CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta name="keywords" content="free family tree, family history, genealogy, wiki"/> <meta name="description" content="A community of genealogists connecting the human family on one FREE and accurate tree using traditional genealogy and DNA testing."/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="google6b2a34b61f40f7bc.html"/>  <meta name="msapplication-config" content="none"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.wikitree.com/images/og-image.png"/> <meta property="og:title" content="WikiTree.com"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.WikiTree.com"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.wikitree.com"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png.pagespeed.ce.GVCnZ6iWJK.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png.pagespeed.ce.-4NQ3VpQ0J.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v20/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0b.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v20/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN7rgOUuhp.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v20/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN7rgOXOhpOqc.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v20/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFW50bbck.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/A.base.css+comment.css+skeleton.css+skeleton-wide.css+layout.css+copyWidget.css+splide.min.css,Mcc.iPSRImGwNe.css.pagespeed.cf.ftGqmtn590.css"/>  <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,700&display=swap' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.0/jquery.min.js"></script>  <script src="/skins/wikitree/jquery.placeholder.js+jquery.timeago.js.pagespeed.jc.vrzc0nnmQK.js"></script><script>eval(mod_pagespeed_oX_Nuq9_VX);</script> <script>eval(mod_pagespeed_tMK3ULznBI);</script> <script>$(document).ready(function(){$('input, textarea').placeholder();$("time.timeago").timeago();});</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-N7J37T8M');</script>  <title>WikiTree: The Free Family Tree</title> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ var skin="wikitree";var stylepath="/skins";var wgArticlePath="/wiki/$1";var wgScriptPath="";var wgScript="/index.php";var wgServer="https://www.wikitree.com";var wgCanonicalNamespace="";var wgCanonicalSpecialPageName=false;var wgNamespaceNumber=0;var wgPageName="Main_Page";var wgTitle="Main Page";var wgAction="view";var wgRestrictionEdit=[];var wgRestrictionMove=[];var wgArticleId="1";var wgIsArticle=true;var wgUserName=null;var wgUserGroups=null;var wgUserLanguage="en";var wgContentLanguage="en";var wgBreakFrames=false;var wgCurRevisionId="167"; //]]></script> <script src="/skins/common/wikibits.js,q109.pagespeed.jm.E782dqsMEn.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/skins/common/ajax.js,q109.pagespeed.jm.th4NXvhCko.js"></script> </head> <body class="home mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Main_Page">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N7J37T8M" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="wrapper"> <div id="header"> <div class="logo"><img src="/images/wikitree-logo.png.pagespeed.ce.iKx7jZrg6R.png" border="0" width="420" alt="WikiTree: Where genealogists collaborate" title="WikiTree: Where genealogists collaborate"/></div> <div class="login"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:Userlogin">login</a></div> </div> <div id="content" class="container"> <div class="sixteen columns top"> <iframe id="homepageVideo" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MDZ13G7HSPY?playlist=MDZ13G7HSPY&loop=1" title="WikiTree Introduction YouTube Video" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="larger"><strong>Be a part of something big.</strong></div> <ol class="star large no-indent"> <li>We collaborate on a <a href="/wiki/Help:Collaborative_Family_Tree" title="How does a single family tree work?"><b>single family tree</b></a> for everyone to enjoy, <a href="/wiki/Help:The_Free_Family_Tree" title="WikiTree is 100% free to use and our shared tree will never be locked up behind a pay wall.">for free</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Protecting_Our_Shared_Tree" title="Click here for details on the extraordinary steps we take to protect our shared genealogy so that it will never disappear.">forever</a>.</li> <li>WikiTree is the most accurate & trusted global tree because we work together, carefully evaluate <a href="/wiki/Help:Sources" title="How and why we always record the source of genealogical information."><b>sources</b></a>, and incorporate <a href="/wiki/Help:DNA" title="Why DNA + WikiTree = Awesome">DNA</a>.</li> <li>Modern family history is <a href="/wiki/Help:Privacy" title="Click here for details on our extensive privacy controls."><b>private</b></a>.</li> <li><i>It's all <a href="/wiki/Help:The_Free_Family_Tree" title="WikiTree is 100% free to use and our shared tree will never be locked up behind a pay wall."><b>free</b></a>!</i> WikiTreers who sign the <a href="/wiki/Special:Honor_Code" title="The Honor Code makes our collaboration productive and enjoyable. Click here to read its nine simple points."><b>Honor Code</b></a> hardly even see ads, but enjoy <a href="/wiki/Help:Membership#Benefits_of_membership" title="Click here for a summary of the benefits of WikiTree membership.">benefits</a> that cost money on other websites.</li> </ol> <div class="large">WikiTree started growing 16 years ago, from the grassroots up. Our community is now <b>1,154,098 members strong</b>. Most genealogists and serious family historians have accounts. Our shared tree has 40,061,234 profiles. 14,083,814 have DNA test connections.</div> <a class="button" href="https://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Special:Userlogin&type=signup" title="Join WikiTree">GET STARTED</a> </div> </div> <div class="container full-width"> <div class="sixteen columns full-width getstarted" style="padding-bottom:0px;"> <div class="pad" style="padding-bottom:0px;"> <form action="/wiki/Special:SearchPerson" method="POST"> <input type=text name="wpFirst" size="35" placeholder="First Name"> <input type=text name="wpLast" size="35" placeholder="Last Name"> <input class="button white" type=submit name="wpSearch" value="Search"> </form> </div> </div> <div class="sixteen columns full-width stripes" style="padding-bottom:0px;"> <div class="pad" style="padding-bottom:0px;"> <div align="center"><ul class="alpha browse no-indent"> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/A/">A</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/B/">B</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/C/">C</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/D/">D</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/E/">E</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/F/">F</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/G/">G</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/H/">H</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/I/">I</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/J/">J</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/K/">K</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/L/">L</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/M/">M</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/N/">N</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/O/">O</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/P/">P</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/Q/">Q</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/R/">R</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/S/">S</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/T/">T</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/U/">U</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/V/">V</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/W/">W</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/X/">X</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/Y/">Y</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/indexes/person/Z/">Z</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container full-width"> <div class="sixteen columns full-width stripes-1 row"> <div class="eight columns alpha"> <div class="large"><strong>New & Notable</strong></div> <p><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1818286/play-this-weeks-connection-checkers-game-mice" title="Here is this week's Mouse Connection Checkers game"><img src="https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/b/ba/WikiTree_Image_Library-463.png" alt="Mouse" width="90" height="90" align="right" border="0" style="padding:5px;"></a> <span class="large">Connection Checkers</span>: This week's theme is <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1818286/play-this-weeks-connection-checkers-game-mice" title="Here is this week's Mouse Connection Checkers game"><b>Mice</b></a>, in honor of Mickey Mouse's birthday. To play our genealogy game, first check your connection to our featured notables, starting with <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Disney-1"><b>Walt Disney</b></a>, then attempt to <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Help:Connection_Checkers#verification" title="How do you verify a connection?">verify a relationship path</a> with <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Help:Reliable_Sources" title="What are reliable genealogical sources?">reliable sources</a>. <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Help:Connection_Checkers#How_to_Ask_for_Help" title="How to ask for help and how to help others">Ask</a> when you need help! </p> <p style="clear:both;">Previous features: <ul class="star"> <li><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Jones-28041" title="Quincy Jones"><img src="https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/c/c9/Jones-28041.png" alt="Quincy Jones" width="75" height="75" align="right" border="0" style="padding:5px;"></a><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Jones-28041" title="Quincy Jones"><b>Quincy Jones</b></a> and <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1815812/play-this-weeks-connection-checkers-game-quincy-jones-company" title="Here is this week's Quincy Jones & Co. Connection Checkers game">company</a></li>  <li>Saint <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Dufrost-7" title="St. Marguerite d'Youville"><b>Marguerite d'Youville</b></a></li> <li><i>Harry Potter</i>-star <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Smith-70085" title="Dame Maggie Smith"><b>Dame Maggie Smith</b></a></li> <li>Massachusetts Bay Colony <a href="/wiki/Winthrop-12" title="John Winthrop"><b>Gov. John Winthrop</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra-1" title="Frank Sinatra"><img src="https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/a/a3/Sinatra-1-1.png" width="75" height="75" alt="Frank Sinatra" align="right" border="0" style="padding:5px;"></a>Iconic Italian-American singer <a href="/wiki/Sinatra-1" title="Frank Sinatra"><b>Frank Sinatra</b></a></li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Middleton-358" title="Here is the profile of Princess Catherine"><b>Kate Middleton</b></a></li> <li>Architect <a href="/wiki/Burnham-1449"><b>Daniel Burnham</b></a></li> <li>Revolutionary firebrand <a href="/wiki/Adams-42" title="Here is the profile of Sam Adams"><b>Samuel Adams</b></a></li> <li>Olympian <a href="/wiki/Biles-261" title="Here is the profile of Simone Biles"><b>Simone Biles</b></a></li> <li>Bee Gees brother <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Gibb-529" title="Here is the profile of Robin Gibb"><b>Robin Gibb</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones-39327" title="James Earl Jones"><img src="https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/0/06/Jones-39327-1.png" width="75" height="75" alt="James Earl Jones" align="right" border="0" style="padding:5px;"></a>Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony award-winner <a href="/wiki/Jones-39327" title="James Earl Jones"><b>James Earl Jones</b></a></li> <li>Exercise guru <a href="/wiki/Simmons-10039" title="Here is the profile of Richard Simmons"><b>Richard Simmons</b></a></li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bonaparte-1"><b>Napoleon Bonaparte</b></a></li> <li>Baseball legend <a href="/wiki/Mays-958" title="Here is the profile of John Hancock"><b>Willie Mays</b></a></li> </ul> </p> <p><span class="small">[<a href="/wiki/Help:Examples" title="Click here for more examples of WikiTree profiles">more examples of profiles</a>]</span></p> <div class="clear row"> </div> <div class="orange box rounded"> <img src="https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/7/7e/WikiTree_Image_Library-417.png" alt="Magazine Cover" width="198" height="183" class="left"> <span class="large"> "WikiTree is a great, collaborative, global family tree site for genealogists of every level from every part of the world."</span> —Family Tree Magazine UK, November 2023 </div> <p> "Before WikiTree, I was skeptical and discouraged about big one-single-trees because there were (are) so many errors, but WikiTree is different because it's collaborative, genial and there are people available to help resolve any issues." <span style="float:right;">— Roberta Estes, <span class="small">blogger</span> </p> <p> "It's been wonderful to experience how collaborative genealogy in WikiTree makes all of us better genealogists. Collaboration on our shared ancestors encourages us to share information and to hold each other to high standards." <span style="float:right;">—Ellen Smith, <span class="small">member since 2014</span></span> </p> </div><div class="eight columns omega"> <div class="clear row"> </div> <p><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Williams-5383" title="Visit the featured profile of Kristin Anderson"><img src="https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/4/40/Meet_our_Members_Photos-118.png" width="75" height="75" alt="Member Photo" class="right"></a> <span class="large">Member of the Week</span>: <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1817916/member-of-the-week-kristin-anderson" title="Meet Kristin Anderson in our Member of the Week interview in G2G"><b>Kristin Anderson</b> [interview]</a>, a <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Project:Cemeterist" title="Here is more about our Cemeteries Project">Cemeterist</a> and <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Project:Appalachia" title="Here is more about our Appalachia Project">Appalachia Project</a> member. <blockquote> "I recommend really exploring the different facets of WikiTree ... while it is a genealogy website, it is so much more!" </blockquote> </p> <p><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/White-34498" title="Visit the featured profile of Chip White"><img src="https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/f/fe/Meet_our_Members_Photos-114.png" width="75" height="75" alt="Member Photo" class="right"></a> <span class="large">Member of the Week</span>: <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Project:Cemeterist" title="Here is more about our Cemeteries Project">Cemeterist</a> <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1815475/meet-our-members-chip-white" title="Meet Chip White in our Member of the Week interview in G2G"><b>Chip White</b> [interview]</a>. <blockquote> "Researchers outside of WikiTree are noticing what we do here. ... I've noticed more people citing WikiTree profiles as sources." </blockquote> </p> <p><span class="small">[<a href="/wiki/Help:Members" title="Click here to meet more genealogists in our community">more of our wonderful wikitreers</a>]</span></p> <div class="green box rounded"> GenealogyTV did a video tour: "<a href="https://youtu.be/eqUlQ0dxsgk" title="Click here for GenealogyTV's introduction to WikiTree on YouTube" target="_blank"><b>How to Use WikiTree</b></a>." <br><br> For another member's perspective, see the "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76UUx8QAESc&index=1&list=PLEqK4ICkQWXSKJksGv3vx_XQjAHZzU2Qn" title="Click here to view the Welcome to WikiTree series on YouTube" target="_blank"><b>Welcome to WikiTree</b></a>" video series. <br><br> Here's a member's introduction in verse: "<a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/171360/one-tree-two-tree-red-tree-blue-tree" title="Click here to see the poem by Keith Hathaway"><b>One tree, two tree</b> ...</a>". </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container full-width"> <div class="sixteen columns full-width stripes"> <div class="wtad wtad-ancestry-banner" style="text-align: center; margin:10px;"> <a class="ad-ancestryDNA" href="https://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/click?id=Xib7NfnK11s&offerid=1323118.12&subid=0&type=4"><IMG border="0" alt="Ancestry DNA" src="https://www.wikitree.com/images/banners/Ancestry-DNA-728.jpg.pagespeed.ce.Rn8OE_wHE2.jpg" width="728" height="90"></a> </div> <div class="eight columns alpha"> <p><span class="large">Top 25 family names yesterday:</span> <ol class="no-indent top25"><li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/SMITH">SMITH</a> (76)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/BROWN">BROWN</a> (57)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/JONES">JONES</a> (44)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/ANDERSON">ANDERSON</a> (39)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/ROBINSON">ROBINSON</a> (36)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/STICH">STICH</a> (34)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/JACKSON">JACKSON</a> (32)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/WILSON">WILSON</a> (31)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/COOK">COOK</a> (30)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/CRAIG">CRAIG</a> (29)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/OBERBORSCH">OBERBORSCH</a> (29)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/BELL">BELL</a> (29)</li> <li class="column1"><a href="/genealogy/JOHNSON">JOHNSON</a> (29)</li> <li class="column2 reset"><a href="/genealogy/CLARK">CLARK</a> (28)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/TAYLOR">TAYLOR</a> (28)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/LEWIS">LEWIS</a> (27)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/MOORE">MOORE</a> (27)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/WIDDOWSON">WIDDOWSON</a> (26)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/BENTLEY">BENTLEY</a> (26)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/BAKER">BAKER</a> (25)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/CARTER">CARTER</a> (25)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/TANIS">TANIS</a> (23)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/GREEN">GREEN</a> (23)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/HANYZEWSKI">HANYZEWSKI</a> (23)</li> <li class="column2"><a href="/genealogy/ADAMS">ADAMS</a> (23)</li> </ol> <br/> Browse all the <a href="/wiki/Special:SurnameContributions" title="Click here for our Surname Contributions feature"><b>top surnames</b> with their top contributors</a>.</p> </div> <div class="eight columns omega"> <p><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1817907/question-week-something-been-named-after-someone-your-family" title="Question of the Week: Click to read answers and participate"><img src="https://www.wikitree.com/images/question/2021/named.png.pagespeed.ce.u6ZhzcPGUv.png" alt="Question of the Week" class="right" width="140" height="140"></a> <span class="large">Question of the Week:</span> Has something been <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1817907/question-week-something-been-named-after-someone-your-family" title="Question of the Week: Click to read answers and participate"><b>named after</b> someone in your family</a>?</p> <p>Last week: Do you have <a href="https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1815459/question-of-the-week-do-you-have-african-roots" title="Question of the Week: Click to read answers and participate"><b>African roots</b></a>?</p> <p><span class="large">Today's latest posts:</span> <ul class="no-indent star"> <li><a href="/g2g/1820789/i-would-like-to-know-who-the-parents-of-joseph-scherby-were">I would like to know who the parents of Joseph Scherby were</a></li> <li><a href="/g2g/1820782/advice-for-categorization-of-braun-6200-">Advice for categorization of Braun-6200?</a></li> <li><a href="/g2g/1820769/is-there-way-to-find-connections-from-find-grave-memorial-ids">Is there a way to find connections from Find A Grave Memorial IDs</a></li> <li><a href="/g2g/1820768/newt-nixon-9503-introducing-myself">Newt Nixon-9503 introducing myself</a></li> <li><a href="/g2g/1820763/are-these-two-war-cemetery-categories-the-same-">Are these two war cemetery categories the same?</a></li> <li><a href="/g2g/1820757/how-to-contact-someone-from-wikitree">how to contact someone from wikitree</a></li> </ul> See our <a href="/g2g/" title="Click here for our genealogist-to-genealogist discussion forum">G2G forum</a> for more.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="container"> <div class="sixteen columns full-width footer"> <p><a href="/wiki/Help:About_WikiTree" title="About WikiTree, the Community, and our Mission">ABOUT WIKITREE</a>   |   <a href="/g2g/" title="Genealogist-to-Genealogist Forum">G2G FORUM</a>   |   <a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_Use_WikiTree" title="Help pages: How to use WikiTree">HELP</a>   |   <a href="/wiki/Special:SearchPerson" title="Search for a Person">SEARCH</a></p> <p>IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE <a href="/about/terms.html" title="View of our official Terms of Service"><u>TERMS OF SERVICE</u></a> AND <a href="/wiki/Help:Privacy_Policy" title="View our official Privacy Policy"><u>PRIVACY POLICY</u></a>.</p> <p>© 2008 - 2024 INTERESTING.COM, INC. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if(window.runOnloadHook)runOnloadHook();</script> <script src="https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js" async defer></script> <script src="/skins/wikitree/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js+pagePreview.js.pagespeed.jc.MUiSvLzNRV.js"></script><script>eval(mod_pagespeed_AteF5fb8YI);</script> <script>eval(mod_pagespeed_V5kmfCm7Za);</script> <script>//<![CDATA[ $(document).ready(function(){$(document).on('click','.copyWidget',function(e){copyWidget(e);});$(document).on('mouseout','.copyWidget',function(e){if($(this).data('copy-label')){$(this).attr('aria-label',$(this).data('copy-label'));}else{$(this).attr('aria-label','Copy ID');}});$(document).on('focusout','.copyWidget',function(e){if($(this).data('copy-label')){$(this).attr('aria-label',$(this).data('copy-label'));}else{$(this).attr('aria-label','Copy ID');}});});function copyWidget(e){e.preventDefault();var target=e.currentTarget;var text=$(target).html();if($(target).data('copy-text')){text=$(target).data('copy-text');}copyTextToClipboard(text);$(target).attr('aria-label','Copied');}function copyTextToClipboard(text){var textArea=document.createElement("textarea");textArea.style.position='fixed';textArea.style.top=0;textArea.style.left=0;textArea.style.width='2em';textArea.style.height='2em';textArea.style.padding=0;textArea.style.border='none';textArea.style.outline='none';textArea.style.boxShadow='none';textArea.style.background='transparent';textArea.value=text;document.body.appendChild(textArea);textArea.focus();textArea.select();try{var successful=document.execCommand('copy');var msg=successful?'successful':'unsuccessful';}catch(err){console.log('Oops, unable to copy');}document.body.removeChild(textArea);} //]]></script> <div id="pagePreview" style="display:none;position:absolute;z-index:9999;"></div> </body></html>