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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Computing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Semicolon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommapunt" title="Kommapunt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kommapunt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="فاصلة منقوطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاصلة منقوطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto-y-coma" title="Punto-y-coma – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Punto-y-coma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntu_y_coma" title="Puntu y coma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Puntu y coma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6qt%C9%99li_verg%C3%BCl" title="Nöqtəli vergül – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nöqtəli vergül" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9-ti%C3%A1m" title="Kù-tiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kù-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Нөктәле өтөр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нөктәле өтөр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кропка з коскай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кропка з коскай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кропка з коскай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кропка з коскай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Точка и запетая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Точка и запетая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourskej" title="Gourskej – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gourskej" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_i_coma" title="Punt i coma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punt i coma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83" title="Пăнчăпа хӳреллĕ пăнчă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăнчăпа хӳреллĕ пăнчă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edn%C3%ADk" title="Středník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikolon" title="Semikolon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Semikolon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikolon" title="Semikolon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Semikolon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_y_coma" title="Punto y coma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto y coma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktokomo" title="Punktokomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Punktokomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntu_eta_koma" title="Puntu eta koma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Puntu eta koma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="نقطه‌ویرگول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقطه‌ویرگول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-virgule" title="Point-virgule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point-virgule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipskrapke" title="Stipskrapke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stipskrapke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_e_coma" title="Punto e coma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punto e coma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="અર્ધ વિરામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અર્ધ વિરામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%87_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Цег цегләч хойр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цег цегләч хойр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8C%8D%EB%B0%98%EC%A0%90" title="쌍반점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쌍반점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%8Dka_sa_zarezom" title="Točka sa zarezom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Točka sa zarezom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_titik_koma" title="Tanda titik koma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda titik koma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikomma" title="Semikomma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Semikomma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_e_virgola" title="Punto e virgola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto e virgola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7" title="נקודה ופסיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודה ופסיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80" title="Нүктелі үтір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нүктелі үтір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikols" title="Semikols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Semikols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabliata%C5%A1kis" title="Kabliataškis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kabliataškis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontosvessz%C5%91" title="Pontosvessző – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pontosvessző" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Точка и запирка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Точка и запирка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teboka_amam-paingo" title="Teboka amam-paingo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Teboka amam-paingo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="അർധവിരാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർധവിരാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87" title="فاصله منقوطه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاصله منقوطه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntkomma" title="Puntkomma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Puntkomma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="अर्धविराम चिह्न – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अर्धविराम चिह्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="セミコロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セミコロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikolon" title="Semikolon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Semikolon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikolon" title="Semikolon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Semikolon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt-virgula" title="Punt-virgula – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Punt-virgula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqtali_vergul" title="Nuqtali vergul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nuqtali vergul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streekpunkt" title="Streekpunkt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Streekpunkt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arednik" title="Średnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Średnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_e_v%C3%ADrgula" title="Ponto e vírgula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto e vírgula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punct_%C8%99i_virgul%C4%83" title="Punct și virgulă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Punct și virgulă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Точка с запятой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Точка с запятой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pik%C3%ABpresja" title="Pikëpresja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pikëpresja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Semicolon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="سيمي ڪولون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سيمي ڪولون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodko%C4%8Diarka" title="Bodkočiarka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bodkočiarka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podpi%C4%8Dje" title="Podpičje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podpičje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Тачка са запетом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тачка са запетом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%8Dka_sa_zarezom" title="Točka sa zarezom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Točka sa zarezom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolipiste" title="Puolipiste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolipiste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikolon" title="Semikolon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Semikolon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuldok-kuwit" title="Tuldok-kuwit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tuldok-kuwit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88)" title="அரைப்புள்ளி (தமிழ் நடை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரைப்புள்ளி (தமிழ் நடை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Punctuation mark (;)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">";" redirects here. The term may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Question_mark#Greek_question_mark" title="Question mark">Greek question mark</a>. For the music album, see <a href="/wiki/Semicolon_(EP)" title="Semicolon (EP)">Semicolon (EP)</a>. For use on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Semicolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Semicolon">Wikipedia:Semicolon</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">;</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Semicolon</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+003B ; SEMICOLON (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&semi;)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">؛ </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">፤ </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">꛶ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> semicolon </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopic</a> semicolon </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a> semicolon </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr></tbody></table> The semicolon ; (or semi-colon<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>) is a symbol commonly used as <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, a semicolon is most commonly used to link (in a single sentence) two independent clauses that are closely related in thought, such as when restating the preceding idea with a different expression. When a semicolon joins two or more ideas in one sentence, those ideas are then given equal rank.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Semicolons can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of the list themselves have embedded <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The semicolon is one of the least understood of the <a href="/wiki/English_punctuation" title="English punctuation">standard marks</a>, and is not frequently used by many <a href="/wiki/English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="English speakers">English speakers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a>, the semicolon resides in the <a href="/wiki/Shift_key" title="Shift key">unshifted</a> <a href="/wiki/Homerow" class="mw-redirect" title="Homerow">homerow</a> beneath the little finger of the right hand and has become widely used in <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statement</a> separator or terminator.<a href="#cite_note-c-sharp-introduction-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Aetna_1495.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/De_Aetna_1495.jpg/220px-De_Aetna_1495.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/De_Aetna_1495.jpg/330px-De_Aetna_1495.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/De_Aetna_1495.jpg/440px-De_Aetna_1495.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8838" data-file-height="6154" /></a><figcaption>De Ætna. 1496 print by <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1496,<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> the semicolon ; is attested in <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a>'s book <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Aetna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Aetna (page does not exist)">De Aetna</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Aetna" class="extiw" title="it:De Aetna">it</a>] printed by <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldo Manuzio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kidwell-6">[6]</a> The punctuation also appears in later writings of Bembo. Moreover, it is used in 1507 by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Sanvito" title="Bartolomeo Sanvito">Bartolomeo Sanvito</a>, who was close to Manuzio's circle.<a href="#cite_note-parkes-11">[10]</a>: 49  In 1561, Manuzio's grandson, also called <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius_the_Younger" title="Aldus Manutius the Younger">Aldo Manuzio</a>, explains the semicolon's use with several examples in Orthographiae ratio. In particular, Manuzio motivates the need for punctuation (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interpungo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:interpungo">interpungō</a>) to divide (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distinguo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:distinguo">distinguō</a>) sentences and thereby make them understandable. The <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a>, semicolon, <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a> are seen as steps, ascending from low to high; the semicolon thereby being an intermediate value between the comma , and colon :. Here are four examples used in the book to illustrate this:<a href="#cite_note-manuzio-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-parkes-11">[10]</a>: 49  <blockquote> Publica, privata; sacra, profana; tua, aliena.<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> Public, private; sacred, profane; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thine" class="extiw" title="wikt:thine">thine</a>, another's. Ratio docet, si adversa fortuna sit, nimium dolendum non esse; si secunda, moderate laetandum.<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> Reason teaches, if fortune is adverse, not to complain too much; if favorable, to rejoice in moderation. Tu, quid divitiae valeant, libenter spectas; quid virtus, non item.<a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a> You, what riches are worth, gladly consider; what virtue (is worth), not so much. Etsi ea perturbatio est omnium rerum, ut suae quemque fortunae maxime paeniteat; nemoque sit, quin ubivis, quam ibi, ubi est, esse malit: tamen mihi dubium non est, quin hoc tempore bono viro, Romae esse, miserrimum sit.<a href="#cite_note-16">[e]</a> Although it is a universal confusion of affairs(,) such that everyone regrets their own fate above all others; and there is no one, who would not rather anywhere else in the world, than there, where he is, prefer to be: yet I have no doubt, at the present time for an honest man, to be in Rome, is the worst form of misery. </blockquote> Around 1580, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Denham" title="Henry Denham">Henry Denham</a> starts using the semicolon "with propriety" for English texts, and more widespread usage picks up in the next decades.<a href="#cite_note-parkes-11">[10]</a>: 52 <a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> Around 1640,<a href="#cite_note-19">[f]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>'s book The English Grammar, the character ; is described as "somewhat a longer breath" compared to the <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a>. The aim of the breathing, according to Jonson, is to aid understanding.<a href="#cite_note-jonson1692-20">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[g]</a> In 1644, in Richard Hodges' The English Primrose, it is written:<a href="#cite_note-23">[16]</a> <blockquote> At a comma, stop a little; [...] At a semi-colon, somewhat more; [...] At a colon, a little more than the former; [...] At a period, make a full stop; </blockquote> In 1762, in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowth" title="Robert Lowth">Robert Lowth</a>'s A Short Introduction to English Grammar, a parallel is drawn between <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation marks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">rest in music</a>:<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a> <blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">Period</a> is a pause in quantity or duration double of the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">Colon</a>; the Colon is double of the Semicolon; and the Semicolon is double of the <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">Comma</a>. So that they are in the same proportion to one another as the <a href="/wiki/Whole_note" title="Whole note">Sembrief</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Half_note" title="Half note">Minim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_note" title="Quarter note">Crotchet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_note" title="Eighth note">Quaver</a>, in Music. </blockquote> In 1798, in <a href="/wiki/Lindley_Murray" title="Lindley Murray">Lindley Murray</a>'s English Grammar, the semicolon is introduced as follows:<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> <blockquote> The Semicolon is used for dividing a <a href="/wiki/Compound_sentences" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound sentences">compound sentence</a> into two or more parts, not so closely connected as those which are separated by a comma, nor yet so little dependent on each other, as those which are distinguished by a colon. The semicolon is sometimes used, when the preceding member of the sentence does not of itself give a complete sense, but depends on the following <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>; and sometimes when the sense of that member would be complete without the concluding one; as in the following instances. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_languages">Natural languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> Although terminal marks (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation marks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question marks</a>) indicate the end of a sentence, the <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a>, semicolon, and <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> are normally inside sentences, making them secondary boundary marks. In modern English orthography, the semicolon falls between terminal marks and the comma; its strength is equal to that of the colon.<a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> The most common use of the semicolon is to join two independent clauses without using a conjunction like "and".<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> Semicolons are followed by a <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a> letter, unless that letter would ordinarily be capitalised mid-sentence (e.g., the word "I", acronyms/initialisms, or <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>). In older English printed texts, colons and semicolons are offset from the preceding word by a non-breaking space, a convention still current in modern continental French texts. Ideally, the space is less wide than the inter-word spaces. Some guides recommend separation by a <a href="/wiki/Hair_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair space">hair space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> recommend no space before them and one space after. They also typically recommend placing semicolons outside ending <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a>, although this was not always the case. For example, the first edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a> (1906) recommended placing the semicolon inside ending quotation marks.<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> Uses of the semicolon in English include: <ul><li>Between items in a series or listing when the items contain internal <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, especially parenthetic commas, where the semicolons function as the <a href="/wiki/Serial_comma" title="Serial comma">serial commas</a> for the series or listing. The semicolon divides the items on the list from each other, to avoid having a jumble of commas with differing functions which could cause confusion for the reader. This is sometimes called the "super comma" function of the semicolon: <ul><li>The people present were Jamie, a man from New Zealand; John, the milkman's son; and George, a gaunt kind of man with no friends.</li> <li>Several fast food restaurants can be found within the following cities: London, England; Paris, France; Dublin, Ireland; and Madrid, Spain.</li> <li>Here are three examples of familiar sequences: one, two, and three; a, b, and c; first, second, and third.</li> <li>(Fig. 8; see also plates in Harley 1941, 1950; Schwab 1947).</li></ul></li> <li>Between closely related <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clauses</a> not conjoined with a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">coordinating conjunction</a>, when the two clauses are <a href="/wiki/Balanced_sentences" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced sentences">balanced</a>, opposed or contradictory:<a href="#cite_note-purdue.edu-30">[23]</a> <ul><li>My wife said she would like tea; coffee would have been my choice.</li> <li>I went to the basketball court; it was closed for cleaning.</li> <li>I told Kate she's running for the hills; she knew I was joking.</li></ul></li> <li>In rare instances, when a comma replaces a period (full stop) in a quotation, or when a quotation otherwise links two independent sentences: <ul><li>"I have no use for this," he said; "you are welcome to it."</li> <li>"Is this your book?" she asked; "I found it on the floor."</li></ul></li></ul> In a list or sequence, if even one item needs its own internal comma, use of the semicolon as the separator throughout that list is justified, as shown by this example from the <a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A crime or public offense is an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it, and to which is annexed, upon conviction, either of the following punishments: <ol><li>Death;</li> <li>Imprisonment;</li> <li>Fine;</li> <li>Removal from office; or,</li> <li>Disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit in this State.<a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a></li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arabic">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, the semicolon is called fasila manqoota (Arabic: فاصلة منقوطة) which means literally "a dotted comma", and is written inverted ؛. In Arabic, the semicolon has several uses: <ul><li>It can be used between two phrases, in which the first phrase causes the second. <ul><li>Example: "He played a lot; so, his clothes became dirty". (Arabic: لَعِبَ كَثِيرًا؛ فَٱتَّسَخَتْ مَلَابِسُهُ.)</li></ul></li> <li>It can be used between two phrases, where the second is a reason for the first. <ul><li>Example: "Your sister did not get high marks; she didn't study". (Arabic: لم تحقق أختك درجات عالية؛ لأنها لم تدرس .)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_and_Church_Slavonic">Greek and Church Slavonic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greek and Church Slavonic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Question_mark#Greek_question_mark" title="Question mark">Question mark § Greek question mark</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>, the question mark looks exactly the way a semicolon looks in English, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> used in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Truss_2004_111-33">[26]</a> To indicate a long pause or to separate sections that already contain commas (the semicolon's purposes in English), Greek uses, but extremely rarely, the <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> · (Greek: άνω τελεία, romanized: áno teleía, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'upper dot'). Church Slavonic with a question mark: гдѣ єсть рождeйсѧ царь їудeйскій; (Where is the one who is born king of the Jews? – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:1" title="Matthew 2:1">Matthew 2:1</a>) Greek with a question mark: Τι είναι μια διασύνδεση; (What is an interpunct?) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French">edit</a>]</div> In French, a semicolon (point-virgule, literally "dot-comma") is a separation between two full sentences, used where neither a colon nor a comma would be appropriate. The phrase following a semicolon has to be an independent clause, related to the previous one but not explaining it. (When the second clause explains the first one, French consistently uses a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>.) The <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> character is used in French writing too, but not as widely as the semicolon. Usage of these devices (semicolon and dash) varies from author to author. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:27%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Just as there are writers who worship the semicolon, there are other high stylists who dismiss it — who label it, if you please, middle-class. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Truss" title="Lynne Truss">Lynne Truss</a>, Eats, Shoots, and Leaves<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruss2004107-34">[27]</a></cite> </div> Some authors have avoided and rejected the use of the semicolon throughout their works. <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Truss" title="Lynne Truss">Lynne Truss</a> stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> spliced his way merrily through such novels as Molloy and Malone Dies, thumbing his nose at the semicolon all the way. <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> preferred the colon, as he thought it was more authentically classical. <a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a> did an effortlessly marvelous job without it, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> tried to avoid the semicolon completely in <a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a> (1939), <a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Martin Amis</a> included just one semicolon in <a href="/wiki/Money_(novel)" title="Money (novel)">Money</a> (1984), and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> was congratulated by an academic reader for using zero semicolons in <a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a> (1983).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruss200488,_108–109-35">[28]</a></blockquote> In response to Truss, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Macintyre" title="Ben Macintyre">Ben Macintyre</a>, a columnist in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Americans have long regarded the semi-colon with suspicion, as a genteel, self-conscious, neither-one-thing-nor-the other sort of punctuation mark, with neither the <a href="/wiki/Butchness" class="mw-redirect" title="Butchness">butchness</a> of a full colon nor the flighty promiscuity of the comma. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler">Chandler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> wouldn't be seen dead in a ditch with a semi-colon (though <a href="/wiki/Truman_Capote" title="Truman Capote">Truman Capote</a> might). Real men, goes the unwritten rule of American punctuation, don't use semi-colons.<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a></blockquote> Semicolon use in British fiction has declined by 25% from 1991 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd-37">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_encoding">Character encoding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Character encoding">edit</a>]</div> In Unicode, the semicolon is encoded at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+003B ; SEMICOLON; this is the same value as it had in <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-1">ISO 8859-1</a>. Unicode contains encoding for several other semicolon or semicolon-like characters: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+037E ; <a href="/wiki/Greek_question_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek question mark">GREEK QUESTION MARK</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+061B ؛ ARABIC SEMICOLON – <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1364 ፤ ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON – <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+204F ⁏ REVERSED SEMICOLON – used in old writing systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Runic">Hungarian Runic</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+236E ⍮ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SEMICOLON UNDERBAR – used in the <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL programming language</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E35 ⸵ TURNED SEMICOLON – "indicates sudden glottal closure" in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+A6F6 ꛶ BAMUM SEMICOLON – <a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum script</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE14 ︔ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL SEMICOLON – determines orientation when wide-character scripts are written vertically instead of horizontally</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE54 ﹔ SMALL SEMICOLON – <a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Variants" title="Small Form Variants">Small Form Variants</a> are for compatibility with Chinese National Standard <a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF1B ； FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON – for use in wide-character scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+E003B TAG SEMICOLON – deprecated <a href="/wiki/Tags_(Unicode_block)" title="Tags (Unicode block)">tags block</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing">Computing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Computing" title="Colon (punctuation)">Colon (punctuation) § Computing</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming">Programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Programming">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, the semicolon is often used to separate multiple <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a> (for example, in <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-perl-39">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pascal-40">[33]</a> and <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>;<a href="#cite_note-sql-41">[34]</a> see <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#Semicolons_as_statement_separators" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal: Semicolons as statement separators</a>). In other languages, semicolons are called terminators<a href="#cite_note-c-sharp-introduction-5">[5]</a> and are required after every statement (such as in <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>,<a href="#cite_note-java-43">[36]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a><a href="#cite_note-c99-44">[37]</a> family). Today semicolons as terminators has largely won out, but this was a divisive issue in programming languages from the 1960s into the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> An influential and frequently cited study in this debate was <a href="#CITEREFGannonHorning1975">Gannon & Horning (1975)</a>, which concluded strongly in favor of semicolon as a terminator: "The most important [result] was that having a semicolon as a statement terminator was better than having a semicolon as a statement separator."<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> The study has been criticized as flawed by proponents of semicolon as a separator,<a href="#cite_note-plde-47">[40]</a> due to participants being familiar with a semicolon-as-terminator language and unrealistically strict grammar. Nevertheless, the debate ended in favor of semicolon as terminator. Therefore, semicolon provides structure to the programming language. Semicolons are optional in a number of languages, including <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bpcl-48">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<a href="#cite_note-python-49">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r-50">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-eiffel-51">[44]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>,<a href="#cite_note-go-52">[45]</a> meaning that they are part of the <a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">formal grammar</a> for the language but can be inferred in many or all contexts (e.g., by end of line that ends a statement, as in Go and R). As languages can be designed without them, semicolons are considered an unnecessary nuisance by some.<a href="#cite_note-plde-47">[40]</a> The use of semicolons in control-flow structures and blocks of code is varied – semicolons are generally omitted after a closing brace, but included for a single statement branch of a control structure (the "then" clause), except in Pascal, where a semicolon terminates the entire if...then...else clause (to avoid <a href="/wiki/Dangling_else" title="Dangling else">dangling else</a>) and thus is not allowed between a "then" and the corresponding "else", as this causes unnesting. This use originates with <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a><a href="#cite_note-algol-53">[46]</a> and falls between the comma , – used as a list separator – and the period/full stop . – used to mark the end of the program. The semicolon, as a mark separating statements, corresponds to the ordinary English usage of separating independent clauses and gives the entire program the gross syntax of a single ordinary sentence. Of these other characters, whereas commas have continued to be widely used in programming for lists (and rare other uses, such as the <a href="/wiki/Comma_operator" title="Comma operator">comma operator</a> that separates expressions in C), they are rarely used otherwise, and the period as the end of the program has fallen out of use. The last major use of the comma, semicolon, and period hierarchy is in <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> (1986), where commas separate expressions; semicolons separate clauses, both for control flow and for function clauses; and periods terminate statements, such as function definitions or module attributes, not the entire program. Drawbacks of having multiple different separators or terminators (compared to a single terminator and single grouping, as in semicolon-and-braces) include mental overhead in selecting punctuation, and overhead in rearranging code, as this requires not only moving lines around, but also updating the punctuation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> In some cases the distinction between a separator and a terminator is strong, such as early versions of Pascal, where a final semicolon yields a <a href="/wiki/Syntax_error" title="Syntax error">syntax error</a>. In other cases a final semicolon is treated either as optional syntax or as being followed by a null statement, which is either ignored or treated as a <a href="/wiki/NOP_(code)" title="NOP (code)">NOP</a> (no operation or null command); compare <a href="/wiki/Trailing_comma" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing comma">trailing commas</a> in lists. In some cases a blank statement is allowed, allowing a sequence of semicolons or the use of a semicolon by itself as the body of a control-flow structure. For example, a blank statement (a semicolon by itself) stands for a NOP in C/C++, which is useful in <a href="/wiki/Busy_waiting" title="Busy waiting">busy waiting</a> <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronization</a> loops. <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> uses semicolons to separate declarations of local variables<a href="#cite_note-apl-55">[48]</a>: 61  and to separate axes when indexing multidimensional arrays, for example, <code>matrix[2;3]</code>.<a href="#cite_note-apl-55">[48]</a>: 220, 275  Other languages (for instance, some <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly languages</a><a href="#cite_note-nasm-56">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">LISP</a><a href="#cite_note-common-lisp-57">[50]</a> dialects, <a href="/wiki/;_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="; (CONFIG.SYS directive)">CONFIG.SYS</a> and <a href="/wiki/INI_file#Comments" title="INI file">INI files</a>) use semicolons to mark the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a>. Example <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> code: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int main() { int x, y; x = 1; y = 2; printf("X + Y = %d", x + y); return 0; } </pre></div> Or in <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>var x = 1; var y = 2; alert("X + Y = " + (x + y)); </pre></div> Conventionally, in many languages, each statement is written on a separate line, but this is not typically a requirement of the language. In the above examples, two statements are placed on the same line; this is legal, because the semicolon separates the two statements. Thus programming languages like Java, the C family, Javascript etc. use semicolons to obtain a proper structure in the respective languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data">Data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Data">edit</a>]</div> The semicolon is often used to separate elements of a string of text. For example, multiple e-mail addresses in the "To" field in some e-mail clients have to be <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimited</a> by a semicolon. In <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>, the semicolon is used as a list separator, especially in cases where the decimal separator is a comma, such as <code> 0,32; 3,14; 4,50</code>, instead of <code>0.32, 3.14, 4.50</code>. In <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lua-58">[51]</a> semicolons or commas can be used to separate table elements. In <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a>,<a href="#cite_note-octave-59">[52]</a> the semicolon can be used as a row separator when defining a vector or matrix (whereas a comma separates the columns within a row of a vector or matrix) or to execute a command silently, without displaying the resulting output value in the console. In <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, a semicolon is used to terminate a <a href="/wiki/Character_entity_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Character entity reference">character entity reference</a>, either named or numeric.<a href="#cite_note-mdn-60">[53]</a> The declarations of a style attribute in <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) are separated and terminated with semicolons.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> The file system of <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a>, uses semicolons to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">file's version number</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> The semicolon is permitted in <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">long filenames</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> file systems <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/VFAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VFAT">VFAT</a>, but not in its <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">short names</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Delimiter-separated_values" title="Delimiter-separated values">delimiter-separated values</a> file formats, the semicolon is used as the separator character, as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">comma-separated values</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a>]</div> In mathematical derivations, a semicolon is used to separate expressions in a sequence, similar to its use in spoken English, and may be considered either punctuation for the mathematical expressions, or as punctuation for the words spoken when reading the expressions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Completing_the_square" title="Completing the square">completing the square</a>: <dl><dd><dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {~Given~} \;ax^{2}+bx+c=0\quad \mathrm {~and~} \quad a\neq 0\ ;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>a</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>a</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {~Given~} \;ax^{2}+bx+c=0\quad \mathrm {~and~} \quad a\neq 0\ ;}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/523d5d39e5e2e06c89388da4f8f8de5d7e1aff52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.572ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {~Given~} \;ax^{2}+bx+c=0\quad \mathrm {~and~} \quad a\neq 0\ ;}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \left[x^{2}+2\ {\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}x+\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}\right]-\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}+{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}=0\qquad \mathrm {~for\ all~} \;a\neq 0,~~\mathrm {~and\ any~} \;b,c\ ;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>c</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>a</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>b</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \left[x^{2}+2\ {\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}x+\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}\right]-\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}+{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}=0\qquad \mathrm {~for\ all~} \;a\neq 0,~~\mathrm {~and\ any~} \;b,c\ ;}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/faa14b4e2177b636649ae4e9afb8c2d8891e52c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:84.078ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \left[x^{2}+2\ {\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}x+\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}\right]-\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}+{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}=0\qquad \mathrm {~for\ all~} \;a\neq 0,~~\mathrm {~and\ any~} \;b,c\ ;}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \left[x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right]^{2}=\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}\ ;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>c</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \left[x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right]^{2}=\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}\ ;}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/017a9f5f24d87877d59df2b5236371ec1a216a13" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.685ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \left[x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right]^{2}=\left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}\ ;}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ {\Biggl |}x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}{\Biggr |}={\sqrt {\ \left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}~~}}\qquad \mathrm {~if~} \quad x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\in \mathbb {R} \quad \mathrm {~and~} \quad \left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}\geq 0~.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>c</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> </msqrt> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>c</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ {\Biggl |}x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}{\Biggr |}={\sqrt {\ \left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}~~}}\qquad \mathrm {~if~} \quad x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\in \mathbb {R} \quad \mathrm {~and~} \quad \left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}\geq 0~.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f313040acd4df5fd7677fd442aba0afb5b857f98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:84.78ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ {\Biggl |}x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}{\Biggr |}={\sqrt {\ \left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}~~}}\qquad \mathrm {~if~} \quad x+{\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\in \mathbb {R} \quad \mathrm {~and~} \quad \left({\frac {b}{\ 2a\ }}\right)^{2}-{\frac {\ c\ }{a}}\geq 0~.}"></dd></dl></dd></dl> In the argument list of a mathematical <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">function</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ f(x_{1},\ x_{2},\ \dots \ ;\ a_{1},\ a_{2},\ \dots )\;,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>…</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>;</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>…</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ f(x_{1},\ x_{2},\ \dots \ ;\ a_{1},\ a_{2},\ \dots )\;,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99d7473e7c70f85c2747ee710e7f352749c1660c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.558ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ f(x_{1},\ x_{2},\ \dots \ ;\ a_{1},\ a_{2},\ \dots )\;,}"> a semicolon may be used to separate <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variables</a> from fixed <a href="/wiki/Parameter#Mathematical_functions" title="Parameter">parameters</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">differential geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tensor_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor analysis">tensor analysis</a> a semicolon preceding an <a href="/wiki/Indexed_family" title="Indexed family">index</a> is used to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Covariant_derivative" title="Covariant derivative">covariant derivative</a> of a function with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate">coordinate</a> associated with that index. In the <a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Calculus of relations">calculus of relations</a>, the semicolon is used in <a href="/wiki/Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix notation</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_relations" title="Composition of relations">composition of relations</a>: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A;B\ =\ \{(x,z):\exists y\ \ xAy\ \land \ yBz\}~.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>;</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>:</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∃</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>x</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>∧</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>y</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A;B\ =\ \{(x,z):\exists y\ \ xAy\ \land \ yBz\}~.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3190b5f6b6374f2d6085b1423ebc4bd2741bea97" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.141ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A;B\ =\ \{(x,z):\exists y\ \ xAy\ \land \ yBz\}~.}"> In <a href="/wiki/Piecewise_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Piecewise functions">piecewise functions</a>, a semicolon or comma may follow the subfunction or subdomain; the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{if}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>if</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{if}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70219120a6ceff9ae7ba8f4e5b3b132d270e88fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.153ex; width:1.512ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{if}}}"> or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{for}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>for</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{for}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6d5931f40f817629b0dc425026c5b2a7cbe6718" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.786ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{for}}}"> can be omitted, in which case it seems replaced by the semicolon or comma.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">; <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphrey point">Humphrey point</a> is sometimes used as the "<a href="/wiki/Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">decimal point</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Duodecimal" title="Duodecimal">duodecimal</a> numbers: 54;612 equals 64.510. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> The semicolon is commonly used as parts of <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">emoticons</a>, in order to indicate <a href="/wiki/Wink" title="Wink">winking</a> or crying, as in <code>;)</code> and <code>;_;</code>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Semicolon" title="Project Semicolon">Project Semicolon</a> is the name of an anti-<a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> initiative (since the semicolon continues a sentence rather than ending it) which has led to the punctuation mark becoming a highly symbolic and popular <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a> (most commonly done on the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>). While some consider this to be faith-based,<a href="#cite_note-The_Semicolon_Project-65">[58]</a> the movement is in general faith-neutral and is inclusive for all people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">Colon</a> – Punctuation mark with two dots</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">Comma</a> – Punctuation mark (,)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">Full stop</a> – Punctuation to signal the end of a sentence (.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Note: this is February 1495 by the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian calendar">Venetian calendar</a>, or MVD in <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. Several texts mention the earliest printing year as 1494 without any attested source. This may be due to a misunderstanding: the text De Aetna itself recalls a conversation from September 1494 (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>); the earliest attested printing occurred in February 1496 (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kidwell-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> See also the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> at the end of the book: impressum venetiis in aedibus aldi romani mense februario anno M.V.D. ("printed in Venice at the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">house of Aldo</a> in February 1495 [<a href="/wiki/More_veneto" title="More veneto">m.v.</a>]").<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Manuzio notes: using just commas here is not sufficient, and using a colon instead of a semicolon would slow down the sentence too much.<a href="#cite_note-manuzio-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Manuzio notes: if there were a comma after non esse, then the sentence would be as if rushed forward head-first; however, since the sentence is in two parts, it must stop for a little bit before continuing. Moreover, he says, we can't use a colon, since Ratio docet governs both parts of the sentence equally, not just the first.<a href="#cite_note-manuzio-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Manuzio shows another example of where we need a semicolon instead of a colon; Tu and spectas govern both parts of the sentence equally.<a href="#cite_note-manuzio-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Manuzio notes, this passage is taken from <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s letter to Torquatus (see <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Familiares" title="Epistulae ad Familiares">Epistulae ad Familiares</a>). He uses this example, he says, to show situations where both the semicolon and colon are needed for division.<a href="#cite_note-manuzio-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, the book was "written in 1623 and lost in a fire, but rewritten and published after Jonson's death".<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The 1640 version of the text calls the character ; a sub-distinction,<a href="#cite_note-jonson_1640-21">[15]</a> the 1692 version names it a semicolon.<a href="#cite_note-jonson1692-20">[14]</a> Moreover, the order of the comma and semicolon seem to have been reversed by mistake in the 1640 version. Thus, the comma is mistakenly described as having a longer breathe than the semicolon.<a href="#cite_note-jonson_1640-21">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv55.shtml">"Learning English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv55.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2014-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Learning+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Flearningenglish%2Fgrammar%2Flearnit%2Flearnitv55.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/grammarpunct/semicolons/">"Using semicolons"</a>. The Writing Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165409/https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/grammarpunct/semicolons/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-08. <q>A semicolon is most commonly used to link (in a single sentence) two independent clauses that are closely related in thought. When a semicolon is used to join two or more ideas (parts) in a sentence, those ideas are then given equal position or rank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Writing+Center&rft.atitle=Using+semicolons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwriting.wisc.edu%2Fhandbook%2Fgrammarpunct%2Fsemicolons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053114/http://www.grammarcamp.com/learning-english-grammar-2/">"Learning English grammar: How to correctly use a semicolon"</a>. Scribendi.com. 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Insights to English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110051440/https://www.insightstoenglish.com/language-illuminated/semicolons/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2020-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insights+to+English&rft.atitle=For+Love+of+the+Semicolon+%E2%80%93+Insights+to+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightstoenglish.com%2Flanguage-illuminated%2Fsemicolons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-sharp-introduction-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c-sharp-introduction_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c-sharp-introduction_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMössenböck" class="citation web cs1">Mössenböck, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssw.jku.at/Teaching/Lectures/CSharp/Tutorial/Part1.pdf">"Introduction to C# – The new language for Microsoft .NET"</a> (PDF) (subtitle: Statements). <a href="/wiki/Linz,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Linz, Austria">Linz</a>: University of Linz. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929062908/http://ssw.jku.at/Teaching/Lectures/CSharp/Tutorial/Part1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-07-29. <q>Empty statement: ; // ; is a terminator, not a separator</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+C%23+%E2%80%93+The+new+language+for+Microsoft+.NET&rft.place=Linz&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Linz&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ssenb%C3%B6ck&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssw.jku.at%2FTeaching%2FLectures%2FCSharp%2FTutorial%2FPart1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidwell-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Kidwell, Carol (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QW53CtsRG5gC">Pietro Bembo: Lover, Linguist, Cardinal</a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QW53CtsRG5gC&pg=PA12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7192-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-7192-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301100649/https://books.google.com/books?id=QW53CtsRG5gC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-01. 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Microsoft. 31 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828072842/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/msi/filename">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Filename+-+Win32+Apps&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwin32%2Fmsi%2Ffilename&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiecewiseFunction.html">"Piecewise Function"</a>. mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2024-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Piecewise+Function&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FPiecewiseFunction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Semicolon_Project-65"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Semicolon_Project_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteyer,_Carly2016" class="citation web cs1">Steyer, Carly (7 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/07/project-semicolon-tattoos_n_7745358.html">"RELIGION Global Semicolon Tattoo Trend Is A Sign Of Strength Among Faithful Individuals Dealing With Mental Health Problems"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184224/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/07/project-semicolon-tattoos_n_7745358.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=RELIGION+Global+Semicolon+Tattoo+Trend+Is+A+Sign+Of+Strength+Among+Faithful+Individuals+Dealing+With+Mental+Health+Problems&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.au=Steyer%2C+Carly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2015%2F07%2F07%2Fproject-semicolon-tattoos_n_7745358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannonHorning1975" class="citation conference cs1">Gannon, J. D.; Horning, J. J. (1975). The impact of language design on the production of reliable software. Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software. pp. 10–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800027.808420">10.1145/800027.808420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+international+conference+on+Reliable+software&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+language+design+on+the+production+of+reliable+software&rft.pages=10-22&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800027.808420&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Horning%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Truss" title="Lynne Truss">Truss, Lynn</a> (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6"><bdi>1-59240-087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoots+%26+Leaves%3A+The+Zero+Tolerance+Approach+to+Punctuation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59240-087-6&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Collins_(American_writer)" title="Paul Collins (American writer)">Collins, Paul</a> (20 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2194087/">"Has Modern Life Killed the Semicolon?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Has+Modern+Life+Killed+the+Semicolon%3F&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2194087%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker2008" class="citation book cs1">Hacker, Diana (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Bedford_Handbook" title="The Bedford Handbook">The Bedford Handbook</a> (6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-41281-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-41281-4"><bdi>978-0-312-41281-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bedford+Handbook&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-312-41281-4&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2008" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (3 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/04/france.britishidentity">"The End of the Line?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Line%3F&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fapr%2F04%2Ffrance.britishidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(newspaper_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Roberts (newspaper journalist)">Roberts, Sam</a> (19 February 2008) [18 February 2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/nyregion/18semicolon.html">"Delegating the Semicolon in a Most Unlikely Location"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. B3 [as "Celebrating the Semicolon in a Most Unlikely Location"]. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Delegating+the+Semicolon+in+a+Most+Unlikely+Location&rft.pages=B3+as+%22Celebrating+the+Semicolon+in+a+Most+Unlikely+Location%22&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F18%2Fnyregion%2F18semicolon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cecelia_Watson" title="Cecelia Watson">Watson, Cecelia</a> (2019). Semicolon – The Past, Present, and Future of a Misunderstood Mark. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062853059" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062853059"><bdi>978-0062853059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semicolon+%E2%80%93+The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+a+Misunderstood+Mark&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0062853059&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Cecelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemicolon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>      <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> </li> <li>  ,   <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> </li> <li>  :   <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> </li> <li>  ;   <a class="mw-selflink selflink">semicolon</a> </li> <li>  ‐   <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> </li> <li>  ’   '   <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </li> <li>  ′   ″   ‴   <a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a> </li> <li>  .   <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  &   <a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> </li> <li>  @   <a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a> </li> <li>  ^   <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> </li> <li>  /   <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a> </li> <li>  \   <a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a> </li> <li>  …   <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> </li> <li>  *   <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> </li> <li>  ※   <a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a> </li> <li>  ⁂   <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a> </li> <li>    *  *  *      <a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  -   <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> </li> <li>  ‒   –   —   <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> </li> <li>  ⹀   ⸗   <a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ?   <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> </li> <li>  !   <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a> </li> <li>  ‽   <a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a> </li> <li>  ¡   ¿   <a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a> </li> <li>  ⸮   <a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  #   <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a> </li> <li>  №   <a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a> </li> <li>  º   ª   <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a> </li> <li>  %   <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a> </li> <li>  ‰   <a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a> </li> <li>  ‱   <a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a> </li> <li>  °   <a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a> </li> <li>  ⌀   <a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  +   −   <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a> </li> <li>  ×   <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a> </li> <li>  ÷   <a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a> </li> <li>  ~   <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> </li> <li>  ±   <a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a> </li> <li>  ∓   <a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a> </li> <li>  √   <a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  _   <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a> </li> <li>  ⁀   <a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a> </li> <li>  |   ¦   ‖   <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> </li> <li>  •   <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a> </li> <li>  ·   <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ©   <a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a> </li> <li>  ℗   <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a> </li> <li>  ®   <a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a> </li> <li>  SM   <a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a> </li> <li>  TM   <a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ‘ ’   “ ”   ' '   " "   <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> </li> <li>  ‹ ›   « »   <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a> </li> <li>  ( )   [ ]   { }   ⟨ ⟩   <a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a> </li> <li>  ”   <a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  †   ‡   <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a> </li> <li>  ❧   <a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus) </li> <li>  ☞   <a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a> </li> <li>  ◊   ⌑   <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a> </li> <li>  ¶   ⸿   <a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark) </li> <li>  §   <a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of this table as a sortable list</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> (accents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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177.040 10 Template:R/ref"," 10.45% 157.933 36 Template:Cite_web"," 9.56% 144.513 4 Template:Langx"," 7.78% 117.531 1 Template:Navbox_punctuation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.817","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24243556,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAldo1561\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmesHerbert1786\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBembo1496\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEversonSzelp2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannonHorning1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC1/SC22/WG142007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonson1640\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonson1692\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidwell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd,_Will2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowth1762\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacIntyre2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariano1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1997\"] = 1,\n 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