375px-Wales_Historic_Counties_map_Glamorgan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wales_Historic_Counties_map_Glamorgan.svg/500px-Wales_Historic_Counties_map_Glamorgan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="612" /></a> Show location in Wales</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Glamorgan_Brit_Isles_Sect_5.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glamorgan shown within England and Wales"><img alt="Glamorgan shown within England and Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glamorgan_Brit_Isles_Sect_5.svg/250px-Glamorgan_Brit_Isles_Sect_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glamorgan_Brit_Isles_Sect_5.svg/375px-Glamorgan_Brit_Isles_Sect_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glamorgan_Brit_Isles_Sect_5.svg/500px-Glamorgan_Brit_Isles_Sect_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="743" /></a> Show location in England and Wales</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Glamorgan_-_British_Isles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glamorgan shown within the United Kingdom"><img alt="Glamorgan shown within the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Glamorgan_-_British_Isles.svg/250px-Glamorgan_-_British_Isles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Glamorgan_-_British_Isles.svg/375px-Glamorgan_-_British_Isles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Glamorgan_-_British_Isles.svg/500px-Glamorgan_-_British_Isles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1835" /></a> Show location in the United Kingdom</div></div> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • 1861</th><td class="infobox-data">547,494 acres (2,215.63 km2)<a href="#cite_note-Schools_Enquiry-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1911</th><td class="infobox-data">518,865 acres (2,099.77 km2)<a href="#cite_note-vision_pop-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1961</th><td class="infobox-data">523,253 acres (2,117.53 km2)<a href="#cite_note-vision_pop-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1861</th><td class="infobox-data">326,254<a href="#cite_note-Schools_Enquiry-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1911</th><td class="infobox-data">1,120,910<a href="#cite_note-vision_pop-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1961</th><td class="infobox-data">1,229,728<a href="#cite_note-vision_pop-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1861</th><td class="infobox-data">0.7/<a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1911</th><td class="infobox-data">2.2/acre</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • 1961</th><td class="infobox-data">2.4/acre</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Glamorgan" title="West Glamorgan">West Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Glamorgan" title="Mid Glamorgan">Mid Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Glamorgan" title="South Glamorgan">South Glamorgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chapman_code" title="Chapman code">Chapman code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GLA</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Council" title="Glamorgan County Council">Glamorgan County Council</a> (1889–1974)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">HQ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">A ddioddefws a orfu (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'He who suffered, conquered')<a href="#cite_note-briggs-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-sgiles-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Glamorgan"><img alt="Coat of arms of Glamorgan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg/120px-County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg/180px-County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg/240px-County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> Glamorgan (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡləˈmɔːrɡən/</a>), or sometimes Glamorganshire (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Morgannwg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[mɔrˈɡanʊɡ]</a> or Sir Forgannwg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈsiːr vɔrˈɡanʊɡ]</a>), was one of the thirteen <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">historic counties of Wales</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">south</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Originally an early medieval <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdom</a> of varying boundaries known in Welsh as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Glywysing" title="Glywysing">Glywysing</a>), which was then invaded and taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Normans</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Glamorgan" title="Lordship of Glamorgan">Lordship of Glamorgan</a>. The area that became known as Glamorgan was both a rural, pastoral area, and a conflict point between the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> lords and the Welsh princes. It was defined by a large concentration of castles. After falling under English rule in the 16th century, Glamorgan became a more stable county, and exploited its natural resources to become an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Glamorgan was the most populous and industrialised county in Wales, and was once called the "crucible of the Industrial Revolution", as it contained the world centres of three metallurgical industries (iron, steel and copper) and its rich resources of coal. Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972#Wales" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the county boroughs and administrative county of Glamorgan were abolished on 1 April 1974, with three new counties being established, each containing a former county borough: <a href="/wiki/West_Glamorgan" title="West Glamorgan">West Glamorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_Glamorgan" title="Mid Glamorgan">Mid Glamorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Glamorgan" title="South Glamorgan">South Glamorgan</a>. The name also survives in that of <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a>. Glamorgan comprised distinct regions: the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">industrial valleys</a>, the agricultural vale and the scenic <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a>. The county had boundaries with <a href="/wiki/Brecknockshire" title="Brecknockshire">Brecknockshire</a> (north), <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a> (east), <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a> (west), and to the south it was bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>. The total area was 2,100 km2 (811 sq mi). Glamorgan contained two cities, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, the county town and from 1955 the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of Wales, and <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>. The highest point in the county was <a href="/wiki/Craig_y_Llyn" title="Craig y Llyn">Craig y Llyn</a> (600 metres (1,969 ft)) near the village of <a href="/wiki/Rhigos" title="Rhigos">Rhigos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cynon_Valley" title="Cynon Valley">Cynon Valley</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History of Wales</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_le_Breos,_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front view of a cairn, from its right side, its boulders retained by a short wall that forms a courtyard at its entrance. The cromlech is set in flat ground of short grass (in dappled sunlight in the foreground and full sun elsewhere), dissected by a path passing behind it. Trees are mainly in leaf to its rear, among which a limestone kiln is visible at the foot of a gorge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Parc_le_Breos%2C_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG/220px-Parc_le_Breos%2C_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Parc_le_Breos%2C_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG/330px-Parc_le_Breos%2C_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Parc_le_Breos%2C_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG/440px-Parc_le_Breos%2C_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Parc_Cwm_long_cairn" title="Parc Cwm long cairn">Parc Cwm long cairn</a> a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">chambered tomb</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a></div></figcaption></figure> Glamorgan's terrain has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">humankind</a> for over 200,000 years. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">Climate fluctuation</a> caused the formation, disappearance, and reformation of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> which, in turn, caused sea levels to rise and fall. At various times life has flourished, at others the area is likely to have been completely uninhabitable. Evidence of the presence of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> has been discovered on the <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a>. Whether they remained in the area during periods of extreme cold is unclear. Sea levels have been 150 metres (490 ft) lower and 8 metres (26 ft) higher than at present, resulting in significant changes to the coastline during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casglu_1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tempus_13-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">Archaeological</a> evidence shows that <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">humans settled</a> in the area during an <a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">interstadial period</a>. The oldest known human burial in Great Britain – the <a href="/wiki/Red_Lady_of_Paviland" title="Red Lady of Paviland">Red Lady of Paviland</a> – was discovered in a coastal cave between <a href="/wiki/Port_Eynon" title="Port Eynon">Port Eynon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhossili" title="Rhossili">Rhossili</a>, on the Gower Peninsula. The 'lady' has been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon dated">radiocarbon dated</a> to c. 29,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">years before present (BP)</a> – during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> – at which time the cave overlooked an area of <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a>, some miles from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Tempus_13-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-C4_Science_1-8">[8]</a> From the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a> (between 12,000 and 10,000 BP) <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> began to <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migrate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British Peninsula</a> – through <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> – from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">European mainland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologist</a> Stephen Aldhouse-Green notes that while Wales has a "multitude" of Mesolithic sites, their settlements were "focused on the coastal plains", the uplands were "exploited only by specialist hunting groups".<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCHistory-P1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tempus_15-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front view of a dolmen. Its massive capstone is supported by standing stones to either side, with another (triangular) supporting stone at the rear – like a doorless closet. The rear orthostat has a small round hole near the middle top. The dolmen is set in an open, sloping (higher–left, lower–right) meadow of uncut grass, with trees to the rear in the middle distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG/220px-Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG/330px-Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG/440px-Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/St_Lythans_burial_chamber" title="St Lythans burial chamber">St Lythans burial chamber</a> a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">portal dolmen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a></div></figcaption></figure> Human lifestyles in <a href="/wiki/North-West_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Europe">North-West Europe</a> changed around 6000 BP; from the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> lives of hunting and gathering, to the Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a> life of agriculture and settlement. They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land and developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production.<a href="#cite_note-GGAT_72_(b)-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tempus_17-12">[12]</a> A tradition of <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a> construction began in continental Europe during the <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">7th millennium BP</a> – the free standing megalithic structures supporting a sloping capstone (known as <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>); common over <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a>. Nineteen <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">chambered tombs</a> (or long barrows) and five possible <a href="/wiki/Henges" class="mw-redirect" title="Henges">henges</a> have been identified in Glamorgan. These <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> burial chambers, or <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">cromlechi</a>, were built between 6000 and 5000 BP, during the early Neolithic period, the first of them about 1500 years before either <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> or the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> was completed. Two major groups of Neolithic architectural traditions are represented in the area: <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">portal dolmens</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/St_Lythans_burial_chamber" title="St Lythans burial chamber">St Lythans burial chamber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>), and Cae'rarfau (near <a href="/wiki/Creigiau" title="Creigiau">Creigiau</a>)); and <a href="/wiki/Severn-Cotswold_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn-Cotswold tomb">Severn-Cotswold chamber tombs</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parc_Cwm_long_cairn" title="Parc Cwm long cairn">Parc Cwm long cairn</a>, (Parc le Breos Cwm, Gower Peninsula), and <a href="/wiki/Tinkinswood" title="Tinkinswood">Tinkinswood burial chamber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>)), as well as tombs that do not fall easily into either group. Such massive constructions would have needed a large labour force – up to 200 men – suggestive of large communities nearby. Archaeological evidence from some Neolithic sites (e.g. Tinkinswood) has shown the continued use of cromlechi in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tempus_17-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acadmi_3-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-GGAT_3-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein3-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bronze_166-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vale_11-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> – defined by the use of metal – has made a lasting impression on the area. Over six hundred Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a>, of various types, have been identified all over Glamorgan. Other technological innovations – including the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a>; harnessing <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving textiles</a>; brewing <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>; and skillful metalworking (producing new weapons and tools, and fine gold decoration and jewellery, such as <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torcs</a>) – changed people's everyday lives during this period. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> continued to the more remote areas as a warmer climate allowed the cultivation even of upland areas. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales.pre-Roman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Wales showing the names of Celtic British tribes in their territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wales.pre-Roman.jpg/292px-Wales.pre-Roman.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wales.pre-Roman.jpg/438px-Wales.pre-Roman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wales.pre-Roman.jpg/584px-Wales.pre-Roman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tribes of Wales at the time of the Roman invasion (The modern border with England is also shown)</div></figcaption></figure> By 4000 BP people had begun to bury, or <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremate</a> their dead in individual <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cists</a>, beneath a mound of earth known as a <a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">round barrow</a>; sometimes with a distinctive style of finely decorated pottery – like those at <a href="/wiki/Llanharry" title="Llanharry">Llanharry</a> (discovered 1929) and at <a href="/wiki/Llandaff" title="Llandaff">Llandaff</a> (1991) – that gave rise to the Early Bronze Age being described as <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a>. From c. 3350 BP, a worsening climate began to make agriculture unsustainable in upland areas. The resulting population pressures appear to have led to conflict. <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort#Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">Hill forts</a> began to be built from the Late Bronze Age (and throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (3150–1900 BP)) and the amount and quality of weapons increased noticeably – along the regionally distinctive tribal lines of the Iron Age.<a href="#cite_note-GGAT_3-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_11-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_Beaker-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_14-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_Hill_forts-23">[23]</a> Archaeological evidence from two sites in Glamorgan shows Bronze Age practices and settlements continued into the Iron Age. Finds from <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Fawr" title="Llyn Fawr">Llyn Fawr</a>, thought to be <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a>, include weapons and tools from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The hoard, described as "one of the most significant prehistoric metalwork hoards in Wales" has given its name to the <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Fawr_Phase" title="Llyn Fawr Phase">Llyn Fawr Phase</a>, the last Bronze Age phase in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Llyn-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_Llyn-25">[25]</a> Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Llanmaes" title="Llanmaes">Llanmaes</a>, Vale of Glamorgan, indicate a settlement and "feasting site" occupied from the Late Bronze Age until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman occupation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_Llanmaes-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amgueddfa_Llanmaes_II-27">[27]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>, the area that would become known as Glamorgan was part of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Iron Age tribes in Britain">Celtic British tribe</a> that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory also included the areas that would become known as <a href="/wiki/Breconshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Breconshire">Breconshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_1-5">[5]</a> The Silures had hill forts throughout the area – e.g., <a href="/wiki/Caerau_Hillfort" title="Caerau Hillfort">Caerau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>), <a href="/wiki/Afon_Clun#Iron_Age" title="Afon Clun">Caerau hill fort, Rhiwsaeson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Llantrisant" title="Llantrisant">Llantrisant</a>), and Y Bwlwarcau [Mynydd Margam], south west of <a href="/wiki/Maesteg" title="Maesteg">Maesteg</a> – and cliff castles along the Glamorgan coast – e.g., <a href="/wiki/Burry_Holms" title="Burry Holms">Burry Holms</a> (Gower Peninsula). Excavations at one – Dunraven hill fort (<a href="/wiki/Southerndown" title="Southerndown">Southerndown</a>, Vale of Glamorgan) – revealed the remains of twenty-one <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_18-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Caerau_I-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Caerau_II-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Bwlwarcau-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Burry-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Dunraven-33">[33]</a> Many other settlements of the Silures were neither hill forts nor castles. For example, the 3.2-hectare (8-acre) <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Roman_Fort" title="Cardiff Roman Fort">fort</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Romans</a> near the estuary of the <a href="/wiki/River_Taff" title="River Taff">River Taff</a> in 75 AD, in what would become Cardiff, was built over an extensive settlement established by the Silures in the 50s AD.<a href="#cite_note-Coflein_2-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morgannwg">Morgannwg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morgannwg">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Morgannwg</div><div class="ib-country-names">Teyrnas Morgannwg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">942–974 1063–1091</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Various<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Welsh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 942–974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Hen_ab_Owain" title="Morgan Hen ab Owain">Morgan Hen ab Owain</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1063–1074 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cadwgan_ap_Meurig" title="Cadwgan ap Meurig">Cadwgan ap Meurig</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1081–1091 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iestyn_ap_Gwrgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iestyn ap Gwrgan">Iestyn ap Gwrgan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First union of Gwent and Glywysing </div></th><td class="infobox-data">942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Union disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kingdoms reunited </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1063</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered (by the Norman lord, Robert Fitzhamon) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1091</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Kingdom of Gwent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Glywysing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Glywysing">Kingdom of Glywysing</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Kingdom of Gwent</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Glywysing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Glywysing">Kingdom of Glywysing</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Glamorgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Glamorgan">Lord of Glamorgan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_1">^</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glywysing#Morgannwg" title="Glywysing">Glywysing § Morgannwg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_history">Early history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The region originated as an independent petty kingdom named <a href="/wiki/Glywysing" title="Glywysing">Glywysing</a>, believed to be named after a 5th-century Welsh king called <a href="/wiki/Glywys" title="Glywys">Glywys</a>, who is said to have been descended from a Roman Governor in the region. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Aurelian" title="Paul Aurelian">Saint Paul Aurelian</a> was born in Glamorgan in the 6th century. The names Morgannwg (Morgan + territorial suffix -wg, 'territory of Morgan') and Glamorgan (gwlad + Morgan, 'land of Morgan')<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> reputedly derive from the 8th-century king Morgan ab Athrwys, otherwise known as "Morgan Mwynfawr" ('great in riches') who united <a href="/wiki/Glywysing" title="Glywysing">Glywysing</a> with the neighbouring kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergyng" title="Ergyng">Ergyng</a>, although some have argued for the similar 10th-century ruler <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Hen" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Hen">Morgan Hen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It is possible it was only the union of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glywysing" title="Glywysing">Glywysing</a> that was referred to as Morgannwg.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> By virtue of its location and geography, Morgannwg or Glywysing was the second part of Wales, after Gwent, to fall under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Normans</a> and was frequently the scene of fighting between the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a> and Welsh princes.<a href="#cite_note-Rees-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_buildings">Early buildings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early buildings">edit</a>]</div> The earliest buildings of note included earthwork dykes and rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte-and-bailey">motte-and-bailey</a> hillside defences. All that remains of these fortifications are foundations that leave archaeological evidence of their existence, though many were built upon to create more permanent defensive structures. The earliest surviving structures within the region are early stone monuments, waypoints and grave markers dating between the 5th and 7th century, with many being moved from their original position to sheltered locations for protection.<a href="#cite_note-Newman37-40">[40]</a> The most notable of the early stone markers still in its original place is on a high mountain ridge at <a href="/wiki/Gelligaer" title="Gelligaer">Gelligaer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newman37-40">[40]</a> Of the later plaitwork patterned standing crosses the finest and best preserved is the 9th century 'Houelt' stone at <a href="/wiki/Llantwit_Major" title="Llantwit Major">Llantwit Major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newman38-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lordship_of_Glamorgan">Lordship of Glamorgan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lordship of Glamorgan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History,_1080–1536">History, 1080–1536</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History, 1080–1536">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Glamorgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Glamorgan">Lordship of Glamorgan</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon" title="Robert Fitzhamon">Robert Fitzhamon</a> following the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Iestyn_ap_Gwrgant" title="Iestyn ap Gwrgant">Iestyn ap Gwrgant</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1080.<a href="#cite_note-Davies319-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-43">[43]</a> The Lordship of Morgannwg was split after it was conquered; the kingdom of Glamorgan had as its <a href="/wiki/Caput" title="Caput">caput</a> the town of Cardiff and took in the lands from the River Tawe to the River Rhymney.<a href="#cite_note-Davies319-42">[42]</a> The Lordship took in four of the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Cantref" title="Cantref">cantrefi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorfynydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorfynydd">Gorfynydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penychen" title="Penychen">Penychen</a>, Senghenydd and <a href="/wiki/Gwynllwg" title="Gwynllwg">Gwynllwg</a>. The area later known as the Gower Peninsula was not under the Lordship of Glamorgan, and became the <a href="/wiki/Gower_(Lordship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower (Lordship)">Gower Lordship</a> which had previously been the cantref of <a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yr" class="mw-redirect" title="Gŵyr">Gŵyr</a>. The lowlands of the Lordship of Glamorgan were manorialized, while much of the sparsely populated uplands were left under Welsh control until the late 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Davies319-42">[42]</a> Upon the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Robert,_2nd_Earl_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester">William, Lord of Glamorgan</a>, his extensive holdings were eventually granted to <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_5th_Earl_of_Hertford" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford">Gilbert de Clare</a> in 1217.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The subjugation of Glamorgan, begun by Fitzhamon, was finally completed by the powerful De Clare family,<a href="#cite_note-Davies746-45">[45]</a> and in 1486 the kingdom was granted to <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies319-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buildings,_1080–1536">Buildings, 1080–1536</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buildings, 1080–1536">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caerphilly_castle,_Glamorganshire_(1131674).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caerphilly_castle%2C_Glamorganshire_%281131674%29.jpg/220px-Caerphilly_castle%2C_Glamorganshire_%281131674%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caerphilly_castle%2C_Glamorganshire_%281131674%29.jpg/330px-Caerphilly_castle%2C_Glamorganshire_%281131674%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caerphilly_castle%2C_Glamorganshire_%281131674%29.jpg/440px-Caerphilly_castle%2C_Glamorganshire_%281131674%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Caerphilly castle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1812</figcaption></figure> The legacy of the Marcher Lords left the area scattered with historic buildings including Norman castles, <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian Abbeys</a>, churches and medieval monuments. The kingdom of Glamorgan was also notable for the number of castles built during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a>, many surviving to the present day though many are now ruinous. Of the castles built during the medieval period, those still standing above foundation level include, <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_Castle" title="Caerphilly Castle">Caerphilly Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogmore_Castle" title="Ogmore Castle">Ogmore Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Donat%27s_Castle" title="St Donat's Castle">St Donat's Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Quintins_Castle" title="St Quintins Castle">St Quintins Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coity_Castle" title="Coity Castle">Coity Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neath_Castle" title="Neath Castle">Neath Castle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oystermouth_Castle" title="Oystermouth Castle">Oystermouth Castle</a>. Many of the castles within Morgannwg were attacked by forces led by <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyndŵr Rising">Welsh Revolt</a> of 1400–1415. Some were captured, and several were damaged to such an extent they were never maintained as defences again. When the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Llandaff" title="Diocese of Llandaff">Diocese of Llandaff</a> became incorporated into the Province of Canterbury, the Bishop of Llandaff rebuilt over the small church with the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Llandaff_Cathedral" title="Llandaff Cathedral">Llandaff Cathedral</a> in 1120.<a href="#cite_note-Newman39-46">[46]</a> In the western region of Morgannwg two monastic foundations were sited, a <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Savigny" title="Congregation of Savigny">Savigniac</a> house in <a href="/wiki/Neath_Abbey" title="Neath Abbey">Neath</a> in 1130 and the Cistercian <a href="/wiki/Margam_Abbey" title="Margam Abbey">Margam Abbey</a> in 1147.<a href="#cite_note-Newman39-46">[46]</a> In the Vale a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monastery was founded in 1141, <a href="/wiki/Ewenny_Priory" title="Ewenny Priory">Ewenny Priory</a>, a community under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">St. Peter's Gloucester</a>. The building of parish churches also began in the 12th century, densely in the Vale, but very sparsely in the upland and northern areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_of_Glamorgan">County of Glamorgan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: County of Glamorgan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_1536–1750">History 1536–1750</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History 1536–1750">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glamorgana_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Glamorgana_Atlas.jpg/168px-Glamorgana_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Glamorgana_Atlas.jpg/252px-Glamorgana_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Glamorgana_Atlas.jpg/336px-Glamorgana_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8828" data-file-height="6128" /></a><figcaption>Hand-drawn map of Glamorgan by Christopher Saxton from 1578</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Acts of 1535</a> established the County of Glamorgan through the amalgamation of the Lordship of Glamorgan with the lordships of <a href="/wiki/Gower_(Lordship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower (Lordship)">Gower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilvey">Kilvey</a>; the area that had previously been the cantref of Gwynllwg was lost to <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>. With Wales finally incorporated with the English dominions, the administration of justice passed into the hands of the crown.<a href="#cite_note-Wade160-47">[47]</a> The Lordship became a <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</a> and was awarded its first parliamentary representative with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Glamorganshire constituency</a> in 1536.<a href="#cite_note-Wade160-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>, which was closely followed by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, led to vast social changes across Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Newman51-48">[48]</a> These events, along with the Act of Union, allowed the leading Welsh families to gain in wealth and prosperity, allowing equal footing to those families of English extraction.<a href="#cite_note-Newman51-48">[48]</a> Old monasteries, with their lands, were acquired by the wealthy and turned into country houses; their notable residents preferring to live in gentry houses rather than the fortified castles of the past. Major families in Glamorgan included the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Carne">Carnes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ewenny" title="Ewenny">Ewenny</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mansel_family" title="Mansel family">Mansels</a> at <a href="/wiki/Margam" title="Margam">Margam</a>, Williams of <a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a>, the Herberts at Cardiff and Swansea, Sir David Ap Mathew of Llandaff, and the <a href="/wiki/Stradling_Baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Stradling Baronets">Stradlings</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Donats" title="St Donats">St Donats</a>. The main industry of Glamorgan during this period was agriculture. In the upland, or Blaenau area, the hilly terrain along with many areas being densely wooded, made arable farming unprofitable, so the local farming concentrated on the rearing of horses, cattle and sheep.<a href="#cite_note-Evans135-49">[49]</a> The lowland, or Bro was devoted to more general branches of farming, cereal, grass for pasture, hay and stock raising. Non-agricultural industries were generally small scale, with some shallow coal pits, <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fulling mills</a>, weaving and pottery-making.<a href="#cite_note-Evans135-49">[49]</a> The main heavy industry of note during this period was copper smelting, and this was centred on the towns of Swansea and Neath.<a href="#cite_note-Davies168-50">[50]</a> Although copper had been mined in Wales since the Bronze Age, it was not until non-<a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> metalworking became a major industry in the late 17th century that Glamorgan saw a concentration of works appearing in a belt between <a href="/wiki/Kidwelly" title="Kidwelly">Kidwelly</a> and Port Talbot.<a href="#cite_note-Davies168-50">[50]</a> Smelting of copper started around Neath under the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mines_Royal" title="Society of Mines Royal">Mines Royal Society</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1584 but the scale of the works increased dramatically from the early 18th century when Swansea displaced Bristol as Britain's copper smelting capital.<a href="#cite_note-Davies168-50">[50]</a> Easy access to Cornish ores and a local outcropping of coal near the surface, gave Swansea economic advantages in the smelting industry. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Beaupre Castle</figcaption></figure> Early iron smelting within Glamorgan was a localised and minor industry, with historical evidence pointing to scattered ironworks throughout the county. <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a> mentions a works at <a href="/wiki/Llantrisant" title="Llantrisant">Llantrisant</a> in 1539, an operation in Aberdare existed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a> and two iron furnaces were recorded as being set up by Sir W. Mathew in <a href="/wiki/Radyr" title="Radyr">Radyr</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade80-51">[51]</a> By 1666 a furnace was in operation in <a href="/wiki/Hirwaun" title="Hirwaun">Hirwaun</a> and in 1680 a smelting hearth was established in <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly" title="Caerphilly">Caerphilly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade80-51">[51]</a> Despite the existence of these industries, the scale of production was small, and in 1740 the total output of iron from Glamorgan was reported at 400 tons per year.<a href="#cite_note-Wade81-52">[52]</a> Glamorgan, now falling under the protection of the crown, was also involved in the conflicts of the crown. With the start of the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>, there was little support from the Welsh for the Parliamentarians.<a href="#cite_note-Davies146-53">[53]</a> Glamorgan sent troops to join <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill" title="Battle of Edgehill">Battle of Edgehill</a>, and their Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Stradling,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Stradling, 2nd Baronet">Sir Edward Stradling</a> was captured in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a>, the war came to Glamorgan at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Fagans" title="Battle of St Fagans">Battle of St Fagans</a> (1648), where the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> overcame a larger <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> to prevent a siege of Cardiff.<a href="#cite_note-Davies146-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buildings,_1536–1750">Buildings, 1536–1750</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buildings, 1536–1750">edit</a>]</div> The period between the Laws in Wales Acts and the industrialisation of Glamorgan saw two distinct periods architecturally. From the 1530s throughout to 1650, the newly empowered gentry attempted to show their status by building stately homes to show their wealth; but the period from 1650 through to the mid-1750s was a fallow time for architectural grandeur, with few new wealthy families moving to the area. Of the eight major gentry houses of the time only <a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_Castle" title="St Fagans Castle">St Fagans Castle</a> survives with its interior intact; five, Neath Abbey, <a href="/wiki/Old_Beaupre_Castle" title="Old Beaupre Castle">Old Beaupre Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxwich_Castle" title="Oxwich Castle">Oxwich Castle</a>, Llantrithyd and <a href="/wiki/Ruperra_Castle" title="Ruperra Castle">Ruperra Castle</a> are ruinous.<a href="#cite_note-Newman52-55">[55]</a> Of the remaining two manors, The Van at Caerphilly was reconstructed in 1990 while Cefnmabli was gutted by a fire in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Newman52-55">[55]</a> The old castles became abandoned throughout this period due to the new security brought by Glamorgan coming under the protection of the crown, with only the Stradlings of <a href="/wiki/St_Donat%27s_Castle" title="St Donat's Castle">St Donat's Castle</a> electing to remain in their old ancestral home.<a href="#cite_note-Newman51-48">[48]</a> By the 17th century, the availability of fine building stone permitted the construction of high-quality lime-washed rural cottages and farmhouses in the Vale of Glamorgan, which drew favourable remarks from travellers. A Glamorgan <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> of the time generally lived in greater comfort than his contemporaries of the more westerly or upland parts of Wales such as <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Cardiganshire</a> or north <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_Glamorgan,_1750–1920">Industrial Glamorgan, 1750–1920</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Industrial Glamorgan, 1750–1920">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Metals_industry">Metals industry</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metals industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg/250px-George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg/375px-George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg/500px-George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Dowlais Ironworks by <a href="/wiki/George_Childs" title="George Childs">George Childs</a> (1840)</figcaption></figure> From the mid-18th century onwards, Glamorgan's uplands underwent large-scale industrialisation and several coastal towns, in particular <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, became significant ports.<a href="#cite_note-Davies319-42">[42]</a> From the late 18th century until the early 20th century Glamorgan produced 70 per cent of the British output of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The industry was developed by English entrepreneurs and investors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Vivian" title="John Henry Vivian">John Henry Vivian</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies18-19-58">[58]</a> and largely based in the west of the county, where coal could be purchased cheaply and ores imported from <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and later much further afield. The industry was of immense importance to Swansea in particular; in 1823 the smelting works on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tawe" title="River Tawe">River Tawe</a>, and the collieries and shipping dependent on them, supported between 8,000 and 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Imports of copper ores reached a peak in the 1880s, after which there was a steep fall until the virtual end of the trade in the 1920s. The cost of shipping ores from distant countries, and the growth of foreign competitors, ended Glamorgan's dominance of the industry.<a href="#cite_note-Davies18-19-58">[58]</a> Some of the works converted to the production of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Valley" title="Swansea Valley">Tawe valley</a> also became a location for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> after <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mond" title="Ludwig Mond">Ludwig Mond</a> established a works at <a href="/wiki/Clydach,_Swansea" title="Clydach, Swansea">Clydach</a> in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IKBrunelChains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IKBrunelChains.jpg/200px-IKBrunelChains.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IKBrunelChains.jpg/300px-IKBrunelChains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IKBrunelChains.jpg/400px-IKBrunelChains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Brunel</a> standing in front of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">Great Eastern</a> whose chains were made by <a href="/wiki/Brown_Lenox_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Brown Lenox & Co Ltd">Brown Lenox</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pontypridd" title="Pontypridd">Pontypridd</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Even at its peak, copper <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> was never as significant as iron smelting, which was the major industrial employer of men and capital in south Wales before the rise of the sale-coal industry. Ironmaking developed in locations where <a href="/wiki/Ironstone" title="Ironstone">ironstone</a>, coal and limestone were found in close proximity – primarily the northern and south-western parts of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales coalfield">South Wales coalfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.393-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the second half of the 18th century four ironworks were built in <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_County_Borough" title="Merthyr Tydfil County Borough">Merthyr Tydfil</a>. In 1759 the <a href="/wiki/Dowlais_Ironworks" title="Dowlais Ironworks">Dowlais Ironworks</a> were established by a partnership of nine men. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Ironworks" title="Plymouth Ironworks">Plymouth Ironworks</a> in 1763, which was formed by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Wilkinson" title="Isaac Wilkinson">Isaac Wilkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guest_family" title="Guest family">John Guest</a>, then in 1765 <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bacon_(industrialist)" title="Anthony Bacon (industrialist)">Anthony Bacon</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a>. The fourth of the great ironworks, <a href="/wiki/Penydarren_Ironworks" title="Penydarren Ironworks">Penydarren Ironworks</a> was built in 1784. These works made Merthyr Tydfil the main centre of the industry in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.393-62">[62]</a> As well as copper and iron, Glamorgan became an important centre for the tinplate industry. Although not as famous as the Llanelli or Pontypool works, a concentrated number of works emerged around Swansea, Aberavon and Neath towards the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Davies871-64">[64]</a> Glamorgan became the most populous and industrialised county in Wales and was known as the 'crucible of the Industrial Revolution'.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman68-65">[65]</a> Other areas to house heavy industries include ironworks in <a href="/wiki/Maesteg" title="Maesteg">Maesteg</a> (1826), tinplate works in Llwydarth and <a href="/wiki/Pontyclun" title="Pontyclun">Pontyclun</a> and an iron ore mine in <a href="/wiki/Llanharry" title="Llanharry">Llanharry</a>. Alongside the metalworks, industries appeared throughout Glamorgan that made use of the works' output. Pontypridd was well known for the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Lenox_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Brown Lenox & Co Ltd">Brown Lenox Chainworks</a>, which during the 19th century was the town's main industrial employer.<a href="#cite_note-Davies693-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coal_industry">Coal industry</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coal industry">edit</a>]</div> The largest change to industrial Glamorgan was the opening up of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales coalfield">South Wales coalfield</a>, the largest continuous coalfield in Britain, which occupied the greater part of Glamorgan, mostly north of the Vale.<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.153-67">[67]</a> The coalfield provided a vast range in quality and type, but prior to 1750 the only real access to the seams was through <a href="/wiki/Bell_pit" title="Bell pit">bell pits</a> or digging horizontally into a level where the seam was exposed at a river bank or mountainside.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.154-68">[68]</a> Although initially excavated for export, coal was soon also needed for the smelting process in Britain's expanding metallurgical industries. Developments in coal mining began in the north-eastern rim of Glamorgan around the ironworks of Merthyr and in the south-west around the copper plants of Swansea.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.154-68">[68]</a> In 1828 the South Wales coalfield was producing an estimated 3 million tons of coal, by 1840 that had risen to 4.5 million, with about 70 percent consumed by local commercial and domestic usage. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg/250px-Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg/375px-Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg/500px-Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Lewis Merthyr Colliery, Rhondda which, since 1986, has been redeveloped for opening to the public as the <a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Heritage_Park" title="Rhondda Heritage Park">Rhondda Heritage Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 1840s saw the start of a dramatic increase in the amount of coal excavated within Glamorgan. Several events took place to precipitate the growth in coal mining, including the discovery of steam coal in the <a href="/wiki/Cynon_Valley" title="Cynon Valley">Cynon Valley</a>, the building of a large masonry dock at Cardiff and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway" title="Taff Vale Railway">Taff Vale Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.154-68">[68]</a> In 1845, after trials by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a>, Welsh steam coal replaced coal from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a> as the preferred fuel for the ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Glamorgan steam coal quickly became a sought-after commodity for navies all over the world<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.154-68">[68]</a> and its production increased to meet the demand. The richest source for steam coal was the Rhondda Valleys, and by 1856 the Taff Vale Railway had reached the heads of both valleys. Over the next fifty years the Rhondda would grow to become the largest producer of coal of the age. In 1874, the Rhondda produced 2.13 million tons of coal, which rose to 5.8 million tons by 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.154-68">[68]</a> The coal now produced in Glamorgan far exceeded the interior demand, and in the later half of the 19th century the area became a mass exporter for its product. In the 1890s the docks of South Wales accounted for 38 percent of British coal exports and a quarter of global trade.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.154-68">[68]</a> Along with the increase in coal production came a very large increase in the population, as people emigrated to the area to seek employment. In Aberdare the population grew from 6,471 in 1841 to 32,299 in 1851 while the Rhondda grew from 3,035 in 1861 to 55,632 in 1881, peaking in 1921 at 162,729.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis229-230-69">[69]</a> Much of this population growth was driven by <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>. In the ten years from 1881 to 1891, net migration to Glamorgan was over 76,000, 63 percent of which was from the non-border counties of England – a proportion that increased in the following decade.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Until the beginning of the 18th century, Glamorgan was almost entirely agriculture based. With the industrialisation of the county, farming became of far less importance, with industrial areas encroaching into farming lands.<a href="#cite_note-Evans135-49">[49]</a> In Glamorgan, from the late 19th century, there was a significant reduction away from arable land towards pasture land.<a href="#cite_note-Evans135-49">[49]</a> There were two main factors behind this trend; firstly the increase in the population of the county required more milk and other dairy produce,<a href="#cite_note-Evans135-49">[49]</a> in an age before refrigeration. Secondly there was an employment shortage in farming due to the call of better paid industrial work,<a href="#cite_note-Evans135-49">[49]</a> and pastoral land was less work intensive. Stock rearing became prominent with breeds such as <a href="/wiki/Hereford_(cattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereford (cattle)">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Devon_cattle" title="North Devon cattle">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorthorn" title="Shorthorn">Shorthorn</a> cattle being bred in the Vale of Glamorgan,<a href="#cite_note-Evans135-49">[49]</a> while the unenclosed wilds of the Gower saw <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Pony">Welsh Ponies</a> bred on the commons.<a href="#cite_note-Evans136-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buildings_of_note_1750–1920">Buildings of note 1750–1920</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buildings of note 1750–1920">edit</a>]</div> The industrial period of Glamorgan saw a massive building program throughout the uplands and in the coastal regions, reflecting the increasing population and the need for new cheap housing to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of workers coming into the area. As the towns urbanised and the hamlets became villages, the trappings of modern life were reflected in the buildings required to sustain new and growing communities. The period saw the appearance, not only of the works and pits themselves, but of the <a href="/wiki/Terrace_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace house">terrace house</a> or miners cottage, railway stations, hospitals, churches, chapels, bridges, viaducts, stadiums, schools, universities, museums and workingmen's halls. As well as the architecture of Glamorgan entering <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernity</a>, there was also a reflection to the past, with some individuals who made the most from the booming industrial economy restoring symbols of the past, building <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">follies</a> and commissioning <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic-style</a> additions to ancient churches. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lugar" title="Robert Lugar">Robert Lugar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Castle" title="Cyfarthfa Castle">Cyfarthfa Castle</a> in Merthyr (1825) and the late 19th century additions to <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Burges" title="William Burges">William Burges</a>, exemplify how Gothic was the favoured style for rich industrialists and entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.33-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>, popularised in France and Germany in the late 18th century, was used for a number of public and educational buildings in Wales including the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Museum" title="Swansea Museum">Royal Institution of South Wales</a> in Swansea (1841) and <a href="/wiki/Bridgend" title="Bridgend">Bridgend</a> Town Hall (1843).<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.33-72">[72]</a> In 1897, Cardiff Corporation acquired land from the <a href="/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute" title="John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a> with the intention of erecting buildings to meet the administrative, legal and educational needs of Glamorgan's county town. From 1901 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Cathays_Park" title="Cathays Park">Cathays Park</a> was developed into "possibly the finest... <a href="/wiki/Civic_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic centre">civic centre</a> in Britain" with a range of public buildings including the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiff City Hall">City Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">University College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> chapels were built in the 19th century. They progressed from simple, single-storey designs to larger and more elaborate structures, most built in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.34-74">[74]</a> Perhaps the most ambitious chapel was John Humphrey's <a href="/wiki/Morriston_Tabernacle" class="mw-redirect" title="Morriston Tabernacle">Morriston Tabernacle</a> (1872), incorporating Classical, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and Gothic elements,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> which has been called the 'Noncomformist Cathedral of Wales'.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Industrial architecture tended to be functional, although some structures, such as the four-storey engine house at <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a> (1836), were built to impress. Coal mining eventually became the dominant industry in Glamorgan and tall <a href="/wiki/Headframe" title="Headframe">winding towers</a> – originally made of timber or cast iron, later steel – became symbolic icons.<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.34-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late-period_Glamorgan,_1920–1974">Late-period Glamorgan, 1920–1974</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Late-period Glamorgan, 1920–1974">edit</a>]</div> After the First World War, there was an initial drop in coal and iron production, there was still enough demand to push the coalfields to their limits, helped by events such as the American coal miners' strike. Cardiff Docks reached an exporting peak in 1923, but soon production fell and unemployment in the upland valleys began to increase at a dramatic rate.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.156-77">[77]</a> Between April 1924 and August 1925 the unemployment rate amongst South Wales miners jumped from 1.8% to 28.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.156-77">[77]</a> Several factors came together to cause this collapse, including the over-valuation of sterling, the end of the coal subsidy, the growth of electric power,<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins,_p.366-78">[78]</a> the adoption of oil as the fuel of choice for many industries, and over-expansion of the mines in the late nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_p.156-77">[77]</a> The Welsh coal owners had failed to invest mechanisation during the good years, and by the 1930s the South Wales Coalfield had the lowest productivity, highest production costs and smallest profits of all Britain's coal-producing regions.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins,_p.366-78">[78]</a> These structural problems were followed by the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">General Strike of 1926</a> and then most disastrously the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">interwar depression</a> of 1929–1931, which changed the face of industrial Glamorgan forever. In 1932, Glamorgan had an unemployment rate of more than 40 per cent, and one of the highest proportions of people receiving poor relief in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> This was a contrast with relatively recent prosperity: for example, in 1913 unemployment in Merthyr was below 2 per cent and the borough had 24,000 miners. By 1921, the number of employed miners had fallen to 16,000, and in 1934, it was down to 8,000.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Steel production was no less depressed than the coal industry. The inter-war years saw the closure of the old Cyfarthfa and Dowlais works, as steel-making became increasingly concentrated in the coastal belt. Both the coal and steel industries were increasingly dominated by large amalgamations, such as <a href="/wiki/Powell_Duffryn" class="mw-redirect" title="Powell Duffryn">Powell Duffryn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guest,_Keen_and_Nettlefolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds">Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds</a>. The smaller companies progressively disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Glamorgan suffered disproportionately during the Great Depression because of the high proportion of its workforce employed in <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary production</a> rather than the manufacture of finished products. Other parts of Britain began to recover as domestic demand for consumer products picked up, but unemployment in the South Wales Valleys continued to rise: the jobless rate in Merthyr reached 47.5 per cent in June 1935. However, the coastal ports, Cardiff and Swansea, managed to sustain a "reasonable" level of economic activity,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> coalfield in western Glamorgan (and eastern Carmarthenshire) also managed to maintain production and exports above pre-war levels.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> With the outbreak of World War II the coalfields of Glamorgan saw a sharp rise in trade and employment. Despite the demand the want for the youth to conscript in the war effort in the valley areas meant that there was a shortage of workers to run the mines; this in turn saw the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Bevin_Boys" title="Bevin Boys">Bevin Boys</a>, workers conscripted to work in the mines. During the war both <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a> were targets for German air attacks due to their important docks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buildings_and_structures,_1920–1974">Buildings and structures, 1920–1974</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Buildings and structures, 1920–1974">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hayes_Point.jpg/220px-Hayes_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hayes_Point.jpg/330px-Hayes_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hayes_Point.jpg/440px-Hayes_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sully Hospital, now apartments</figcaption></figure> After the First World War, Glamorgan, as was typical for Britain as a whole, entered a period of modernity, which saw buildings built and designed for <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionality</a> rather than splendour with period features watered down.<a href="#cite_note-Davies35-84">[84]</a> As the century progressed, symbols of the past industrial period were torn down and replaced with industrial estates populated by unadorned geometric factories. With concrete becoming the favourite post-war building material, larger office blocks began appearing within the cities, though few were of any architectural significance. Despite entering a fallow period of architectural design, several structures of note did emerge. Although work began in 1911, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">The National Museum of Wales</a> (Smith and Brewer) was not completed until 1927 due to the First World War. Designed to reflect sympathetically in dimensions with its neighbouring city hall, the dome-topped museum combines many architectural motifs with Doric columns at its facade, while internally a large entrance hall with stairs, landings and balconies. <a href="/wiki/Percy_Thomas" title="Percy Thomas">Percy Thomas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Guildhall" title="Swansea Guildhall">Guildhall</a> in Swansea, an example of the <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">'stripped modernist'</a> style completed in 1936, was described as "Wales' finest interwar building".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Although functionality often deprived a building of interest, <a href="/wiki/Sully,_Vale_of_Glamorgan#Sully_Hospital" title="Sully, Vale of Glamorgan">Sully Hospital</a> (Pite, Son & Fairweather) is an example of a building which gained from its functional requirements. Initially built for tubercular patients, whose cure required the maximum amount of light and air,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> the functional architecture left a striking glass-fronted building, completed in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-Davies35-84">[84]</a> Another hospital to which functionalism was applied was the <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Wales" title="University Hospital of Wales">University Hospital of Wales</a> (S.W. Milburn & Partners). Begun in the 1960s, and completed in 1971, the building is the third largest hospital in the United Kingdom and the largest in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> It was designed to bring the care of patients, research and medical teaching together under one roof.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The demands of modern living saw the growth of housing estates throughout Glamorgan, moving away from the Victorian terrace of Cardiff or the ribbon cottages of the valleys. Several of these projects were failures architecturally and socially. Of note were the Billybanks estate in Penarth and <a href="/wiki/Penrhys#Modern_Penrhys" title="Penrhys">Penrhys Estate</a> (Alex Robertson, Peter Francis & Partners) in the Rhondda, both described by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Parry" title="Malcolm Parry">Malcolm Parry</a>, the former Head of the School of Architecture at Cardiff University, as "...the worst examples of architecture and planning in Wales."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography of Wales</a></div> The area that was Glamorgan can be divided into three distinct and contrasting geographical areas. To the south east is a gently undulating limestone <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Conduit,_p.9-90">[90]</a> virtually coterminous with the modern county borough of <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>, mainly comprising farmland and small villages stretching from <a href="/wiki/Porthcawl" title="Porthcawl">Porthcawl</a> to Cardiff. The lowlands are geographically the best environment for agriculture of the three areas.<a href="#cite_note-Newman19-91">[91]</a> Settlements in the area included Cardiff, <a href="/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Barry, Vale of Glamorgan">Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridgend" title="Bridgend">Bridgend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowbridge" title="Cowbridge">Cowbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penarth" title="Penarth">Penarth</a> and Porthcawl. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glamorgan_map470x260.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Glamorgan_map470x260.jpeg/300px-Glamorgan_map470x260.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Glamorgan_map470x260.jpeg/450px-Glamorgan_map470x260.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Glamorgan_map470x260.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>A Victorian map of Glamorgan</figcaption></figure> The northern part of the county was a <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountainous</a> area, dissected by deep narrow <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a>. At the southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a>, the simple geological structure of <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a> gives way to <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> rocks; <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millstone_grit" class="mw-redirect" title="Millstone grit">millstone grit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conduit,_p.9-90">[90]</a> In the 19th century, industrial and population growth in the coal-bearing valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Valley" title="Rhymney Valley">Rhymney</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Taff" title="River Taff">Taff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dare_Valley_Country_Park" title="Dare Valley Country Park">Dare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a> gave rise to a form of urbanisation characterised as <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_development" title="Ribbon development">ribbon development</a>. The last deep mine, <a href="/wiki/Tower_Colliery" title="Tower Colliery">Tower Colliery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hirwaun" title="Hirwaun">Hirwaun</a>, closed in January 2008.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2-92">[92]</a> A few small <a href="/wiki/Drift_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift mine">drift mines</a> like Unity Mine (formerly Pentreclwydau South) near <a href="/wiki/Glynneath" title="Glynneath">Glynneath</a> remain. Towns in the region included <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly" title="Caerphilly">Caerphilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontypridd" title="Pontypridd">Pontypridd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maesteg" title="Maesteg">Maesteg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ash,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Ash, Wales">Mountain Ash</a>. Further west was <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay" title="Swansea Bay">Swansea Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Of all the areas, Gower was the least affected by heavy industry and the ancient landscape was the least impaired.<a href="#cite_note-Newman19-91">[91]</a> The high ground that runs centrally through the Gower was largely uncultivated common land and its beaches and rocky coastal headlands showed little signs of the tourist trade<a href="#cite_note-Newman19-91">[91]</a> that played an increasing role on the local economy. The major settlements of the region included Swansea, <a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline">Coastline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Coastline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NashPoint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NashPoint.jpg/200px-NashPoint.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NashPoint.jpg/300px-NashPoint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NashPoint.jpg/400px-NashPoint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Nash Point</figcaption></figure> The coastline of Glamorgan stretched for 88 miles[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] from <a href="/wiki/Trowbridge,_Cardiff" title="Trowbridge, Cardiff">Trowbridge</a> in the east to Gower in the west. It was divided naturally into three distinct sections.<a href="#cite_note-Wade45-94">[94]</a> The coast of the Vale of Glamorgan was mainly characterised by cliffs, while from Porthcawl to Swansea Bay wide sandy shores prevail. The final section, the Gower coast, was made up of a rugged and serrated peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Wade46-95">[95]</a> From the east the first major coastline feature was the <a href="/wiki/Rhymney_River" title="Rhymney River">Rhymney River</a>, once seen as the natural border between Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, until the absorption of Trowbridge into the Cardiff district<a href="#cite_note-Davies122-96">[96]</a> in 1936. Heading west, the coast was an expanse of <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> deposits stretching to the mouth of Glamorgan's most well known river, the <a href="/wiki/River_Taff" title="River Taff">River Taff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade46-95">[95]</a> Once marshland, the area was consumed by the rapid growth of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Docks" title="Cardiff Docks">Cardiff Docks</a> during the industrial revolution, but with the downturn in Glamorgan's iron and coal industries, the docks declined. Also flowing into Cardiff Docks is the <a href="/wiki/River_Ely" title="River Ely">River Ely</a>, which separates Cardiff from the headland and seaside resort of <a href="/wiki/Penarth" title="Penarth">Penarth</a> in the Vale of Glamorgan.<a href="#cite_note-Wade46-95">[95]</a> Here the coast stretches southwards for two and a half miles from Penarth Head to <a href="/wiki/Lavernock" title="Lavernock">Lavernock Point</a>, hidden from vessels travelling up the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade47-97">[97]</a> South easterly from Lavernock Point, roughly three miles out in the Channel Estuary is <a href="/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a>, an island which although geographically is within the Vale, is administered as part of the city of Cardiff.<a href="#cite_note-Davies119-98">[98]</a> Flat Holm was the most southerly point of Glamorgan and Wales. From Lavernock Point the coast heads sharply west to the town of <a href="/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Barry, Vale of Glamorgan">Barry</a>, a well-known seaside resort, Barry is most notable for its rapid expansion during the late 19th century to become an important dock, at one stage surpassing Cardiff Dock for the tonnage of coal exported. Passing the cliffs of Barry Island the coastline becomes a low-lying promontory called the Lays,<a href="#cite_note-Wade49-99">[99]</a> which continues west taking in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Rhoose" title="Rhoose">Rhoose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberthaw" title="Aberthaw">Aberthaw</a> before reaching <a href="/wiki/Breaksea_Point" title="Breaksea Point">Breaksea Point</a>, the most southerly point of mainland Wales. Beyond the point is Limpert Bay, which was overlooked by the village of <a href="/wiki/Gileston" title="Gileston">Gileston</a> and the ancient encampment of Summerhouse Point. Here the cliffs rise and run for eleven miles as far as the estuary of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ogmore" title="River Ogmore">Ogmore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade49-99">[99]</a> Along this run of cliffs the coast passes <a href="/wiki/Llantwit_Major" title="Llantwit Major">Llantwit Major</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Donats" title="St Donats">St Donats</a>, before heading in a rough north-west direction at <a href="/wiki/Nash_Point" title="Nash Point">Nash Point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade49-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southerndownbeach1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Southerndownbeach1.jpg/200px-Southerndownbeach1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Southerndownbeach1.jpg/300px-Southerndownbeach1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Southerndownbeach1.jpg/400px-Southerndownbeach1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Southerndown Beach</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbles_wales_750px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mumbles_wales_750px.jpg/200px-Mumbles_wales_750px.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mumbles_wales_750px.jpg/300px-Mumbles_wales_750px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mumbles_wales_750px.jpg/400px-Mumbles_wales_750px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Mumbles Bay</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worm%27s_Head_(Rhossili).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Worm%27s_Head_%28Rhossili%29.jpg/200px-Worm%27s_Head_%28Rhossili%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Worm%27s_Head_%28Rhossili%29.jpg/300px-Worm%27s_Head_%28Rhossili%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Worm%27s_Head_%28Rhossili%29.jpg/400px-Worm%27s_Head_%28Rhossili%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Worm's Head</figcaption></figure> The coastline remains as steep cliffs until after Dunraven Head, where the cliff face drops away to expose <a href="/wiki/Southerndown" title="Southerndown">Southerndown</a> Beach. Two miles beyond, the Ogmore River runs out into a sand-locked bay which can be seen as commencing the second section of the Glamorgan coast,<a href="#cite_note-Wade50-100">[100]</a> as here the scenery undergoes an abrupt change; from a series of unbroken cliffs to vast regions of sandy beaches.<a href="#cite_note-Wade51-101">[101]</a> The Ogmore Bay at <a href="/wiki/Ogmore-by-Sea" title="Ogmore-by-Sea">Ogmore-by-Sea</a> was not only floored with sand but was also backed by high and extensive sand dune system, these impressive natural sand features are commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Mawr" title="Merthyr Mawr">Merthyr Mawr</a> sand dunes. Beyond the bay the underlying rocks emerge from the sand to form the promontory of Porthcawl Point.<a href="#cite_note-Wade51-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Porthcawl" title="Porthcawl">Porthcawl</a> town, once possessing a small dock, abandoned the trade in favour of tourism.<a href="#cite_note-Wade51-101">[101]</a> The coast continues to the north west as a low rocky formation for three miles to <a href="/wiki/Sker_Point" title="Sker Point">Sker Point</a>, after which the sand line begins again, forming an arid wilderness all the way to <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade51-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a> was one of the later industrial towns of Glamorgan, and grew out of the medieval village of <a href="/wiki/Aberavon" title="Aberavon">Aberavon</a>, a settlement built on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Afan" title="River Afan">River Afan</a>. To the west of the mouth of the Afan is the new district of <a href="/wiki/Sandfields,_Port_Talbot" title="Sandfields, Port Talbot">Sandfields</a>, built over the holiday dunes of Aberavon beach in the 1950s to house the workforce of <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_Steelworks" title="Port Talbot Steelworks">Port Talbot Steelworks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies3-102">[102]</a> The River Afan commences the wide sweep of <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay" title="Swansea Bay">Swansea Bay</a>, which from Port Talbot arcs around taking in <a href="/wiki/Baglan_Bay" title="Baglan Bay">Baglan Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briton_Ferry" title="Briton Ferry">Briton Ferry</a>, Swansea and ending in <a href="/wiki/Mumbles" title="Mumbles">Mumbles</a>. The whole bay is shut in by high hills and is thickly encircled with sands.<a href="#cite_note-Wade51-101">[101]</a> Within the bay are two of the major estuaries of Glamorgan; from Port Talbot the first is the <a href="/wiki/River_Neath" title="River Neath">River Neath</a>, which is protected by long breakwaters.<a href="#cite_note-Wade51-101">[101]</a> The second is the <a href="/wiki/River_Tawe" title="River Tawe">Tawe</a>, the central river of Swansea. Beyond the Tawe the bay sweeps for six miles before reaching Mumbles Head, its most westerly point.<a href="#cite_note-Wade52-103">[103]</a> Mumbles Head is served by <a href="/wiki/Mumbles_Lighthouse" title="Mumbles Lighthouse">Mumbles Lighthouse</a>, which sits on the further of two small islands off the head. At The Mumbles, the coastline begins its third phase, commencing the wild and rugged cliffs of the Gower. From Mumbles Head to <a href="/wiki/Worm%27s_Head" title="Worm's Head">Worm's Head</a>, 20 miles to the west, the coast consists of a series of precipitous cliffs, interrupted by a number of sandy bays. The most notable of the bays include <a href="/wiki/Langland_Bay" title="Langland Bay">Langland Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caswell_Bay" title="Caswell Bay">Caswell Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pwlldu_Bay" title="Pwlldu Bay">Pwlldu Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Cliffs_Bay" title="Three Cliffs Bay">Three Cliffs Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxwich_Bay" title="Oxwich Bay">Oxwich Bay</a>. Three Cliffs Bay and the adjoining Oxwich Bay are overlooked by three medieval defences, <a href="/wiki/Pennard_Castle" title="Pennard Castle">Pennard Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penrice_Castle" title="Penrice Castle">Penrice Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxwich_Castle" title="Oxwich Castle">Oxwich Castle</a>, all three now ruinous. Oxwich Bay ends in the large wooded promontory of Oxwich Point,<a href="#cite_note-Wade54-104">[104]</a> which leads west to the beach front villages of <a href="/wiki/Horton,_Swansea" class="mw-redirect" title="Horton, Swansea">Horton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Eynon" title="Port Eynon">Port Eynon</a>. From Port Eynon Point, a five-mile stretch of wild and impressive cliffs<a href="#cite_note-Wade54-104">[104]</a> leads to Worm's Head and the western termination of the peninsula. This rock face is pierced in places by <a href="/wiki/Caverns" class="mw-redirect" title="Caverns">caverns</a>, the most notable being Culver Hole<a href="#cite_note-Wade54-104">[104]</a> a bone cave near Port Eynon Point. Worm's Head is one of the stand out features of the Glamorgan coastline, a long narrow ledge of limestone, projecting into the sea, ending in a 200-foot high wedge shaped crag;<a href="#cite_note-Wade54-104">[104]</a> the Head takes its name from its resemblance to a dragon.<a href="#cite_note-Wade54-104">[104]</a> On the northern side of the Worm's Head is the village and Bay of Rhossili, a westerly facing bay that leads backwards to a series of downs, some of the highest land in the Gower.<a href="#cite_note-Wade55-105">[105]</a> Rhossili Bay ends in the northern formation of Llangenydd Burrows and the islet of <a href="/wiki/Burry_Holms" title="Burry Holms">Burry Holms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade55-105">[105]</a> The final stretch of Glamorgan coastline turns north-east to form the Burry Inlet, a shallow and sand-choked estuary which leads to a tract of <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a> which stretch to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Loughor" title="River Loughor">River Loughor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade55-105">[105]</a> The Loughor forming the border between Glamorgan and Carmarthenshire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rivers">edit</a>]</div> The major rivers of Glamorgan include the <a href="/wiki/River_Taff" title="River Taff">Taff</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Ely" title="River Ely">Ely</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Ogmore" title="River Ogmore">Ogmore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Neath" title="River Neath">Neath</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Dulais" title="River Dulais">Dulais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Tawe" title="River Tawe">Tawe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhymney_River" title="Rhymney River">Rhymney</a> (which forms the historic boundary with Monmouthshire), and the <a href="/wiki/River_Loughor" title="River Loughor">Loughor</a> (which forms the historic boundary with Carmarthenshire). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History of local government in Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Council" title="Glamorgan County Council">Glamorgan County Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png/220px-Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png/330px-Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png/440px-Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Administrative map (1947) Click on map to enlarge</figcaption></figure> After the fall of the Welsh kingdom of Morgannwg to <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert FitzHamon">Robert FitzHamon</a> in 1091, the region became the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> Lordship of Glamorgan, sometimes called the Lordship of Glamorgan and Morgan because it was divided into the Norman settled Plain or Vale of Glamorgan and the Welsh upland area called Morgannwg, anglicised to Morgan. Both areas were under the control of the Norman Lords of Glamorgan (often the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Earl of Gloucester">Earls of Gloucester</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Rees-39">[39]</a> As well as building a military and defensive network, the Normans also undertook an ecclesiastical reorganisation on Glamorgan.<a href="#cite_note-Newman39-46">[46]</a> In Llandaff there was a small monastic community based on a small church; which was made the headquarters of the diocese, incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Province of Canterbury</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Llandaff" title="Diocese of Llandaff">Diocese of Llandaff</a> covered almost the entirety of Glamorgan<a href="#cite_note-Newman39-46">[46]</a> and continued throughout the history of the county of Glamorgan, and through to modern times. In 1536, the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Act 1535</a> attached the <a href="/wiki/Gower_(Lordship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower (Lordship)">Lordship of Gower and Kilvey</a> to Glamorgan and created the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">historic county</a> of Glamorgan.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Along with gaining parliamentary representation in 1536, Glamorgan became part of the King's circuit, with judges from England administering law at the <a href="/wiki/Assizes_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assizes (England and Wales)">Great Session or Assizes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade160-47">[47]</a> Local magistrates were appointed to deal with petty sessions while <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lords Lieutenant</a> were appointed as the King's representative. Law enforcement within the confines of the shire was the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Glamorgan" title="High Sheriff of Glamorgan">High Sheriff of Glamorgan</a>. From the 1790s a call was made for parliamentary reform to address the imbalance between the number of Members of Parliament for each Welsh county and the population each seat represented. <a href="/wiki/Radnorshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Radnorshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Radnorshire</a> had only a tenth of the population of Glamorganshire,<a href="#cite_note-Davies650-107">[107]</a> though Radnorshire had one MP to Glamorganshire's two (Glamorgan and the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cardiff (UK Parliament constituency)">District of Cardiff</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">First Reform Act (1832)</a> gave five more seats to Wales, three went to Glamorganshire. The Act increased the number of MPs for Glamorganshire from one to two, it created the separate <a href="/wiki/Swansea_District_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Swansea District (UK Parliament constituency)">District of Swansea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Merthyr Tydfil (UK Parliament constituency)">Merthyr Tydfil</a> became a borough constituency.<a href="#cite_note-Davies650-107">[107]</a> Reflecting the increased importance and wealth of Merthyr the borough was given a second MP after the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a>. However, the 1867 Act had only a limited impact in <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamorgan (UK Parliament constituency)">Glamorgan</a> as the majority of the population lived in the county constituency. Out of 162,241 inhabitants of the county in 1880, only 12,785 had the vote. Conversely, the borough electorate, in Cardiff, Swansea and Merthyr Tydfil had been greatly expanded. This was particularly true of Merthyr where the electorate was increased tenfold to 14,577.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan19606–7-108">[108]</a> As a result, the nonconformist radical, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Richard" title="Henry Richard">Henry Richard</a>, was returned as senior member for Merthyr, an important watershed in Welsh political history. In 1884, the county members were the octogenarian C.R.M. Talbot, who had served since 1830 and the Swansea industrialist, Hussey Vivian, first elected in 1857. In 1885, all ten of the Glamorgan seats were captured by the Liberal Party and this election represented the triumph of the nonconformist middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan19609-109">[109]</a> However, the political representation of Glamorgan was transformed between 1884 and 1922. By 1922, the county was represented by eleven Labour MPs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan19606-110">[110]</a> The transformation commenced with the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885" title="Redistribution of Seats Act 1885">Redistribution of Seats Act 1885</a>. Glamorganshire was split from its two Members of Parliament to five, with the creation of constituencies for <a href="/wiki/East_Glamorganshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_Glamorganshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mid Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Mid</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Glamorganshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)">South Glamorganshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Gower (UK Parliament constituency)">Gower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Rhondda (UK Parliament constituency)">Rhondda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies650-107">[107]</a> An additional <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Town_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swansea Town (UK Parliament constituency)">Swansea Town</a> constituency was created, distinct from Swansea District but the Cardiff constituency remained unchanged, and with over 85,000 inhabitants became the largest single-member constituency in the United Kingdom. At this election, all ten members returned for Glamorgan were Liberals, an event which marked the ascendancy of the nonconformist middle-class as a powerful political force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan19608–9-111">[111]</a> Although most of these seats now had the working-class electorate in a majority they were safe for the Liberals as long as the labour element remained in the Liberal fold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan196012-112">[112]</a> An administrative county of <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Council,_1889-1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamorgan County Council, 1889-1974">Glamorgan</a> was created under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a>, excluding Swansea and Cardiff, which became independent <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county boroughs</a>. In 1908, county borough status was also granted to <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_County_Borough" title="Merthyr Tydfil County Borough">Merthyr Tydfil</a>, despite protests from the southern part of the borough, where it was claimed that links were stronger with <a href="/wiki/Pontypridd" title="Pontypridd">Pontypridd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.173-114">[114]</a> In 1935, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> argued that Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, then heavily burdened by the cost of maintaining many unemployed people, should be abolished and merged with Glamorgan. The county council refused the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Davies,_p.173-114">[114]</a> The first chairman of the County Council was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vivian,_1st_Baron_Swansea" title="Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea">Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-115">[115]</a> The county council's coat of arms, granted in 1950, was: Or, three chevronels gules between as many Tudor roses barbed and seeded proper. The red chevronels on a gold shield were the arms of the <a href="/wiki/De_Clare" title="De Clare">De Clare</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a>, while the roses recorded the shiring of Glamorgan by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>. The crest above the shield was a <a href="/wiki/Y_ddraig_goch" class="mw-redirect" title="Y ddraig goch">Welsh dragon</a> rising from flames, symbolising the revival of the county's industry following a period of economic depression. The dragon supported a flag bearing a <a href="/wiki/Clarion_(heraldry)" title="Clarion (heraldry)">clarion</a> from the arms of the De Granville family, lords of Neath. The <a href="/wiki/Supporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporters">supporters</a> of the arms were a coalminer and a steel worker. The <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> adopted by the county council: A Ddioddefws A Orfu or 'He Who suffered, conquered' was that of the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Iestyn_ap_Gwrgant" title="Iestyn ap Gwrgant">Iestyn ap Gwrgant</a>, and was considered appropriate to an area whose wealth depended on great hardship.<a href="#cite_note-briggs-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-sgiles-4">[4]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972#Wales" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the county boroughs and administrative county of Glamorgan were abolished on 1 April 1974, with three new counties being established, each containing a former county borough: <a href="/wiki/West_Glamorgan" title="West Glamorgan">West Glamorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_Glamorgan" title="Mid Glamorgan">Mid Glamorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Glamorgan" title="South Glamorgan">South Glamorgan</a>. It 1996 these areas were reorganised into several <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Wales)_Act_1994" title="Local Government (Wales) Act 1994">Local Government Act of 1994</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Police" title="South Wales Police">South Wales Police</a> force covers an area that is similar to Glamorgan.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Since 2013, Glamorgan has had its own official <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Glamorgan" title="Flag of Glamorgan">flag</a>, red with three white chevrons.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Wales&#124;link=Wales_Council_elections_in_the_administrative_county_of_Glamorgan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glamorgan_elections" title="Template:Glamorgan elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glamorgan_elections" title="Template talk:Glamorgan elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glamorgan_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glamorgan elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Wales&#124;link=Wales_Council_elections_in_the_administrative_county_of_Glamorgan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> Council elections in the administrative county of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glamorgan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Council" title="Glamorgan County Council">Glamorgan County Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1889_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1889 Glamorgan County Council election">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1892 Glamorgan County Council election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1895 Glamorgan County Council election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1898 Glamorgan County Council election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1901 Glamorgan County Council election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1904 Glamorgan County Council election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1907 Glamorgan County Council election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1910 Glamorgan County Council election">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1913 Glamorgan County Council election">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1919 Glamorgan County Council election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1922 Glamorgan County Council election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1925 Glamorgan County Council election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1928 Glamorgan County Council election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1931 Glamorgan County Council election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1934 Glamorgan County Council election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1937 Glamorgan County Council election">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1946 Glamorgan County Council election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1949 Glamorgan County Council election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_Glamorgan_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 Glamorgan County Council election (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Glamorgan_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Glamorgan County Council election (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Glamorgan_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Glamorgan County Council election (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_Glamorgan_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 Glamorgan County Council election (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Glamorgan_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 Glamorgan County Council election (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Glamorgan_County_Council_election" title="1967 Glamorgan County Council election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Glamorgan_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Glamorgan County Council election (page does not exist)">1970</a></li></ul> Abolished </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aberdare_Urban_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdare Urban District Council">Aberdare Urban District Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1894_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1894 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1896 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1899 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1900 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1901 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1902 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1903 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1904 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1905 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1906 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1907 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1908 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1909 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1910 Aberdare Urban District Council election">1910</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neath_Rural_District" title="Neath Rural District">Neath Rural District Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1894_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1894 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1898 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1907_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1907 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1913_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1913 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Neath Rural District Council election (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election" title="1928 Neath Rural District Council election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election" title="1931 Neath Rural District Council election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election" title="1934 Neath Rural District Council election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election" title="1937 Neath Rural District Council election">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election" title="1946 Neath Rural District Council election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Neath_Rural_District_Council_election" title="1949 Neath Rural District Council election">1949</a></li> <li>Abolished</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ash_Urban_District" title="Mountain Ash Urban District">Mountain Ash Urban District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ash_Urban_District#1894_Election" title="Mountain Ash Urban District">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ash_Urban_District#1896_Election" title="Mountain Ash Urban District">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ash_Urban_District#1898_Election" title="Mountain Ash Urban District">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ash_Urban_District#1899_Election" title="Mountain Ash Urban District">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ash_Urban_District#1908_Election" title="Mountain Ash Urban District">1908</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogmore_and_Garw_Urban_District_Council" title="Ogmore and Garw Urban District Council">Ogmore and Garw Urban District Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1894_Ogmore_and_Garw_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1894 Ogmore and Garw Urban District Council election">1894</a></li> <li>Abolished</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">Pontypridd Urban District Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1894" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1896" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1897" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1898" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1899" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1900" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1901" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1902" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1903" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1904" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1905" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1906" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1907" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council#Pontypridd_Urban_District_council_election,_1908" title="Pontypridd Urban District Council">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Pontypridd Urban District Council election (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910_Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910 Pontypridd Urban District Council election (page does not exist)">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 Pontypridd Urban District Council election (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Pontypridd Urban District Council election (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1913_Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1913 Pontypridd Urban District Council election (page does not exist)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1914_Pontypridd_Urban_District_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1914 Pontypridd Urban District Council election (page does not exist)">1914</a></li> <li>Abolished</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Urban_District_Council" title="Rhondda Urban District Council">Rhondda Urban District Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1894_Ystradyfodwg_Urban_District_Council_election" title="1894 Ystradyfodwg Urban District Council election">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Rhondda_Urban_District_Council_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 Rhondda Urban District Council election">1896</a></li> <li>Abolished</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_parishes">Civil parishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Civil parishes">edit</a>]</div> Until 1974 Glamorgan was divided into civil parishes, which in the medieval period comprised the following 125 parishes, listed by <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">hundred</a> (with chapelries in italics):<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hundred </th> <th>Parishes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Caerphilly </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Eglwysilan" title="Eglwysilan">Eglwysilan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gelligaer" title="Gelligaer">Gelligaer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanvabon" title="Llanvabon">Llanfabon/Llanvabon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tudful/Merthyr Tydfil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rudry" title="Rudry">Yr Ywdre/Rudry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whitchurch,_Cardiff" title="Whitchurch, Cardiff">Whitchurch/Yr Eglwys Newydd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cowbridge </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Eglwys_Brewis" title="Eglwys Brewis">Eglwys Brewys/Eglwys Brewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gileston" title="Gileston">Gileston/Silstwn</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Athan" title="St Athan">Llandathan/St Athan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llandough,_Llanfair" title="Llandough, Llanfair">Llandochau/Llandough-juxta-Cowbridge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_St_Donats" title="Welsh St Donats">Llanddunwyd/Welsh St Donats</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanmaes" title="Llanmaes">Llanfaes/Llanmaes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanfair,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Llanfair, Vale of Glamorgan">Llanfair/St Mary Church</a> • Llanfihangel-y-bont-faen/Llanmihangel • <a href="/wiki/Flemingston" title="Flemingston">Llanfihangel y Twyn/Flemingston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanblethian" title="Llanblethian">Llanfleiddian/Llanblethian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cowbridge" title="Cowbridge">Pontyfon/Cowbridge</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Llanharan" title="Llanharan">Llanharan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanharry" title="Llanharry">Llanhari/Llanharry</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Hilary,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="St Hilary, Vale of Glamorgan">Llanilar/St Hilary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanilid" title="Llanilid">Llanilid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llantwit_Major" title="Llantwit Major">Llanilltud Fawr/Llantwit Major</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llansannor" title="Llansannor">Llansanwyr/Llansannor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llysworney" title="Llysworney">Llyswyrni/Llysworney</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pendoylan" title="Pendoylan">Pendeulwyn/Pendoylan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ystradowen" title="Ystradowen">Ystradowain/Ystradowen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dinas Powis </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonvilston" title="Bonvilston">Bonvilston/Tresimwn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cadoxton,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Cadoxton, Vale of Glamorgan">Cadoxton-juxta-Barry/Tregatwg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cogan,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Cogan, Vale of Glamorgan">Cogan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wenvoe" title="Wenvoe">Gwenfô/Wenvoe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lavernock" title="Lavernock">Lavernock/Larnog</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leckwith" title="Leckwith">Lecwydd/Leckwith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peterston-super-Ely" title="Peterston-super-Ely">Llanbedr-y-fro/Peterston-super-Ely</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llancarfan" title="Llancarfan">Llancarfan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Llancadle" title="Llancadle">Llancatal/Llancadle</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Llandough,_Penarth" title="Llandough, Penarth">Llandochau Fach/Llandough-juxta-Penarth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michaelston-super-Ely" title="Michaelston-super-Ely">Llanfihangel-ar-Elái/Michaelston-super-Ely</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michaelston-le-Pit" title="Michaelston-le-Pit">Llanfihangel-y-pwll/Michaelston-le-Pit</a> • Llanilltwrn/Llanilltern • <a href="/wiki/St_Brides-super-Ely" title="St Brides-super-Ely">Llansanffraid-ar-Elái/St Brides-super-Ely</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llantrithyd" title="Llantrithyd">Llantriddyd/Llantrithyd</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Lythans" title="St Lythans">Llwyneliddon/St Lythans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Dyfan" title="Merthyr Dyfan">Merthyr Dyfan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Penarth" title="Penarth">Penarth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Penmark" title="Penmark">Penmarc/Penmark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Porthkerry" title="Porthkerry">Porthceri/Porthkerry</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Major" title="St Andrews Major">St Andrews Major/Sain Andras</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Fagans" title="St Fagans">St Fagans/Sain Ffagan</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Georges_super_Ely" title="St Georges super Ely">St George-super-Ely/Sain Siorys</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="St Nicholas, Vale of Glamorgan">St Nicholas/Sain Nicolas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sully,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Sully, Vale of Glamorgan">Sully/Sili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Barry, Vale of Glamorgan">Y Barri/Barry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kibbor" title="Kibbor">Ceibwr/Kibbor</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Caerau,_Cardiff" title="Caerau, Cardiff">Caerau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Caerdyf/Cardiff</a> St Mary (Caerdyf/Cardiff St John) • <a href="/wiki/Llandaff" title="Llandaff">Llandaf/Llandaff</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanedeyrn" title="Llanedeyrn">Llanedern/Llanedeyrn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanishen" title="Llanishen">Llanisien/Llanishen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lisvane" title="Lisvane">Llysfaen/Lisvane</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roath" title="Roath">Y Rhath/Roath</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Llangyfelach </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Llangyfelach" title="Llangyfelach">Llangyfelach/Llangefelach</a> • Llangiwg/Llanguick • <a href="/wiki/Llansamlet" title="Llansamlet">Llansamlet/Llansamled</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Miskin </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdâr/Aberdare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llantrisant" title="Llantrisant">Llantrisant/Llantrisaint</a> (Talygarn) • <a href="/wiki/Llantwit_Fardre" title="Llantwit Fardre">Llanilltud Faerdref/Llantwit Fardre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llanwonno" title="Llanwonno">Llanwynno/Llanwonno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pentyrch" title="Pentyrch">Pentyrch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radyr" title="Radyr">Radur/Radyr</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ystradyfodwg" title="Ystradyfodwg">Ystrad Dyfodwg/Ystradyfodwg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neath </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberavon" title="Aberavon">Aberafan/Aberavon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baglan,_Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Baglan, Neath Port Talbot">Baglan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Castell-nedd/Neath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cilybebyll" title="Cilybebyll">Cilybebyll</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cwmafan" title="Cwmafan">Cwmafan/Michaelston-super-Avon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glyncorrwg" title="Glyncorrwg">Glyncorrwg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cadoxton-juxta-Neath" title="Cadoxton-juxta-Neath">Llangatwg/Cadoxton-juxta-Neath</a> • Llanilltud/Llantwit-juxta-Neath • <a href="/wiki/Briton_Ferry" title="Briton Ferry">Llansawel/Briton Ferry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Newcastle </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bettws,_Bridgend" title="Bettws, Bridgend">Betws/Bettws</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coity" title="Coity">Coety/Coity</a> (Nolton) • <a href="/wiki/Kenfig" title="Kenfig">Cynffig/Kenfig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laleston" title="Laleston">Laleston/Trelales</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tythegston" title="Tythegston">Llandudwg/Tythegston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coychurch" title="Coychurch">Llangrallo/Coychurch</a> (Llanbedr-ar-Fynydd/Peterston-super-Montem) • <a href="/wiki/Llangynwyd" title="Llangynwyd">Llangynwyd</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Bride%27s_Minor" title="St Bride's Minor">Llansanffraid-ar-Ogwr/St Bride's Minor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Margam" title="Margam">Margam</a> • Maudlam • <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_Bridgend" title="Newcastle, Bridgend">Newcastle/Y Castell Newydd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Porthcawl" title="Newton, Porthcawl">Newton Nottage/Drenewydd yn Notais</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nottage" title="Nottage">Nottage/Notais</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ogmore </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Colwinston" title="Colwinston">Colwinston/Tregolwyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Hill" title="St Mary Hill">Eglwys Fair y Mynydd/St Mary Hill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ewenny" title="Ewenny">Ewenni/Ewenny</a> • Llandyfodwg/Llandyvodog • <a href="/wiki/Llandow" title="Llandow">Llandŵ/Llandow</a> • <a href="/wiki/Penllyn,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan">Llanfrynach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llangan" title="Llangan">Llanganna/Llangan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llangeinor" title="Llangeinor">Llangeinwyr/Llangeinor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marcross" title="Marcross">Marcroes/Marcross</a> • <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Mawr" title="Merthyr Mawr">Merthyr Mawr</a> • Monknash • St Andrews Minor • <a href="/wiki/St_Brides_Major" title="St Brides Major">St Brides Major/Sant-y-brid</a> • <a href="/wiki/St_Donats" title="St Donats">St Donats/Sain Dunwyd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wick,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Wick, Vale of Glamorgan">Wick/Y Wig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Swansea </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Loughor" title="Loughor">Casllwchwr/Loughor</a> • Cheriton • Llanddewi • <a href="/wiki/Bishopston,_Swansea" title="Bishopston, Swansea">Llandeilo Ferwallt/Bishopston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pontarddulais" title="Pontarddulais">Llandeilo Talybont</a> • <a href="/wiki/Llangennith" title="Llangennith">Llangenydd/Llangennith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ilston" title="Ilston">Llanilltud Gwyr/Ilston</a> • Llanmadog/Llanmadoc • Llanrhidian (Llanyrnewydd) • <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gower" title="List of villages in Gower">Llan-y-tair-mair/Knelston</a> • Nicholaston • <a href="/wiki/Oxwich" title="Oxwich">Oxwich</a> • Penmaen • <a href="/wiki/Pennard" title="Pennard">Pennard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Penrice_(community)" title="Penrice (community)">Penrhys/Penrice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Port_Eynon" title="Port Eynon">Port Einon/Port Eynon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reynoldston" title="Reynoldston">Reynoldston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rhossili" title="Rhossili">Rhosili/Rhossili</a> • St John-juxta-Swansea • <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea/Abertawe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oystermouth" title="Oystermouth">Ystumllwynarth/Oystermouth</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport in Wales</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> The earliest forms of transport within Glamorgan were mere paths or trackways linking one settlement to another.<a href="#cite_note-Evans33-119">[119]</a> With continual use the tracks widened to allow different forms of travel, including the use by pack horses; and as the tracks became more recognisable the first primitive roads came into being. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> established a route, Via Julia Maritima, to service their garrisons across South Wales and this is followed largely by the present <a href="/wiki/A48_road" title="A48 road">A48</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Motorway_Archive_History-120">[120]</a> However, for 1,000 years after the Romans there was little need for major roads.<a href="#cite_note-ICE_Proceedings-121">[121]</a> Early roads were not systematically managed, and in Glamorgan as in the rest of Wales, they were in a very poor state.<a href="#cite_note-Evans34-122">[122]</a> Towards Tudor times the upkeep and repair of the roads came under the administration of each parish, with six days of the week during the summer allowed for track repairs. These repairs were rarely completed and the roadways continued to suffer.<a href="#cite_note-Evans34-122">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1555" title="Highways Act 1555">Highways Act 1555</a> required each landowner to produce a cart, horses or bullocks, and two men to work 4 days on roads. Supervision was by two unpaid surveyors appointed by the parish. By the late 1600s the situation improved as surveyors were appointed by the magistrates, who were allowed to levy a rate to pay for some of the work.<a href="#cite_note-ICE_Proceedings-121">[121]</a> In 1756, after the shire of Glamorgan had come under the rule of the crown, Wales adopted a toll system for the maintenance of the roads; with the governance falling under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpike trusts</a>. Further Turnpike Acts came into force in 1799 and 1810, and these Acts allowed trustees to collect a toll for the use of certain roads within a district.<a href="#cite_note-Evans35-123">[123]</a> In South Wales there were turnpikes along the coast, more or less following the present motorway line, up the Merthyr Valley and across the hills to <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llandovery" title="Llandovery">Llandovery</a> and down to <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICE_Proceedings-121">[121]</a> This system improved travelling conditions, allowing for stage coaches which were then coming into general use.<a href="#cite_note-Evans35-123">[123]</a> Although the roads improved there were those who felt that the tolls were unjust, and there was a popular uprising between 1839 and 1843 known as the <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a> where agitators attacked and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Toll_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll house">toll houses</a>. Although most of these attacks occurred in Carmarthenshire, there were reports of attacks within Glamorgan, most notably in Swansea.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 1846, county highway boards were established in south Wales, to buy out the turnpike trusts and take over their functions.<a href="#cite_note-Motorway_Archive_History-120">[120]</a> In 1878 all roads that had ceased to be turnpiked after 1870 were deemed as 'main roads' by the <a href="/wiki/Highways_and_Locomotives_(Amendment)_Act_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways and Locomotives (Amendment) Act 1878">Highways and Locomotives (Amendment) Act 1878</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The turnpike system was eventually abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a> and the roads were placed under the management of the local county council.<a href="#cite_note-Evans38-126">[126]</a> County highway boards were disbanded. There were, however, a number of urban areas within Glamorgan that retained the right to control their own highways, and the county council never achieved control of the whole highway network.<a href="#cite_note-Motorway_Archive_History-120">[120]</a> Proposals for a high-quality new road across South Wales were first made in the 1930s. However, the <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dualling</a> of the A48 Neath bypass was only completed in 1960, with the A48(M) Port Talbot bypass following in 1966. The latter road, an early example of dual carriageway construction through a built-up area, was the first length of <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> opened to traffic in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The Ministry of Transport initially envisaged that the new <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4 motorway</a> would terminate at Tredegar Park near <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, with a series of bypasses to improve the A48 further west. The creation of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Office" title="Welsh Office">Welsh Office</a> led to a re-appraisal of policy and a decision to extend the M4 further into Glamorgan. By 1970, the Welsh Office was committed to building a new route all the way to <a href="/wiki/Pont_Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont Abraham">Pont Abraham</a> in Carmarthenshire.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The 1960s also saw the construction of the first road across the <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_the_Valleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of the Valleys">Heads of the Valleys</a>, with the A465 <a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a>-<a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a> trunk road opening in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-ICE_Proceedings-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> However, even at the outset there were complaints about the capacity and safety of its single carriageway, three-lane design.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways_and_ports">Waterways and ports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Waterways and ports">edit</a>]</div> Due to Glamorgan's long coastline, several settlements grew and prospered as harbour and port towns. In 1801, Swansea was Glamorgan's largest urban area with a population five times that of Cardiff's.<a href="#cite_note-Davies840-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cowbridge" title="Cowbridge">Cowbridge</a> was the capital town of the Vale, and the centre of agricultural trade, with surplus stock being shipped to the coastal village of Aberthaw<a href="#cite_note-Davies116-132">[132]</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Bridgend" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton, Bridgend">Newton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies697-133">[133]</a> Where there were breaks in the rocky coastline, small fishing and cockling communities existed, such as Port Eynon and <a href="/wiki/Penclawdd" title="Penclawdd">Penclawdd</a>. The event that changed the face of coastal Glamorgan was the growth of the Merthyr iron industry. Merthyr needed a coastal export point for its iron and Cardiff was the obvious choice being at the mouth of the River Taff.<a href="#cite_note-Davies116-132">[132]</a> A road was built to connect the two towns, but with only horses to move the cargo, transportation was cumbersome; therefore an alternative was planned. Although Glamorgan had a large number of rivers, few were navigable for any considerable length.<a href="#cite_note-Davies111-134">[134]</a> Between 1790 and 1794, acts of Parliament were obtained for the construction of three canals within Glamorgan, the <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire_Canal" title="Glamorganshire Canal">Glamorganshire Canal</a> (1790), <a href="/wiki/Neath_and_Tennant_Canal" title="Neath and Tennant Canal">Neath Canal</a> (1791) and the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Canal" title="Swansea Canal">Swansea Canal</a> (1794). All three were vital in increasing the transportation of iron, copper, steel and coal from the uplands of the county to the ports at Swansea and Cardiff. Although the first stages of all three canals were completed by 1800 and revolutionised the commercial transportation systems of Glamorgan; in 1804 at Penydarren Ironworks, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pen-y-Darren_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen-y-Darren (locomotive)">"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive</a> became the first engine to pull a load along rails;<a href="#cite_note-Davies886-135">[135]</a> heralding the coming of the railways, which would eventually replace the canals. The <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Docks" title="Cardiff Docks">port at Cardiff</a> grew quickly during the 19th century, not as a mass exporter of iron but of coal, transported from Pontypridd and the <a href="/wiki/Cynon_Valley" title="Cynon Valley">Cynon</a> and Rhondda Valleys. From 1840 to 1870 Cardiff's export tonnage of coal increased from 44,350 to 2,219,000.<a href="#cite_note-Davies117-136">[136]</a> By 1871, Cardiff had outgrown all of its Welsh rivals to become the most populous town in the country<a href="#cite_note-Davies117-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Swansea Docks">Swansea Docks</a> continued to be the world's leading exporter of copper, but did not experience the growth of Cardiff due to poor links to the coalfields. Ambitious attempts were made to link Swansea's docks to coal rich areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhondda_and_Swansea_Bay_Railway" title="Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway">Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway</a>, but these plans were never truly economically successful. The biggest threat to Cardiff's dominance came in the early 20th century at <a href="/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Barry, Vale of Glamorgan">Barry</a>. In 1881, Barry had 484 inhabitants, after an 1884 act of Parliament[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] authorising the construction of a docks and railway link, the town grew to over 27,000 by 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Davies52-137">[137]</a> The chief advocate of Barry's growth as a dock was <a href="/wiki/David_Davies_(industrialist)" title="David Davies (industrialist)">David Davies</a>, and in 1901 Barry was exporting more coal than Cardiff, peaking in 1913 when it shipped 11.41 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-Davies52-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">interwar depression</a> experienced by Great Britain brought an end to the prosperity of the Glamorgan ports.<a href="#cite_note-Davies699-138">[138]</a> During the Second World War, the main ports of Glamorgan were heavily targeted by German bombing raids, though exports were not severely disrupted. By the second half of the 20th century none of the county's docks showed any growth, and with the collapse of the coal trade in South Wales Cardiff and Barry Docks became near derelict, shipping mainly general cargo. Swansea also suffered a vast reduction on trade with the end of the area as a world leader in copper smelting. The only dock to remain a viable exporter was the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Port_Talbot" title="Port of Port Talbot">Port of Port Talbot</a>. First built in 1839,<a href="#cite_note-Davies697-133">[133]</a> the docks at Port Talbot were a minor concern in relation to the more established ports, but exports increased after the 1916 with the completion of the Margam Steelworks.<a href="#cite_note-Davies697-133">[133]</a> Exports continued strongly when the <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_Steelworks" title="Port Talbot Steelworks">Abbey Works</a> were built in 1952. Port Talbot would eventually become the biggest exporting port in Glamorgan, and the second largest in Wales, only surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Milford_Haven_(harbour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milford Haven (harbour)">Milford Haven</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> Before the use of locomotives, railway track was used at various stages of the canal system to link locations to which the waterways could not reach. These wagons on these tramlines would be pulled by horse over wooden rails, which later were replaced by wrought iron.<a href="#cite_note-Evans39-139">[139]</a> In 1809 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Griffiths_(industrialist)" title="Richard Griffiths (industrialist)">Richard Griffiths</a> built a private tram-road to the Glamorganshire Canal from his coal mine in Gyfeillion.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis40-140">[140]</a> The Gyfeillion site was extended further in 1811 to link <a href="/wiki/Walter_Coffin" title="Walter Coffin">Walter Coffin</a>'s mine at <a href="/wiki/Dinas_Rhondda" title="Dinas Rhondda">Dinas Rhondda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lewis42-141">[141]</a> allowing the first viable transport link from the Rhondda coal fields to the ports of Cardiff. The first railway network to be built in Glamorgan, the <a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway" title="Taff Vale Railway">Taff Vale Railway</a>, was also the first in Wales. Linking the ironworks of Merthyr to the ports of Cardiff, the Taff Vale line was given royal assent in 1836, with work commencing the same year. It was completed in 1840, and as well as carrying goods the trains made limited passenger trips from the very beginning. By 1856 the Taff Vale Railway was extended to service the top of the Rhondda Valleys at <a href="/wiki/Treherbert" title="Treherbert">Treherbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maerdy" title="Maerdy">Maerdy</a>, which allowed the exploitation of the minefields in one of the most coal-rich areas of Britain. The second major railway to open was the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Railway" title="South Wales Railway">South Wales Railway</a>, linking Gloucester in England to <a href="/wiki/Neyland" title="Neyland">Neyland</a>. The line was designed to link the coalfields of Glamorgan to London, and was also part of <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>'s vision of a transport link from London to New York. The South Wales Railway serviced Cardiff, Bridgend, Neath and Swansea, with its final destination within Glamorgan being <a href="/wiki/Loughor" title="Loughor">Loughor</a>, before continuing through Carmarthenshire. Other railway lines that opened during the mid to late 19th century included the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Neath_Railway" title="Vale of Neath Railway">Vale of Neath Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Vale_Railway" title="Swansea Vale Railway">Swansea Vale Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway" title="Rhymney Railway">Rhymney Railway</a>; all designed with the primary purpose of transporting metals and coal from the uplands of the county to the ever-expanding ports. The cargo carried on these lines was of a very high volume, and in 1850 the Taff Vale Railway was transporting 600,000 tons of coal per annum. Towards the turn of the 19th century, two notable events occurred connected to the Taff Vale Railway. In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Company" title="Barry Railway Company">Barry Railway Company</a> was formed as part of <a href="/wiki/David_Davies_(industrialist)" title="David Davies (industrialist)">David Davies'</a> plan to create an alternative export port in south Wales at <a href="/wiki/Barry_Docks" title="Barry Docks">Barry Docks</a>. As a threat to the monopoly of the TVR, the plans were heavily contested in Parliament, and more parliamentary time was spent on the Barry bill than on any other railway bill in British history.<a href="#cite_note-Davies728-142">[142]</a> The second event saw the Taff Vale Railway Strike of 1900, an event that saw the House of Lords, in the <a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_Co_v_Amalgamated_Society_of_Railway_Servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants">Taff Vale Case</a>, deem <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> accountable for the financial losses caused by strike action. The need to reverse the decision was a central factor in the creation of the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies728-142">[142]</a> In the 20th century, the railways saw a gradual drop in usage as the heavy industrial works and mines began to reduce output and close and many stations became redundant. Following the Second World War, the railways were nationalised in 1948. In the 1960s the main line services in Wales underwent <a href="/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">dieselisation</a>, but this modernisation failed to save the rail system and by 1968 many passenger lines were discontinued by the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_Axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeching Axe">Beeching Axe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> Glamorgan was served by several airports and airfields, with <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a> being the county's chief airport. Cardiff Airport grew from a <a href="/wiki/RAF_Rhoose" title="RAF Rhoose">former RAF station</a> built in 1942 at <a href="/wiki/Rhoose" title="Rhoose">Rhoose</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Davies20-143">[143]</a> and was originally known as Rhoose Airport. In 1970 it became 'Glamorgan, Rhoose Airport' before becoming 'Cardiff-Wales airport' in the 1980s. Glamorgan's second commercial airport was <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Airport" title="Swansea Airport">Swansea Airport</a> which also began as an RAF station, before being released to commercial usage in 1956. The airport saw varying degrees of success until regular flights ceased in 1969. Several other airports and aerodromes have serviced Glamorgan, but usually for private flights. The most notorious aviation disaster in Wales occurred in Glamorgan in 1950, when a privately hired <a href="/wiki/Avro_Tudor" title="Avro Tudor">Avro Tudor</a> crashed at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Llandow" title="RAF Llandow">Llandow Aerodrome</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Llandow_air_disaster" title="Llandow air disaster">Llandow air disaster</a> was, at the time, the world's worst aviation disaster.<a href="#cite_note-Davies816-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_recreation">Culture and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culture and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> Sport was an important part of life in Glamorgan, and the county produced several individuals and teams of note. One of the first recorded team sports in Wales was <a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">bando</a>, a variant of bandy. The game was very popular in Glamorgan between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before losing in popularity to rugby football. The most notable team to carry the name Glamorgan, is <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club" title="Glamorgan County Cricket Club">Glamorgan County Cricket Club</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> had been established in Glamorgan since the creation of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Cricket_Club" title="Cardiff Cricket Club">Cardiff Cricket Club</a> in 1819; county team Glamorgan CCC did not form until 1888.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_177-145">[145]</a> The team gained <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class</a> status in 1921,<a href="#cite_note-Davies_177-145">[145]</a> and still play under the name of Glamorgan. In the first hundred years, the only Welshman to captain an England major tour abroad was <a href="/wiki/Tony_Lewis" title="Tony Lewis">Tony Lewis</a>, Glamorgan captain 1967–72. The other bat and ball team sport of note in the area was <a href="/wiki/Welsh_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh baseball">baseball</a>, which was very popular in Cardiff, reaching its peak in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg/150px-Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg/225px-Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg/300px-Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a>, one of several World title boxing Champions to come from Glamorgan</figcaption></figure> One of the most popular sports in Glamorgan was <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, producing some of the oldest rugby clubs in the world. <a href="/wiki/Swansea_RFC" title="Swansea RFC">Swansea RFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_RFC" title="Cardiff RFC">Cardiff RFC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_RFC" title="Merthyr RFC">Merthyr RFC</a> were founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union" title="Welsh Rugby Union">Welsh Rugby Union</a> in 1881,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and both <a href="/wiki/St._Helen%27s_Rugby_and_Cricket_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helen's Rugby and Cricket Ground">St. Helen's Rugby and Cricket Ground</a> (Swansea) and the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park" title="Cardiff Arms Park">Cardiff Arms Park</a> (Cardiff), have been sporting venues for international rugby. Like cricket, rugby union was also played at county level, with Glamorgan represented by <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_RFC" title="Glamorgan County RFC">Glamorgan County RFC</a>, an invitational team which faced the likes of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">All Blacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national rugby union team">Springboks</a> in the early part of the 20th century. Other rugby clubs of note from the region include <a href="/wiki/Bridgend_RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgend RFC">Bridgend RFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_Wanderers_RFC" title="Glamorgan Wanderers RFC">Glamorgan Wanderers RFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neath_RFC" title="Neath RFC">Neath RFC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC" title="Pontypridd RFC">Pontypridd RFC</a>. Although never finding any lasting appeal within Glamorgan, a number of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> teams emerged in the early 1900s; and on 1 January 1908, the first true international rugby league game took place in <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a> between <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team" title="Wales national rugby league team">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> As well as rugby and cricket, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> was a very popular sport in Glamorgan, producing two teams with a long tradition in British football, <a href="/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C." title="Swansea City A.F.C.">Swansea City</a> (formed 1912 as Swansea Town A.F.C.)<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C." title="Cardiff City F.C.">Cardiff City</a> (formed 1899 as Riverside AFC). Both clubs played in the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">English football league system</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_football_league_system" title="Welsh football league system">Welsh leagues</a>, though Cardiff were more successful during this period, spending 15 seasons in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_First_Division" title="Football League First Division">First Division</a> and winning the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_FA_Cup" title="1926–27 FA Cup">1927</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Other teams of note include <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_F.C." title="Merthyr Tydfil F.C.">Merthyr Tydfil F.C.</a> (1945), who have won the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Cup" title="Welsh Cup">Welsh Cup</a> on three occasions. Of all the individual sports, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> was perhaps Glamorgan's most prolific. From the northern coalfields and ironworks a string of world class boxers were produced, which was later matched by notable fighters from Cardiff. Of note were Rhondda's <a href="/wiki/Percy_Jones_(boxer)" title="Percy Jones (boxer)">Percy Jones</a> (World Flyweight Champion), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomas_(boxer)" title="Thomas Thomas (boxer)">Tom Thomas</a> (British Middleweight Champion), <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wilde" title="Jimmy Wilde">Jimmy Wilde</a> (World Flyweight Champion) and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Farr" title="Tommy Farr">Tommy Farr</a> (Empire Heavyweight Champion); Merthyr's <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Thomas_(boxer)" title="Eddie Thomas (boxer)">Eddie Thomas</a> (European Welterweight Champion) and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Winstone" title="Howard Winstone">Howard Winstone</a> (European Featherweight Champion); Pontypridd's <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a> (World Lightweight Champion) and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moody" title="Frank Moody">Frank Moody</a> (Empire Middleweight Champion). From Cardiff came 'Peerless' <a href="/wiki/Jim_Driscoll" title="Jim Driscoll">Jim Driscoll</a> (British Featherweight Champion) and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Petersen_(boxer)" title="Jack Petersen (boxer)">Jack Petersen</a> (British Heavyweight Champion). Other fighters of note include <a href="/wiki/Dai_Dower" title="Dai Dower">Dai Dower</a> (European Flyweight Champion) from <a href="/wiki/Abercynon" title="Abercynon">Abercynon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Beynon" title="Bill Beynon">Bill Beynon</a> (Empire Bantamweight Champion) from <a href="/wiki/Taibach" title="Taibach">Taibach</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Glamorgan, and Wales, were never exploited as a tourist destination until the late 18th century. The destination of choice for English gentlemen during the period was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, but after conflicts in mainland Europe, British travellers looked for 'wild' destinations within their own country.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> These first tourists were important archivists in their writings, paintings and sketches but there was no real tourist trade to receive them. The coming of industrialisation in the early 19th century gave rise to a new prosperous middle-class and improved communications; both led to a burgeoning tourist trade.<a href="#cite_note-Davies875-152">[152]</a> The late 19th century, with improving rail links, saw the coastal areas of Glamorgan that benefited from a beachfront grow as tourist destinations.<a href="#cite_note-Davies875-152">[152]</a> These towns, most notably <a href="/wiki/Barry_Island" title="Barry Island">Barry Island</a>, Porthcawl, Aberavon and Mumbles, owed their existence as tourist locations to the development of the south Wales coal field and the introduction of the workers' annual holidays.<a href="#cite_note-Davies875-152">[152]</a> By the mid 20th century these locations improved the number of visitors they could accommodate with the introduction of caravan parks and chalet parks.<a href="#cite_note-Davies875-152">[152]</a> As the 20th century progressed, and people's leisure activities extended beyond a once-a-year weeks holiday, the county responded with county parks, museums, art galleries and activity centres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Glamorgan" title="Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan">List of Lord Lieutenants of Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Glamorgan" title="Custos Rotulorum of Glamorgan">List of Custodes Rotulorum of Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Glamorgan" title="High Sheriff of Glamorgan">List of High Sheriffs of Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamorgan (UK Parliament constituency)">Glamorgan (UK Parliament constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club" title="Glamorgan County Cricket Club">Glamorgan County Cricket Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glamorgan" title="University of Glamorgan">University of Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_Bird_Club" title="Glamorgan Bird Club">Glamorgan Bird Club</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schools_Enquiry-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schools_Enquiry_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schools_Enquiry_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924093630568/cu31924093630568_djvu.txt">"School's Enquiry Commission, Vol VIII (1935) Eyre & Spottiswoode, London"</a>. 1868. Retrieved 19 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School%27s+Enquiry+Commission%2C+Vol+VIII+%281935%29+Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode%2C+London&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924093630568%2Fcu31924093630568_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vision_pop-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vision_pop_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vision_pop_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vision_pop_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vision_pop_2-3">d</a> Vision of Britain – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10073893&c_id=10001043&add=N">Glamorgan population</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_AREA_A&u_id=10073893&c_id=10001043&add=Y">area</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-briggs-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-briggs_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-briggs_3-1">b</a> Geoffrey Briggs, Civic and Corporate Heraldry, London, 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-sgiles-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sgiles_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgiles_4-1">b</a> C Wilfrid Scott-Giles, Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, 2nd edition, London, 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_Hist_1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_1_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_1_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994). A History of Wales. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 1, 5, 17, 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8"><bdi>0-14-014581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1%2C+5%2C+17%2C+18&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-14-014581-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casglu_1-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Casglu_1_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604213857/http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/small/item/GTJ27313/">"Early Stone Age hand-held axe, 200,000 - 150,000 years old"</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8"><bdi>0-14-014581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-14-014581-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amgueddfa_Hill_forts-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_Hill_forts_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306041238/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2370/">"Welsh Hillforts:National Museum Wales"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amgueddfa+Cymru%E2%80%93National+Museum+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Welsh+Hillforts%3ANational+Museum+Wales&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2F2370%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_Llyn-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_Llyn_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303195110/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/405461/details/LLYN+FAWR/">"Llyn Fawr:site details:Coflein"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a>. 29 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/405461/details/LLYN+FAWR/">the original</a> on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Llyn+Fawr%3Asite+details%3ACoflein&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F405461%2Fdetails%2FLLYN%2BFAWR%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amgueddfa_Llyn-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_Llyn_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306041245/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2351/">"Cauldron from Llyn Fawr:National Museum Wales"</a>. Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales website. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2351/">the original</a> on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amgueddfa+Cymru%E2%80%93National+Museum+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Cauldron+from+Llyn+Fawr%3ANational+Museum+Wales&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2F2351%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amgueddfa_Llanmaes-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_Llanmaes_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.wales/articles/2007-05-04/Prehistoric-feasting-in-south-Wales/">"Prehistoric feasting in south Wales"</a>. Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales website. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales</a>. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amgueddfa+Cymru%E2%80%93National+Museum+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+feasting+in+south+Wales&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.wales%2Farticles%2F2007-05-04%2FPrehistoric-feasting-in-south-Wales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amgueddfa_Llanmaes_II-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Amgueddfa_Llanmaes_II_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306041256/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/1492/">"Llanmaes Archaeological Fieldwork, Vale of Glamorgan:National Museum Wales"</a>. Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales website. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/1492/">the original</a> on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amgueddfa+Cymru%E2%80%93National+Museum+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Llanmaes+Archaeological+Fieldwork%2C+Vale+of+Glamorgan%3ANational+Museum+Wales&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2F1492%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_Hist_18-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_18_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994). A History of Wales. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8"><bdi>0-14-014581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-14-014581-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_Caerau_I-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_Caerau_I_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110829/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94517/details/CAERAU+HILLFORT/">"Caerau hillfort:site details:Coflein"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a>. 5 February 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94517/details/CAERAU+HILLFORT/">the original</a> on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Caerau+hillfort%3Asite+details%3ACoflein&rft.date=2003-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F94517%2Fdetails%2FCAERAU%2BHILLFORT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_Caerau_II-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_Caerau_II_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322022701/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93037/details/CAERAU+HILLFORT%2C+RHIWSAESON%2C+LLANTRISANT/">"Caerau Hillfort, Rhiwsaeson, Llantrisant:site details:Coflein"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a>. 5 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93037/details/CAERAU+HILLFORT%2C+RHIWSAESON%2C+LLANTRISANT/">the original</a> on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Caerau+Hillfort%2C+Rhiwsaeson%2C+Llantrisant%3Asite+details%3ACoflein&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F93037%2Fdetails%2FCAERAU%2BHILLFORT%252C%2BRHIWSAESON%252C%2BLLANTRISANT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_Bwlwarcau-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_Bwlwarcau_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916105459/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301303/details/Y+BWLWARCAU/">"Y Bwlwarcau:site details:Coflein"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a>. 14 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301303/details/Y+BWLWARCAU/">the original</a> on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Y+Bwlwarcau%3Asite+details%3ACoflein&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F301303%2Fdetails%2FY%2BBWLWARCAU%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_Burry-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_Burry_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303195204/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301302/details/BURRY+HOLMS+PROMONTORY+FORT/">"Burry Holms Promontory fort:site details:Coflein"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a>. 30 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301302/details/BURRY+HOLMS+PROMONTORY+FORT/">the original</a> on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Burry+Holms+Promontory+fort%3Asite+details%3ACoflein&rft.date=2002-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F301302%2Fdetails%2FBURRY%2BHOLMS%2BPROMONTORY%2BFORT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_Dunraven-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_Dunraven_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303195217/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/300161/details/DUNRAVEN+HILLFORT/">"Dunraven hillfort:site details:Coflein"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a>. 6 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/300161/details/DUNRAVEN+HILLFORT/">the original</a> on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Dunraven+hillfort%3Asite+details%3ACoflein&rft.date=2002-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F300161%2Fdetails%2FDUNRAVEN%2BHILLFORT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_2-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_2_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727072730/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301346/details/CARDIFF+ROMAN+SETTLEMENT/">"Cardiff Roman Settlement:site details:coflein"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a>. 30 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301346/details/CARDIFF+ROMAN+SETTLEMENT/">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Cardiff+Roman+Settlement%3Asite+details%3Acoflein&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F301346%2Fdetails%2FCARDIFF%2BROMAN%2BSETTLEMENT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The three cantrefs composing Glywysing were based at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allt_Wynllyw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allt Wynllyw (page does not exist)">Allt Wynllyw</a> on <a href="/wiki/Stow_Hill" title="Stow Hill">Stow Hill</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nant_Pawl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nant Pawl (page does not exist)">Nant Pawl</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Llaniltud_Fawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Llaniltud Fawr">Llaniltud Fawr</a>. These were sometimes independent and sometimes controlled one another. Cf. The History Files: "Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/CymruGlywyssing.htm">Cernyw / Glywyssing</a>" (Accessed 14 February 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2015" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Hywel Wyn (2015). The Place-Names of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783161645" title="Special:BookSources/9781783161645"><bdi>9781783161645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place-Names+of+Wales&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781783161645&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Hywel+Wyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHywel_Wyn_OwenRichard_Morgan2007" class="citation book cs1">Hywel Wyn Owen; Richard Morgan (2007). Dictionary of the Place-names of Wales. Llandysul: Gomer Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84323-901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84323-901-7"><bdi>978-1-84323-901-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Place-names+of+Wales&rft.place=Llandysul&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Gomer+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84323-901-7&rft.au=Hywel+Wyn+Owen&rft.au=Richard+Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Davies" title="Wendy Davies">Wendy Davies</a>. (1982). Wales in the Early Middle Ages. London: Leicester University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_39-1">b</a> William Rees. (1951). An Historical Atlas of Wales. 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Retrieved 27 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Cup+Finals%3A+1927&rft.pub=The+Football+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefa.com%2FTheFACup%2FFACompetitions%2FTheFACup%2FHistory%2FHistoryOfTheFACup%2F1927CardiffArsenal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Davies (2008), p.874 </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies875-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies875_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies875_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies875_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies875_152-3">d</a> Davies (2008), p.875 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConduit1997" class="citation book cs1">Conduit, Brian (1997). Brecon Beacons and Glamorgan Walks. Pathfinder Guide. Norwich: Jarrold Publishing and Ordnance Survey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7117-0671-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7117-0671-9"><bdi>0-7117-0671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecon+Beacons+and+Glamorgan+Walks&rft.place=Norwich&rft.series=Pathfinder+Guide&rft.pub=Jarrold+Publishing+and+Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7117-0671-9&rft.aulast=Conduit&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJenkins,_Nigel2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1948" class="citation book cs1">Evans, C. J. O. (1948). Glamorgan, its History and Topography. Cardiff: William Lewis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glamorgan%2C+its+History+and+Topography&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=William+Lewis&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=C.+J.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1989" class="citation book cs1">Evans, D. Gareth (1989). A history of Wales 1815–1906. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708323847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708323847"><bdi>978-0708323847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Wales+1815%E2%80%931906&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0708323847&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=D.+Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1992" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Philip (1992). A History of Modern Wales 1536–1990. Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48925-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48925-3"><bdi>0-582-48925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Wales+1536%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-582-48925-3&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1959" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, E. D. (1959). The Rhondda Valleys. London: Phoenix House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhondda+Valleys&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+House&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1995" class="citation book cs1">Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. London: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071056-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071056-6"><bdi>0-14-071056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glamorgan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-14-071056-6&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1960" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Kenneth O. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewobject/llgc-id:1170138/article/000042465">"Democratic Politics in Glamorgan, 1884-1914"</a>. Morgannwg. 4: 5–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morgannwg&rft.atitle=Democratic+Politics+in+Glamorgan%2C+1884-1914&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=5-27&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwelshjournals.llgc.org.uk%2Fbrowse%2Fviewobject%2Fllgc-id%3A1170138%2Farticle%2F000042465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1982" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg">Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1980</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821760-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821760-9"><bdi>0-19-821760-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebirth+of+a+Nation%3A+Wales+1880%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-19-821760-9&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwales18801980reb0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1966" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Norman Lewis (1966). The Story of Swansea's Districts and Villages. Neath: The Guardian Press (Neath) Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Swansea%27s+Districts+and+Villages&rft.place=Neath&rft.pub=The+Guardian+Press+%28Neath%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Norman+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1914" class="citation book cs1">Wade, J. H. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glamorganshire00wadeuoft">Glamorganshire</a>. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glamorganshire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglamorganshire00wadeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1890" class="citation book cs1">Clark, George C., ed. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAJNAAAAMAAJ">Cartae et Alia Munimenta quae ad Dominium de Glamorgan Pertinent (1348–1721)</a>. Vol. II. Cardiff: Priv. Print.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartae+et+Alia+Munimenta+quae+ad+Dominium+de+Glamorgan+Pertinent+%281348%E2%80%931721%29&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=Priv.+Print.&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvAJNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1890" class="citation book cs1">Clark, George C., ed. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-UuAAAAMAAJ">Cartae et Alia Munimenta quae ad Dominium de Glamorgan Pertinent (441–1300)</a>. Vol. III. Cardiff: Priv. Print.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartae+et+Alia+Munimenta+quae+ad+Dominium+de+Glamorgan+Pertinent+%28441%E2%80%931300%29&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=Priv.+Print.&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-UuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlamorgan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glamorgan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 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