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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kula ring</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercanvi_kula" title="Intercanvi kula – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intercanvi kula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(etnografie)" title="Kula (etnografie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kula (etnografie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(Ritual)" title="Kula (Ritual) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kula (Ritual)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercambio_kula" title="Intercambio kula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intercambio kula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e)" title="Kula (Nouvelle-Guinée) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kula (Nouvelle-Guinée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula-pohod" title="Kula-pohod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kula-pohod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(cerimonia)" title="Kula (cerimonia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kula (cerimonia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="טבעת הקולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבעת הקולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula" title="Kula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_aplis" title="Kula aplis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kula aplis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(antropologija)" title="Kula (antropologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kula (antropologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangkaian_Kula" title="Rangkaian Kula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rangkaian Kula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(ritueel)" title="Kula (ritueel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kula (ritueel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9_(%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93)" title="クラ (交易) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラ (交易)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(rytua%C5%82)" title="Kula (rytuał) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kula (rytuał)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula" title="Kula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Круг Кула – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Круг Кула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kula ring" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulapiiri" title="Kulapiiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulapiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropology" title="Category:Economic anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">applied</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">development <br />anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance" title="Social studies of finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth#Anthropological_views" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_good" title="Limited good">Limited good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possessions" title="Inalienable possessions">Inalienable possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_pathway_diversion" title="Commodity pathway diversion">Singularization <span style="font-size:85%;">(commodity pathway)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">Spheres of exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Provisioning systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunting-gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">Nomadic pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">Moral economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><i>Prestations</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Moka exchange</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Gifting</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gifting_remittances" title="Gifting remittances">Gifting remittances</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gifting" title="Organ gifting">Organ gifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Provisioning</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aché people">Aché people</a> (hunter-gatherers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek people</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Colonialism and development</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Politics_Machine" title="The Anti-Politics Machine">The Anti-Politics Machine</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the <br />People Without History</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Political economy</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy" title="Jim Crow economy">Jim Crow economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_affluent_society" title="Original affluent society">Original affluent society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">Formalist–substantivist debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Anthropology of development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chayanov" title="Alexander Chayanov">Alexander Chayanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Diamond" title="Stanley Diamond">Stanley Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Firth" title="Raymond Firth">Raymond Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_I._Guyer" title="Jane I. Guyer">Jane I. Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hart_(anthropologist)" title="Keith Hart (anthropologist)">Keith Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Marvin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_K._Schneider" title="Harold K. Schneider">Harold K. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template talk:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kula</b>, also known as the <b>Kula exchange</b> or <b>Kula ring</b>, is a ceremonial exchange system conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The Kula ring was made famous by <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a>, considered the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. He used this test case to argue for the universality of rational decision-making and for the cultural nature of the object of their effort. Malinowski's seminal work on the topic, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonauts_of_the_Western_Pacific" title="Argonauts of the Western Pacific">Argonauts of the Western Pacific</a></i> (1922),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directly confronted the question, "Why would men risk life and limb to travel across huge expanses of dangerous ocean to give away what appear to be worthless trinkets?" Malinowski carefully traced the network of exchanges of bracelets and necklaces across the <a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands" title="Trobriand Islands">Trobriand Islands</a>, and established that they were part of a system of exchange (the Kula ring), and that this exchange system was clearly linked to political authority. </p><p>Malinowski's study became the subject of debate with the French anthropologist, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(Mauss_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gift (Mauss book)">The Gift</a></i> ("Essai sur le don", 1925).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Kula ring has been central to the continuing anthropological debate on the nature of gift-giving, and the existence of <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economies</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trobriand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Trobriand.png/220px-Trobriand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Trobriand.png/330px-Trobriand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Trobriand.png/440px-Trobriand.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_description">Basic description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kula_ring&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kula ring spans 18 island communities of the Massim archipelago, including the <a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands" title="Trobriand Islands">Trobriand Islands</a>, and involves thousands of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants travel at times hundreds of miles by canoe in order to exchange Kula valuables, which consist of red shell-disc necklaces (<i>veigun</i> or <i>soulava</i>) that are traded to the north (circling the ring in clockwise direction) and white shell armbands (<i>mwali</i>) that are traded in the southern direction (circling counterclockwise). If the opening gift was an armband, then the closing gift must be a necklace and vice versa. The exchange of Kula valuables is also accompanied by the trade in other items known as <i>gimwali</i> (barter). The terms of participation vary from region to region. Whereas on the Trobriand Islands the exchange is monopolised by the chiefs, in <a href="/wiki/Dobu_Island" title="Dobu Island">Dobu</a> there are between 100 and 150 people involved in Kula trade, between one and two in each matrilineage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Items_for_trade">Items for trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kula_ring&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Items for trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kula_bracelet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kula_bracelet.jpg/300px-Kula_bracelet.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kula_bracelet.jpg/450px-Kula_bracelet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kula_bracelet.jpg/600px-Kula_bracelet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>An example of a Kula necklace, with its distinctive red shell-disc beads</figcaption></figure> <p>All Kula valuables are non-use items traded purely for purposes of enhancing one's <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> and prestige. Carefully prescribed customs and traditions surround the ceremonies that accompany the exchanges which establish strong, ideally lifelong relationships between the exchange parties (<i>karayta'u</i>, "partners"). The act of giving, as <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Mauss</a> wrote, is a display of the greatness of the giver, accompanied by shows of exaggerated modesty in which the value of what is given is actively played down. (Marcel Mauss (1979), Sociología y Antropología, Ed. Tecnos, Madrid, page. 181) Such a partnership involves strong mutual obligations such as hospitality, protection and assistance. According to the Muyuw, a good Kula relationship should be "like a marriage". Similarly, the saying around Papua is: "once in the Kula, always in the Kula."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kula valuables never remain for long in the hands of the recipients; rather, they must be passed on to other partners within a certain amount of time, thus constantly circling around the ring. However, even temporary possession brings prestige and status. Important chiefs can have hundreds of partners while less significant participants may only have fewer than a dozen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the vast majority of items that Kula participants have at any given time are not theirs and will be passed on, Damon (1980:281) notes that e.g. amongst the <a href="/wiki/Woodlark_Island" title="Woodlark Island">Muyuw</a> all Kula objects are someone's <i>kitoum</i>, meaning they are owned by that person (or by a group). The person owning a valuable as <i>kitoum</i> has full rights of ownership over it: he can keep it, sell it or even destroy it. The Kula valuable or an equivalent item must be returned to the person who owns it as <i>kitoum</i>. For example, the most important Muyuw men own between three and seven Kula valuables as <i>kitoum</i>, while others do not own any. The fact that, at least in theory, all such valuables are someone's <i>kitoum</i> adds a sense of responsibility to the way they are handled, reminding the recipient that he is only a steward of somebody else's possession. (The ownership of a particular valuable is, however, often not known.) Kula valuables can be exchanged as <i>kitoum</i> in a direct exchange between two partners, thus fully transferring the rights of ownership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trading_and_the_social_hierarchy">Trading and the social hierarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kula_ring&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trading and the social hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malinowski_mwali_plate_xvi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Malinowski_mwali_plate_xvi.png/220px-Malinowski_mwali_plate_xvi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Malinowski_mwali_plate_xvi.png/330px-Malinowski_mwali_plate_xvi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Malinowski_mwali_plate_xvi.png/440px-Malinowski_mwali_plate_xvi.png 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Mwali, one of the two main kinds of objects in the Kula ring, photographed by Bronisław Malinowski</figcaption></figure> <p>The right of participation in Kula exchange is not automatic; one has to "buy" one's way into it through participating in various lower <a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">spheres of exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The giver-receiver relationship is always asymmetrical: givers are higher in status. Also, Kula valuables are ranked according to value and age, as are the relationships that are created through their exchange. Participants will often strive to obtain particularly valuable and renowned Kula objects whose owner's fame will spread quickly through the archipelago. Such a competition unfolds through different persons offering <i>pokala</i> (offerings) and <i>kaributu</i> (solicitory gifts) to the owner, thus seeking to induce him to engage in a gift exchange relationship involving the desired object. Kula exchange therefore involves a complex system of gifts and countergifts whose rules are laid down by custom. The system is based on trust as obligations are not legally enforceable. However, strong social obligations and the cultural value system, in which liberality is exalted as highest virtue while meanness is condemned as shameful, create powerful pressures to "play by the rules". Those who are perceived as holding on to valuables and as being slow to give them away soon get a bad reputation (cf.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The Kula trade was organized differently in the more hierarchical parts of the Trobriand islands. There, only chiefs were allowed to engage in Kula exchange. In hierarchical areas, individuals can earn their own kitomu shells, whereas in less hierarchical areas, they are always subject to the claims of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineal_kinship_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrilineal kinship system (page does not exist)">matrilineal kin</a>. And lastly, in the hierarchical areas, Kula necklaces and bracelets are saved for external exchange only; stone axe blades are used internally. In less hierarchical areas, exchange partners may lose their valuables to internal claims. As a result, most seek to exchange their Kula valuables with chiefs, who thus become the most successful players. The chiefs have saved their Kula valuables for external trade, and external traders seek to trade with them before they lose their valuables to internal claims.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kula exchange system can be viewed as reinforcing status and authority distinctions since the hereditary chiefs own the most important shell valuables and assume the responsibility for organizing and directing the ocean voyages. Damon (1980) notes that large amounts of Kula valuables are handled by a relatively small number of people, e.g. amongst the Muyuw, three men account for over 50 percent of Kula valuables. The ten most influential men control about 90 percent of all and almost 100 percent of the most precious Kula objects. The movement of these valuables and the related relationships determine most of the Muyuw's political alliances. Fortune notes that Kula relationships are fragile, beset with various kinds of manipulation and deceit. But the recent research results of <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Kuehling" title="Susanne Kuehling">Susanne Kuehling</a> do not support Fortune's emphasis on cheating and even killing in relation to king.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muyuw for example state that the only way to get ahead in Kula is to lie, commenting that deceit frequently causes Kula relationships to fall apart.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Malinowski" title="Malinowski">Malinowski</a> wrote of "many squabbles, deep resentments and even feuds over real or imaginary grievances in the Kula exchange."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gift_versus_commodity_exchange">Gift versus commodity exchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kula_ring&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gift versus commodity exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wmalinowski_trobriand_isles_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wmalinowski_trobriand_isles_1918.jpg/220px-Wmalinowski_trobriand_isles_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wmalinowski_trobriand_isles_1918.jpg/330px-Wmalinowski_trobriand_isles_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wmalinowski_trobriand_isles_1918.jpg/440px-Wmalinowski_trobriand_isles_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Malinowski with the Trobriand Islanders, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kula ring is a classic example of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a>' distinction between gift and commodity exchange. <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> carefully distinguish <a href="/wiki/Gift_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift exchange">gift exchange</a> (Kula) and <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market exchange</a> in the form of barter (<i>gimwali</i>). Both reflect different underlying value systems and cultural customs. The Kula, Mauss wrote, is not supposed to be conducted like <i>gimwali</i>. The former involves a solemn exchange ceremony, a "display of greatness" where the concepts of honour and nobility are central; the latter, in contrast, often done as part of Kula exchange journeys, involves hard bargaining and serves purely economic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kula valuables are inalienable in the sense that they (or an equivalent object) have to be returned to the original owner. Those who receive them can pass them on as <a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">gifts</a>, but they cannot be sold as <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> (except by the one who owns them as <i>kitoum</i>). </p><p>Malinowski, however, highlighted the unusual characteristics of these "gifts". Malinowski placed the emphasis on the exchange of goods between <i>individuals</i>, and their <i>non-altruistic</i> motives for giving the gift: they expected a return of equal or greater value. In other words, <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a> is an implicit part of gifting; there is no such thing as the "free gift" given without expectation. Mauss, in contrast, emphasized that the gifts were not between individuals, but between representatives of larger collectivities. These gifts were, he argued, a "total prestation" (see <a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">Law of obligations</a>) and not a gift in the Western sense of the word. They were not simple, alienable commodities to be bought and sold, but, like the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom</a>, embodied the reputation, history, and sense of identity of a "corporate kin group", such as a line of kings. Given the stakes, Mauss asked "why anyone would give them away?" His answer was an enigmatic concept, "the spirit of the gift". A good part of the confusion (and resulting debate) was due to a bad translation of that phrase. Mauss appeared to be arguing that a return gift is given to keep the very relationship between givers alive; a failure to return a gift ends the relationship and the promise of any future gifts. Jonathan Parry has demonstrated that Mauss was arguing instead that the concept of a "pure gift" given altruistically only emerges in societies with a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market ideology</a>, such as the West and India.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mauss' concept of "total prestations" was further developed by <a href="/wiki/Annette_Weiner" title="Annette Weiner">Annette Weiner</a>, who revisited Malinowski's fieldsite in the Trobriand Islands. Her critique was twofold: first, Trobriand Island society is <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a>, and women hold a great deal of economic and political power. Their exchanges were ignored by Malinowski. Secondly, she developed Mauss's argument about reciprocity and the "spirit of the gift" in terms of "<a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possessions" title="Inalienable possessions">inalienable possessions</a>: the paradox of keeping while giving."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weiner contrasts "moveable goods" which can be exchanged with "immoveable goods" that serve to draw the gifts back (in the Trobriand case, male Kula gifts with women's landed property). She argues that the specific goods given, like Crown Jewels, are so identified with particular groups that, even when given, they are not truly alienated. </p><p>Not all societies, however, have these kinds of goods, which depend upon the existence of particular kinds of <a href="/wiki/Kinship_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship group">kinship groups</a>. French anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pushed the analysis further in <i>The Enigma of the Gift</i> (1999). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Schrauwers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Schrauwers (page does not exist)">Albert Schrauwers</a> has argued that the kinds of societies used as examples by Weiner and Godelier (including the Kula ring in the Trobriands, the <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest">indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) are all characterized by ranked aristocratic kin groups that fit with <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>' model of "<a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House Societies</a>" (where "House" refers to both noble lineage and their landed estate). Total prestations are given, he argues, to preserve landed estates identified with particular kin groups and maintain their place in a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">ranked society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kula_ring&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a>, a similar practice among some <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples of west coast <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koha_(custom)" title="Koha (custom)">Koha</a>, a similar practice among the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Moka</a>, a similar practice in the Mt. Hagen area of Papua New Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a>, a similar practice in the Sepik Coast of Papua New Guinea</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kula_ring&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski1922" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922). <i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%3A+An+Account+of+Native+Enterprise+and+Adventure+in+the+Archipelagos+of+Melanesian+New+Guinea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Bronislaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauss1970" class="citation book cs1">Mauss, Marcel (1970). <i>The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies</i>. London: Cohen & West.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gift%3A+Forms+and+Functions+of+Exchange+in+Archaic+Societies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cohen+%26+West&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski1922" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922). <i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%3A+An+Account+of+Native+Enterprise+and+Adventure+in+the+Archipelagos+of+Melanesian+New+Guinea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Bronislaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144720/2/b20302162_Kuehling_S.pdf"><i>The name of the gift : ethics of exchange on Dobu Island</i></a>, Susanne Kuehling, Australian National University, 1998, p.212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski1922" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922). <i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%3A+An+Account+of+Native+Enterprise+and+Adventure+in+the+Archipelagos+of+Melanesian+New+Guinea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Bronislaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski1922" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922). <i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%3A+An+Account+of+Native+Enterprise+and+Adventure+in+the+Archipelagos+of+Melanesian+New+Guinea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Bronislaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damon, F. H. (1980). "The Kula and Generalised Exchange: Considering some Unconsidered Aspects of the Elementary Structures of Kinship". Man (new series) 15: 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski1922" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922). <i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%3A+An+Account+of+Native+Enterprise+and+Adventure+in+the+Archipelagos+of+Melanesian+New+Guinea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Bronislaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1992" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Annette (1992). <i>Inalienable Possessions: The paradox of keeping-while-giving</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 137–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inalienable+Possessions%3A+The+paradox+of+keeping-while-giving&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=137-140&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144720/2/b20302162_Kuehling_S.pdf"><i>The name of the gift : ethics of exchange on Dobu Island</i></a>, Susanne Kuehling, Australian National University, 1998, p.208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damon, F. H. (1980). "The Kula and Generalised Exchange: Considering some Unconsidered Aspects of the Elementary Structures of Kinship". Man (new series) 15: 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski1922" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922). <i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%3A+An+Account+of+Native+Enterprise+and+Adventure+in+the+Archipelagos+of+Melanesian+New+Guinea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Bronislaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauss1970" class="citation book cs1">Mauss, Marcel (1970). <i>The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies</i>. London: Cohen & West. pp. 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gift%3A+Forms+and+Functions+of+Exchange+in+Archaic+Societies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Cohen+%26+West&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1986" class="citation journal cs1">Parry, Jonathan (1986). "The Gift, the Indian Gift and the 'Indian Gift'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Man</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 453–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2803096">10.2307/2803096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803096">2803096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152071807">152071807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=The+Gift%2C+the+Indian+Gift+and+the+%27Indian+Gift%27&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-73&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152071807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2803096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2803096&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1992" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Annette (1992). <i>Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-while-Giving</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inalienable+Possessions%3A+The+Paradox+of+Keeping-while-Giving&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodelier1999" class="citation book cs1">Godelier, Maurice (1999). <i>The Enigma of the Gift</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+the+Gift&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Godelier&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrauwers2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schrauwers, Albert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003735">"H(h)ouses, E(e)states and class: On the importance of capitals in central Sulawesi"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>160</b> (1): 72–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003735">10.1163/22134379-90003735</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=H%28h%29ouses%2C+E%28e%29states+and+class%3A+On+the+importance+of+capitals+in+central+Sulawesi&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-94&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003735&rft.aulast=Schrauwers&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kula_ring&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kula_exchange" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kula exchange">Kula exchange</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/kula_ring" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/kula ring">kula ring</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703142309/http://www.ulb.ac.be/soco/apft/GENERAL/PUBLICAT/RAPPORTS/YOUNG.HTM">"Kula in Woodlark"</a>. <i>Fieldwork report: Logging or conservation on Woodlark (Muyuw) island, by Michael Young, Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulb.ac.be/soco/apft/GENERAL/PUBLICAT/RAPPORTS/YOUNG.HTM">the original</a> on July 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fieldwork+report%3A+Logging+or+conservation+on+Woodlark+%28Muyuw%29+island%2C+by+Michael+Young%2C+Department+of+Anthropology%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.atitle=Kula+in+Woodlark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulb.ac.be%2Fsoco%2Fapft%2FGENERAL%2FPUBLICAT%2FRAPPORTS%2FYOUNG.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.yale.edu/02-03/anth500a/reading_notes/RN_Malinowski_Argonauts.htm">"Kula: the standard model"</a>. <i>Notes for reading Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+for+reading+Bronislaw+Malinowski%2C+Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific+%281922%29&rft.atitle=Kula%3A+the+standard+model&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclasses.yale.edu%2F02-03%2Fanth500a%2Freading_notes%2FRN_Malinowski_Argonauts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_Leach_and_Edmund_Leach1983" class="citation book cs1">Jerry Leach and Edmund Leach (1983). <i>The Kula: New Perspectives on Massim Exchange</i>. Cambridge University Press, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kula%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Massim+Exchange&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Jerry+Leach+and+Edmund+Leach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamon,_F._H.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Damon, F. H. (1980). "The Kula and Generalised Exchange: Considering some Unconsidered Aspects of the Elementary Structures of Kinship". <i>Man</i>. New Series. <b>15</b> (2): 267–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2801671">10.2307/2801671</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2801671">2801671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=The+Kula+and+Generalised+Exchange%3A+Considering+some+Unconsidered+Aspects+of+the+Elementary+Structures+of+Kinship&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-292&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2801671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2801671%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Damon%2C+F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski,_B.1920" class="citation journal cs1">Malinowski, B. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449522">"Kula; the Circulating Exchange of Valuables in the Archipelagoes of Eastern New Guinea"</a>. <i>Man</i>. <b>20</b>. Man, Vol. 20: 97–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2840430">10.2307/2840430</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2840430">2840430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Kula%3B+the+Circulating+Exchange+of+Valuables+in+the+Archipelagoes+of+Eastern+New+Guinea&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=97-105&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2840430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2840430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Malinowski%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski,_B.1922" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, B. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArgonautsOfTheWesternPacific"><i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea</i></a>. George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%3A+An+Account+of+Native+Enterprise+and+Adventure+in+the+Archipelagoes+of+Melanesian+New+Guinea&rft.pub=George+Routledge+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Malinowski%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArgonautsOfTheWesternPacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauss,_M.1990" class="citation book cs1">Mauss, M. (1990). <i>The Gift: forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gift%3A+forms+and+functions+of+exchange+in+archaic+societies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Mauss%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKula+ring" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangka_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangka (boat) (page does not exist)">Mangka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Thao_people" title="Thao people">Thao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruza_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruza (canoe) (page does not exist)">Ruza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatara (ship)">Tatara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island<br />Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gubang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gubang (page does not exist)">Gubang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abak (boat) (page does not exist)">Abak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banting_(boat)" title="Banting (boat)">Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerucuh" title="Cerucuh">Cerucuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eloha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eloha (page does not exist)">Eloha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakatora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakatora (page does not exist)">Fakatora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellore" title="Jellore">Jellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongkong" title="Jongkong">Jongkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung_tambangan" title="Jukung tambangan">Jukung tambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalulis" title="Kalulis">Kalulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelulus" title="Kelulus">Kelulus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolay_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolay (boat) (page does not exist)">Kolay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolekole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolekole (page does not exist)">Kolekole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knabat_bogolu" title="Knabat bogolu">Knabat bogolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_(ship)" title="Lancang (ship)">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)" title="Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)">Lepa-Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis-alis" title="Lis-alis">Lis-alis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londe" title="Londe">Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orembai" title="Orembai">Orembai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduwang" title="Paduwang">Paduwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajala_(boat)" title="Pajala (boat)">Pajala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paledang" title="Paledang">Paledang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkur_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkur (boat) (page does not exist)">Pangkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencalang" title="Pencalang">Pencalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahu">Perahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeq" title="Sandeq">Sandeq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarua_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarua (boat) (page does not exist)">Sarua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekong_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekong (boat) (page does not exist)">Sekong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solu" title="Solu">Solu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teneh_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teneh (boat) (page does not exist)">Teneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banting_(boat)" title="Banting (boat)">Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedar_(ship)" title="Bedar (ship)">Bedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggoh" title="Buggoh">Buggoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birau_(boat)" title="Birau (boat)">Birau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerucuh" title="Cerucuh">Cerucuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolek_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolek (boat) (page does not exist)">Kolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_(ship)" title="Lancang (ship)">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencalang" title="Pencalang">Pencalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu_payang" title="Perahu payang">Perahu payang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perahu_tambangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perahu tambangan (page does not exist)">Perahu tambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinas_(ship)" title="Pinas (ship)">Pinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabang_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabang (boat) (page does not exist)">Kabang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armadahan" title="Armadahan">Armadahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avang" title="Avang">Avang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awang_(boat)" title="Awang (boat)">Awang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaci%C3%B3n" title="Balación">Balación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a> (Barangay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Baloto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_anak-anak" title="Bangka anak-anak">Bangka anak-anak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basnigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Basnigan">Basnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batil_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batil (boat) (page does not exist)">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilo_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilo (boat) (page does not exist)">Bilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birau_(boat)" title="Birau (boat)">Birau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Biray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Biroko</a> (Birok, Bidok)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggoh" title="Buggoh">Buggoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casco_(barge)" title="Casco (barge)">Casco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinarem" title="Chinarem">Chinarem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinedkeran" title="Chinedkeran">Chinedkeran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinahit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinahit (page does not exist)">Dinahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenging" title="Djenging">Djenging</a> (Balutu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falua" title="Falua">Falua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkun" title="Junkun">Junkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkung" title="Junkung">Junkung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulibo" title="Kulibo">Kulibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapis_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapis (boat) (page does not exist)">Lapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a> (Kumpit, Pidlas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontang" title="Ontang">Ontang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owong" title="Owong">Owong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panineman" title="Panineman">Panineman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasaplap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasaplap (page does not exist)">Pasaplap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Pangayaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salambaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Salambaw">Salambaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisipan" title="Salisipan">Salisipan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapyaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapyaw (page does not exist)">Sapyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seberen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seberen (page does not exist)">Seberen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapake (page does not exist)">Tapake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataya" title="Tataya">Tataya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_(boat)" title="Tempel (boat)">Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Tilimbao</a> (Tinimbao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiririt" title="Tiririt">Tiririt</a> (Buti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a> (Dapang, Pilang)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island<br />Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endrol (page does not exist)">Endrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kel_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kel (boat) (page does not exist)">Kel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a> (Waqa tabu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Islands">Green Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C7%92p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kǒp (page does not exist)">Kǒp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ts%C7%90ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsǐne (page does not exist)">Tsǐne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binabina" title="Binabina">Binabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisi_(boat)" title="Lisi (boat)">Lisi</a> (Solima)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomako" title="Tomako">Tomako</a> (Mon, Ora)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aka_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aka (boat) (page does not exist)">Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angga_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angga (boat) (page does not exist)">Angga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangga_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangga (boat) (page does not exist)">Wangga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahr_(watercraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wahr (watercraft) (page does not exist)">Wahr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waserak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waserak (page does not exist)">Waserak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korkor_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkor (boat)">Korkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipnol">Tipnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duding (page does not exist)">Duding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duduli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duduli (page does not exist)">Duduli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaide%CA%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaideʻ (page does not exist)">Galaideʻ</a> (Agaraide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladjak" title="Ladjak">Ladjak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelek_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelek (boat) (page does not exist)">Lelek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panga_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panga (canoe) (page does not exist)">Panga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a> (Flying proa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chugpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chugpin (page does not exist)">Chugpin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popow_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popow (canoe) (page does not exist)">Popow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaka (sailing)">Vaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81lia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mālia">Mālia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%CA%BBa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waʻa (page does not exist)">Waʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%CA%BBa_kaulua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waʻa kaulua">Waʻa kaulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaka_tou%CA%BBua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaka touʻua (page does not exist)">Vaka touʻua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_hourua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka hourua">Waka hourua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_taua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka taua">Waka taua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_t%C4%ABwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka tīwai">Waka tīwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fautasi" title="Fautasi">Fautasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La%CA%BBau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laʻau (page does not exist)">Laʻau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lualua_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lualua (ship) (page does not exist)">Lualua</a> (Foulua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa">Vaʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Va%CA%BBa-alo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaʻa-alo (page does not exist)">Vaʻa-alo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa-tele" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa-tele">Vaʻa-tele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivahah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivahah (page does not exist)">Ivahah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa">Vaʻa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamatafua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamatafua (page does not exist)">Hamatafua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%8Dpao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pōpao (page does not exist)">Pōpao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#ffe9ce;"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakana">Lakana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#ffe9ce;"><a href="/wiki/Sakalava_people" title="Sakalava people">Sakalava</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laka_fiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laka fiara (page does not exist)">Laka fiara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yami_ipanitika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/220px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/330px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/440px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/220px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/330px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/440px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Wa'a kaulua</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/220px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/330px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/440px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yap_Canoe01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/220px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/330px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/440px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege,_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_construction_&amp;_sailing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ship construction & sailing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Rigging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hull</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outrigger boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_multihull_terminology" title="Polynesian multihull terminology">Polynesian multihull terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanuankuwel" title="Fanuankuwel">Fanuankuwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fealofani_Bruun" title="Fealofani Bruun">Fealofani Bruun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipour" title="Hipour">Hipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafe%C5%95oor" title="Kafeŕoor">Kafeŕoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">List of Māori waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia" title="Makassan contact with Australia">Makassan contact with Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration canoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Marshall Islands stick chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Piailug" title="Mau Piailug">Mau Piailug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapwi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapwi (page does not exist)">Rapwi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation" title="Yap">Yapese navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route#Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" title="Trade route">Austronesian maritime trade network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_trade_cycle" title="Hiri trade cycle">Hiri trade cycle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita Culture">Lapita trade network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">Lingling-o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">Trepanging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a> (Butuan boats)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon_shipwreck" title="Cirebon shipwreck">Cirebon shipwreck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Apilan">Apilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burulan" title="Burulan">Burulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daramba" title="Daramba">Daramba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota mara">Kota mara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_replicas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replicas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cook Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maire_Nui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maire Nui (page does not exist)">Maire Nui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Federated States of Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halametaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halametaw (page does not exist)">Halametaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quest_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quest (canoe) (page does not exist)">Quest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailoam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailoam (page does not exist)">Sailoam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">French Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahiti_Nui_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahiti Nui (ship) (page does not exist)">Tahiti Nui</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Guam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hawaii</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikianalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikianalia (page does not exist)">Hikianalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokualakai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hokualakai (page does not exist)">Hokualakai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iosepa_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iosepa (ship) (page does not exist)">Iosepa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makali%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makali'i (page does not exist)">Makali'i</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalulis" title="Kalulis">Alfred Wallace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padewakang#Replica" title="Padewakang">Hati Marege</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padewakang#Replica" title="Padewakang">Nur Al Marege</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship#Replica" title="Borobudur ship">Spirit of Majapahit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Malaysia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naga_Pelangi" title="Naga Pelangi">Naga Pelangi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotearoa One">Aotearoa One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haunui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haunui (page does not exist)">Haunui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngahiraka_Mai_Tawhiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti (page does not exist)">Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABmaiterangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pūmaiterangi (page does not exist)">Pūmaiterangi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_Aurere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te Aurere (page does not exist)">Te Aurere</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Balatik">Balatik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Diwata ng Lahi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Lahi ng Maharlika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Masawa Hong Butuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Raya Kolambu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Raya Siyagu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Sama Tawi-Tawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Sultan sin Sulu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Samoa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>See also:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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