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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standard business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_of_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_of_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Range of activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_of_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Business models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Retail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_(or_commercial/investment)_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_(or_commercial/investment)_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Business (or commercial/investment) banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_(or_commercial/investment)_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_and_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_and_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Capital and risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_and_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banks_in_the_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banks_in_the_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Banks in the economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Banks_in_the_economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Banks in the economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Banks_in_the_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bank_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bank crisis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bank_crisis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bank crisis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bank_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_of_global_banking_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_of_global_banking_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Size of global banking industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_of_global_banking_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers_and_acquisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mergers and acquisitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_types_of_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_types_of_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Different types of banking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_types_of_banking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different types of banking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_types_of_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Types of banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_investment_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_investment_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Types of investment banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_investment_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Combination banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other types of banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_within_the_banking_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_within_the_banking_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Challenges within the banking industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges_within_the_banking_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges within the banking industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges_within_the_banking_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_activities_of_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_activities_of_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Loan activities of banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_activities_of_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Types of accounts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of accounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brokered_deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brokered_deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Brokered deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brokered_deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custodial_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custodial_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Custodial accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custodial_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalisation_in_the_banking_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisation_in_the_banking_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Globalisation in the banking industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisation_in_the_banking_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_(finansi%C3%ABle_instelling)" title="Bank (finansiële instelling) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bank (finansiële instelling)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD" title="ባንክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባንክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="مصرف (أموال) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصرف (أموال)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܒܝܬ ܥܘܪܦܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܥܘܪܦܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="বেংক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancu" title="Bancu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bancu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruo" title="Viruo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Viruo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="بانک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بانک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="ব্যাংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AEn-h%C3%A2ng" title="Gîn-hâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gîn-hâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Банка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Банка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_(empresa)" title="Banc (empresa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banc (empresa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc" title="Banc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Banc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pank" title="Pank – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pank" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Τράπεζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τράπεζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco" title="Banco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko" title="Banko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banku" title="Banku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="بانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque" title="Banque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_(finansjele_ynstelling)" title="Bank (finansjele ynstelling) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bank (finansjele ynstelling)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc" title="Banc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Banc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca" title="Banca – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Banca" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco" title="Banco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Banco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95" title="બેંક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બેંક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="बँको आनी बँकींग – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बँको आनी बँकींग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%B9n-h%C3%B2ng" title="Ngiùn-hòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngiùn-hòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banki" title="Banki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Banki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panak%C5%8D" title="Panakō – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Panakō" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Բանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="बैंक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैंक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko" title="Banko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Banko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A4l%E1%BB%8D_ak%E1%BB%A5%CC%81" title="Ụlọ akụ́ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ụlọ akụ́" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca" title="Banca – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Banca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banki" title="Banki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Banki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca" title="Banca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="בנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liidiye_kooza%C9%A3" title="Liidiye koozaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Liidiye koozaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ბანკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%A9" title="بیٚنٛک – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بیٚنٛک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benki" title="Benki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Benki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labank" title="Labank – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Labank" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentaria" title="Argentaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Argentaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankas" title="Bankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca" title="Banca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Banca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="बैंक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बैंक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Банка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95" title="बँक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बँक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83" title="بنك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%80ng-h%C3%B2ng" title="Ngṳ̀ng-hòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̀ng-hòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA" title="ဘဏ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘဏ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqe" title="Baqe – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Baqe" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_(financi%C3%ABle_instelling)" title="Bank (financiële instelling) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bank (financiële instelling)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="बैङ्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बैङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque" title="Banque – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Banque" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca" title="Banca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Banca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95" title="ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baankii" title="Baankii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baankii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਬੈਂਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="بینک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بینک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="بانک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بانک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco" title="Banco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc%C4%83_(institu%C8%9Bie_financiar%C4%83)" title="Bancă (instituție financiară) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bancă (instituție financiară)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca" title="Banca – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Banca" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullqi_wasi" title="Qullqi wasi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qullqi wasi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/gingku" title="gingku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="gingku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancu_(dip%C3%B2situ)" title="Vancu (dipòsitu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vancu (dipòsitu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94" title="බැංකු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැංකු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%AA" title="بئنڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئنڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_(in%C5%A1tit%C3%BAcia)" title="Banka (inštitúcia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Banka (inštitúcia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banki" title="Banki – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Banki" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="بانک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بانک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Банка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Банка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankki" title="Pankki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pankki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bank" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangko" title="Bangko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="வங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="బ్యాంకు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్యాంకు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ธนาคาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธนาคาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Бонк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бонк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangik%C4%93" title="Pangikē – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pangikē" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka" title="Banka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Banka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikakorabea" title="Sikakorabea – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Sikakorabea" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lisaaikurum" title="A̱lisaaikurum – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lisaaikurum" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Банк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%A9" title="بينک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بينک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaenzhangz" title="Ngaenzhangz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngaenzhangz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng" title="Ngân hàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngân hàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banke" title="Banke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Banke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangko" title="Bangko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bangko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="银行 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="银行" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="באנק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באנק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="銀行 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銀行" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqa" title="Banqa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Banqa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks" title="Banks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Banks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="銀行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="銀行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang" title="Bang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Financial institution which accepts deposits</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about financial organisation that provides money upon conditions. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bank_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bank (disambiguation)">Bank (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Banks" and "Banker" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Banks_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Banks (disambiguation)">Banks (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Banker (disambiguation)">Banker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/220px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/330px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/440px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, established in 1694</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of banks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advising_bank" title="Advising bank">Advising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banq_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banq (term)">Banq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_bracket" title="Bulge bracket">Bulge bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_bank" title="Community development bank">Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_bank" title="Custodian bank">Custodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_bank" title="Depository bank">Depository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_finance_institution" title="Development finance institution">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_bank" title="Direct bank">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency" title="Export credit agency">Export credit agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_loan_company" title="Industrial loan company">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_Bracket#Middle_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulge Bracket">Middle market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_center_bank" title="Money center bank">Money center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobank" title="Neobank">Neobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_banking" title="Participation banking">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payments_bank" title="Payments bank">Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Postal savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_bank" title="Universal bank">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesale_banking" title="Wholesale banking">Wholesale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_holding_company" title="Bank holding company">Bank holding company</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banks" title="Lists of banks">Lists of banks</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_account" title="Bank account">Accounts</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bank_card" title="Bank card">Cards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Accounts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market_account" title="Money market account">Money-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_deposit" title="Time deposit">Time deposit (Bond)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Transaction_account" title="Transaction account">Transaction (checking / current)</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Cards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATM_card" title="ATM card">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">Debit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card#Prepaid_cards" title="Credit card">Prepaid</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Funds transfer</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card" title="Payment card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Electronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bill_payment" title="Electronic bill payment">Bill payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_gross_settlement" title="Real-time gross settlement">RTGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_settlement" title="Net settlement">NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_clearing_house" title="Automated clearing house">ACH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_payment" title="Instant payment">Instant payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giro_(banking)" title="Giro (banking)">Giro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT">SWIFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correspondent_account" title="Correspondent account">Correspondent account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLS_Group#Operations" title="CLS Group">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Border_Interbank_Payment_System" title="Cross-Border Interbank Payment System">CIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPFS" title="SPFS">SPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Asset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_allocation" title="Asset allocation">allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_and_liability_management" title="Asset and liability management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_debt" title="Bad debt">Bad debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Bank regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Bank secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_appreciation" title="Capital appreciation">Asset growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_asset" title="Capital asset">Capital asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">Economic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_value" title="Enterprise value">Enterprise value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_engineering" title="Financial engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_forecast" title="Financial forecast">forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_plan" title="Financial plan">plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_planner" title="Financial planner">planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">Fractional-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-reserve_banking" title="Full-reserve banking">Full-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">Fundamental analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_investing" title="Growth investing">Growth investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_advisory" title="Investment advisory">Investment advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">Investment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">Mathematical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">Private banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_finance" title="Statistical finance">Statistical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_financial_management" title="Strategic financial management">Strategic financial management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_test_(financial)" title="Stress test (financial)">Stress test (financial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">Structured finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_product" title="Structured product">Structured product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_asset" title="Toxic asset">Toxic asset</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_pricing" title="Asset pricing">Asset pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bond (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_structure" title="Capital structure">Capital structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_capital" title="Cost of capital">Cost of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_traded_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange traded fund">Exchange traded fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">History of banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_(alphabetical)" title="List of banks (alphabetical)">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Security (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">Shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">Sustainable development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_risk" title="Systematic risk">Systematic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_connected_to_fail" title="Too connected to fail">Too connected to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_stock" title="Watered stock">Watered stock</a></li></ul> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ol></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking" title="Category:Banking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banking">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Banking">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#cce;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="background:white;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Maximian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin issued during the reign of the Roman emperor Maximian"><img alt="Coin issued during the reign of the Roman emperor Maximian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coin_of_Maximian.jpg/140px-Coin_of_Maximian.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coin_of_Maximian.jpg/210px-Coin_of_Maximian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coin_of_Maximian.jpg/280px-Coin_of_Maximian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">Credit</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">Debt</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Car loan">Car loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_card" title="Charge card">Charge card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsecured_debt" title="Unsecured debt">Unsecured personal loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-to-own" title="Rent-to-own">Rent-to-own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loan" title="Student loan">Student loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_loan" title="Title loan">Title loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payday_loan" title="Payday loan">Payday loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refund_anticipation_loan" title="Refund anticipation loan">Refund anticipation loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refinancing" title="Refinancing">Refinancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_consolidation" title="Debt consolidation">Debt consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_rescheduling" title="Debt rescheduling">Debt rescheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Employment contract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">Salary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_packaging" title="Salary packaging">Salary packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">Employee stock ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">Employee benefits</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defined_benefit_pension_plan" title="Defined benefit pension plan">Defined benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defined_contribution_plan" title="Defined contribution plan">Defined contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Personal_budget" title="Personal budget">Personal budget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_management" title="Active management">Active management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_investment" title="Alternative investment">Alternative investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Asset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_allocation" title="Asset allocation">allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_(economics)" title="Asset (economics)">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_appreciation" title="Capital appreciation">growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bond (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_planning" title="Estate planning">Estate planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_traded_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange traded fund">ETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_adviser" title="Financial adviser">adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_plan" title="Financial plan">plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_planner" title="Financial planner">planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_independence" title="Financial independence">independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">Fundamental analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">Government bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_investing" title="Growth investing">Growth investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_stock" title="Growth stock">Growth stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_advisory" title="Investment advisory">Investment advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_performance" title="Investment performance">Investment performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_style" title="Investment style">Investment style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor_profile" title="Investor profile">Investor profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_management" title="Passive management">Passive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portfolio_optimization" title="Portfolio optimization">Portfolio optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbroker" title="Stockbroker">Stockbroker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_date_fund" title="Target date fund">Target date fund</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0ff;"> <span class="nobold">See also</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_pricing" title="Asset pricing">Asset pricing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_dividend" title="Citizen's dividend">Citizen's dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_deepening" title="Financial deepening">Financial deepening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_inclusion" title="Financial inclusion">Financial inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">Fintech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_impact" title="Market impact">Market impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk-return_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk-return spectrum">Risk-return spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_product" title="Structured product">Structured product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_risk" title="Systematic risk">Systematic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">Volatility (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_stock" title="Watered stock">Watered stock</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_finance" title="Template:Personal finance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_finance" title="Template talk:Personal finance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_finance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal finance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>bank</b> is a financial institution that accepts <a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">deposits</a> from the public and creates a <a href="/wiki/Demand_deposit" title="Demand deposit">demand deposit</a> while simultaneously making <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital markets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas banks play an important role in financial stability and the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a <a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">high degree of regulation</a> over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as <a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">fractional-reserve banking</a>, under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to other regulations intended to ensure <a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">liquidity</a>, banks are generally subject to <a href="/wiki/Minimum_capital_requirement" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum capital requirement">minimum capital requirements</a> based on an international set of capital standards, the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a> but, in many ways, functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lending" class="mw-redirect" title="Lending">lending</a> that had their roots in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">history of banking</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_families" title="List of banking families">banking dynasties</a> –  notably, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medicis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pazzi" title="Pazzi">Pazzi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fugger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugger">Fuggers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welser" class="mw-redirect" title="Welser">Welsers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Berenberg_family" title="Berenberg family">Berenbergs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a> –  have played a central role over many centuries. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_banks_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest banks in continuous operation">oldest existing</a> <a href="/wiki/Retail_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail bank">retail bank</a> is <a href="/wiki/Banca_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena" title="Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena">Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena</a> (founded in 1472), while the oldest existing <a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">merchant bank</a> is <a href="/wiki/Berenberg_Bank" title="Berenberg Bank">Berenberg Bank</a> (founded in 1590). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: history after the 19th century. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">History of banking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wypedzenie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wypedzenie.jpg/220px-Wypedzenie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wypedzenie.jpg/330px-Wypedzenie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wypedzenie.jpg/440px-Wypedzenie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>This 15th-century painting depicts money-dealers at a <i>banca</i> (bench) during the <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Banking as an archaic activity (or quasi-banking<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is thought to have begun as early as the end of the 4th millennium BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 3rd millennia BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present era of banking can be traced to medieval and early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Italy, to the rich cities in the centre and north like <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bardi_family" title="Bardi family">Bardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruzzi" title="Peruzzi">Peruzzi</a> families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Bicci_de%27_Medici" title="Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici">Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici</a> set up one of the most famous Italian banks, the <a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a>, in 1397.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> founded the earliest-known state deposit bank, and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_George_(Genoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Saint George (Genoa)">Banco di San Giorgio</a> (Bank of St. George), in 1407 at <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg/220px-Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg/330px-Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg/440px-Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><i>Sealing of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> Charter (1694)</i>, by Lady Jane Lindsay, 1905.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractional reserve banking">Fractional reserve banking</a> and the issue of <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their gold with the <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, who possessed private <a href="/wiki/Bank_vault" title="Bank vault">vaults</a>, and who charged a fee for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued <a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">receipts</a> certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held as a <a href="/wiki/Bailee" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailee">bailee</a>; these receipts could not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored goods. </p><p>Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend money out on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">depositor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory notes</a>, which evolved into banknotes, were issued for money deposited as a loan to the goldsmith. Thus, by the 19th century, we find in ordinary cases of deposits, of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan, or <i>mutuum</i>, and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and money, when paid into a bank, ceases altogether to be the money of the principal (see Parker v. Marchant, 1 Phillips 360); it is then the money of the banker, who is bound to return an equivalent, by paying a similar sum to that deposited with him, when he is asked for it. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goldsmith paid interest on deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a longer time-period, this was an early form of <a href="/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractional reserve banking">fractional reserve banking</a>. The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which could circulate as a safe and convenient form of money<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> backed by the goldsmith's promise to pay,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankin_Helsingin_sivukonttori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankin_Helsingin_sivukonttori.jpg/220px-Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankin_Helsingin_sivukonttori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankin_Helsingin_sivukonttori.jpg/330px-Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankin_Helsingin_sivukonttori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankin_Helsingin_sivukonttori.jpg/440px-Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankin_Helsingin_sivukonttori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> Branch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyborg-Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyborg-Bank (page does not exist)">Vyborg-Bank</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoismaiden_Osakepankki" class="extiw" title="fi:Pohjoismaiden Osakepankki">fi</a>]</span> in the 1910s</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> originated the permanent issue of banknotes in 1695.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> established the first <a href="/wiki/Overdraft" title="Overdraft">overdraft</a> facility in 1728.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Lubbock,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Lubbock, 2nd Baronet">Lubbock's Bank</a> had established a <a href="/wiki/Bankers%27_clearing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankers' clearing house">bankers' clearing house</a> in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a> pioneered <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international finance</a> on a large scale,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> financing the purchase of shares in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez canal">Suez canal</a> for the British government in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word<i> bank</i> was taken into <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <i>banque</i>, from Old <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>banco</i>, meaning "table", from <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>banc, bank</i> "bench, counter". Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages for more information. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a>, a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking by conducting <a href="/wiki/Current_account_(banking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current account (banking)">current accounts</a> for their customers, paying <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheques</a> drawn on them and also collecting cheques for their customers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banco_de_Venezuela,_Coro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banco_de_Venezuela%2C_Coro.JPG/220px-Banco_de_Venezuela%2C_Coro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banco_de_Venezuela%2C_Coro.JPG/330px-Banco_de_Venezuela%2C_Coro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banco_de_Venezuela%2C_Coro.JPG/440px-Banco_de_Venezuela%2C_Coro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Venezuela" title="Banco de Venezuela">Banco de Venezuela</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coro,_Venezuela" title="Coro, Venezuela">Coro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank.Pokhara.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bank.Pokhara.JPG/220px-Bank.Pokhara.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bank.Pokhara.JPG/330px-Bank.Pokhara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bank.Pokhara.JPG/440px-Bank.Pokhara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Branch of <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bank_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bank Limited">Nepal Bank</a> in Pokhara, Western Nepal.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most common law jurisdictions there is a Bills of Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to <a href="/wiki/Negotiable_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Negotiable instruments">negotiable instruments</a>, including cheques, and this Act contains a statutory definition of the term <i>banker</i>: <i>banker</i> includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional, because it ensures that the legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques does not depend on how the bank is structured or regulated. </p><p>The business of banking is in many common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other English common law jurisdictions there are statutory definitions of the <i>business of banking</i> or <i>banking business</i>. When looking at these definitions it is important to keep in mind that they are defining the business of banking for the purposes of the legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from legislation that has the purpose of regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the actual business of banking. However, in many cases, the statutory definition closely mirrors the common law one. Examples of statutory definitions: </p> <ul><li>"banking business" means the business of receiving money on current or deposit account, paying and collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers, the making of advances to customers, and includes such other business as the Authority may prescribe for the purposes of this Act; (Banking Act (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>), Section 2, Interpretation).</li> <li>"banking business" means the business of either or both of the following:</li></ul> <ol><li>receiving from the general public money on current, deposit, savings or other similar account repayable on demand or within less than [3 months] ... or with a period of call or notice of less than that period;</li> <li>paying or collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/EFTPOS" title="EFTPOS">EFTPOS</a> (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit, <a href="/wiki/Direct_debit" title="Direct debit">direct debit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">internet banking</a>, the cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect cheques .<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_business">Standard business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG/220px-WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG/330px-WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG/440px-WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3244" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Large door to an old <a href="/wiki/Bank_vault" title="Bank vault">bank vault</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Banks act as payment agents by conducting <a href="/wiki/Transactional_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactional account">checking or current accounts</a> for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers in the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as <a href="/wiki/Automated_Clearing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Clearing House">Automated Clearing House</a> (ACH), <a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">Wire transfers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telegraphic_transfer" title="Telegraphic transfer">telegraphic transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFTPOS" title="EFTPOS">EFTPOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> (ATMs). </p><p>Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting <a href="/wiki/Term_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Term deposit">term deposits</a>, and by issuing debt securities such as <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making <a href="/wiki/Installment_loan" title="Installment loan">installment loans</a>, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending. </p><p>Banks provide different payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account. </p><p>Banks issue new money when they make loans. In contemporary banking systems, regulators set a minimum level of reserve funds that banks must hold against the deposit liabilities created by the funding of these loans, in order to ensure that the banks can meet demands for payment of such deposits. These reserves can be acquired through the acceptance of new deposits, sale of other assets, or borrowing from other banks including the central bank.<sup id="cite_ref-money-creation_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money-creation-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_of_activities">Range of activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Range of activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activities undertaken by banks include <a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">personal banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">corporate banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">private banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transaction_banking" title="Transaction banking">transaction banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">consumer finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_finance" title="Trade finance">trade finance</a> and other related. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channels">Channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SunTrust_Bank,_Gaithersburg,_Maryland,_August_25,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SunTrust_Bank%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland%2C_August_25%2C_2015.jpg/220px-SunTrust_Bank%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland%2C_August_25%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SunTrust_Bank%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland%2C_August_25%2C_2015.jpg/330px-SunTrust_Bank%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland%2C_August_25%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SunTrust_Bank%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland%2C_August_25%2C_2015.jpg/440px-SunTrust_Bank%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland%2C_August_25%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>An American bank in Maryland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_(banking)" title="Branch (banking)">Branch, in-person banking</a> in a retail location</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine banking</a> adjacent to or remote from the bank</li> <li>Bank by mail: Most banks accept cheque deposits via mail and use mail to communicate to their customers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">Online banking</a> over the Internet to perform multiple types of transactions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a> is using one's mobile phone to conduct banking transactions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_banking" title="Telephone banking">Telephone banking</a> allows customers to conduct transactions over the telephone with an <a href="/wiki/Automated_attendant" title="Automated attendant">automated attendant</a>, or when requested, with a <a href="/wiki/Switchboard_operator" title="Switchboard operator">telephone operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_banking" title="Video banking">Video banking</a> performs banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and audio connection. Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an Automated teller machine) or via a <a href="/wiki/Video_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conference">video conference</a> enabled bank branch clarification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Relationship manager</a>, mostly for private banking or business banking, who visits customers at their homes or businesses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Selling_Association" title="Direct Selling Association">Direct Selling Agent</a>, who works for the bank based on a contract, whose main job is to increase the customer base for the bank</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_models">Business models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Business models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. Traditionally, the most significant method is via charging <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> on the capital it lends out to customers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a> from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. </p><p>This difference is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Net_interest_spread" title="Net interest spread">spread</a> between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic cycle">economic cycle</a>. Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance. </p><p>In the past 20 years, American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. </p> <ul><li>First, this includes the <a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a>, which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for "one-stop shopping" by enabling <a href="/wiki/Cross-selling" title="Cross-selling">cross-selling</a> of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability).</li> <li>Second, they have expanded the use of <a href="/wiki/Risk-based_pricing" title="Risk-based pricing">risk-based pricing</a> from business lending to consumer lending, which means charging higher interest rates to those customers that are considered to be a higher credit risk and thus increased chance of <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> on loans. This helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and offers credit products to high risk customers who would otherwise be denied credit.</li> <li>Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include <a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">debit cards</a>, prepaid cards, <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a>. They make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and <a href="/wiki/Consumption_smoothing" title="Consumption smoothing">smooth their consumption</a> over time (in some countries with underdeveloped financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home).</li></ul> <dl><dd>However, with the convenience of easy credit, there is also an increased risk that consumers will mismanage their financial resources and accumulate excessive debt. Banks make money from card products through interest charges and fees charged to credit and debit card holders, and <a href="/wiki/Transaction_fee" class="mw-redirect" title="Transaction fee">transaction fees</a> to retailers<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who accept the bank's cards for payments.</dd></dl> <p>This helps in making a profit and facilitates economic development as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, as banks have been faced with pressure from fintechs, new and additional business models have been suggested such as freemium, monetisation of data, white-labeling of banking and payment applications, or the cross-selling of complementary products.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products">Products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_bank,_Commercial_Street,_Leeds_(27th_May_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halifax_bank%2C_Commercial_Street%2C_Leeds_%2827th_May_2010%29.jpg/220px-Halifax_bank%2C_Commercial_Street%2C_Leeds_%2827th_May_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halifax_bank%2C_Commercial_Street%2C_Leeds_%2827th_May_2010%29.jpg/330px-Halifax_bank%2C_Commercial_Street%2C_Leeds_%2827th_May_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halifax_bank%2C_Commercial_Street%2C_Leeds_%2827th_May_2010%29.jpg/440px-Halifax_bank%2C_Commercial_Street%2C_Leeds_%2827th_May_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A former <a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">building society</a>, now a modern retail bank in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NatWest_Castle_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/NatWest_Castle_Street.jpg/220px-NatWest_Castle_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/NatWest_Castle_Street.jpg/330px-NatWest_Castle_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/NatWest_Castle_Street.jpg/440px-NatWest_Castle_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption> An interior of a branch of <a href="/wiki/National_Westminster_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="National Westminster Bank">National Westminster Bank</a> on Castle Street, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retail">Retail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATM_card" title="ATM card">ATM card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">Debit card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">Savings account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurring_deposit" title="Recurring deposit">Recurring deposit account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_deposit" title="Fixed deposit">Fixed deposit account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market_account" title="Money market account">Money market account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_deposit" title="Certificate of deposit">Certificate of deposit</a> (CD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_retirement_account" title="Individual retirement account">Individual retirement account</a> (IRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage" title="Mortgage">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">Mutual fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsecured_debt" title="Unsecured debt">Personal loan (Secured and Unsecured Personal loan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Time deposits">Time deposits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_account#Current_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactional account">Current accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a> (ATM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electronic_Fund_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="National Electronic Fund Transfer">National Electronic Fund Transfer</a> (NEFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_gross_settlement" title="Real-time gross settlement">Real-time gross settlement</a> (RTGS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_(or_commercial/investment)_banking"><span id="Business_.28or_commercial.2Finvestment.29_banking"></span>Business (or commercial/investment) banking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Business (or commercial/investment) banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">Business loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange#Raising_capital_for_businesses" title="Stock exchange">Capital raising</a> (<a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_security" title="Hybrid security">hybrids</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_credit" title="Revolving credit">Revolving credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange</a> (FX), <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_loan" title="Term loan">Term loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_management" title="Cash management">Cash management</a> services (lock box, remote deposit capture, merchant processing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">Credit services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Securities_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Securities Services (page does not exist)">Securities Services</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_and_risk">Capital and risk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Capital and risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1037173519">.mw-parser-output .specific-banking-frameworks .sidebar-content li{text-align:left}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks specific-banking-frameworks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Specific banking frameworks</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FRTB" class="mw-redirect" title="FRTB">FRTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_models_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal models approach (market risk)">Internal models approach</a> (IMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized approach (market risk)">Standardized approach (market risk)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_ratings-based_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Internal ratings-based approach (credit risk)">Internal ratings-based approach</a> (IRB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_IRB" title="Foundation IRB">Foundation IRB</a> (F-IRB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_IRB" title="Advanced IRB">Advanced IRB</a> (A-IRB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (credit risk)">Standardized approach (credit risk)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Counterparty_credit_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterparty credit risk">Counterparty credit risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_exposure_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Current exposure method">Current exposure method</a> (CEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardised_method_(credit_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardised method (credit risk)">Standardised method</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(counterparty_credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)">Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)</a> (SA-CCR)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_measurement_approach" title="Advanced measurement approach">Advanced measurement approach</a> (AMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_indicator_approach" title="Basic indicator approach">Basic indicator approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(operational_risk)" title="Standardized approach (operational risk)">Standardized approach (operational risk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardised_Measurement_Approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardised Measurement Approach">Standardised measurement approach</a> (SMA)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Specific_Banking_Frameworks_Sidebar" title="Template:Specific Banking Frameworks Sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Specific_Banking_Frameworks_Sidebar" title="Template talk:Specific Banking Frameworks Sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Specific_Banking_Frameworks_Sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Specific Banking Frameworks Sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management#Banking" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management § Banking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finance#Risk_management" title="Finance">Finance § Risk management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Risk_management" title="Investment banking">Investment banking § Risk management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treasury_management#Banks" title="Treasury management">Treasury management § Banks</a></div> <p>Banks face a number of <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">risks</a> in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much <a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">capital</a> a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of <a href="/wiki/Common_stock" title="Common stock">equity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retained_earnings" title="Retained earnings">retained earnings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subordinated_debt" title="Subordinated debt">subordinated debt</a>. </p><p>Some of the main risks faced by banks include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a>: risk of loss arising from a borrower who does not make payments as promised.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Liquidity risk</a>: risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded quickly enough in the market to prevent a loss (or make the required profit).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a>: risk that the value of a portfolio, either an investment portfolio or a trading portfolio, will decrease due to the change in value of the market risk factors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a>: risk arising from the execution of a company's business functions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputational_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Reputational risk">Reputational risk</a>: a type of risk related to the trustworthiness of the business.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomic risk</a>: risks related to the aggregate economy the bank is operating in.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">capital requirement</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">bank regulation</a>, which sets a framework within which a bank or depository institution must manage its <a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">balance sheet</a>. The categorisation of assets and capital is highly standardised so that it can be <a href="/wiki/Risk-weighted_asset" title="Risk-weighted asset">risk weighted</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, regulators force banks to issue <i><a href="/wiki/Contingent_convertible_bond" title="Contingent convertible bond">Contingent convertible bonds</a></i> (CoCos). These are hybrid capital securities that absorb losses in accordance with their contractual terms when the capital of the issuing bank falls below a certain level. Then debt is reduced and bank capitalisation gets a boost. Owing to their capacity to absorb losses, CoCos have the potential to satisfy regulatory capital requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banks_in_the_economy">Banks in the economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Banks in the economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEB_Building_in_Tallinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SEB_Building_in_Tallinn.jpg/220px-SEB_Building_in_Tallinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SEB_Building_in_Tallinn.jpg/330px-SEB_Building_in_Tallinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SEB_Building_in_Tallinn.jpg/440px-SEB_Building_in_Tallinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skandinaviska_Enskilda_Banken" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken">SEB</a> main building in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">Financial system</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_functions">Economic functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic functions of banks include: </p> <ol><li>Issue of money, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a> and current accounts subject to <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheque</a> or payment at the customer's order. These claims on banks can act as money because they are negotiable or repayable on demand, and hence valued at par. They are effectively transferable by mere delivery, in the case of banknotes, or by drawing a cheque that the payee may bank or cash.</li> <li>Netting and settlement of payments – banks act as both collection and paying agents for customers, participating in interbank clearing and settlement systems to collect, present, be presented with, and pay payment instruments. This enables banks to economise on reserves held for settlement of payments since inward and outward payments offset each other. It also enables the offsetting of payment flows between geographical areas, reducing the cost of settlement between them.</li> <li>Credit quality improvement – banks lend money to ordinary commercial and personal borrowers (ordinary credit quality), but are high quality borrowers. The improvement comes from diversification of the bank's assets and capital which provides a buffer to absorb losses without defaulting on its obligations. However, banknotes and deposits are generally unsecured; if the bank gets into difficulty and pledges assets as security, to raise the funding it needs to continue to operate, this puts the note holders and depositors in an economically subordinated position.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_liability_mismatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset liability mismatch">Asset liability mismatch</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maturity_transformation" title="Maturity transformation">Maturity transformation</a> – banks borrow more on demand debt and short term debt, but provide more long-term loans. In other words, they borrow short and lend long. With a stronger credit quality than most other borrowers, banks can do this by aggregating issues (e.g. accepting deposits and issuing banknotes) and redemptions (e.g. withdrawals and redemption of banknotes), maintaining reserves of cash, investing in marketable securities that can be readily converted to cash if needed, and raising replacement funding as needed from various sources (e.g. wholesale cash markets and securities markets).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a>/destruction – whenever a bank gives out a loan in a <a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">fractional-reserve banking</a> system, a new sum of money is created and conversely, whenever the principal on that loan is repaid money is destroyed.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bank_crisis">Bank crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bank crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosakov_dom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosakov_dom.jpg/120px-Bosakov_dom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosakov_dom.jpg/180px-Bosakov_dom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosakov_dom.jpg/240px-Bosakov_dom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>OTP Bank in <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a> (Slovakia)</figcaption></figure> <p>Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">liquidity risk</a> (where many depositors may request withdrawals in excess of available funds), <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">credit risk</a> (the chance that those who owe money to the bank will not repay it), and <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_risk" title="Interest rate risk">interest rate risk</a> (the possibility that the bank will become unprofitable, if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans). </p><p>Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks have emerged for the banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank run</a> that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_Loan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings and Loan crisis">Savings and Loan crisis</a> in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the <a href="/wiki/Sub-prime_mortgage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-prime mortgage crisis">sub-prime mortgage crisis</a> in the 2000s. </p><p>The 2023 global banking crisis is the latest of these crises: In March 2023, liquidity shortages and bank insolvencies led to <a href="/wiki/March_2023_United_States_bank_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 United States bank failures">three bank failures in the United States</a>, and within two weeks, several of the world's largest banks failed or were shut down by regulators </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_of_global_banking_industry">Size of global banking industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Size of global banking industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assets of the largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008–2009 financial year to a record US$96.4 trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$115 billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of recapitalisation. EU banks held the largest share of the total, 56% in 2008–2009, down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14% during the year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee revenue generated by global investment in banking totalled US$66.3 billion in 2009, up 12% on the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-ifsl_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifsl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (5,330 as of 2015) and possibly branches (81,607 as of 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an indicator of the geography and regulatory structure of the US, resulting in a large number of small to medium-sized institutions in its banking system. As of November 2009, China's top four banks have in excess of 67,000 branches (<a href="/wiki/ICBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBC">ICBC</a>:18000+, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">BOC</a>:12000+, <a href="/wiki/China_Construction_Bank" title="China Construction Bank">CCB</a>:13000+, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_China" title="Agricultural Bank of China">ABC</a>:24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined number of branches. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches – more than double the 15,000 branches in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ifsl_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifsl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mergers_and_acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mergers and acquisitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1985 and 2018 banks engaged in around 28,798 mergers or acquisitions, either as the acquirer or the target company. The overall known value of these deals cumulates to around 5,169 bil. USD.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of value, there have been two major waves (1999 and 2007) which both peaked at around 460 bil. USD followed by a steep decline (−82% from 2007 until 2018). </p><p>Here is a list of the largest deals in history in terms of value with participation from at least one bank: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Date announced </th> <th colspan="3">Acquiring institution </th> <th colspan="3">Target institution </th> <th rowspan="2">Value of<br />transaction<br />($ millions) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Mid<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />industry </th> <th>Nation </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Mid industry </th> <th>Nation </th></tr> <tr> <td>2007-04-25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RFS_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="RFS Holdings">RFS Holdings</a> BV </td> <td>Other financials </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABN-AMRO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABN-AMRO">ABN-AMRO</a> Holding N.V. </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>98,189.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998-04-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Travelers_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelers Group">Travelers Group</a> Inc </td> <td>Insurance </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Citicorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Citicorp">Citicorp</a> </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td>72,558.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014-09-29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UBS_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">UBS AG</a> </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>UBS AG<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>65,891.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998-04-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NationsBank_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="NationsBank Corp">NationsBank Corp</a>, Charlotte, North Carolina </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=BankAmerica_Corp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BankAmerica Corp (page does not exist)">BankAmerica Corp</a> </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td>61,633.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004-01-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> & Co </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_One_Corp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank One Corp (page does not exist)">Bank One Corp</a>, Chicago, Illinois </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td>58,663.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003-10-27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> Corp </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FleetBoston" class="mw-redirect" title="FleetBoston">FleetBoston</a> Financial Corp, Massachusetts </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td>49,260.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008-09-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> Corp </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a> & Co Inc </td> <td>Brokerage </td> <td>United States </td> <td>48,766.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999-10-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo Bank">Sumitomo Bank</a> Ltd </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakura Bank">Sakura Bank</a> Ltd </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>45,494.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009-02-26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> </td> <td>National agency </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Bank of Scotland Group">Royal Bank of Scotland Group</a> </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>41,878.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005-02-18 </td> <td>Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UFJ_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="UFJ Holdings">UFJ Holdings</a> Inc </td> <td>Banks </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>41,431.03 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Basel_II" title="Basel II">Basel II</a></div> <p>Currently, commercial banks are regulated in most jurisdictions by government entities and require a special bank license to operate. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: silver">Basel Framework <br /><small>International regulatory standards for banks</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_I" title="Basel I">Basel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_II" title="Basel II">Basel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_coverage_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidity coverage ratio">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_stable_funding_ratio" title="Net stable funding ratio">NSFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Review_of_the_Trading_Book" title="Fundamental Review of the Trading Book">FRTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III:_Finalising_post-crisis_reforms" title="Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms">Endgame</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">Banking</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 1: Regulatory capital</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_adequacy_ratio" title="Capital adequacy ratio">Capital ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III#Leverage_ratio" title="Basel III">Leverage ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tier_1_capital" title="Tier 1 capital">Tier 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tier_2_capital" title="Tier 2 capital">Tier 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (credit risk)">SA-CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_ratings-based_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Internal ratings-based approach (credit risk)">IRB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_IRB" title="Foundation IRB">F-IRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_IRB" title="Advanced IRB">A-IRB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_at_default" title="Exposure at default">EAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(counterparty_credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)">SA-CCR</a></li> <li>IMM</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_conversion_factor" title="Credit conversion factor">CCF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized approach (market risk)">Standardized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_models_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal models approach (market risk)">IMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_valuation_adjustment" title="Credit valuation adjustment">CVA vol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XVA#Accounting_impact" title="XVA">BA-CVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVA#Accounting_impact" title="XVA">SA-CVA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_indicator_approach" title="Basic indicator approach">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(operational_risk)" title="Standardized approach (operational risk)">Standardized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_measurement_approach" title="Advanced measurement approach">AMA</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 2: Supervisory review</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_capital" title="Economic capital">Economic capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Liquidity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_risk" title="Legal risk">Legal risk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 3: Market disclosure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation#Financial_disclosure" title="Corporation">Disclosure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and Economics Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basel_Framework" title="Template:Basel Framework"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basel_Framework" title="Template talk:Basel Framework"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basel_Framework" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basel Framework"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Usually, the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of regulation is extended to include acceptance of deposits, even if they are not repayable to the customer's order – although money lending, by itself, is generally not included in the definition. </p><p>Unlike most other regulated industries, the regulator is typically also a participant in the market, being either publicly or privately governed <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>. Central banks also typically have a monopoly on the business of issuing <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>. However, in some countries, this is not the case. In the UK, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">Financial Services Authority</a> licenses banks, and some commercial banks (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a>) issue their own banknotes in addition to those issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, the UK government's central bank. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg/220px-Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg/330px-Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg/440px-Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="3368" /></a><figcaption>Global headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the <i>bank</i> (defined above) and the <i>customer</i> – defined as any entity for which the bank agrees to conduct an account. </p><p>The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows: </p> <ul><li>The bank account balance is the financial position between the bank and the customer: when the account is in credit, the bank owes the balance to the customer; when the account is overdrawn, the customer owes the balance to the bank.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The bank agrees to pay the customer's checks up to the amount standing to the credit of the customer's account, plus any agreed overdraft limit.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The bank may not pay from the customer's account without a mandate from the customer, e.g. a cheque drawn by the customer.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The bank agrees to promptly collect the cheques deposited to the customer's account as the customer's agent and to credit the proceeds to the customer's account.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>And, the bank has a right to combine the customer's accounts since each account is just an aspect of the same credit relationship.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The bank has a <a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">lien</a> on cheques deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The bank must not disclose details of transactions through the customer's account – unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or the law demands it.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The bank must not close a customer's account without reasonable notice, since cheques are outstanding in the ordinary course of business for several days.</li></ul> <p>These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force within a particular jurisdiction may also modify the above terms or create new rights, obligations, or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship. </p><p>Some types of financial institutions, such as <a href="/wiki/Building_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Building Society">building societies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit unions">credit unions</a>, may be partly or wholly exempt from bank license requirements, and therefore regulated under separate rules. </p><p>The requirements for the issue of a bank license vary between jurisdictions but typically include: </p> <ul><li>Minimum capital</li> <li>Minimum capital ratio</li> <li>'Fit and Proper' requirements for the bank's controllers, owners, directors, or senior officers</li> <li>Approval of the bank's business plan as being sufficiently prudent and plausible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_types_of_banking">Different types of banking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Different types of banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo,_city_of_opportunity-_a_chronicle_of_the_Northwest_territory_and_its_conquest_and_of_the_gracious_city_stout_hearts_and_willing_hands_have_built_-_DPLA_-_7eb9ebf857dee23e40e999198de308c4_(page_23)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Toledo%2C_city_of_opportunity-_a_chronicle_of_the_Northwest_territory_and_its_conquest_and_of_the_gracious_city_stout_hearts_and_willing_hands_have_built_-_DPLA_-_7eb9ebf857dee23e40e999198de308c4_%28page_23%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Toledo%2C_city_of_opportunity-_a_chronicle_of_the_Northwest_territory_and_its_conquest_and_of_the_gracious_city_stout_hearts_and_willing_hands_have_built_-_DPLA_-_7eb9ebf857dee23e40e999198de308c4_%28page_23%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Toledo%2C_city_of_opportunity-_a_chronicle_of_the_Northwest_territory_and_its_conquest_and_of_the_gracious_city_stout_hearts_and_willing_hands_have_built_-_DPLA_-_7eb9ebf857dee23e40e999198de308c4_%28page_23%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Northern National Bank as advertised in a 1921 book highlighting the opportunities available in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Banks' activities can be divided into: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">retail banking</a>, dealing directly with individuals and small businesses;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Business banking">business banking</a>, providing services to mid-market business;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate banking">corporate banking</a>, directed at large business entities;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">private banking</a>, providing wealth management services to <a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">high-net-worth individuals</a> and families;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a>, relating to activities on the <a href="/wiki/Financial_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial markets">financial markets</a>.</li></ul> <p>Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by the government, or are <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organisations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_banks">Types of banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Types of banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NatBankRep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NatBankRep.jpg/220px-NatBankRep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NatBankRep.jpg/330px-NatBankRep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NatBankRep.jpg/440px-NatBankRep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>National Bank of the Republic, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> 1908</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank-of-greenland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bank-of-greenland.jpg/220px-Bank-of-greenland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bank-of-greenland.jpg/330px-Bank-of-greenland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bank-of-greenland.jpg/440px-Bank-of-greenland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_BANK_of_Greenland" title="The BANK of Greenland">The BANK of Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordea,_Mariehamn,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nordea%2C_Mariehamn%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Nordea%2C_Mariehamn%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nordea%2C_Mariehamn%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Nordea%2C_Mariehamn%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nordea%2C_Mariehamn%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Nordea%2C_Mariehamn%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5491" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption>An office of <a href="/wiki/Nordea" title="Nordea">Nordea</a> bank in <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATM_AL_RAJHI_BANK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ATM_AL_RAJHI_BANK.JPG/220px-ATM_AL_RAJHI_BANK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ATM_AL_RAJHI_BANK.JPG/330px-ATM_AL_RAJHI_BANK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ATM_AL_RAJHI_BANK.JPG/440px-ATM_AL_RAJHI_BANK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Rajhi_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rajhi Bank">Al-Rajhi Bank</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NatCuBank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NatCuBank.jpg/220px-NatCuBank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NatCuBank.jpg/330px-NatCuBank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NatCuBank.jpg/440px-NatCuBank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>National Copper Bank, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> 1911</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial banks</a>: the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the U.S. Congress required that banks only engage in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital market</a> activities. Since the two no longer have to be under separate ownership, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Community banks">Community banks</a>: locally operated financial institutions that empower employees to make local decisions to serve their customers and partners.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_bank" title="Community development bank">Community development banks</a>: regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to under-served markets or populations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development_bank" title="Land development bank">Land development banks</a>: The special banks providing long-term loans are called <a href="/wiki/Land_development_bank" title="Land development bank">land development banks</a> (LDB). The history of LDB is quite old. The first LDB was started at Jhang in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in 1920. The main objective of the LDBs is to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their branches.<sup id="cite_ref-agritech_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agritech-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit unions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">co-operative banks</a>: not-for-profit <a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">cooperatives</a> owned by the depositors and often offering rates more favourable than for-profit banks. Typically, membership is restricted to employees of a particular company, residents of a defined area, members of a certain <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">union</a> or religious organisations, and their immediate families.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Postal savings banks</a>: savings banks associated with national postal systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">Private banks</a>: banks that manage the assets of high-net-worth individuals. Historically a minimum of US$1 million was required to open an account, however, over the last years, many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to US$350,000 for private investors.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">Offshore banks</a>: banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation. Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings banks</a>: in Europe, savings banks took their roots in the 19th or sometimes even in the 18th century. Their original objective was to provide easily accessible savings products to all strata of the population. In some countries, savings banks were created on public initiative; in others, socially committed individuals created foundations to put in place the necessary infrastructure. Nowadays, European savings banks have kept their focus on retail banking: payments, savings products, credits, and insurances for individuals or small and medium-sized enterprises. Apart from this retail focus, they also differ from commercial banks by their broadly decentralised distribution network, providing local and regional outreach – and by their socially responsible approach to business and society.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical bank">Ethical banks</a>: banks that prioritize the transparency of all operations and make only what they consider to be socially responsible investments.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Direct_bank" title="Direct bank">direct or internet-only bank</a> is a banking operation without any physical bank branches. Transactions are usually accomplished using <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">electronic transfers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_deposit" title="Direct deposit">direct deposits</a> through an online interface.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_investment_banks">Types of investment banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Types of investment banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">Investment banks</a> "<a href="/wiki/Underwrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwrite">underwrite</a>" (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues, provide <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a>, and advise corporations on <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital market</a> activities such as M&A, trade for their own accounts, make markets, provide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Securities_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Securities Services (page does not exist)">securities services</a> to institutional clients.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">Merchant banks</a> were traditionally banks which engaged in <a href="/wiki/Trade_finance" title="Trade finance">trade finance</a>. The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provide capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Unlike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venture_cap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venture cap (page does not exist)">venture caps</a>, they tend not to invest in new companies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combination_banks">Combination banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Combination banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenida_Sao_Joao,_Sao_Paulo_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Avenida_Sao_Joao%2C_Sao_Paulo_2006.jpg/220px-Avenida_Sao_Joao%2C_Sao_Paulo_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Avenida_Sao_Joao%2C_Sao_Paulo_2006.jpg/330px-Avenida_Sao_Joao%2C_Sao_Paulo_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Avenida_Sao_Joao%2C_Sao_Paulo_2006.jpg/440px-Avenida_Sao_Joao%2C_Sao_Paulo_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Brasil" title="Banco do Brasil">Banco do Brasil</a> office in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, the bank is the largest financial institution in Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_bank" title="Universal bank">Universal banks</a>, more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> companies, engage in several of these activities. These big banks are very diversified groups that, among other services, also distribute insurance – hence the term <a href="/wiki/Bancassurance" title="Bancassurance">bancassurance</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau word</a> combining "banque or bank" and "assurance", signifying that both banking and insurance are provided by the same corporate entity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types_of_banks">Other types of banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other types of banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a> are normally government-owned and charged with quasi-regulatory responsibilities, such as supervising commercial banks, or controlling the cash <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a>. They generally provide liquidity to the banking system and act as the <a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">lender of last resort</a> in event of a crisis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic bank">Islamic banks</a> adhere to the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. This form of banking revolves around several well-established principles based on Islamic laws. All banking activities must avoid interest, a concept that is forbidden in Islam. Instead, the bank earns profit (<a href="/wiki/Markup_(business)" title="Markup (business)">markup</a>) and fees on the financing facilities that it extends to customers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_within_the_banking_industry">Challenges within the banking industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Challenges within the banking industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bank" title="Talk:Bank">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bank" title="Special:EditPage/Bank">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Trust_Company_Building_183_Montague_Street_Brooklyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/People%27s_Trust_Company_Building_183_Montague_Street_Brooklyn.jpg/180px-People%27s_Trust_Company_Building_183_Montague_Street_Brooklyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/People%27s_Trust_Company_Building_183_Montague_Street_Brooklyn.jpg/270px-People%27s_Trust_Company_Building_183_Montague_Street_Brooklyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/People%27s_Trust_Company_Building_183_Montague_Street_Brooklyn.jpg/360px-People%27s_Trust_Company_Building_183_Montague_Street_Brooklyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, The People's Trust Company Building, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States banking industry is one of the most heavily regulated and guarded in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with multiple specialised and focused regulators. All banks with FDIC-insured deposits have the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> (FDIC) as a regulator. However, for soundness examinations (i.e., whether a bank is operating in a sound manner), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> is the primary federal regulator for Fed-member state banks; the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a> (OCC) is the primary federal regulator for national banks. State non-member banks are examined by the state agencies as well as the FDIC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 236">: 236 </span></sup> National banks have one primary regulator – the OCC. </p><p>Each regulatory agency has its own set of rules and regulations to which banks and thrifts must adhere. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Financial_Institutions_Examination_Council" title="Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council">Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council</a> (FFIEC) was established in 1979 as a formal inter-agency body empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms for the federal examination of financial institutions. Although the FFIEC has resulted in a greater degree of regulatory consistency between the agencies, the rules and regulations are constantly changing. </p><p>In addition to changing regulations, changes in the industry have led to consolidations within the Federal Reserve, FDIC, OTS, and OCC. Offices have been closed, supervisory regions have been merged, staff levels have been reduced and budgets have been cut. The remaining regulators face an increased burden with an increased workload and more banks per regulator. While banks struggle to keep up with the changes in the regulatory environment, regulators struggle to manage their workload and effectively regulate their banks. The impact of these changes is that banks are receiving less hands-on assessment by the regulators, less time spent with each institution, and the potential for more problems slipping through the cracks, potentially resulting in an overall increase in bank failures across the United States. </p><p>The changing economic environment has a significant impact on banks and thrifts as they struggle to effectively manage their interest rate spread in the face of low rates on loans, rate competition for deposits and the general market changes, industry trends and economic fluctuations. It has been a challenge for banks to effectively set their growth strategies with the recent economic market. A rising interest rate environment may seem to help financial institutions, but the effect of the changes on consumers and businesses is not predictable and the challenge remains for banks to grow and effectively manage the spread to generate a return to their shareholders. </p><p>The management of the banks' asset portfolios also remains a challenge in today's economic environment. Loans are a bank's primary asset category and when loan quality becomes suspect, the foundation of a bank is shaken to the core. While always an issue for banks, declining <a href="/wiki/Asset_quality" title="Asset quality">asset quality</a> has become a big problem for financial institutions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_building_(4004925857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mirror_building_%284004925857%29.jpg/200px-Mirror_building_%284004925857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mirror_building_%284004925857%29.jpg/300px-Mirror_building_%284004925857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mirror_building_%284004925857%29.jpg/400px-Mirror_building_%284004925857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safra_National_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safra National Bank (page does not exist)">Safra National Bank</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several reasons for this, one of which is the lax attitude some banks have adopted because of the years of "good times." The potential for this is exacerbated by the reduction in the regulatory oversight of banks and in some cases depth of management. Problems are more likely to go undetected, resulting in a significant impact on the bank when they are discovered. In addition, banks, like any business, struggle to cut costs and have consequently eliminated certain expenses, such as adequate employee training programs. </p><p>Banks also face a host of other challenges such as ageing ownership groups. Across the country, many banks' management teams and boards of directors are ageing. Banks also face ongoing pressure from shareholders, both public and private, to achieve earnings and growth projections. Regulators place added pressure on banks to manage the various categories of risk. Banking is also an extremely competitive industry. Competing in the financial services industry has become tougher with the entrance of such players as insurance agencies, credit unions, cheque cashing services, <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> companies, etc. </p><p>As a reaction, banks have developed their activities in <a href="/wiki/Financial_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial instruments">financial instruments</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial market</a> operations such as <a href="/wiki/Brokerage_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brokerage firm">brokerage</a> and have become big players in such activities. </p><p>Another major challenge is the ageing infrastructure, also called legacy IT. Backend systems were built decades ago and are incompatible with new applications. Fixing bugs and creating interfaces costs huge sums, as knowledgeable programmers become scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_activities_of_banks">Loan activities of banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Loan activities of banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To be able to provide home buyers and builders with the funds needed, banks must compete for deposits. The phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Disintermediation" title="Disintermediation">disintermediation</a> had to dollars moving from savings accounts and into direct market instruments such as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of Treasury</a> obligations, agency securities, and corporate debt. One of the greatest factors in recent years in the movement of deposits was the tremendous growth of money market funds whose higher interest rates attracted consumer deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To compete for deposits, US savings institutions offer many different types of plans:<sup id="cite_ref-multiple3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passbook" title="Passbook">Passbook</a> or ordinary <a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">deposit accounts</a>  – permit any amount to be added to or withdrawn from the account at any time.</li> <li>NOW and Super NOW accounts  – function like checking accounts but earn interest. A minimum balance may be required on Super NOW accounts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market_account" title="Money market account">Money market accounts</a>  – carry a monthly limit of preauthorised transfers to other accounts or persons and may require a minimum or average balance.</li> <li>Certificate accounts  – subject to loss of some or all interest on withdrawals before maturity.</li> <li>Notice accounts  – the equivalent of certificate accounts with an indefinite term. Savers agree to notify the institution a specified time before withdrawal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_retirement_account" title="Individual retirement account">Individual retirement accounts</a> (IRAs) and <a href="/wiki/Keogh_plan" title="Keogh plan">Keogh plans</a>  – a form of retirement savings in which the funds deposited and interest earned are exempt from income tax until after withdrawal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checking_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Checking account">Checking accounts</a>  – offered by some institutions under definite restrictions.</li> <li>All withdrawals and deposits are completely the sole decision and responsibility of the account owner unless the parent or guardian is required to do otherwise for legal reasons.</li> <li>Club accounts and other <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings accounts</a>  – designed to help people save regularly to meet certain goals.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_accounts">Types of accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Types of accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBTLexington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BBTLexington.jpg/220px-BBTLexington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BBTLexington.jpg/330px-BBTLexington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BBTLexington.jpg/440px-BBTLexington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Suburban bank branch</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bank_statement" title="Bank statement">Bank statements</a> are accounting records produced by banks under the various accounting standards of the world. Under <a href="/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally accepted accounting principles">GAAP</a> there are two kinds of accounts: debit and credit. Credit accounts are Revenue, Equity and Liabilities. Debit Accounts are Assets and Expenses. The bank credits a <i>credit account</i> to increase its balance, and debits a <i>credit account</i> to decrease its balance.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The customer debits his or her savings/bank (asset) in his ledger when making a deposit (and the account is normally in debit), while the customer credits a <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> (liability) account in his ledger every time he spends money (and the account is normally in credit). When the customer reads his bank statement, the statement will show a credit to the account for deposits, and debits for withdrawals of funds. The customer with a positive balance will see this balance reflected as a credit balance on the bank statement. If the customer is overdrawn, he will have a negative balance, reflected as a debit balance on the bank statement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brokered_deposits">Brokered deposits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Brokered deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One source of deposits for banks is <b>deposit brokers</b> who deposit large sums of money on behalf of investors through trust corporations. This money will generally go to the banks which offer the most favourable terms, often better than those offered local depositors. It is possible for a bank to engage in business with no local deposits at all, all funds being <b>brokered deposits</b>. Accepting a significant quantity of such deposits, or "<a href="/wiki/Hot_money" title="Hot money">hot money</a>" as it is sometimes called, puts a bank in a difficult and sometimes risky position, as the funds must be lent or invested in a way that yields a return sufficient to pay the high interest being paid on the brokered deposits. This may result in risky decisions and even in eventual failure of the bank. Banks which failed during 2008 and 2009 in the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a> had, on average, four times more brokered deposits as a percent of their deposits than the average bank. Such deposits, combined with risky real estate investments, factored into the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">savings and loan crisis</a> of the 1980s. Regulation of brokered deposits is opposed by banks on the grounds that the practice can be a source of external funding to growing communities with insufficient local deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different types of accounts: saving, recurring and current accounts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custodial_accounts">Custodial accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Custodial accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Custodial accounts are accounts in which assets are held for a third party. For example, businesses that accept custody of funds for clients prior to their conversion, return, or transfer may have a custodial account at a bank for these purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globalisation_in_the_banking_industry">Globalisation in the banking industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Globalisation in the banking industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern times there have been huge reductions to the barriers of global competition in the banking industry. Increases in telecommunications and other financial technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Terminal" title="Bloomberg Terminal">Bloomberg</a>, have allowed banks to extend their reach all over the world since they no longer have to be near customers to manage both their finances and their risk. The growth in cross-border activities has also increased the demand for banks that can provide various services across borders to different nationalities. Despite these reductions in barriers and growth in cross-border activities, the banking industry is nowhere near as globalised as some other industries. In the US, for instance, very few banks even worry about the Riegle–Neal Act, which promotes more efficient interstate banking. In the vast majority of nations around the globe, the market share for foreign owned banks is currently less than a tenth of all market shares for banks in a particular nation. One reason the banking industry has not been fully globalised is that it is more convenient to have local banks provide loans to small businesses and individuals. On the other hand, for large corporations, it is not as important in what nation the bank is in since the corporation's financial information is available around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_terms" title="Category:Banking terms">Category:Banking terms</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Terms and concepts:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous banking">Anonymous banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_agent" title="Banking agent">Banking agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Bank regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_license" title="Banking license">Banking license</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankers%27_bonuses" title="Bankers' bonuses">Bankers' bonuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMELS_rating_system" title="CAMELS rating system">CAMELS rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_advance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash advance">Cash advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit Card">Credit Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_report" title="Call report">Call report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_creation_multiplier" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposit creation multiplier">Deposit creation multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Electronic funds transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">Fractional-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-reserve_banking" title="Full-reserve banking">Full-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet banking">Internet banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">International Bank Account Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">Investment banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">Loan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-qualification" title="Pre-qualification">Pre-qualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-approval" title="Pre-approval">Pre-approval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprime" class="mw-redirect" title="Subprime">Subprime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow_banking" title="Narrow banking">Narrow banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdraft" title="Overdraft">Overdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdraft_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdraft protection">Overdraft protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piggy_bank" title="Piggy bank">Piggy bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmy_Deposit_Scheme" title="Pigmy Deposit Scheme">Pigmy Deposit Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">Private banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_credit" title="Private credit">Private credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_probe" title="Soft probe">Soft probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_statement" title="Stock statement">Stock statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitute_check" title="Substitute check">Substitute check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT">SWIFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_management#Banks" title="Treasury management">Treasury management § Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Wealth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">Wire transfer</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Types of institutions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_bank" title="Bad bank">Bad bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankers%27_bank" title="Bankers' bank">Bankers' bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative bank">Cooperative bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical bank">Ethical bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_loan_company" title="Industrial loan company">Industrial loan company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">Investment bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boutique_investment_bank" title="Boutique investment bank">Boutique investment bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_bracket" title="Bulge bracket">Bulge bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_advisory_firm" title="Independent advisory firm">Independent advisory firm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_bank" title="Mortgage bank">Mortgage bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">Merchant bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-bank_financial_institution" title="Non-bank financial institution">Non-bank financial institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">Offshore bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-to-person_lending" class="mw-redirect" title="Person-to-person lending">Person-to-person lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">Private bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow bank">Shadow bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparebank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparebank">Sparebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_bank" title="Zombie bank">Zombie bank</a></li></ul> <p><b>Crime:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_fraud" title="Bank fraud">Bank fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_robbery" title="Bank robbery">Bank robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_fraud" title="Cheque fraud">Cheque fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber Crime">Cyber Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_fraud" title="Mortgage fraud">Mortgage fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar crime</a></li></ul> <p><b>Related lists:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks" title="List of largest banks">List of largest banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accounting_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of accounting topics">List of accounting topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bank_mergers_in_the_United_States" title="List of bank mergers in the United States">List of bank mergers in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bank_runs" title="List of bank runs">List of bank runs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_crises" title="List of banking crises">List of banking crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banks">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of economics topics">List of economics topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_finance_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of finance topics">List of finance topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_U.S._bank_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest U.S. bank failures">List of largest U.S. bank failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest banks">List of oldest banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">List of stock exchanges</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Banking by country</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Australia" title="Banking in Australia">Banking in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Austria" title="Banking in Austria">Banking in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Belgium" title="Banking in Belgium">Banking in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Hong Kong">Banking in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Iran">Banking in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Israel" title="Banking in Israel">Banking in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_financial_system" title="Japanese financial system">Banking in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Qatar">Banking in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Spain">Banking in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Singapore">Banking in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Tunisia" title="Banking in Tunisia">Banking in Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking in the United States</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/19px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/29px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/38px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/42px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713043152/http://www.prarulebook.co.uk/rulebook/Glossary/Rulebook/0/B">"Bank of England"</a>. <i>Rulebook Glossary</i>. 1 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prarulebook.co.uk/rulebook/Glossary/Rulebook/0/B">the original</a> on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>. <q><b>bank</b> means: <br /> (1) a firm with a Part 4A Permission to carry on the regulated activity of accepting deposits and is a credit institution, but is not a credit union, friendly society or a building society; or <br /> (2) an EEA bank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rulebook+Glossary&rft.atitle=Bank+of+England&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prarulebook.co.uk%2Frulebook%2FGlossary%2FRulebook%2F0%2FB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhry2012" class="citation book cs1">Choudhry, Moorad (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Banking" title="The Principles of Banking">The Principles of Banking</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119755647" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119755647"><bdi>978-1119755647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Banking&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1119755647&rft.aulast=Choudhry&rft.aufirst=Moorad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philadelphiafed.org/the-economy/banking-and-financial-markets/how-banks-use-loans-to-create-liquidity">"How Banks Use Loans to Create Liquidity"</a>. <i>www.philadelphiafed.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.philadelphiafed.org&rft.atitle=How+Banks+Use+Loans+to+Create+Liquidity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philadelphiafed.org%2Fthe-economy%2Fbanking-and-financial-markets%2Fhow-banks-use-loans-to-create-liquidity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/supervisionreg/basel/basel-default.htm">"Basel Regulatory Framework"</a>. <i>www.federalreserve.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.federalreserve.gov&rft.atitle=Basel+Regulatory+Framework&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Fsupervisionreg%2Fbasel%2Fbasel-default.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Chahin – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC&dq=beginning+of+economics+banking+in+Mesopotamia&pg=PA134">The Kingdom of Armenia: A History</a> Routledge, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700714529" title="Special:BookSources/0700714529">0700714529</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ME Stevens <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOzV8VMCAt0C&dq=history+of+banks+%28economic%29+Mesopotamia&pg=PA136">Temples, Tithes, and Taxes: The Temple and the Economic Life of Ancient Israel</a> Baker Academic, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801047773" title="Special:BookSources/0801047773">0801047773</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N Luhmann – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzPtFxgv8FwC&dq=places+of+banking+in+Ancient+Greece&pg=PA180">Risk: A Sociological Theory</a> Transaction Publishers, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0202307646" title="Special:BookSources/0202307646">0202307646</a> (p. 181)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_RDavies,_G" class="citation book cs1">Davies, R; Davies, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/amser/chrono1.html"><i>A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Money+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Cardiff%3A+University+of+Wales+Press%2C+1996&rft.au=Davies%2C+R&rft.au=Davies%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.exeter.ac.uk%2FRDavies%2Farian%2Famser%2Fchrono1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/naissance-de-la-banque/">naissance de la banque</a> universalis.fr Accessed 15 September 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Noble_Foster_Hoggson" title="Noble Foster Hoggson">Hoggson, N. F.</a> (1926) <i>Banking Through the Ages</i>, New York, Dodd, Mead & Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldthwaite, R. A. (1995) <i>Banks, Places and Entrepreneurs in Renaissance Florence</i>, Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain, Variorum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacesich2000" class="citation book cs1">Macesich, George (30 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1OYMZ8OzMUC&pg=PA42">"Central Banking: The Early Years: Other Early Banks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1OYMZ8OzMUC"><i>Issues in Money and Banking</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers (<a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>). p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96777-2"><bdi>978-0-275-96777-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2009</span>. <q>The first state deposit bank was the Bank of St. George in Genoa, which was established in 1407.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Banking%3A+The+Early+Years%3A+Other+Early+Banks&rft.btitle=Issues+in+Money+and+Banking&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers+%28Greenwood+Publishing+Group%29&rft.date=2000-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96777-2&rft.aulast=Macesich&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1OYMZ8OzMUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory1832" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story, Joseph</a> (1832). "On Deposits". In <a href="/wiki/James_Schouler" title="James Schouler">Schouler, James</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlE9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Commentaries on the Law of Bailments: With Illustrations from the Civil and the Foreign Law</i></a> (9 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown, and Company (published 1878). p. 87<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>In the ordinary cases of deposits of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan or <i>mutuum</i>, or irregular deposit, and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Deposits&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Law+of+Bailments%3A+With+Illustrations+from+the+Civil+and+the+Foreign+Law&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlE9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pepys,_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham" title="Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham">Lord Chancellor Cottenham</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Foley_v_Hill" title="Foley v Hill">Foley v Hill</a></i> (1848) 2 HLC 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1929" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Richard D. (1929). "The Goldsmith bankers and the evolution of English paper money". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYK9gU3r0rYC"><i>The Early History of Banking in England</i></a>. Routledge Library Editions: Banking and Finance. Vol. 30 (reprint ed.). London: Routledge (published 2012). p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203116067" title="Special:BookSources/9780203116067"><bdi>9780203116067</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] the promissory note originated as a receipt given by the goldsmith for money, which he took charge of for a customer but was not allowed to use. Such a note was relly a warehouse voucher which could not be assigned. When, however, it became a receipt for a money deposit, which the goldsmith was allowed to use for the purpose of making advances to his customers, it developed into an assignable instrument. Ultimately such notes were issued by the goldsmiths in the form of loans and were not necessarily backed by coin and bullion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Goldsmith+bankers+and+the+evolution+of+English+paper+money&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Banking+in+England&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Banking+and+Finance&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=9780203116067&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYK9gU3r0rYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards. The usual denomination was 50 or 100 pounds, so these notes were not an everyday <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> for the common people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnotes.co.uk/news_and_info/features/">"A History of British Banknotes"</a>. <i>britishnotes.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishnotes.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+History+of+British+Banknotes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnotes.co.uk%2Fnews_and_info%2Ffeatures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105155745/http://www.eccount.com/financial-news/a-short-history-of-overdrafts/">"A short history of overdrafts"</a>. eccount money. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eccount.com/financial-news/a-short-history-of-overdrafts/#.UneWvFMqvp0">the original</a> on 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+overdrafts&rft.pub=eccount+money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eccount.com%2Ffinancial-news%2Fa-short-history-of-overdrafts%2F%23.UneWvFMqvp0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org.ro/about-banks-history">"The History of Banks | How They've Changed through the Years"</a>. <i>worldbank.org.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>International financing in the 19th Century took hold due to the Rothschilds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldbank.org.ro&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Banks+%7C+How+They%27ve+Changed+through+the+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org.ro%2Fabout-banks-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ac19">"History of banking"</a>. <i>History World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Danish loan [1803] is the first of many such transactions on behalf of governments which rapidly establish the Rothschild family as Europe's most powerful bankers, rising to a pre-eminence comparable to that of the Medici and the Fugger in earlier centuries. <br /> The family is soon represented in all the important centres of the continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+World&rft.atitle=History+of+banking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2Fplaintexthistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dac19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/banking.html">"A History of Banking"</a>. <i>www.localhistories.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.localhistories.org&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Banking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fbanking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Albuquerque1855" class="citation book cs1">de Albuquerque, Martim (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesandqueries00albugoog"><i>Notes and Queries</i></a>. in: George Bell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesandqueries00albugoog/page/n427">431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.place=in&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=George+Bell&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=de+Albuquerque&rft.aufirst=Martim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotesandqueries00albugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/bank">"bank"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011025559/https://www.etymonline.com/word/bank">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Dominions_Trust_Ltd_v_Kirkwood" title="United Dominions Trust Ltd v Kirkwood">United Dominions Trust Ltd v Kirkwood</a>, 1966, English Court of Appeal, 2 QB 431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Banking Ordinance, Section 2, Interpretation, Hong Kong) In this case the definition is extended to include accepting any deposits repayable in less than 3 months, companies that accept deposits of greater than HK$100 000 for periods of greater than 3 months are regulated as <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">deposit taking companies</a> rather than as banks in Hong Kong.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Tyree's Banking Law in New Zealand, A L Tyree, LexisNexis 2003, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-money-creation-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-money-creation_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeayRadiaThomas2014" class="citation news cs1">McLeay, Michael; Radia, Amar; Thomas, Ryland (8 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/quarterly-bulletin/2014/money-creation-in-the-modern-economy">"Money creation in the modern economy"</a>. <i>Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BANKEDGE+%7C+Professional+Certification+Courses+In+Banking&rft.atitle=Banking+Channels+%7C+Bankedge&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbankedge.in%2Fbanking-channels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestreet.com/story/10385783/how-banks-make-money.html">"How Banks Make Money"</a>. The Street. 24 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecityuk.com/assets/Uploads/Banking-2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCityUK&rft.atitle=Banking+2010&rft.pages=3-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecityuk.com%2Fassets%2FUploads%2FBanking-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:85%;">(638 KB)</span> charts 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326150944/http://www2.fdic.gov/hsob/HSOBRpt.asp">"FDIC: HSOB Commercial Banks"</a>. <i>www5.fdic.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Banks%2C+Wads+of+Cash+and+Loads+of+Trouble&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Martin%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F04%2Fbusiness%2F04brokered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerDaiOngenaSmith2003" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Allen N; Dai, Qinglei; Ongena, Steven; Smith, David C (1 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.nl/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=WXWj19cAAAAJ&citation_for_view=WXWj19cAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC">"To what extent will the banking industry be globalized? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Banking+%26+Finance&rft.atitle=To+what+extent+will+the+banking+industry+be+globalized%3F+A+study+of+bank+nationality+and+reach+in+20+European+nations&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-415&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0378-4266%2802%2900386-2&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Allen+N&rft.au=Dai%2C+Qinglei&rft.au=Ongena%2C+Steven&rft.au=Smith%2C+David+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.nl%2Fcitations%3Fview_op%3Dview_citation%26hl%3Den%26user%3DWXWj19cAAAAJ%26citation_for_view%3DWXWj19cAAAAJ%3A9yKSN-GCB0IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Born, Karl Erich. <i>International Banking in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i> (St Martin's, 1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalban0000born">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Bank</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bank" class="extiw" title="wikt:bank">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banks" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Banks">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Banking" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Banking">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/mar/25/banking-g20">Guardian Datablog</a> – World's Biggest Banks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111132200/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/banking.htm">Banking, Banks, and Credit Unions</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i> (archived 11 January 2012)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occ.gov/static/publications/nbguide.pdf">A Guide to the National Banking System</a></i> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a> (OCC), <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Provides an overview of the national banking system of the US, its regulation, and the OCC.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22687#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22687#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22687#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/826867/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004436-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banks and banking"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011609">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119759438">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119759438">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562463">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="banky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114125&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bancos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525587">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283160705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014061">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40278">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank&oldid=1258051382">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank&oldid=1258051382</a>"</div></div> <div 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