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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Byzantine mosaic presenting <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> as <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaza_synagogue" title="Gaza synagogue">Gaza synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews">history of the Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a> was intermittent, spanning from the second century BCE until the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. The Jewish community in the city produced <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> and notable figures throughout its history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> presence in Gaza City was characterized by periods of coexistence, economic challenges, and occasional tensions with other communities. </p><p>During the Middle Ages, for around three centuries, the area of Gaza had a thriving Jewish community, until the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> destruction of Gaza and its proximate cities in the 12th century. In the Ottoman period, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Nathan_of_Gaza" title="Nathan of Gaza">Nathan of Gaza</a> in the 17th century, Gaza became a centre for Jewish mysticism and the birthplace of the biggest modern Jewish <a href="/wiki/Messianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic">Messianic</a> movement. The events of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War marked a significant turning point, leading to the evacuation of the Jewish population from Gaza. The Israeli Jewish communities established in the Gaza Strip post-<a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a>, which were later <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">evacuated in 2005</a>, did not encompass a Jewish community within Gaza City itself. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_Narrative">Biblical Narrative</h2></div> <p>Samson, the last of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges" title="Hebrew Bible judges">judges</a> of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> (chapters 13 to 16) traveled to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, where he sees a <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִשָּׁ֣ה זוֹנָ֔ה</span>) and visits her.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His enemies wait at the gate of the city to ambush him, but he tears the gate from its very hinges and frame and carries it to "the hill that is in front of <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>." </p><p>He was later captured by Philistines and taken to Gaza City to grind grain at a mill. After regaining his physical strength, he was taken to the temple of <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, where he brought down the columns, collapsing the temple, killing himself as well as all of the Philistines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final mention of Gaza in the Hebrew Bible was when king <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> attacked Gaza and its outposts (II Kings 18:1-8). However, he was unable to conquer this city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenistic_and_Roman_periods">Hellenistic and Roman periods</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>, situated along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast, was part of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, and later came under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Hellenistic period, which began with the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in the late 4th century BCE, there was a large Jewish population in nearby <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, and Jewish communities also existed in other parts of the region. This period was characterized by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic culture</a> and the interaction between different ethnic and religious groups. The existence of a Jewish community in Gaza is first mentioned during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menorah_engraving,_Great_Mosque_of_Gaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Menorah_engraving%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Gaza.jpg/120px-Menorah_engraving%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Gaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Menorah_engraving%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Gaza.jpg/180px-Menorah_engraving%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Gaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Menorah_engraving%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Gaza.jpg/240px-Menorah_engraving%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Gaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Menorah engraving illustration present in a column inside the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza</a><sup id="cite_ref-ArchaeologicalResearches2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArchaeologicalResearches2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 145 BCE, the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> besieged Gaza while serving in the army of the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI</a>. He burned the fields, and the people of the city surrendered. Gaza remained hostile to the Hasmoneans until its destruction by the Hasmonean king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> in 96 BCE. Gaza was rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> General <a href="/wiki/Pompey_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey Magnus">Pompey Magnus</a>, and granted to <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> thirty years later. Throughout the Roman period, Gaza continued to prosper, receiving grants from several Roman emperors. A 500-member senate governed the city, which then had a diverse population of Greeks, Romans, Jews, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabateans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> (37–4 BCE), Gaza was under his authority. After his death in 4 BCE, it was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">province of Syria</a>. In 66 CE, during the early phases of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, the city was attacked by Jewish rebels and  was burned down during their rebellion against the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-ozar_yisrael_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ozar_yisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On one of the pillars in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza</a>, an inscription in both Hebrew and Greek read "Hananiah son of Jacob." Above it was carved a <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">menorah</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a> on one side and an <a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">etrog</a> on the other. During the late 19th century, the column was part of an old synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> and was brought to the mosque for its perceived religious value, as the Caesarea church had appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a>. The fact that this Jewish symbol was preserved throughout the decades inside the mosque was described as demonstrating "peaceful coexistence" by scholar Ziad Shehada.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was heavily damaged in February 1987 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huberman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huberman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to all rabbinic opinions, the Gaza Strip is included in the borders that ‘olei Mitzrayim’ were commanded to conquer in the times of Joshua, and it was included in the inheritance of Judah, as it is written: “And Gaza with its surrounding towns and settlements, as far as ‘Nachal Mitzrayim’ and the border at the Mediterranean Sea” (Joshua 15:47). <sup id="cite_ref-huberman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huberman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h2></div> <p>Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, Gaza was an important Jewish center in southern Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-sharon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaza, together with <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, became an alternative pilgrimage site for Jews when Jewish access to Jerusalem was forbidden. According to a <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> source, during this period, "before the Arab conquest of the Land of Israel, they could not come to Jerusalem, and from the four corners of the land, they came to Tiberias and Gaza for the desire of the Temple." This settlement continued until the end of the Byzantine period, as indicated by the Arab conquest of Gaza and its vicinity (in February 634, after the siege of the city's surroundings, it was besieged, culminating in the capture of the city in July) in a Syriac chronicle: "And about four thousand poor peasants from the Land of Israel were killed there: Christians, Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>. And the Arabs devastated the entire land."<sup id="cite_ref-ish_shalom_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ish_shalom-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the port of Gaza, remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_synagogue" title="Gaza synagogue">ancient synagogue of southern Gaza</a> were discovered, built around the year 508 CE during the Byzantine period. On the mosaic floor of the synagogue, various African animals are depicted, along with medallions, and at the entrance, there is a portrayal of a figure playing a musical instrument surrounded by animals, with the name "David" above. The central inscription on the mosaic in Greek reads: "We, Menahem and Yeshua, sons of Jesse, wood merchants, as a mark of respect for the holiest site, donated this mosaic in the month of Louos, year 569" (the Jewish counting of the year in Gaza began with the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Gabinus" title="Gabinus">Gabinus</a>). The community of Gaza is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> documents.<sup id="cite_ref-ish_shalom_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ish_shalom-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_early_Islamic_period">The early Islamic period</h2></div> <p>The area of Gaza including the city of <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a> had a thriving Jewish community for nearly 300 years during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, with a number of Jewish relics such as letters and correspondence by the community members later being found in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Genizah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Genizah">Cairo Genizah</a>, attesting to what is described as a "flourishing" Jewish presence until the 12th century with the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> destruction of Gaza's area.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Gaza was conquered by the army of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">conquests</a> were characterized by a certain level of religious tolerance, allowing Jews and Christians to practice their religions under the conditions of <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i>, a protected status for non-Muslims. </p><p>Gaza became part of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphates</a>. During the Arab conquest, the Arab conquerors did not expel the Jewish and Christian residents of the city, and throughout the entire Islamic rule, the Jewish settlement in Gaza persisted continuously until the mid-11th century when the city was devastated. </p><p>Notable figures from this period include Rabbi Moshe al-Azati the punctuator (circa 800–825) and Rabbi Ephraim ben Shemariah al-Azati, leaders of the Jewish community in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, Egypt, who originated from Gaza. Correspondence from this time between the sages of Fustat and those of Gaza survives, addressing inheritance disputes at the heart of a legal dispute between them. A letter signed by fifteen leaders of the city, headed by Yeshua ben Nathan, "Yeshua, the member of the Great Sanhedrin, son of Rabbi Nathan, descendant of the Lion Cub," attributed to leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">tribe of Judah</a>, is a part of this correspondence. A manuscript discovered in the Cairo Geniza testifies to a dispute between David ben Daniel from the prominent <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jewish community of Babylonia</a> and the Gaon family concerning whether Gaza and <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> were included in the borders of the Land of Israel. This dispute indicates the existence of a Jewish community in Gaza during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uncertainty exists regarding the existence of small Jewish settlements around Gaza in the early second millennium. According to Shmuel Asaf, dispersed Jews around Gaza during this period were forced to move into the city. However, according to Benjamin Zeev Kedar, this assumption lacks sufficient evidence. A <i><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyut</a></i> (liturgical poem) from that time, written by the poet Rabbi Shmuel ben Yerubi Haushana, refers to a decree that affected the Jews in the region during the same period: "<i>And the sons of Gaza were cut off, and the congregation of its courtyards was driven away</i>." The version "courtyards" supports the existence of a Jewish settlement around Gaza. However, a parallel version reads, "<i>and the congregation of its courtyards (ḥatzerim) was driven away</i>," and "<i>ḥatzerim</i>" is an ancient Hebrew term for <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>, suggesting that the poet may have referred to the Jews of Rafah and did not address the existence of a Jewish settlement around Gaza, raising doubts about its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1077, Atsiz ibn Uvaq, suppressing a rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a>, captured Gaza and completely destroyed the city. The population was only renewed after two generations. Jewish travelers who visited the Land of Israel during this period, such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petachiah_of_Regensburg" title="Petachiah of Regensburg">Petachiah of Regensburg</a>, do not mention Gaza at all. Even <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Alharizi" title="Yehuda Alharizi">Yehuda Alharizi</a>, who passed through Gaza in 1218 on his way from Egypt to Jerusalem, does not mention encountering Jews in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mamluk_periods">Mamluk periods</h2></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> conquest and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> in the early 12th century, the residents of Gaza fled their city, and it was handed over to the order of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, who resettled it. There is no information about Jews in the city during that period, leading to the assumption that their fate was similar to that of the other Muslim residents. The Jewish settlement in Gaza ceased to exist during this time until the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, Rabbi Avraham Abulafia mentioned "the Torah commentary composed by Rabbi Tzedaka Halevi from the city of Gaza." However, there is a scholarly debate about whether this indicates a Jewish settlement in the city during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-kressel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kressel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Mamluk conquest, Jews returned to Gaza, and a thriving Jewish community emerged in the city. In 1384, a Christian Italian traveller named Goti reported on a Jewish settlement in Gaza, noting that the Jews were engaged in <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">wine production</a>, stating, "and their wine is good." Another Christian traveller, De Angeli, who visited the city in 1395, described the division of the city into neighbourhoods or streets, with Jews residing in one street and Samaritans in another, and so forth. To distinguish between residents of different faiths, the inhabitants of Gaza were required to wear head coverings in different colours: Muslims wore white <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a>, Christians wore turbans in a blueish colour, Samaritans wore white turbans with a light red shade, and Jews wore yellow head coverings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around 1432, the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a> spy <a href="/wiki/Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re" title="Bertrandon de la Broquière">Bertrandon de la Brocquière</a> reported encountering <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sicily" title="History of the Jews in Sicily">Sicilian Jews</a> in Gaza. While this mention alone does not confirm a constant Jewish presence in the city at the beginning of the 15th century, it seems that a consistent Jewish presence persisted, as indicated by references from the latter half of that century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Jewish traveller from Florence, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Molcho" title="Solomon Molcho">Solomon Molcho</a>, described Gaza in 1481 during his journey to the Holy Land, noting a thriving city with good land, cattle, bread, and wine produced by the Jews. He reported a large population, including around 70 Jewish families and four Samaritan families. According to his account, Jews resided in the upper part of the city, referred to as the "Yehudika" (Jewish quarter), with the house of <a href="/wiki/Delilah" title="Delilah">Delilah</a> located there, associated with the biblical <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>. He also observed a large courtyard, presumably destroyed, that he considered significant even in his time. <a href="/wiki/Meshullam_of_Volterra" title="Meshullam of Volterra">Meshullam of Volterra</a> (1481) reported 60 Rabbinite and four Samaritan Jewish households, and noted that the Jews were responsible for cultivating the wine in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_of_Bertinoro" title="Obadiah of Bertinoro">Obadiah of Bertinoro</a> (1488) noted 70 Rabbinite and two Samaritan households,<sup id="cite_ref-kenaani_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenaani-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mentions the presence in Gaza of a Rabbi Moses of Prague, who had moved there from Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-malamat_bensasson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malamat_bensasson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h2></div> <p>In the 16th century, there is evidence of a Jewish population in Gaza, likely larger than in the 15th century. According to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> tax records from 1525 to 1526, 95 Jewish families lived in Gaza during that year.<sup id="cite_ref-sharon_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 17th century, the Jewish community in Gaza was served by renowned Kabbalist and poet <a href="/wiki/Israel_ben_Moses_Najara" title="Israel ben Moses Najara">Rabbi Israel Najara</a> until his death and burial in Gaza's Jewish cemetery in 1625.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded as the community's rabbi by his son, Rabbi Moshe ben Israel Najara.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Samuel ben David founded a synagogue in the city in 1641.<sup id="cite_ref-ozar_yisrael_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ozar_yisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1660s Gaza became a hub for the mystical Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> teachings and the place where the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a> Jewish <a href="/wiki/Messianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic">Messianic</a> movement was born, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Nathan_of_Gaza" title="Nathan of Gaza">Nathan of Gaza</a>, who moved from Jerusalem to live with his wife's family among Gaza's Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mystic_Gaza-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nathan's move to Gaza was the turning point in his awareness of "adhering to an ascetic lifestyle, dabbling in mysticism and delving further" into the writings of rabbinic interpreters; after being well versed in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> interpretations as well as Jewish commentary since childhood in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mystic_Gaza-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gaza Nathan was quickly surrounded by young apostles due to his "persistence, daring and original theology, eloquent expression and social skill", with the apostles described as "fervently singing" the age-old <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyutim</a> liturgical poems by Gaza's figure Rabbi Israel Najara and "dancing ecstatically" on Gaza's beach. Nathan's teachings at the seashore of Gaza were described by an apostle as "“The Prophet’s” penchant for preaching the secrets" of the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>, the fundamental book of Jewish mysticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mystic_Gaza-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> in the 1660s, <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> travelled from Jerusalem to Gaza to receive a healing penance by Nathan, who proclaimed him as the Messiah, founding the biggest Jewish Messianic movement in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mystic_Gaza-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1674, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> priest who visited Gaza reported that Jews comprised a quarter of the city's population. Another Christian priest who arrived in Gaza in 1726 mentioned a Jewish community engaged in trade and serving as interpreters.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1799, with the French forces led by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> capturing the city, and the emergence of a plague, most of the Jewish community fled from Gaza.<sup id="cite_ref-benayahu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benayahu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2></div> <p>By the early 19th century, little remained of the Jewish community, with only 90 Jews recorded in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, two families of <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jewish origin</a> settled in Gaza, marking the initial core of the new Jewish settlement in the city. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a> (1880s), attempts were made to renew the Jewish population in Gaza. As part of these efforts, Zalman David Levontin visited the city in 1882 and reported that he did not encounter any Jews. He proposed establishing the Jewish settlement in the Ali Montar area.<sup id="cite_ref-elmalih_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elmalih-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885, <a href="/wiki/Kalonimus_Wolf_Wissotzky" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky">Zev Klonimus Wissotzky</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_Zion" title="Lovers of Zion">Ḥovevei Zion</a> movement, called for the establishment of Jewish settlements in the heart of Arab cities, including Gaza, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, to provide an additional source of livelihood for immigrants, in addition to the agricultural settlements that were established at the time. In 1886, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yechiel_Brill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yechiel Brill (page does not exist)">Yechiel Brill</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%22%D7%9C" class="extiw" title="he:יחיאל ברי"ל">he</a>]</span> reported that there were already 50 Jewish families residing in Gaza. Members of the renewed community mainly came from the old Jewish community of Jerusalem, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> community, alongside some <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Jewish</a> immigrants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The synagogue that served the local community in the 18th century, if it was in an independent building, either collapsed or came under Muslim control. The renewed community initially conducted its prayers in an apartment designated for this purpose. By 1895, a small Jewish community remained in the city, consisting of about twelve families who maintained excellent relations with the Muslim population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2></div> <p>Starting in 1907, Rabbi Nissim Ohana served as the rabbi of the Gaza community. He established a school for studying the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> in Hebrew and initiated the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> for women, as well as the establishment of a cemetery. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, many Jews from Gaza were expelled, and some were even deported from the Land of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-elmalih_2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elmalih_2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this wave of displacement, a significant portion of Gaza's remaining Jewish population was involved in trade, and they held a monopoly on exporting <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a> ("khandol") through the port of Gaza to the port of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. The watermelon crop was cultivated by <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> sands and also served as a popular remedy for constipation. Another agricultural branch, the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> for the brewing industry, attracted many Jewish families until 1916, the year in which Ottoman and German forces evacuated all residents of the area in preparation for the confrontation with British and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied forces</a>. After the war, Jews returned to Gaza (approximately 50 Jews were registered in 1922), but they were forced to leave again due to the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1945 village survey, there were 150 Jews counted in the Gaza district, with 80 in the city itself. However, after the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> no Jewish settlement remained in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gaza City was briefly under Israeli military administration led by Lt. Col. Haim Gaon during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> between November 2-3, 1956 and March 7, 1957. </p><p>Following the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Israel occupied the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, and new <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">Israeli settlements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Israeli_settlements" title="Legality of Israeli settlements">deemed illegal under international law</a>, were constructed in the Gaza District, including <a href="/wiki/Gush_Katif" title="Gush Katif">Gush Katif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Darom" title="Kfar Darom">Kfar Darom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Netzarim" title="Netzarim">Netzarim</a>, and the northern settlements of <a href="/wiki/Elei_Sinai" title="Elei Sinai">Elei Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisanit" title="Nisanit">Nisanit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dugit" title="Dugit">Dugit</a>. However, there was no Jewish settlement within Gaza City.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1987, Israeli architects Gershon Tzapor and Benjamin Edelson designed the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital" title="Al-Shifa Hospital">Al-Shifa Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion and renovation aimed to improve the living conditions of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a>, Israel closed off the Gaza Strip to Israelis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Egypt has mostly kept its crossing closed and argues Israel, as the occupying power, must decide who may enter).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion">Invasion</h3></div> <p>Israeli troops invaded and occupied Gaza City during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a> in which they temporarily installed <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">menorahs</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> holiday in the <a href="/wiki/Shuja%27iyya" title="Shuja'iyya">Shuja'iyya</a> neighborhood and in the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun" title="Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Arab_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Arab-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, Avi "Gaza in the Bible" <i>Times of Israel Blogs</i> Oct. 11, 2023 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/gaza-in-the-bible/">https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/gaza-in-the-bible/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britt, Brian "Samson in Gaza" <i>The University of Chicago Divinity School</i> Jan. 25, 2024 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/samson-gaza">https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/samson-gaza</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFilfil" class="citation web cs1">Filfil, Rania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207121431/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2564&ed=157&edid=157">"The Other Face of Gaza: The Gaza Continuum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/This_Week_in_Palestine" title="This Week in Palestine">This Week in Palestine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2564&ed=157&edid=157">the original</a> on 2009-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Week+in+Palestine&rft.atitle=The+Other+Face+of+Gaza%3A+The+Gaza+Continuum&rft.aulast=Filfil&rft.aufirst=Rania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisweekinpalestine.com%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D2564%26ed%3D157%26edid%3D157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArchaeologicalResearches2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArchaeologicalResearches2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler/archaeologicalre02cler/"><i>Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873–1874</i></a>. Vol. 2. Translated by McFarlane, J. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. 1896. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Researches+in+Palestine+1873%E2%80%931874&rft.place=London&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologicalre02cler%2Farchaeologicalre02cler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2011:61–62&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 11:61–62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ozar_yisrael-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ozar_yisrael_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ozar_yisrael_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Eisenstein" title="Julius Eisenstein">Eisenstein, J. 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Eisenstein. pp. 42–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94&rft.btitle=Ozar+Yisrael&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=J.+D.+Eisenstein&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D2597%26pgnum%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehada2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shehada, Ziad (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr/index.php/ilk/article/view/2751">"The Reflection of Interreligious Coexistence on the Cultural Morphology of the Grand Omari Mosque"</a>. <i>Journal of History Culture and Art Research</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7596%2Ftaksad.v9i4.2751">10.7596/taksad.v9i4.2751</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+History+Culture+and+Art+Research&rft.atitle=The+Reflection+of+Interreligious+Coexistence+on+the+Cultural+Morphology+of+the+Grand+Omari+Mosque&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=146&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7596%2Ftaksad.v9i4.2751&rft.aulast=Shehada&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr%2Findex.php%2Filk%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huberman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huberman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huberman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yhb.org.il/the-borders-of-the-land-of-israel/">"The Borders of the Land of Israel"</a>. 26 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Borders+of+the+Land+of+Israel&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yhb.org.il%2Fthe-borders-of-the-land-of-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharon-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharon_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharon_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2009" class="citation book cs1">Sharon, Moshe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA19">"Gaza (Ghazzah)"</a>. <i>Handbook of Oriental Studies</i>. Vol. 4. Brill. pp. 19–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17085-8"><bdi>978-90-04-17085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaza+%28Ghazzah%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=19-24&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17085-8&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2LtyFVNJmcC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ish_shalom-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ish_shalom_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ish_shalom_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsh-Shalom" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ish-Shalom, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simania.co.il/bookdetails.php?item_id=124126"><i>בצילן של מלכויות - תולדות הישוב היהודי בארץ-ישראל</i></a> (in Hebrew). p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+-+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pages=172&rft.aulast=Ish-Shalom&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimania.co.il%2Fbookdetails.php%3Fitem_id%3D124126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreund2023" class="citation web cs1">Freund, Michael (21 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-769287">"Gaza's rich Jewish history and destiny - opinion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Gaza%27s+rich+Jewish+history+and+destiny+-+opinion&rft.date=2023-10-21&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-769287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnai1987" class="citation journal cs1">Barnai, Jacob (1987). "מגמות בחקר היישוב היהודי בארץ-ישראל בימי הביניים ותחילת העת החדשה" [Trends in the Historiography of the Medieval and Early Modern Period of the Jewish Community in Eretz-Israel]. <i>Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv</i>. <b>42</b>: 87–120. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23399904">23399904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cathedra%3A+For+the+History+of+Eretz+Israel+and+Its+Yishuv&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=87-120&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23399904%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnai&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kressel-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kressel_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKressel1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kressel, Getzel (1976). <i>רציפות הישוב היהודי בארץ-ישראל</i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kressel&rft.aufirst=Getzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoGottheil1903" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Franco, M.; Gottheil, Richard (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6534-gaza">"Gaza"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 577–578.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaza&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=577-578&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Gottheil%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6534-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kenaani-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kenaani_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenaani1937" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kenaani, J. (1937). "לתולדות הישוב היהודי בעזה (מסופה של המאה הט"ו עד אמצעה של המאה הי"ז אחר ספה"ב)" [The Jewish Population at Gaza in the Middle Ages]. <i>Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society</i> (in Hebrew). <b>5</b> (1–2): 33–41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23723826">23723826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Jewish+Palestine+Exploration+Society&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94+%28%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%98%22%D7%95+%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%99%22%D7%96+%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%94%22%D7%91%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=33-41&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23723826%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kenaani&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malamat_bensasson-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malamat_bensasson_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalamatBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Malamat, A.; Ben-Sasson, H. H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&pg=PA572"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Malamat&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Ben-Sasson%2C+H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kSovzudhFUC%26pg%3DPA572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mystic_Gaza-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mystic_Gaza_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anumuseum.org.il/blog/gaza-first-man-launched-largest-messianic-movement-jewish-history/">"Gaza First: The Man Who Launched the Largest Messianic Movement in Jewish History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anu_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Anu – Museum of the Jewish People">Anu – Museum of the Jewish People</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Slouching+toward+Smyrna&rft.date=1974-02-24&rft.aulast=Wick&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F02%2F24%2Farchives%2Fsabbatai-sevi-the-mystical-messiah-16261676-by-gershom-scholem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiliu2014" class="citation book cs1">Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fhzBAAAQBAJ&q=hussein%20pasha%20gaza&pg=PA27"><i>Gaza: A History</i></a>. 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"לתולדות היישוב היהודי בעזה (מסוף המאה הי"ז ועד שנת תרפ"ט)" [On the History of the Jewish Settlement in Gaza]. <i>Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society</i> (in Hebrew). <b>20</b> (1–2): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23729416">23729416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94+%28%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%99%22%D7%96+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A4%22%D7%98%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23729416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benayahu&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Gaza+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2023" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (12 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=az3LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12"><i>The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History</i></a>. 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza_City" title="Template:Gaza City"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaza_City" title="Template talk:Gaza City"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza_City" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza City"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaza_City" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaza</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza" title="History of Gaza">History</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Gaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Gaza (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gaza" title="Port of Gaza">Port of Gaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Gaza" title="Old City of Gaza">Old City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaytun_Quarter" title="Zaytun Quarter">Zaytun Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraj_Quarter" title="Daraj Quarter">Daraj Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuffah" title="Tuffah">Tuffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja%27iyya" title="Shuja'iyya">Shuja'iyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeide,_Gaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeide, Gaza (page does not exist)">Judeide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turukman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turukman (page does not exist)">Turukman</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser,_Gaza" title="Nasser, Gaza">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimal" title="Rimal">Rimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra,_Gaza" title="Sabra, Gaza">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_(camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shati (camp)">al-Shati Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ijlin" title="Sheikh Ijlin">Sheikh Ijlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Radwan" title="Sheikh Radwan">Sheikh Radwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_al-Hawa" title="Tel al-Hawa">Tel al-Hawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mosques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khadra_Mosque" title="Abu Khadra Mosque">Abu Khadra Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aybaki_Mosque" title="Aybaki Mosque">Aybaki Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza (Great Omari Mosque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Marwan_Mosque" title="Ibn Marwan Mosque">Ibn Marwan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthman_Mosque" title="Ibn Uthman Mosque">Ibn Uthman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katib_al-Wilaya_Mosque" title="Katib al-Wilaya Mosque">Katib al-Wilaya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Mosque" title="Mahkamah Mosque">Mahkamah Mosque</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayed_al-Hashim_Mosque" title="Sayed al-Hashim Mosque">Sayed al-Hashim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamah_Mosque" title="Al-Shamah Mosque">Sham'ah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Zakariyya_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque (page does not exist)">Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Porphyrius" title="Church of Saint Porphyrius">Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_Church,_Gaza" title="Holy Family Church, Gaza">Holy Family Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Baptist_Church" title="Gaza Baptist Church">Gaza Baptist Church</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic buildings and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_synagogue" title="Gaza synagogue">Ancient Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Sammara" title="Hamam al-Sammara">Hamam al-Sammara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Basha" title="Qasr al-Basha">Qasr al-Basha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Market" title="Gold Market">Qissariya Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Palestinian Centre for Human Rights">Palestinian Centre for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestinian Legislative Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health care and education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahli_Arab_Hospital" title="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital">Al-Ahli Arab Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Hospital">Al-Aqsa Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_University" title="Al-Aqsa University">Al-Aqsa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University_%E2%80%93_Gaza" title="Al-Azhar University – Gaza">Al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rantisi_Hospital" title="Al-Rantisi Hospital">Al-Rantisi Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Gaza" title="Islamic University of Gaza">Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital" title="Al-Shifa Hospital">Al-Shifa Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Adwan_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal Adwan Hospital">Kamal Adwan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_Hospital" title="Al-Awda Hospital">Al-Awda Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Palestinian_Friendship_Hospital" title="Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital">Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation and cultural centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bustan_resort" title="Al-Bustan resort">Al-Bustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisan_City_tourist_village" title="Bisan City tourist village">Bisan City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Deira_Hotel" title="Al Deira Hotel">Al-Deira Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Equestrian_Club" title="Faisal Equestrian Club">Faisal Equestrian Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Mall" title="Gaza Mall">Gaza Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalusia_mall" title="Al-Andalusia mall">Al-Andalusia mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Museum_of_Archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza Museum of Archaeology">Gaza Museum of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Stadium" title="Palestine Stadium">Palestine Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Shawa_Cultural_Center" title="Rashad Shawa Cultural Center">Rashad Shawa Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_Club" title="Roots Club">Roots Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sadaka" title="As-Sadaka">As-Sadaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaza_YMCA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaza YMCA (page does not exist)">Gaza YMCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Orabi_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Orabi Street (page does not exist)">Ahmad Orabi Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izz_Ad_Din_Al_Qassam_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izz Ad Din Al Qassam Street (page does not exist)">Izz Ad Din Al Qassam Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Abdel_Nasser_Street" title="Jamal Abdel Nasser Street">Jamal Abdel Nasser Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar_Street" title="Omar Mukhtar Street">Omar Mukhtar Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Square" title="Palestine Square">Palestine Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_Road" title="Salah al-Din Road">Salah al-Din Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suq_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suq Street (page does not exist)">Suq Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_Soldier%27s_Square" title="Unknown Soldier's Square">Unknown Soldier's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehda_Street" title="Wehda Street">Wehda Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Gaza_City&oldid=1255270729">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Gaza_City&oldid=1255270729</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Gaza_City" title="Category:History of Gaza City">History of Gaza City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Category:History of the Gaza Strip">History of the Gaza Strip</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_(region)" title="Category:History of the Jews in Palestine (region)">History of the Jews in Palestine (region)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the Gaza Strip">Jews and Judaism in the Gaza Strip</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Category:Jews in the Land of Israel">Jews in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation 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