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cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Възникване_и_история" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Възникване_и_история"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Възникване и история</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Възникване_и_история-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Възникване и история</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Възникване_и_история-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Античност" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Античност"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Античност</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Античност-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Средновековие" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Средновековие"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Средновековие</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Средновековие-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Велики_географски_открития" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Велики_географски_открития"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Велики географски открития</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Велики_географски_открития-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Географията_в_ново_време" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Географията_в_ново_време"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Географията в ново време</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Географията_в_ново_време-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-География_в_България" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#География_в_България"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>География в България</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-География_в_България-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Структура_на_географската_наука" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Структура_на_географската_наука"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Структура на географската наука</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Структура_на_географската_наука-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Структура на географската наука</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Структура_на_географската_наука-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Физическа_география" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физическа_география"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Физическа география</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физическа_география-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Социално-икономическа_география" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Социално-икономическа_география"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Социално-икономическа география</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Социално-икономическа_география-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Други_географски_науки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Други_географски_науки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Други географски науки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Други_географски_науки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Картография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Картография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Картография</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Картография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Топография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Топография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Топография</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Топография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Геодезия" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Геодезия"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Геодезия</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Геодезия-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Научни_методи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Научни_методи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Научни методи</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Научни_методи-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Научни методи</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Научни_методи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Географска_информационна_система" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Географска_информационна_система"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Географска информационна система</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Географска_информационна_система-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дистанционни_изследвания" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дистанционни_изследвания"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Дистанционни изследвания</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дистанционни_изследвания-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Геостатистика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Геостатистика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Геостатистика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Геостатистика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">География</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 256 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-256" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">256 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – ачешки" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ачешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardrykskunde" title="Aardrykskunde – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardrykskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%93_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD" title="መልክዓ ምድር – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መልክዓ ምድር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheograf%C3%ADa" title="Cheografía – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cheografía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgem%C7%A3rung" title="Landgemǣrung – староанглийски" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Landgemǣrung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="староанглийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جغرافيا – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%90%DC%98%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܓܐܘܓܪܦܝܐ – арамейски" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܐܘܓܪܦܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جغرافيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جغرافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="ভূগোল – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa" title="Xeografía – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – аварски" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="аварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawavopa" title="Tawavopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tawavopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – авади" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авади" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraqita" title="Uraqita – аймара" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uraqita" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafiya" title="Coğrafiya – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Coğrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جوغرافیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوغرافیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ograpi" title="Géograpi – балийски" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Géograpi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geuograp%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Geuograpėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Geuograpėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograpi" title="Geograpi – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Geograpi" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heograpiya" title="Heograpiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Heograpiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геаграфія – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiografi" title="Jiografi – бислама" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jiografi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="бислама" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_banua" title="Kaji banua – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji banua" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F" title="ဟံႏပထဝီႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟံႏပထဝီႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9g%C3%B9k%C3%B2l%C3%B2k%C3%B9nn%C3%A0kalan" title="Dùgùkòlòkùnnàkalan – бамбара" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dùgùkòlòkùnnàkalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="бамбара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="ভূগোল – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ། – тибетски" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douaroniezh" title="Douaroniezh – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douaroniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograpi" title="Geograpi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Geograpi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Газар зүй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Газар зүй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa" title="Geografía – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Geografía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-l%C4%AB" title="Dê-lī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Географи – чеченски" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyograpiya" title="Heyograpiya – себуански" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Heyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%B2%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ – черокски" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="черокски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جوگرافیا – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوگرافیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ACa" title="Geografìa – корсикански" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Geografìa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсикански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafiya" title="Coğrafiya – кримскотатарски" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Coğrafiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="кримскотатарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2grafij%C3%B4" title="Geògrafijô – кашубски" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Geògrafijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="кашубски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Географи – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daearyddiaeth" title="Daearyddiaeth – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daearyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie" title="Geographie – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Coğrafya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija – долнолужишки" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="долнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidtana%27" title="Sidtana' – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sidtana'" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%A3%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A9" title="ޖުޣުރާފީ – дивехи" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖުޣުރާފީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γεωγραφία – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωγραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografio" title="Geografio – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa" title="Geografía – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograafia" title="Geograafia – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جغرافیا – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maantiede" title="Maantiede – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatiid%C3%BCs" title="Maatiidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maatiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Landafrøði – фарьорски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Landafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарьорски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie" title="Géographie – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografii" title="Geografii – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Geografii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografie" title="Gjeografie – фриулски" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjeografie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриулски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografy" title="Geografy – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Geografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADreola%C3%ADocht" title="Tíreolaíocht – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tíreolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="地理學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地理學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9yografi" title="Jéyografi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jéyografi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinn-e%C3%B2las" title="Cruinn-eòlas – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruinn-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa" title="Xeografía – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyapekuaa" title="Yvyapekuaa – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyapekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भुगोल – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भुगोल" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3" title="ભૂગોળ – гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભૂગોળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87heer-oaylleeaght" title="Çheer-oaylleeaght – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çheer-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarin_kasa" title="Labarin kasa – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Labarin kasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-l%C3%AE-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Thi-lî-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-lî-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="גאוגרפיה – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagha" title="Jagha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jagha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija – горнолужишки" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="горнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewografi" title="Jewografi – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jewografi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldrajztudom%C3%A1ny" title="Földrajztudomány – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földrajztudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աշխարհագրություն – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia" title="Geographia – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Geographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – ибан" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ибан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – оксидентал" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="оксидентал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%C3%BAm%C3%BA-%C3%A0l%C3%A0" title="Ọmúmú-àlà – игбо" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọmúmú-àlà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="игбо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heograpia" title="Heograpia – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Heograpia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Географи – ингушетски" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografio" title="Geografio – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Geografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Landfræði – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%90%85%E1%94%AA%E1%96%85" title="ᓄᓇᐅᔪᖅ – инуктитут" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᓇᐅᔪᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="инуктитут" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaagrafi" title="Jaagrafi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jaagrafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tutske" title="tutske – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tutske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ografi" title="Géografi – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Géografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გეოგრაფია – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiya" title="Geografiya – каракалпашки" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnamurt" title="Tasnamurt – кабилски" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnamurt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85" title="Хэкумэтх – кабардски" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хэкумэтх" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="кабардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kede%C5%8Ba_t%CA%8B%CA%8Bz%CA%8B%CA%8B_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunalerineq" title="Nunalerineq – гренландски" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nunalerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="гренландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភូមិសាស្ត្រ – кхмерски" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភូមិសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="지리학 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – карачай-балкарски" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачай-балкарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%B2%D9%81%DB%8C" title="جَغرٲفی – кашмирски" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَغرٲفی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdn%C3%AEgar%C3%AE" title="Erdnîgarî – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erdnîgarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – коми" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doronieth" title="Doronieth – корнуолски" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Doronieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнуолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia" title="Geographia – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeografiya" title="Jeografiya – ладино" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Jeografiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладино" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie" title="Geographie – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – лезгински" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeografia" title="Jeografia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jeografia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomansi" title="Essomansi – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomansi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%C3%AD_ma_mabel%C3%A9" title="Mambí ma mabelé – лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma mabelé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພູມສາດ – лаоски" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພູມສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eogr%C4%81fija" title="Ģeogrāfija – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – мадурски" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – майтхили" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Географиясь – мокша" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Географиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокша" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C3%B4grafia" title="Jeôgrafia – малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jeôgrafia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Географий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Географий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Географија – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Газар зүй – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газар зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပထဝဳဝင် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပထဝဳဝင်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0eografija" title="Ġeografija – малтийски" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġeografija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="малтийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – мирандийски" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပထဝီဝင် – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပထဝီဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="جوغرافی – мазандерански" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جوغرافی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандерански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalticpacmatiliztli" title="Tlalticpacmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalticpacmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giugrafia" title="Giugrafia – неаполитански" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Giugrafia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неаполитански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – долносаксонски" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="долносаксонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – ниас" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="ниас" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardrijkskunde" title="Aardrijkskunde – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardrijkskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie" title="Géographie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Géographie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutafase" title="Thutafase – северен сото" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutafase" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="северен сото" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muantiedo" title="Muantiedo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Muantiedo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaasa" title="Hawaasa – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hawaasa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B3" title="ଭୂଗୋଳ – ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭୂଗୋଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Географи – осетински" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਭੂਗੋਲ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂਗੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – папиаменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папиаменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jografie" title="Jografie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jografie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भूगोल – пали" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="пали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiiografii" title="Jiiografii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jiiografii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جغرافیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جغرافیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Γεωγραφίαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γεωγραφίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ځمکپوهنه – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa_saywachi" title="Allpa saywachi – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa saywachi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – реторомански" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="реторомански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuvipen" title="Phuvipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phuvipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciugrafije" title="Sciugrafije – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Sciugrafije" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґеоґрафія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґеоґрафія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भूगोलम् – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भूगोलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Киэгирээпийэ – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киэгирээпийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9C" title="ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ – сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – сардински" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giugraf%C3%ACa" title="Giugrafìa – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie" title="Geographie – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Geographie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="جاگرافي – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاگرافي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakal" title="Tarakal – ташелхит" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tarakal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташелхит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="භූගෝල විද්‍යාව – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූගෝල විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81" title="جغرافیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جغرافیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography – самоански" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Geography" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="самоански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarachisi" title="Tarachisi – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tarachisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juqraafi" title="Juqraafi – сомалийски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Juqraafi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia" title="Gjeografia – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Географија – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Географија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temhlaba" title="Temhlaba – свати" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Temhlaba" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="свати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ografi" title="Géografi – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Géografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiografia" title="Jiografia – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jiografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografijo" title="Geografijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Geografijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புவியியல் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B3_%E1%A5%97%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B3_%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥙᥣᥳ ᥗᥣᥳ ᥝᥤᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥙᥣᥳ ᥗᥣᥳ ᥝᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భూగోళ శాస్త్రం – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూగోళ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D2%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Ҷуғрофиё – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷуғрофиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภูมิศาสตร์ – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi%C3%BDa" title="Geografiýa – туркменски" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Geografiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heograpiya" title="Heograpiya – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Heograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Co%C7%A7rafij%C9%99" title="Čoǧrafijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Čoǧrafijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_long_giraun" title="Save long giraun – ток писин" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Save long giraun" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток писин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Coğrafya – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-mbangu" title="Ntivo-mbangu – цонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-mbangu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="цонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhuzgo" title="Nkhuzgo – тумбука" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nkhuzgo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="тумбука" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeografi" title="Gyeografi – туи" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Gyeografi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="туи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – тувински" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География – удмуртски" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмуртски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="جۇغراپىيە – уйгурски" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇغراپىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Географія – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81" title="جغرافیہ – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جغرافیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiya" title="Geografiya – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeografia" title="Zeografia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zeografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografii" title="Geografii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Geografii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_l%C3%BD" title="Địa lý – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirdrykskunde" title="Eirdrykskunde – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirdrykskunde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledav" title="Taledav – волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Taledav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeyografeye" title="Djeyografeye – валонски" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djeyografeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyograpiya" title="Heyograpiya – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Heyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melosuuf" title="Melosuuf – волоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Melosuuf" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="волоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="地理學 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地理學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJografi" title="IJografi – кхоса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJografi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გეოგრაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="געאגראפיע – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BB%8D%CC%81gr%C3%A1f%C3%AC" title="Jẹ́ọ́gráfì – йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́ọ́gráfì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deihleix" title="Deihleix – зуанг" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Deihleix" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="зуанг" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heografie" title="Heografie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Heografie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ – стандартен марокански тамазигт" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="стандартен марокански тамазигт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="地理學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="地理學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-l%C3%AD" title="Tē-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="地理學 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1071#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, сочени от тази страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Свързани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Uploadtext" title="Качи файлове [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Качване на файл</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Списък на всички специални страници [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Специални страници</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&oldid=11953082" title="Постоянна препратка към тази версия на страницата"><span>Постоянна препратка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=info" title="Повече за тази страница"><span>Информация за страницата</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&page=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&id=11953082&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Информация за начините за цитиране на тази страница"><span>Цитиране на статията</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:World_map_2004_CIA_large_1.7m_whitespace_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/World_map_2004_CIA_large_1.7m_whitespace_removed.jpg/250px-World_map_2004_CIA_large_1.7m_whitespace_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/World_map_2004_CIA_large_1.7m_whitespace_removed.jpg/375px-World_map_2004_CIA_large_1.7m_whitespace_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/World_map_2004_CIA_large_1.7m_whitespace_removed.jpg/500px-World_map_2004_CIA_large_1.7m_whitespace_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3599" data-file-height="1826" /></a><figcaption>Физическа карта на света</figcaption></figure> <p><b>География</b> (от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старогръцки език">старогръцки</a>: <i>γαία</i>, <i>земя</i> и <i>γράφω</i>, <i>графо</i>, <i>пиша</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) или остарелите думи <b>землеописание</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <b>земеописание</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука">наука</a>, изучаваща пространственото разположение и измененията на природно-териториалните комплекси на планетата <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя">Земя</a>. В буквален смисъл <i>география</i> може да се преведе като „описание на Земята“. Първият човек, употребил думата „география“, е древногръцкият учен <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ератостен">Ератостен</a> (276 – 194 г. пр.н.е.). </p><p>Обект на изучаване на географията са законите и закономерностите на разположението и взаимодействието на компонентите на географската среда и техните съчетания на различни нива. Сложността на обекта на изследване и обхвата на предметната област обуславят диференциацията на единната географска наука на редица специализирани дисциплини, формиращи системата на географските науки. В нея се разграничават <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Естествена наука">естествени</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физическа география">физикогеографски</a>) и социално-географски науки (<a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Икономическа география">социално-икономически</a>) географски науки. Понякога <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография">картографията</a> се класифицира като отделна географска дисциплина. </p><p>Географията е една от най-старите науки. Голяма част от основите ѝ са положени през елинистическата епоха. През 1 век пр.н.е. опитът дотогава е обобщен от географ <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Птолемей">Птолемей</a>. Разцветът на западната географска традиция настъпва по времето на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ренесанс">Ренесанса</a>, когато се преосмислят късноелинистическите постижения и се постига значителен напредък в картографията, който обикновено се свързва с името <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Герхард Меркатор">Герхард Меркатор</a>. През първата половина на 19 век, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Александър фон Хумболт">Александър фон Хумболт</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карл Ритер (страницата не съществува)">Карл Ритер</a> полагат основите на съвременната академична география. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Възникване_и_история"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.B8_.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Възникване и история</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Възникване и история" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Възникване и история"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="История на географията">История на географията</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Географията е древна наука и възниква едновременно като природна и обществена наука. Възниква е в зората на човешкото общество, когато хората започват да изучават заобикалящите ги обекти от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Природна среда (страницата не съществува)">природната среда</a> и да си обясняват процесите и явленията в нея. Преселението на народите, войните и търговията разширяват познанията на хората за околния свят, изграждат умения за ориентиране по <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Слънцето">Слънцето</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Луната">Луната</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда">звездите</a>. Зависимостта на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Селско стопанство">земеделието</a> и скотовъдството от разливите на реките и други периодични природни явления водят до появата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Календар">календара</a>. Още през 2-рото хилядолетие пр.н.е. в <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Древен Египет">Древен Египет</a> се провеждат експедиции до централна <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a>, по <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Средиземно море">Средиземно</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Червено море">Червено море</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Античност"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Античност</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Античност" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Античност"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/250px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/375px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/500px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Карта на света, според описанието на Страбон</figcaption></figure> <p>През 3-то и 2-рото хилядолетие пр.н.е. представители на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индска цивилизация">харапската цивилизация</a> (на територията на съвременен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан">Пакистан</a>) откриват <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мусон">мусоните</a>. Елементи на географията се съдържат и в свещените древноиндийски книги: цяла глава във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Веди">ведите</a> е посветена на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Космология">космологията</a>, в „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Махабхарата">Махабхарата</a>“ може да се намери списък на океани, планини и реки. Още през 9 – 8 век пр.н.е. в <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="История на Китай">древен Китай</a>, при избора на място за изграждане на крепости, се съставят карти на подходящите за това места. </p><p>Първите географски съчинения са създадени в <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древна Гърция">Древна Гърция</a>. За „баща на географията“ се смята <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Александрия">александрийският</a> учен Ератостен. През <a href="/wiki/3_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="3 век пр.н.е.">3 век пр.н.е.</a> той написва книгата <i>„География“</i>. През <a href="/wiki/1_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="1 век пр.н.е.">1 век пр.н.е.</a> важно място заемат трудовете на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон">Страбон</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей">Клавдий Птолемей</a> успява да установи емпирично <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Ъгъл">ъгъла</a> на географския <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Меридиан">меридиан</a>, чрез прословутия му опит при кладенците на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Асуан">Сиена</a>, където установява, че по време на лятното <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Слънцестоене">слънцестоене</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Слънце">Слънцето</a> се „оглежда“ в кладенците. През 3 век пр.н.е. и в Китай се появяват съчинения, посветени изцяло на географията, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас">компаса</a> и устройствата за измерване на разстояния, както и „Регионален атлас“ на Китай. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Предсократици">Предсократичната</a> философска традиция по това време поражда немалко предпоставки за появата на географията. Древните описания на Земята са наричани от гърците „периоди“ (περίοδοι), тоест „обикаляния, обиколки“, като името се прилага по еднакъв начин за карти и описания. Те често се използват вместо названието „география“ – така например <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ариан">Ариан</a> нарича с това име общата география на Ератостен. По същото време се употребяват и названията „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Перипъл">перипъл</a>“ (περίπλος) – в смисъл на морски обиколки и пътешествия, описващи брегове, и „<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Периегети (страницата не съществува)">периегез</a>“ (περιήγησις) – в смисъл на пътешествие по суша или пътеводител. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон">Страбон</a> противопоставя периплите с тяхното изброяване на пристанища, като едностранно описание на мореправателите, несъбиращи сведения за страните, отдалечени от бреговете, на „периегетите“, съдържащи в себе си подробно описание на страните, и на такива географски трудове, като този на Ератостен, имащи за задача астрономическо-математическото определяне на земното кълбо, както и вида и разпределението на „обитаемата земя“ (ήοίκουμένη) по повърхността му. Страбон дава названието „периегети“ и на части от собствените си съчинения, подробно описващи известните тогава страни, смесвайки понякога обаче понятията „периегез“ и „перипъл“, докато други автори ясно ги разграничават. Някои от по-късните автори употребяват „периегез“ даже в смисъл на нагледно представяне на цялата обитаема земя. Има данни, че „периодите“ или „периплите“ (наред с документи или грамоти за основаване на градове, „ктизисите“) са първите гръцки ръкописи и първите опити за прилагане на заимстваното от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Финикийци">финикийците</a> писмено изкуство. </p><p>Авторите на географски „обиколки“ са наричани „логографи“ – те са първите гръцки писатели-прозаици и предшественици на гръцките историци. Херодот ползва много от трудовете им при съставянето на своята история. Малка част от тези „обиколки“ са оцелели до съвременността, и то предимно от по-късните времена: някои от тях, като „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Перипъл на Еритрейското море">Перипъл на Еритрейското море</a>“ (1 век) или „Перипъл на Черно море“ – Ариан (2 век), са важни източници за древната география. Формата на перипъла се използва и в по-късно време за описания на „обитаемата земя“, в смисъл на извършване на мислена, въображаема обиколка около нея. Такъв характер имат например географията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Помпоний Мела">Помпоний Мела</a> (1 век) и други трудове. </p><p>Името „обиколка“ в дадения случай е още по-подходящо, тъй като древните представи на гърците за Земята са свързани с идеята за кръг. Те са предизвикани по естедтвен начин от извитата линия на видимия хоризонт, срещат се още при <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Омир">Омир</a>, при когото само имат тази особеност, че земният диск е заобиколен от реката „Океан“, зад която се намира тайнственото царство на сенките. Океанът-река скоро отстъпва място на океана-море в смисъла на външно море, зоабикалящо в кръг обитаемата земя, но понятието за Земята като плосък кръг продължава да съществува дълго време, поне в народните представи, и се възражда с нова сила през <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Средновековието">Средновековието</a>. Макар че още Херодот се подиграва на тези, които си представят Земята като правилен диск, изработен като от изкусен дърводелец, и счита за недоказано, че обитаемата земя е заобиколена от всички страни от океан, представата, че Земята е кръгла плоскост, носеща върху себе си във вид на кръгъл остров „обитаемата земя“, господства в периода на древната йоническа школа. Това намира израз в картите на Земята, които също са правени кръгли и първата от които се приписва обикновено на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Анаксимандър">Анаксимандър</a>. Има известия и за кръгла карта на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аристагор Милетски (страницата не съществува)">Аристагор Милетски</a>, съвременник на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Хекатей Милетски">Хекатей</a>, изработена върху <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="Мед (елемент)">мед</a> и изобразяваща море, земя и реки. От свидетелствата на Херодот и Аристотел може да се заключи, че на най-ранните карти населената земя е изобразявана като кръг и заобиколена от океан. От запад, от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Херкулесови стълбове">Херкулесовите стълбове</a>, средата на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ойкумен (страницата не съществува)">Ойкумена</a> е прорязана от вътрешно (Средиземно) море, към което от източния край се доближава друго, източно вътрешно море. Двете морета служат за отделяне на южния полукръг на Земята от северния. Кръглите плоски карти се използват в Гърция още по времето на Аристотел и по-късно, когато сферичността на Земята е призната вече от почти всички философи. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Анаксимандър">Анаксимандър</a> предполага, че Земята има форма на цилиндър, и прави революционното предположение, че на другата страна на „цилиндъра“ също така трябва да живеят хора. Той пише и отделни географски съчинения. </p><p>В периода 4 век пр.н.е. – 5 век античните учени се опитват да създадат теория за произхода и устройството на света, като изобразяват известните им страни под формата на графики. Резултатите от това са умозаключителната представа за Земята като сфера (Аристотел), създаването на карти и планове, определенянето на географските координати, въвеждането в употреба на паралелите и меридианите, картографските проекции. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Кратет от Малос">Кратет от Малос</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Стоицизъм">философ-стоик</a>, изучава устройството на земното кълбо и създава негов модел – <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Глобус">глобус</a>. Също така той предполага как би трябвало до си съотнасят атмосферните условия в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Северно полукълбо">северното</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Южно полукълбо">южното</a> полукълбо. </p><p>Осемте тома на „География“ на Клавдий Птолемей съдържат сведения за над 8 000 географски имена и координатите на почти 400 точки. Ератостен първи измерва дъгата на меридиана и оценява размера на Земята. На него принадлежи и самият термин „география“ (земеописание). Страбон е родоначалника на географското изследване, геоморфологията и палеогеографията. В трудовете на Аристотел са заложени основите на хидрологията, метеорологията, океанологията и започва разделянето на географските науки. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Средновековие"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Средновековие</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Средновековие" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Средновековие"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Psalter_world_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Psalter_world_map.jpg/220px-Psalter_world_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Psalter_world_map.jpg/330px-Psalter_world_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Psalter_world_map.jpg/440px-Psalter_world_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption>Карта на света от 13 век</figcaption></figure> <p>През средновековието, падането на Римската империя довежда до промяна в развитието на географията и центърът от Европа се премества към ислямския свят<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_512_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_512-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. До средата на 15 век откритията на древните гърци са забравени. Мюсюлмански географи като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB-%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Мохамед Ал-Идриси">Мохамед Ал-Идриси</a> произвеждат детайлни карти на света, докато други географи като <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авицена">Авицена</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ал-Бируни">Ал-Бируни</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Батута">Ибн Батута</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун">Ибн Халдун</a> предоставят подробни отчети за своите пътувания и географията на посетени от тях региони. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Араби">Арабските</a> мореплаватели предприемат смели пътешествия из <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индийски океан">Индийски океан</a> и достигат бреговете на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар">Мадагаскар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южна Африка">Южна Африка</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Малайски архипелаг">Малайския архипелаг</a> и други отдалечени точки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Земята">Земята</a>. </p><p>По време на тъмните векове в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a> не се получават почти никакви нови сведения за света, ако не се смята <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Марко Поло">Марко Поло</a>, който открива <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Източна Азия">Източна Азия</a> за Европа. Изключение правят <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Викинги">викингите</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Север">север</a>, които успяват да открият нови земи и да колонизират част от тях – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Фарьорски острови">Фарьорски острови</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия">Исландия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гренландия">Гренландия</a>. Намерените руини от техни поселения на остров <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нюфаундленд">Нюфаундленд</a> в днешна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада">Канада</a> доказват, че първите европейци, достигнали <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Америка">Америка</a>, не са моряците от експедицията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб">Христофор Колумб</a>, а именно викингите. Новгородците достигат Шпицберген и устието на Об. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Велики_географски_открития"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Велики географски открития</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Велики географски открития" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Велики географски открития"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Велики географски открития">Велики географски открития</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Cantino_Planisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cantino_Planisphere.jpg/250px-Cantino_Planisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cantino_Planisphere.jpg/375px-Cantino_Planisphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cantino_Planisphere.jpg/500px-Cantino_Planisphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Португалска карта на света от 1502 година</figcaption></figure> <p>Политическото и икономическото съперничество между <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания">Испания</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португалия">Португалия</a> от <a href="/wiki/15_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="15 век">15 век</a> поставя на дневен ред въпросите за организирането и осъществяването на експедиции, които да открият нови пътища за богатите пазари на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Изток">изток</a> и за <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колонизация">колонизирането</a> на нови територии. Като първа стъпка в тази борба се смята откриването и заселването от португалците на остров <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мадейра">Мадейра</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Азорски острови">Азорските острови</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вашку да Гама">Вашку да Гама</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Бартоломео Диас">Бартоломео Диаш</a> организират експедиции по бреговете на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a>. Испания се включва в борбата за икономическа мощ като организира експедицията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб">Христофор Колумб</a>, имаща за цел откриването на западен път към <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия">Индия</a>. Той достига бреговете на Америка през <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Декември">декември</a> <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a> г. Този момент става една от повратните точки в развитието на човечеството. Географската наука вече разполага с нов фундаментален факт. Открит е нов <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Континент">континент</a> и всякакви виждания за край на света са отхвърлени. Вижданията за плоска форма на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Земята">Земята</a> обаче са напълно отхвърлени едва след експедицията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фернандо Магелан">Фернандо Магелан</a> – първото околосветско пътешествие, започнало през <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a> и завършило през <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a> година. Тази експедиция е съставена от 5 кораба и 265 моряци. Магелан дава и името на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Тихия океан">Тихия океан</a> – наречен така, защото докато плава през него, водите му са много спокойни. <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания">Испания</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португалия">Португалия</a> започват борба за колонизация, като по този начин нуждата от географски знания става по-голяма. Организират се нарочни експедиции, които имат за цел изучаването на новооткритите земи и обясняването на непознати явления в природата. Скоро към този процес се включват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия">Англия</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Холандия">Холандия</a>. </p><p>През 15 и 16 век настъпва разцвет на географията на фона на всеобщия подем на културата и науката. Географията става важна наука, обогатяват се сведенията за природата и населението на почти цялата суша, започва да се дели на обща и частна. На картата на Меркатор са показани реалните очертания на континентите, а на картата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи">Леонардо да Винчи</a> – и хипотетичния <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Южен континент (страницата не съществува)">Южен континент</a>. </p><p>През 17 – 18 век голямо значение придобиват фиксирането, картографирането и обобщението на придобитите знания. При търсенето на Южния материк са открити Австралия (<a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вилем Янсзон">Вилем Янсзон</a>) и островите на Океания. Други значителни морски пътешествия през този период извършват <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Америго Веспучи">Америго Веспучи</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук">Джеймс Кук</a>, който води три околосветски експедиции, откривайки <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хаваи">Хаваите</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Голям бариерен риф">Големия бариерен риф</a>. Руските пътешественици изследват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир">Сибир</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Далечен изток">Далечния изток</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Географията_в_ново_време"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.B2_.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B5"></span>Географията в ново време</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Географията в ново време" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Географията в ново време"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Alexander_von_Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_von_Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg/220px-Alexander_von_Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_von_Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg/330px-Alexander_von_Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alexander_von_Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg/440px-Alexander_von_Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="3525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Александър фон Хумболт">Александър фон Хумболт</a></figcaption></figure> <p>В края на 18 и 19 век географията става академична наука, която се изучава в най-елитните университети в света. Известни остават теоретичните обосновки за <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физическа география">Физическата география</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Имануел Кант">Имануел Кант</a>, който е водил тази дисциплина в университета в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кьонигсберг">Кьонигсберг</a>. За нуждите на теоретичната обосновка на географската наука са организирани редица научни експедиции в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Америка">Америка</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия">Австралия</a>. Най-известни сред тях може би са тези, в които е участвал <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин">Чарлз Дарвин</a> на кораба <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Бигъл">Бигъл</a>, където формулира своята еволюционна теория. </p><p>Значителните териториални открития се съчетават със задълбочени теоретични обобщения, откриването на географски закономерности (Хумболт, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карл Ритер (страницата не съществува)">Карл Ритер</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Жан-Жак Реклю (страницата не съществува)">Жан-Жак Реклю</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тюнен (страницата не съществува)">Тюнен</a>). Географията не е вече ограничена до описанието на факти, но и се опитва да им даде обяснение. Провеждат се задълбочени географски изследвания и се създават научни географски дружества. Известни са пътуванията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Александър фон Хумболт">Александър фон Хумболт</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южна Америка">Южна Америка</a>, където освен студеното <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хумболтово течение (страницата не съществува)">Хумболтово течение</a>, той открива <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Бифуркация (хидрология)">бифуркацията</a> на реката <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Касикаяре (страницата не съществува)">Касикаяре</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Гвианска планинска земя">Гвианската планинска земя</a>. Други известни пътешествия са тези на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Лаперуз">Лаперуз</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%60%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дюмон д`Юрвил (страницата не съществува)">Дюмон д`Юрвил</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Дейвид Ливингстън">Ливингстън</a>. В началото на 20 век са достигнати двата земни полюса – Робърт Пири (<a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a> г.) достига <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Северния полюс">Северния полюс</a>, а норвежецът <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руал Амундсен">Руал Амундсен</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Южния полюс">Южния полюс</a>. По-късно започва детайлното изследване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида">Антарктида</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика">Арктика</a> – построяват се много целогодишно действащи научни станции. Първите са руски и американски. Днес изследвания в Антарктида провеждат учени от много страни. През <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> г. на Антарктида стъпва и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Българин">българинът</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Васил Захариев">Васил Захариев</a>, а в наши дни е изградена и българска антарктическа станция на остров Ливингстън. </p><p>От средата на 20 век настъпват значителни изменения в развитието на географията. От наука занимаваща се с описание, сравнение и класифициране на факти, тя еволюира в наука, прогнозираща изменението и развитието на природните и социално-икономическите териториални системи.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Съвременният облик на географската наука е силно повлиян и обвързан с използването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Географска информационна система">географските информационни системи</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ГИС">ГИС</a>) и дистанционните методи на изследване. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="География_в_България"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.B2_.D0.91.D1.8A.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>География в България</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: География в България" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: География в България"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Географска история на България">Географска история на България</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:BASA-1271K-1-161-78-Anastas_Ishirkov.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BASA-1271K-1-161-78-Anastas_Ishirkov.JPG/220px-BASA-1271K-1-161-78-Anastas_Ishirkov.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BASA-1271K-1-161-78-Anastas_Ishirkov.JPG/330px-BASA-1271K-1-161-78-Anastas_Ishirkov.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BASA-1271K-1-161-78-Anastas_Ishirkov.JPG/440px-BASA-1271K-1-161-78-Anastas_Ishirkov.JPG 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%98%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Анастас Иширков">Анастас Иширков</a>, основоположник на географската наука в България</figcaption></figure> <p>Географски данни за българите и техните земи съществуват още от времето на Дунавска България, предимно от византийски автори. Българската география като научна дисциплина възниква след Освобождението и отразява нивото на географското познание в европейските страни по това време. </p><p>Първият български учебник по география е издаден през 1835 г. в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Крагуевац">Крагуевац</a>, а вторият в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Смирна">Смирна</a> през 1843 г. от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Константин Фотинов">Константин Фотинов</a>. До Освобождението излизат и други български учебници по география, сред които три издадени от д-р <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иван Богоров">Иван Богоров</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Александър Хаджи Росет (страницата не съществува)">Александър Хаджи Росет</a> издава в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Страсбург">Страсбург</a> през 1843 г. първата българска географска карта. Първата българска географска карта, която е отпечатана в българските земи е дело на Димитър Ангелидеф и излиза в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Пловдив">Пловдив</a> през 1862 г. През 40-те години на XIX век е изработен от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Неофит Рилски">Неофит Рилски</a> и първият български глобус. </p><p>До Освобождението информация за природата, населението и стопанството на българските земи и градове е публикувана и от много чужди автори, предимно европейски учени и пътешественици. През 1898 г. е създадена първата катедра „География и етнография“ към историко-юридическия факултет на Софийското висше училище, днес Софийски университет. Тя се оглавява от доцент по география и обща етнография Анастас Иширков, считан за патриарх на българската географска наука. През 1906 г. Иширков основава <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Географски институт">Географски институт</a> при Софийския университет, а през 1918 г. – <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Българско географско дружество">Българско географско дружество</a>. Почти всички известни български учени-географи от този период са ученици на Анастас Иширков. Друг известен географ от този период е <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Жеко Радев">Жеко Радев</a>. Неговите приноси са в картографията и геоморфологията. </p><p>Българската география по времето на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Народна република България">Народна република България</a> под влиянието на съветската географска школа се съсредоточава основно върху физическата география, по-специално геоморфологията, метерологията, климатологията и хидрологията. Едва през 70-те и най-вече през 80-те години на 20 век излизат нови оригинални изследвания в областта на географията. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Структура_на_географската_наука"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.83.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Структура на географската наука</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Структура на географската наука" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Структура на географската наука"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В географията са обособени два основни клона – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физическа география">физическа (природна) география</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социално-икономическа география">социално-икономическа (хуманитарна, обществена) география</a>. Част от системата на географските науки, но извън двата основни клона са и направленията <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Теоретична география (страницата не съществува)">Теоретична география</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография">Картография</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Математическа география (страницата не съществува)">Математическа география</a>. Картографията е и същевременно научен метод на географията. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Физическа_география"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Физическа география</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Физическа география" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Физическа география"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физическа география">Физическа география</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Land_ocean_ice_cloud_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Land_ocean_ice_cloud_1024.jpg/250px-Land_ocean_ice_cloud_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Land_ocean_ice_cloud_1024.jpg/375px-Land_ocean_ice_cloud_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Land_ocean_ice_cloud_1024.jpg/500px-Land_ocean_ice_cloud_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Изображение на Земята в реални цветове</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg/250px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg/375px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg/500px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Климатични пояси, според <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Климатична класификация на Алисов">класификацията на Алисов</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Физическата или природната география изучава <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Система">системата</a> от взаимодействия, процеси и явления в природната среда на планетата <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя">Земя</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера">атмосфера</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хидросфера">хидросфера</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера">биосфера</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литосфера">литосфера</a> и възможностите за рационалното ѝ използване. Предметът на физическата география се състои в разбирането и обясняването на физическите закономерности, характерни за Земята, както и проявленията на времето, флората и фауната. Към физикогеографските науки спадат: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геоморфология">Геоморфология</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глациология">Глациология</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Криолитология (страницата не съществува)">Криолитология</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Климатология">Климатология</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хидрология">Хидрология</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Океанология">Океанология</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="География на почвите (страницата не съществува)">География на почвите</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Почвознание">Почвознание</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеография">Биогеография</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ландшафтознание (страницата не съществува)">Ландшафтознание</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеогеография">Палеогеография</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палеоклиматология (страницата не съществува)">Палеоклиматология</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Социално-икономическа_география"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.BE-.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Социално-икономическа география</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Социално-икономическа география" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Социално-икономическа география"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социално-икономическа география">Социално-икономическа география</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png/250px-WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png/375px-WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png/500px-WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Политическа карта на света</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/250px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/375px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/500px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Карта на света, показваща <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Брутен вътрешен продукт">брутния вътрешен продукт</a> на глава от населението в различните страни</figcaption></figure> <p>Социално-икономическата география се занимава със системата от взаимодействия, процеси и явления, породени от човешката дейност в контекста на географското пространство, а също с антроположките, политическите, културните, социалните и икономическите аспекти на планетата Земя и нейните региони. Този дял на географията няма връзка с природната среда директно освен направленията, свързани с опазването на природата, които са мост между двата основни клона на географската наука. Разделя се на множество отделни направления: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Икономическа география">Икономическа география</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геоикономика">Геоикономика</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="География на промишлеността (страницата не съществува)">География на промишлеността</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="География на селското стопанство (страницата не съществува)">География на селското стопанство</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="География на транспорта (страницата не съществува)">География на транспорта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="География на туризма">География на туризма</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Социална география (страницата не съществува)">Социална география</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Антропография (страницата не съществува)">Антропография</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="География на населението">География на населението</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография">Демография</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="География на селищата (страницата не съществува)">География на селищата</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Медицинска география (страницата не съществува)">Медицинска география</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическа география">Политическа география</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Културна география (страницата не съществува)">Културна география</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Историческа география">Историческа география</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Други_географски_науки"><span id=".D0.94.D1.80.D1.83.D0.B3.D0.B8_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.83.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Други географски науки</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Други географски науки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Други географски науки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Картография"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Картография</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Картография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Картография"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография">Картография</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Картография е наука за изследване, моделиране и показване на пространственото разположение, съчетание и взаимодействие на обекти, природни и социални явления. В по-широката интерпретация картографирането включва дейности и технологии на производството. То е едно от основните техники, които се използват в географията и служи като основно средство за представяне на данни в много сродни науки, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография">демография</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Икономика">икономика</a> и други. </p><p>Картографските обекти са <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя">Земята</a>, небесните тела, звездното небе и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вселена">вселената</a> като цяло. Най-популярните плодове на картографията са образно-знакови модели на пространството под формата на плоски карти, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Релеф (скулптура)">релефни</a> и обемни карти и <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Глобус">глобуси</a>. Те могат да бъдат представени върху твърди материали като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хартия">хартия</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Пластмаса">пластмаса</a> или като изображения на видео монитор. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Топография"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.BE.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Топография</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Топография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Топография"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топография">Топография</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Топографията е приложна наука, изучаваща и прилагаща методите за изображение на географските и геометричните елементи от земната повърхност. На базата на снимки от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Космос">космоса</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Въздух">въздуха</a> се създават топографски карти или планове с изобразяване <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Релеф (геоморфология)">релефа</a> чрез хоризонталите, ситуацията върху заснетата част и се изписват наименования на местности, населени места, реки, надморска височина на характерни височини. Топографията е наука заимстваща методи от картографията и геодезията и може да се счита за раздел и на двете. </p><p>Обхватът на интереси на топографията включва методите за съставянето и обновяването на топографски карти, въпроси за тяхната точност и класификация, както и извличането на разнообразна информация за района. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Геодезия"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Геодезия</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Геодезия" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Геодезия"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геодезия">Геодезия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Едни от аспектите на геодезията са свързани с определянето на пространствените характеристики на местността, терена и изкуствени обекти. Тя се прилага за координирано обезпечаване на картографията, строителството и други области на икономическа и стопанска дейност. Според класическата дефиниция на германския геодезист <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фридрих Роберт Хелмерт (страницата не съществува)">Фридрих Роберт Хелмерт</a> геодезията е наука, която се занимава с измерването и картографирането на повърхността на Земята. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Научни_методи"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D1.83.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8"></span>Научни методи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Редактиране на раздел: Научни методи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Научни методи"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:GvSIG_-_GIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/GvSIG_-_GIS.jpg/220px-GvSIG_-_GIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/GvSIG_-_GIS.jpg/330px-GvSIG_-_GIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/GvSIG_-_GIS.jpg/440px-GvSIG_-_GIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Екранен кадър от географската информационна система <a href="/w/index.php?title=GvSIG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GvSIG (страницата не съществува)">GvSIG</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Съществуват множество географски методи и способи. В картографията те са способ на количествения фон и този на качествения фон, както и този на способа на линиите. При качествения фон се използват щриховки и цветове, а при количествения фон се използват различни степени от показател за количество. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Географска_информационна_система"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D0.BD.D1.84.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Географска информационна система</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Редактиране на раздел: Географска информационна система" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Географска информационна система"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Географска информационна система">Географска информационна система</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Географска информационна система (ГИС) е информационна система, състояща се от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Софтуер">софтуер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хардуер">хардуер</a> и процедури за създаване, обработка, съхраняване, анализ и визуализация на пространствени или географски данни. Географските информационни системи се използват в различни области, като например картографията за създаване на карти, и най-вече за подпомагане на вземането на информирани решения посредством пространствено моделиране. Първите ГИС са създадени през 70-те години на 20 век в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада">Канада</a>. </p><p>ГИС е общ термин, който може да включва различни технологии за специфични изследвания, управление на ресурси, регионално и териториално планиране, картография и във все повече области на човешкия живот. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Дистанционни_изследвания"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Дистанционни изследвания</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Редактиране на раздел: Дистанционни изследвания" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Дистанционни изследвания"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дистанционни изследвания">Дистанционни изследвания</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Дистанционните изследвания предствляват различни научни методи за събиране на данни за обекти или събития в дадена област на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя">Земята</a>, без пряк физически контакт с тях. Терминът обикновено се отнася до използването на въздушни сензорни технологии за откриване и изследване на обекти на Земята (на повърхността, в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера">атмосферата</a> и в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Океани">океаните</a>). Това най-често се осъществява чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сигнал">сигнали</a>, излъчени от летателни апарати или <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Спътник">спътници</a>). Целта на наблюдението е откриване и определяне на различни видове цели – от военни действия, до измерване на замърсяването на въздуха или откриване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Петрол">петролни разливи</a>. Дистанционното наблюдение дава възможност за събиране на данни на опасни или недостъпни по друг начин райони. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Геостатистика"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Геостатистика</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Редактиране на раздел: Геостатистика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Геостатистика"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геостатистика">Геостатистика</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Геостатистиката е дял от статистиката, който анализира, обработва и представя информация, зависеща от географското положение. За описание на пространствената корелация между наблюденията се използват 3 функции: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Корелограма (страницата не съществува)">корелограма</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ковариация (страницата не съществува)">ковариация</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Полувариограма (страницата не съществува)">полувариограма</a>. </p><p>Понастоящем се прилага в различни дисциплини, включващи нефтена геология, хидрогеология, хидрология, метеорология, океанография, геохимия, география, горско стопанство, екологичен контрол, екология на ландшафта, науката за почвите и селското стопанство. Геостатиката се прилага в различни географски области, особено тези, които включват разпространението на болести (<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Епидемиология">епидемиология</a>), търговската практика и военното планиране (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика">логистика</a>) и развитието на ефективни пространствени мрежи. Геостатичните алгоритми са включени на много места, включително географските информационни системи. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">γεωγραφία – земеписание</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Използва се в първия учебник по география на български от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Неофит Бозвели">Неофит Бозвели</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Емануил Васкидович">Емануил Васкидович</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeana.eu/portal/bg/record/9200215/BibliographicResource_3000096073079.html">Краткое политическое землеописание за обучение на болгарското младенчество</a>. Крагуевац, 1835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Използва се във втората книга по география на български <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Общое землеописание">Общое землеописание</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibl.bas.bg/rbe/lang/bg/землеописание/">ibl.bas.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibl.bas.bg/rbe/lang/bg/земеописание/">ibl.bas.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_3_512-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_512_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1959" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Needham, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Volume.html?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC">Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth</a> //  <i>Science and Civilization in China</i> 3.  Taipei, Caves Books, Ltd., 1959. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780521058018" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780521058018</a>. с. 512. Посетен на 10 ноември 2016.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Донев, Дончо и кол. <i>География на производството и световното стопанство</i>. Абагар, Велико Търново, 2004, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9544275894" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 954-427-589-4</a>, с. 9</span> </li> </ol></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e1aaf7;;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Шаблон:Социални науки"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";background:#e1aaf7;;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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