CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alprazolam - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"411bbc90-490f-42ad-9b90-0ace07cf705c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alprazolam","wgTitle":"Alprazolam","wgCurRevisionId":1257036883,"wgRevisionId":1257036883,"wgArticleId":243513,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Source attribution","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2024","Good articles","Drugs with non-standard legal status","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Anxiolytics","Chloroarenes","Deaths attributed to Xanax overdose","Drugs developed by Pfizer","GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators","Hallucinogen antidotes","Triazolobenzodiazepines"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alprazolam","wgRelevantArticleId":243513,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q319877","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alprazolam_structure.svg/1200px-Alprazolam_structure.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1516"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alprazolam_structure.svg/800px-Alprazolam_structure.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1011"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alprazolam_structure.svg/640px-Alprazolam_structure.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="809"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alprazolam - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alprazolam rootpage-Alprazolam skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alprazolam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alprazolam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alprazolam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alprazolam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Medical uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medical uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panic_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Panic disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anxiety_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anxiety_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Anxiety disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anxiety_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paradoxical_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paradoxical_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Paradoxical reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paradoxical_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drug_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drug_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Food and drug interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drug_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Pregnancy and breastfeeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependence_and_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Dependence and withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Physical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Synthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dosage_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dosage_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dosage forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dosage_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Recreational use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recreational_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recreational use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recreational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slang_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slang_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Slang terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slang_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alprazolam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ألبرازولام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبرازولام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آلپرازولام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلپرازولام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алпразолам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алпразолам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprasolam" title="Alprasolam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alprasolam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Αλπραζολάμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλπραζολάμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolamo" title="Alprazolamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alprazolamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آلپرازولام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلپرازولام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%A1%B8%EB%9E%8C" title="알프라졸람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프라졸람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אלפראזולאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפראזולאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85" title="الپرازولم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="الپرازولم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolams" title="Alprazolams – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alprazolams" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazol%C3%A1m" title="Alprazolám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alprazolám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алпразолам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алпразолам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BE%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="アルプラゾラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルプラゾラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆଲପ୍ରାଜୋଲାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲପ୍ରାଜୋଲାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алпразолам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алпразолам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpratsolaami" title="Alpratsolaami – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alpratsolaami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்ப்பிரசோலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்ப்பிரசோலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="ఆల్ప్రాజోలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్ప్రాజోలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1" title="อัลปราโซแลม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลปราโซแลม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alprazolam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алпразолам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алпразолам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%94%91%E4%BB%91" title="阿普唑仑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿普唑仑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alprazolam" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alprazolam" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alprazolam" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&oldid=1257036883" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alprazolam&id=1257036883&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlprazolam">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlprazolam">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alprazolam&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alprazolam" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319877" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Benzodiazepine medication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Xanax" and "Xanny" redirect here. For the Billie Eilish song, see <a href="/wiki/Xanny_(song)" title="Xanny (song)">Xanny (song)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Xanax_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Xanax (disambiguation)">Xanax (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Alprazolam</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alprazolam_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alprazolam_structure.svg/135px-Alprazolam_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alprazolam_structure.svg/203px-Alprazolam_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alprazolam_structure.svg/270px-Alprazolam_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="647" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alprazolam_ball-and-stick_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alprazolam_ball-and-stick_model.png/135px-Alprazolam_ball-and-stick_model.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alprazolam_ball-and-stick_model.png/203px-Alprazolam_ball-and-stick_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alprazolam_ball-and-stick_model.png/270px-Alprazolam_ball-and-stick_model.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1331" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælˈpræzəlæm/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælˈpreɪzəlæm/</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xanax, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprazolam.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a684001.html">a684001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: C<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Very High<a href="#cite_note-Ait2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">High<a href="#cite_note-Ait2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05" title="ATC code N05">N05BA12</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05BA12">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S8</a> (Controlled drug)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_B1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class B1</a> (Psychoactive drugs)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule IV</a> Targeted (CDSA IV)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_III" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage III</a> (Special prescription form required) (in doses higher than 1 mg)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only) / Class C<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_UK_SmPC-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-misuse_of_drugs_legislation-8">[8]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">WARNING</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-4">[4]</a>Schedule IV<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xanax_XR_FDA_label-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Schedule_IV" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Psychotropic Schedule IV</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>: Rx-only<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–90%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_3A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome P450 3A4">cytochrome P450 3A4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>α-hydroxyalprazolam</li> <li>4-hydroxyalprazolam</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30~60 minutes<a href="#cite_note-Lill2016-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Instant-release:</li> <li>11~13 hours<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a> </li> <li>Extended-release:</li> <li>11~16 hours<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Instant-release:</li> <li>6 hours<a href="#cite_note-Lill2016-13">[13]</a> </li> <li>Extended-release:</li> <li>11.3 hours</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=28981-97-7">28981-97-7</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2118">2118</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=7111">7111</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00404">DB00404</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2034.html">2034</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/YU55MQ3IZY">YU55MQ3IZY</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00225">D00225</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:2611">CHEBI:2611</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL661">ChEMBL661</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4022577">DTXSID4022577</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319877#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.044.849">100.044.849</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319877#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C17H13ClN4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">308.77 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Cc1nnc2n1-c1ccc%28Cl%29cc1C%28c1ccccc1%29%3DNC2">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Cc1nnc2n1-c1ccc(Cl)cc1C(c1ccccc1)=NC2</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C17H13ClN4/c1-11-20-21-16-10-19-17(12-5-3-2-4-6-12)14-9-13(18)7-8-15(14)22(11)16/h2-9H,10H2,1H3 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477164519&page2=Alprazolam">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Alprazolam, sold under the brand name Xanax among others, is a fast-acting, potent <a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer">tranquilizer</a> of moderate duration within the <a href="/wiki/Triazolobenzodiazepine" title="Triazolobenzodiazepine">triazolobenzodiazepine</a> group of chemicals called <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Alprazolam is most commonly prescribed in the management of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a> (GAD).<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> Other uses include the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting" title="Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting">chemotherapy-induced nausea</a>, together with other treatments.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a> GAD improvement occurs generally within a week.<a href="#cite_note-Verster2004-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Alprazolam is generally taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a> Common side effects include <a href="/wiki/Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reduced_affect_display" title="Reduced affect display">suppressed emotions</a>, mild to severe <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">decreases in motor skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiccup" title="Hiccup">hiccups</a>, dulling or declining of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">dry mouth</a> (mildly), <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">decreased heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNS_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="CNS depression">suppression</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> activity, impairment of judgment (usually in higher than therapeutic doses), marginal to severe decreases in memory formation, decreased ability to <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">process new information</a>, as well as partial to complete <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> depending on dosage.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a> Some of the sedation and drowsiness may improve within a few days.<a href="#cite_note-Pav10-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal</a> symptoms may occur if use is suddenly decreased.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verster2004-16">[16]</a> Alprazolam was invented by Jackson Hester Jr. at the <a href="/wiki/Upjohn" title="Upjohn">Upjohn Company</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fis2006-21">[21]</a> Alprazolam is a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV_controlled_substances" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule IV</a> controlled substance and is a common drug of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Ait2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> In 2022, it was the 41st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 14 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boites_d%27alprazolam444.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boites_d%27alprazolam444.jpg/220px-Boites_d%27alprazolam444.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boites_d%27alprazolam444.jpg/330px-Boites_d%27alprazolam444.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boites_d%27alprazolam444.jpg/440px-Boites_d%27alprazolam444.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>Alprazolam pills in boxes, as sold in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; both the original <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> brand product Xanax and various <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic forms</a> of alprazolam are depicted here.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanax_2_mg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Xanax_2_mg.jpg/220px-Xanax_2_mg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Xanax_2_mg.jpg/330px-Xanax_2_mg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Xanax_2_mg.jpg/440px-Xanax_2_mg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>A prescription bottle of Xanax</figcaption></figure> Alprazolam is used in the management of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a> Alprazolam is <a href="/wiki/Indicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicated">indicated</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a> (GAD) and <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> with or without <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a> in adults.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_disorder">Panic disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Panic disorder">edit</a>]</div> Alprazolam is effective in the relief of moderate to severe <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, alprazolam is not recommended for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> because of concerns regarding <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moy2012-25">[25]</a> Most evidence shows that the benefits of alprazolam in treating panic disorder last only four to ten weeks. However, people with panic disorder have been treated on an open basis for up to eight months without apparent loss of benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> Alprazolam is recommended by the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) for treatment-resistant cases of panic disorder where there is no history of tolerance or dependence.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of published and unpublished FDA-submitted regulatory trials of alprazolam extended-release for panic disorder found that only one of five clinical trials showed a positive efficacy outcome (20%), while the rest were negative and did not demonstrate effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37853797-27">[27]</a> In the published literature, three trials were published conveying a positive outcome (100%), but of these, only one was actually positive and the other two were considered to have been inappropriately spun as positive.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37853797-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">effect size</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hedges%27s_g" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedges's g">Hedges's g</a>) of alprazolam for treatment of panic disorder based on the five clinical trials was 0.33 (a small effect) and based on the published trials was 0.47 (a moderate effect), equating to an increase of 0.14 or 42%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37853797-27">[27]</a> The authors concluded that <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a> substantially inflated the effectiveness of alprazolam for panic disorder.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37853797-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety_disorders">Anxiety disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anxiety disorders">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> is responsive to alprazolam. Clinical studies have shown that the effectiveness is limited to four months for <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> However, the research into <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> properties of alprazolam is poor and has only assessed its short-term effects against depression.<a href="#cite_note-van_Marwijk-2012-28">[28]</a> In one study, some long term, high-dosage users of alprazolam developed reversible depression.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the US, alprazolam is <a href="/wiki/Indicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicated">indicated</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> with or without <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xanax_XR_FDA_label-10">[10]</a> In the UK, alprazolam is indicated for short-term symptomatic treatment of anxiety in adults.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_UK_SmPC-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting">Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting">edit</a>]</div> Alprazolam may be used in combination with other medications for <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting" title="Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting">chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in children and in alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals. Particular care should be taken in pregnant or elderly people, people with <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> history, particularly <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a>, and people with <a href="/wiki/Comorbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorbid">comorbid</a> <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">psychiatric disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Alprazolam should be avoided or carefully monitored by medical professionals in individuals with <a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">myasthenia gravis</a>, acute narrow-angle <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, severe liver deficiencies such as <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>, pre-existing respiratory depression, marked <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular">neuromuscular</a> <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a>, acute <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary insufficiency">pulmonary insufficiency</a>, chronic <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a> to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines, and <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>, where it may induce <a href="/wiki/Suicidality" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicidality">suicidality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episodic_dyscontrol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Episodic dyscontrol syndrome">dyscontrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bnf-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-hori-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Like all <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressants</a>, alprazolam in larger-than-normal doses can cause significant deterioration in <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a> and increase <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>, especially in those unaccustomed to the drug's effects.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_effects_of_alprazolam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Side_effects_of_alprazolam.svg/220px-Side_effects_of_alprazolam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Side_effects_of_alprazolam.svg/330px-Side_effects_of_alprazolam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Side_effects_of_alprazolam.svg/440px-Side_effects_of_alprazolam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">Side effects</a> from alprazolam</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedative</a> drugs, including alprazolam, have been associated with an increased risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Possible <a href="/wiki/Side_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Side effects">side effects</a> include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">Anterograde amnesia</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbee95-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Concentration</a> problems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">Ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">Dysarthria</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">Disinhibition</a><a href="#cite_note-Michel_L,_Lang_JP_2003_479–85-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Drowsiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a><a href="#cite_note-drftb-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-acmirttoadom-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Dry mouth</a> (infrequent)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucinations</a> (rare)<a href="#cite_note-ase-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">Jaundice</a> (very rare)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">Seizure</a> (less common)<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Skin rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">Respiratory depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a><a href="#cite_note-drftb-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-acmirttoadom-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a><a href="#cite_note-Dobb2017-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_retention" title="Urinary retention">Urinary retention</a> (infrequent)<a href="#cite_note-ase-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">Muscle weakness</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>]</li></ul> In September 2020, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) required that <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">boxed warnings</a> for all benzodiazepine medications be updated to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paradoxical_reactions">Paradoxical reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paradoxical reactions">edit</a>]</div> Although unusual, the following <a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_reaction" title="Paradoxical reaction">paradoxical reactions</a> have been shown to occur: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">hyperactivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">restlessness</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a> and hostility<a href="#cite_note-Michel_L,_Lang_JP_2003_479–85-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciculation" title="Fasciculation">Twitches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drug_interactions">Food and drug interactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Food and drug interactions">edit</a>]</div> Alprazolam is primarily <a href="/wiki/Metabolised" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolised">metabolized</a> via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Otani-2003-52">[52]</a> Combining CYP3A4 inhibitors such as <a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">cimetidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">norfluoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">propoxyphene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">ritonavir</a> delay the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic">hepatic</a> clearance of alprazolam, which may result in its accumulation<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and increased severity of its side effects.<a href="#cite_note-cpoati-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a> have been reported to increase an average of 31% and 20% respectively by the <a href="/wiki/Concomitant_drug" title="Concomitant drug">concomitant</a> administration of alprazolam tablets.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">Combined oral contraceptive pills</a> reduce the clearance of alprazolam, which may lead to increased plasma levels of alprazolam and accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a> is one of the most common interactions; alcohol and alprazolam taken in combination have a <a href="/wiki/Synergistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergistic">synergistic</a> effect on one another, which can cause severe sedation, behavioral changes, and intoxication. The more alcohol and alprazolam taken, the worse the interaction.<a href="#cite_note-Michel_L,_Lang_JP_2003_479–85-38">[38]</a> Combination of alprazolam with the herb <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> can result in the development of a semi-<a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">comatose</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Plants in the genus <a href="/wiki/Hypericum" title="Hypericum">Hypericum</a>, including <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a>, conversely can lower the plasma levels of alprazolam and reduce its therapeutic effect.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding">Pregnancy and breastfeeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and breastfeeding">edit</a>]</div> Benzodiazepines cross the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, enter the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>, and are also excreted in <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> The use of alprazolam during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Congenital_abnormalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital abnormalities">congenital abnormalities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and use in the last trimester may cause fetal <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">drug dependence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal symptoms">withdrawal symptoms</a> in the post-natal period as well as neonatal flaccidity and respiratory problems.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However, in long-term users of benzodiazepines, abrupt discontinuation due to concerns of <a href="/wiki/Teratogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenesis">teratogenesis</a> has a high risk of causing extreme withdrawal symptoms and a severe <a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">rebound effect</a> of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health disorder">mental health disorder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_abortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous abortions">Spontaneous abortions</a> may also result from abrupt withdrawal of psychotropic medications, including benzodiazepines.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overdose">Overdose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanax_0.25,_0.5_%26_1_mg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Xanax_0.25%2C_0.5_%26_1_mg.jpg/220px-Xanax_0.25%2C_0.5_%26_1_mg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Xanax_0.25%2C_0.5_%26_1_mg.jpg/330px-Xanax_0.25%2C_0.5_%26_1_mg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Xanax_0.25%2C_0.5_%26_1_mg.jpg/440px-Xanax_0.25%2C_0.5_%26_1_mg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Xanax 0.25 mg. (top row), 0.5 mg. (middle row), and 1 mg. (bottom row) tablets</figcaption></figure> The maximum recommended daily dose is 10 milligrams per day.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> Overdoses of alprazolam can be mild to severe depending on the quantity ingested and if other drugs are taken in combination.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Alprazolam overdoses cause excess <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) depression.<a href="#cite_note-ase-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependence_and_withdrawal">Dependence and withdrawal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dependence and withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome</a></div> The potential for misuse among those taking it for medical reasons is controversial, with some expert reviews stating that the risk is low and similar to that of other benzodiazepine drugs.<a href="#cite_note-APAguide-66">[66]</a> Others state that there is a substantial risk of misuse and dependence in both patients and non-medical users and that the short half-life and rapid onset of action may increase the risk of misuse.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2018-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moy2012-25">[25]</a> Compared to the large number of prescriptions, relatively few individuals increase their dose on their own initiative or engage in <a href="/wiki/Drug-seeking_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-seeking behavior">drug-seeking behavior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DEAbrief-67">[67]</a> Alprazolam, like other benzodiazepines, binds to specific sites on the GABAA (<a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid">gamma-aminobutyric acid</a>) receptor. When bound to these sites, which are referred to as benzodiazepine receptors, it modulates the effect of GABAA receptors and, thus, of GABAergic neurons.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>] Long-term use causes adaptive changes in the benzodiazepine receptors, making them less sensitive to stimulation and thus making the drugs less potent.<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebound_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound symptoms">rebound symptoms</a> commonly occur and necessitate a gradual reduction in dosage to minimize withdrawal effects when discontinuing.<a href="#cite_note-Verster2004-16">[16]</a> Not all withdrawal effects are evidence of true dependence or withdrawal. Recurrence of symptoms such as anxiety may simply indicate that the drug was having its expected anti-anxiety effect and that, in the absence of the drug, the symptom has returned to pretreatment levels. If the symptoms are more severe or frequent, the person may be experiencing a <a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">rebound effect</a> due to the removal of the drug. Either of these can occur without the person actually being drug dependent.<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a> Alprazolam and other benzodiazepines may also cause the development of <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms">benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms</a> during rapid dose reduction or cessation of therapy after long-term treatment.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> There is a higher chance of withdrawal reactions if the drug is administered in a higher dosage than recommended, or if a person stops taking the medication altogether without slowly allowing the body to adjust to a lower-dosage regimen.<a href="#cite_note-Ashton_manual-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 1992, Romach and colleagues reported that dose escalation is not a characteristic of long-term alprazolam users and that the majority of long-term alprazolam users change their initial pattern of regular use to one of symptom control only when required.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Some common symptoms of alprazolam discontinuation include <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>, weakness, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, lightheadedness, and dizziness.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Those taking more than 4 mg per day have an increased potential for dependence. This medication may cause withdrawal symptoms upon abrupt withdrawal or rapid tapering, which in some cases have been known to cause seizures, as well as marked <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a> similar to that produced by the <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> tropane alkaloids of Datura (<a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The discontinuation of this medication may also cause rebound anxiety.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] In a 1983 study, only 5% of patients who abruptly ceased taking long-acting benzodiazepines after less than eight months demonstrated withdrawal symptoms, but 43% who had been taking them for more than eight months did. With alprazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, taken for eight weeks, 65% of patients experienced significant rebound anxiety. To some degree, these older benzodiazepines are self-tapering.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzberg-79">[79]</a> The benzodiazepines <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">oxazepam</a> have been found to produce fewer withdrawal reactions than alprazolam, <a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">temazepam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>. Factors that determine the risk of <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">psychological dependence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a> and the severity of the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms">benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms</a> during dose reduction of alprazolam include: dosage used, length of use, frequency of dosing, personality characteristics of the individual, previous use of cross-dependent/cross-tolerant drugs (alcohol or other sedative-hypnotic drugs), current use of cross-dependent/-tolerant drugs, use of other short-acting, high-potency benzodiazepines,<a href="#cite_note-wolf1991-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and method of discontinuation.<a href="#cite_note-Ashton_manual-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6huo_GABAA-Rezeptorstruktur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/6huo_GABAA-Rezeptorstruktur.png/220px-6huo_GABAA-Rezeptorstruktur.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/6huo_GABAA-Rezeptorstruktur.png/330px-6huo_GABAA-Rezeptorstruktur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/6huo_GABAA-Rezeptorstruktur.png/440px-6huo_GABAA-Rezeptorstruktur.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Alprazolam binds at the α1β3γ2 <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a>. Alprazolam with red space-filling <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms. γ2 receptor subunit in mint green. The α1' subunit is hidden.<a href="#cite_note-Masiulis_2019-82">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> Alprazolam is a <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators">positive allosteric modulator of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>] When it binds to the receptor, effects of GABA are enhanced leading to inhibition of neurons in the brain. This results in effects including reduced anxiety, muscle relaxant, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activity.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The activity of alprazolam in the central nervous system is dose dependent.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> Alprazolam is classed as a high-potency <a href="/wiki/Triazolobenzodiazepine" title="Triazolobenzodiazepine">triazolobenzodiazepine</a>:<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> a benzodiazepine with a <a href="/wiki/1,2,4-Triazole" title="1,2,4-Triazole">triazole ring</a> attached to its structure. As a benzodiazepine, alprazolam produces a variety of therapeutic and adverse effects by binding to the <a href="/wiki/GABA_A_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA A receptor">GABAA</a> benzodiazepine receptor site and modulating its function; <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptors</a> are the most prolific inhibitory receptor within the brain. The GABA chemical and receptor system mediates inhibitory or calming effects of alprazolam on the nervous system. Binding of alprazolam to the GABAA receptor, a chloride ion channel, enhances the effects of GABA, a <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>. When GABA binds the GABAA receptor the channel opens and chloride enters the cell which makes it more resistant to depolarisation. Therefore, alprazolam has a depressant effect on synaptic transmission to reduce anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The GABAA receptor is made up of 5 subunits out of a possible 19, and GABAA receptors made up of different combinations of subunits have different properties, different locations within the brain, and, importantly, different activities with regard to benzodiazepines. Alprazolam and other triazolobenzodiazepines such as <a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">triazolam</a> that have a triazole ring fused to their diazepine ring appear to have <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-Barbee95-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This is perhaps due to the similarities shared with <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclic antidepressants</a>, as they have two benzene rings fused to a diazepine ring. Alprazolam causes a marked suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis</a>. The therapeutic properties of alprazolam are similar to other benzodiazepines and include <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesic</a>; however, it is used mainly as an anxiolytic.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Giving alprazolam, as compared to <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>, has been demonstrated to elicit a statistically significant increase in extracellular <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a> concentrations in the <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alprazolam_metabolism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Alprazolam_metabolism.svg/220px-Alprazolam_metabolism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Alprazolam_metabolism.svg/330px-Alprazolam_metabolism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Alprazolam_metabolism.svg/440px-Alprazolam_metabolism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Alprazolam metabolized into 4-hydroxyalprazolam (top) and α-hydroxyalprazolam (bottom)</figcaption></figure> Alprazolam is taken orally, and is absorbed well – 80% of alprazolam binds to <a href="/wiki/Blood_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood proteins">proteins in the serum</a> (the majority binding to <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>). The concentration of alprazolam peaks after one to two hours.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> Alprazolam is metabolized in the liver, mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochrome</a> enzyme <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>. Two major metabolites are produced: 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam, as well as an inactive <a href="/wiki/Benzophenone" title="Benzophenone">benzophenone</a>. The low concentrations and low potencies of 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam indicate that they have little to no contribution to the effects of alprazolam.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> The metabolites and some unmetabolized alprazolam are filtered out by the kidneys and are excreted in the urine.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Alprazolam is a <a href="/wiki/Triazole" title="Triazole">triazole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> derivative substituted with a <a href="/wiki/Phenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenyl">phenyl</a> group at position 6, with a <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> atom at position 8 and with a <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a> group at position 1. It is an analogue of <a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">triazolam</a>, the difference between them being the absence of a chlorine atom in the ortho position of the phenyl ring.<a href="#cite_note-SED-93">[93]</a> It is slightly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, soluble in <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>, slightly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> and insoluble in water.<a href="#cite_note-merck-94">[94]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 228–229.5 °C (442.4–445.1 °F; 501.1–502.6 K).<a href="#cite_note-merck-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patent3-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Synthesis">edit</a>]</div> For the synthesis of alprazolam the same method can be used as for <a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">triazolam</a>, excepting that it starts from 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone.<a href="#cite_note-Patent-96">[96]</a> However, an alternative easier synthesis starting with 2,6-dichloro-4-phenylquinoline has been suggested, in which it reacts with <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> giving 6-chloro-2-hydrazino-4-phenylquinoline. Boiling the mixture with <a href="/wiki/Triethyl_orthoacetate" title="Triethyl orthoacetate">triethyl orthoacetate</a> results in cyclization with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Triazole" title="Triazole">triazole</a> ring. The product undergoes oxidative degradation in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Periodate" title="Periodate">periodate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium dioxide">ruthenium dioxide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> solution, giving 2-[4-(3'-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo)]-5-chlorobenzophenone. Oxy-methylation with <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> results in a product that is treated with phosphorus tribromide, when 2-[4-(3'-methyl-5'-bromomethyl-1,2,4-triazolo)]-5-chlorobenzophenone is obtained. By substituting the <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> atom with an amino group conferred by ammonia, it forms <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam_triazolobenzophenone" title="Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone">alprazolam triazolobenzophenone</a>, following which an intramolecular heterocyclization takes place to obtain alprazolam.<a href="#cite_note-SED-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Synthesis-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patent3-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection">Detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Detection">edit</a>]</div> Quantification of alprazolam in blood and plasma samples may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of intoxication in hospitalized patients, or to provide evidence in the case of crimes e.g., impaired driving arrest, or to assist in a thorough forensic investigation, e.g., in a <a href="/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence" title="Medical jurisprudence">medicolegal</a> death investigation. Blood or plasma alprazolam concentrations are usually in a range of 10–100 μg/L in persons receiving the drug therapeutically, 100–300 μg/L in those arrested for impaired driving, and 300–2,000 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage. Most of the commercial <a href="/wiki/Immunoassays" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoassays">immunoassays</a> used for the benzodiazepine class of drugs cross-react with alprazolam, but confirmation and quantitative determination are usually done by <a href="/wiki/Chromatographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatographic">chromatographic</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dosage_forms">Dosage forms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dosage forms">edit</a>]</div> Alprazolam regular release and <a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">orally disintegrating tablets</a> are available as 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 2 mg tablets.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">[9]</a> Extended-release tablets are available as 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, and 3 mg tablets.<a href="#cite_note-Xanax_XR_FDA_label-10">[10]</a> Liquid alprazolam is available in a 1 mg/mL oral concentrate.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> Alprazolam has varied legal status depending on jurisdiction: <ul><li>In the United States, alprazolam is a prescription drug and is assigned to <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV_controlled_substances" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule IV</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA).<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Under the UK drug misuse classification system, alprazolam is a <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class C</a> drug.<a href="#cite_note-misuse_of_drugs_legislation-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In the UK, alprazolam is not available on the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) and can only be obtained on a private prescription.<a href="#cite_note-BNF60-102">[102]</a></li> <li>In Ireland, alprazolam is a Schedule 4 medicine.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>In Sweden, alprazolam is a prescription drug in List IV (Schedule 4) under the Narcotics Drugs Act (1968).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>In the Netherlands, alprazolam is a List 2 substance of the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Law" title="Opium Law">Opium Law</a> and is available for prescription.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>In Germany, alprazolam can be prescribed normally in doses up to 1 mg. Higher doses are scheduled as <a href="/wiki/Anlage_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Anlage III">Anlage III</a> drugs and require a <a href="/wiki/Special_prescription_form" title="Special prescription form">special prescription form</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>In Australia, alprazolam, as of February 2014, is a Schedule 8 medication.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>In the Philippines, alprazolam is legally classified as a "dangerous drug" under the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Dangerous_Drugs_Act_of_2002" title="Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002">Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002</a>, along with other schedule drugs listed in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The importation of dangerous drugs including alprazolam, requires authorization from the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_Enforcement_Agency" title="Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency">Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li></ul> Internationally, alprazolam is included under the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a> as Schedule IV.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Availability">edit</a>]</div> In December 2013, in anticipation of the rescheduling of alprazolam to Schedule 8 in Australia, Pfizer Australia announced they would be discontinuing the Xanax brand in Australia as it was no longer commercially viable.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_use">Recreational use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recreational use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_use_disorder" title="Benzodiazepine use disorder">Benzodiazepine use disorder</a></div> There is a risk of misuse and dependence in both patients and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">non-medical users</a> of alprazolam; alprazolam's high affinity binding, high potency, and rapid onset increase its abuse potential. The <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal syndrome</a> of alprazolam also add to its <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictive nature</a>. In the small subgroup of individuals who escalate their doses there is usually a history of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moy2012-25">[25]</a> Despite this, most prescribed alprazolam users do not use their medication recreationally, and the long-term use of benzodiazepines does not generally correlate with the need for dose escalation.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> However, based on US findings from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), an annual compilation of patient characteristics in substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States, admissions due to "primary tranquilizer" (including, but not limited to, benzodiazepine-type) drug use increased 79% from 1992 to 2002, suggesting that misuse of benzodiazepines may be on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) reported an 89 percent increase in emergency room visits nationwide related to nonmedical benzodiazepine use between 2004 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Alprazolam is one of the most commonly prescribed and misused benzodiazepines in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-APPT-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawn2neodredv-117">[117]</a> A large-scale nationwide <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a> concluded that, in the US, benzodiazepines are recreationally the most frequently used pharmaceuticals due to their widespread availability, accounting for 35% of all drug-related visits to hospital <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urgent_care_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Urgent care facilities">urgent care facilities</a>. Men and women are equally likely to use benzodiazepines recreationally. The report found that alprazolam is the most common benzodiazepine for recreational use, followed by <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>. The number of emergency department visits due to benzodiazepines increased by 36% between 2004 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-dawn2neodredv-117">[117]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Regarding the significant increases detected, it is worthwhile to consider that the number of pharmaceuticals dispensed for legitimate therapeutic uses may be increasing over time, and DAWN estimates are not adjusted to take such increases into account. Nor do DAWN estimates take into account the increases in the population or in ED use between 2004 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-dawn2neodredv-117">[117]</a></blockquote> Those at a particularly high risk for misuse and dependence are people with a history of alcoholism or drug abuse and/or dependence<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and people with <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Poly-drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly-drug use">poly-drug use</a> of powerful depressant drugs poses the highest level of health concerns due to a significant increase in the likelihood of experiencing an <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a>, which may cause fatal <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A 1990 study found that diazepam has a higher misuse potential relative to many other benzodiazepines and that some data suggest that alprazolam and lorazepam resemble diazepam in this respect.<a href="#cite_note-griffiths1990-123">[123]</a> Anecdotally, injection of alprazolam has been reported, causing dangerous damage to blood vessels, closure of blood vessels (<a href="/wiki/Embolization" title="Embolization">embolization</a>), and decay of muscle tissue (<a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Alprazolam is not very soluble in water; when crushed in water, it does not fully <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">dissolve</a> (40 μg/ml of <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H2O</a> at pH 7).<a href="#cite_note-DB00404_Alprazolam-125">[125]</a> There are also reports of alprazolam being <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">snorted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Due to the low weight of a dose, alprazolam, in one case, was distributed on <a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper#Drugs" title="Blotting paper">blotter paper</a> in a manner similar to LSD.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Misuse of alprazolam and other benzodiazepines has been shown to cause <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Effect_of_Chronic_Alprazolam_In-128">[128]</a> Alprazolam has typically caused <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a> effects (inability to recall new events), but a study conducted on mice by the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research at <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a> has also determined that alprazolam can produce retrograde amnesic effects (inability to remember events occurring before amnesia). One 2016 study found that "chronic administration of alprazolam affects memory but attentive and psychomotor performance remained unaffected".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A 2016 randomized controlled trial stated that "overall, long-term benzodiazepine users may not be in their full cognitive state upon withdrawal".<a href="#cite_note-The_Effect_of_Chronic_Alprazolam_In-128">[128]</a> Similarly, a 2017 meta-analysis concluded that "a range of neuropsychological functions are impaired as a result of long-term benzodiazepine use, and that these are likely to persist even following withdrawal".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slang_terms">Slang terms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Slang terms">edit</a>]</div> Slang terms for alprazolam vary by geographic location. Some of the more common terms are modified versions of the trade name "Xanax", such as Xannies (or Xanies) and the phonetic equivalent of Zannies;<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> references to their drug classes, such as benzos or downers; or remark upon their shape or color (most commonly a straight, perforated tablet or an oval-shaped pill): bars, ladders, Xanbars, Xans, Z-bars, handle bars, beans, footballs, planks, poles, sticks, blues, or blue footballs.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPR_Xanax_Slang-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Take Your Pills: Xanax, a 2022 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> documentary, provides an overview of the drug's history and usage.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/alprazolam.html">"Alprazolam Use During Pregnancy"</a>. Drugs.com. 4 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620184047/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/alprazolam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+Use+During+Pregnancy&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpregnancy%2Falprazolam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database">"Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database"</a>. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302112837/https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration+%28TGA%29&rft.atitle=Prescribing+medicines+in+pregnancy+database&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fproducts%2Fmedicines%2Ffind-information-about-medicine%2Fprescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ait2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ait2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ait2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ait2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAit-DaoudHambySharmaBlevins2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ait-Daoud N, Hamby AS, Sharma S, Blevins D (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846112">"A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal"</a>. Journal of Addiction Medicine. 12 (1): 4–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FADM.0000000000000350">10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846112">5846112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777203">28777203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Addiction+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Alprazolam+Use%2C+Misuse%2C+and+Withdrawal&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-10&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5846112%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28777203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FADM.0000000000000350&rft.aulast=Ait-Daoud&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Hamby%2C+AS&rft.au=Sharma%2C+S&rft.au=Blevins%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5846112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802">"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"</a>. nctr-crs.fda.gov. <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nctr-crs.fda.gov&rft.atitle=FDA-sourced+list+of+all+drugs+with+black+box+warnings+%28Use+Download+Full+Results+and+View+Query+links.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnctr-crs.fda.gov%2Ffdalabel%2Fui%2Fspl-summaries%2Fcriteria%2F343802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2024L00589/latest/text">"Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2024) Instrument 2024"</a>. Federal Register of Legislation. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+Goods+%28Poisons+Standard%E2%80%94June+2024%29+Instrument+2024&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FF2024L00589%2Flatest%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?lang=eng&code=4471">"Xanax Product information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a>. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Canada&rft.atitle=Xanax+Product+information&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth-products.canada.ca%2Fdpd-bdpp%2Finfo%3Flang%3Deng%26code%3D4471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xanax_UK_SmPC-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_UK_SmPC_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_UK_SmPC_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1657/smpc">"Xanax Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. (emc). 28 July 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28emc%29&rft.atitle=Xanax+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F1657%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-misuse_of_drugs_legislation-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-misuse_of_drugs_legislation_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-misuse_of_drugs_legislation_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs-list--2/list-of-most-commonly-encountered-drugs-currently-controlled-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-legislation">"List of most commonly encountered drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation"</a>. GOV.UK. 20 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208222115/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs-list--2/list-of-most-commonly-encountered-drugs-currently-controlled-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-legislation">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=List+of+most+commonly+encountered+drugs+currently+controlled+under+the+misuse+of+drugs+legislation&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fcontrolled-drugs-list--2%2Flist-of-most-commonly-encountered-drugs-currently-controlled-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-legislation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xanax_FDA_label-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_FDA_label_9-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=388e249d-b9b6-44c3-9f8f-880eced0239f">"Xanax- alprazolam tablet"</a>. DailyMed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117223138/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=388e249d-b9b6-44c3-9f8f-880eced0239f">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Xanax-+alprazolam+tablet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D388e249d-b9b6-44c3-9f8f-880eced0239f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xanax_XR_FDA_label-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_XR_FDA_label_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_XR_FDA_label_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xanax_XR_FDA_label_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aa58fff3-c297-49be-838b-599c32ad9835">"Xanax XR- alprazolam tablet, extended release"</a>. DailyMed. 12 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417013226/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aa58fff3-c297-49be-838b-599c32ad9835">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Xanax+XR-+alprazolam+tablet%2C+extended+release&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Daa58fff3-c297-49be-838b-599c32ad9835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c8990714-c2f5-4b0c-9f1c-91d77156d962">"Xanax XR- alprazolam tablet, extended release"</a>. DailyMed. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Xanax+XR-+alprazolam+tablet%2C+extended+release&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Dc8990714-c2f5-4b0c-9f1c-91d77156d962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/alprazolam-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa00000109202203_en.pdf">"List of nationally authorised medicinal products"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+nationally+authorised+medicinal+products&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fpsusa%2Falprazolam-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa00000109202203_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lill2016-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lill2016_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lill2016_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilleySnyderCollins2016" class="citation book cs1">Lilley LL, Snyder JS, Collins SR (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNgoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA329">Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771720663" title="Special:BookSources/9781771720663"><bdi>9781771720663</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNgoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA329">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+Canadian+Health+Care+Practice&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781771720663&rft.aulast=Lilley&rft.aufirst=LL&rft.au=Snyder%2C+JS&rft.au=Collins%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNgoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHFS2018-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2018_14-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists2017" class="citation web cs1">American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (13 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprazolam.html">"Alprazolam Monograph for Professionals"</a>. Drugs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207030717/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprazolam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.au=American+Society+of+Health-System+Pharmacists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Falprazolam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZlsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">Drugs Across the Spectrum</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111782009" title="Special:BookSources/9781111782009"><bdi>9781111782009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604135538/https://books.google.com/books?id=EZlsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+Across+the+Spectrum&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781111782009&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZlsCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verster2004-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verster2004_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verster2004_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verster2004_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersterVolkerts2004" class="citation journal cs1">Verster JC, Volkerts ER (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741717">"Clinical pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and behavioral toxicity of alprazolam: a review of the literature"</a>. CNS Drug Reviews. 10 (1): 45–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x">10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741717">6741717</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14978513">14978513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Drug+Reviews&rft.atitle=Clinical+pharmacology%2C+clinical+efficacy%2C+and+behavioral+toxicity+of+alprazolam%3A+a+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-76&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6741717%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14978513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x&rft.aulast=Verster&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Volkerts%2C+ER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6741717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTampiMuraleeWederPenland2008" class="citation book cs1">Tampi RR, Muralee S, Weder ND, Penland H, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AANMupaUs6UC&pg=PA226">Comprehensive Review of Psychiatry</a>. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7176-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-7176-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319063132/https://books.google.com/books?id=AANMupaUs6UC&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Review+of+Psychiatry&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer%2F+Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins+Health&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7176-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAANMupaUs6UC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhuryMorshedShahriarBhuiyan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chowdhury ZS, Morshed MM, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam SM, Bin Sayeed MS (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940">"The Effect of Chronic Alprazolam Intake on Memory, Attention, and Psychomotor Performance in Healthy Human Male Volunteers"</a>. Behavioural Neurology. 2016: 3730940. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940">10.1155/2016/3730940</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4947648">4947648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462136">27462136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Chronic+Alprazolam+Intake+on+Memory%2C+Attention%2C+and+Psychomotor+Performance+in+Healthy+Human+Male+Volunteers&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=3730940&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4947648%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27462136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=ZS&rft.au=Morshed%2C+MM&rft.au=Shahriar%2C+M&rft.au=Bhuiyan%2C+MA&rft.au=Islam%2C+SM&rft.au=Bin+Sayeed%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2016%252F3730940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pav10-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Pav10_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavuluriJanicakMarder2010" class="citation book cs1">Pavuluri MN, Janicak PG, Marder SR (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ePK9wwcQUMC&pg=PA535">Principles and Practice of Psychopharmacotherapy</a> (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-565-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-565-3"><bdi>978-1-60547-565-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717220547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ePK9wwcQUMC&pg=PA535">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Psychopharmacotherapy&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=535&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2F+Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-565-3&rft.aulast=Pavuluri&rft.aufirst=MN&rft.au=Janicak%2C+PG&rft.au=Marder%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ePK9wwcQUMC%26pg%3DPA535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2013" class="citation web cs1">Ainsworth SJ (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i49/Hester-Dies-80.html">"Hester Dies At 80"</a>. Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Hester+Dies+At+80&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F91%2Fi49%2FHester-Dies-80.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fis2006-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Fis2006_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerGanellin2006" class="citation book cs1">Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA536">Analogue-based Drug Discovery</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527607495" title="Special:BookSources/9783527607495"><bdi>9783527607495</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828082144/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA536">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analogue-based+Drug+Discovery&rft.pages=536&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783527607495&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Ganellin%2C+CR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjKfqkaKkAAC%26pg%3DPA536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalamed2009" class="citation book cs1">Malamed SF (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Abp9ci5-n1wC&pg=PA105">Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323075961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323075961"><bdi>978-0323075961</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=Abp9ci5-n1wC&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedation%3A+A+Guide+to+Patient+Management&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0323075961&rft.aulast=Malamed&rft.aufirst=SF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAbp9ci5-n1wC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx">"The Top 300 of 2022"</a>. ClinCalc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinCalc&rft.atitle=The+Top+300+of+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclincalc.com%2FDrugStats%2FTop300Drugs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Alprazolam">"Alprazolam Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022"</a>. ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinCalc&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+Drug+Usage+Statistics%2C+United+States%2C+2013+-+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclincalc.com%2FDrugStats%2FDrugs%2FAlprazolam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moy2012-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moy2012_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moy2012_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moy2012_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoylanGiorlandoNordfjærnBerk2012" class="citation journal cs1">Moylan S, Giorlando F, Nordfjærn T, Berk M (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barglow.com/moylan2012alprazolam.pdf">"The role of alprazolam for the treatment of panic disorder in Australia"</a> (PDF). The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 46 (3): 212–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004867411432074">10.1177/0004867411432074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22391278">22391278</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11006795">11006795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422062457/http://www.barglow.com/moylan2012alprazolam.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+alprazolam+for+the+treatment+of+panic+disorder+in+Australia&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=212-24&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11006795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22391278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0004867411432074&rft.aulast=Moylan&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Giorlando%2C+F&rft.au=Nordfj%C3%A6rn%2C+T&rft.au=Berk%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barglow.com%2Fmoylan2012alprazolam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandelowZoharHollanderKasper2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15622970209150621">"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders"</a>. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 3 (4): 171–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15622970209150621">10.3109/15622970209150621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12516310">12516310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Journal+of+Biological+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=World+Federation+of+Societies+of+Biological+Psychiatry+%28WFSBP%29+guidelines+for+the+pharmacological+treatment+of+anxiety%2C+obsessive-compulsive+and+posttraumatic+stress+disorders&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=171-99&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F15622970209150621&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12516310&rft.aulast=Bandelow&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Zohar%2C+J&rft.au=Hollander%2C+E&rft.au=Kasper%2C+S&rft.au=M%C3%B6ller%2C+HJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3109%252F15622970209150621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid37853797-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37853797_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37853797_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37853797_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37853797_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhn-HorstTurner2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ahn-Horst RY, Turner EH (October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291723002830">"Unpublished trials of alprazolam XR and their influence on its apparent efficacy for panic disorder"</a>. Psychol Med. 54 (5): 1026–1033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291723002830">10.1017/S0033291723002830</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853797">37853797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychol+Med&rft.atitle=Unpublished+trials+of+alprazolam+XR+and+their+influence+on+its+apparent+efficacy+for+panic+disorder&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1026-1033&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033291723002830&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37853797&rft.aulast=Ahn-Horst&rft.aufirst=RY&rft.au=Turner%2C+EH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0033291723002830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Marwijk-2012-28"><a href="#cite_ref-van_Marwijk-2012_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_MarwijkAllickWegmanBax2012" class="citation journal cs1">van Marwijk H, Allick G, Wegman F, Bax A, Riphagen II (July 2012). van Marwijk H (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/48567/300660.pdf?sequence=1">"Alprazolam for depression"</a> (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (7): CD007139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007139.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD007139.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6769182">6769182</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22786504">22786504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811142853/http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/48567/300660.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+for+depression&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD007139&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6769182%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22786504&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007139.pub2&rft.aulast=van+Marwijk&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Allick%2C+G&rft.au=Wegman%2C+F&rft.au=Bax%2C+A&rft.au=Riphagen%2C+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.ubvu.vu.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1871%2F48567%2F300660.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydiardLaraiaBallengerHowell1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Ballenger JC, Howell EF (May 1987). "Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (5): 664–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.144.5.664">10.1176/ajp.144.5.664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3578580">3578580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+depressive+symptoms+in+patients+receiving+alprazolam+for+panic+disorder&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=664-5&rft.date=1987-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.144.5.664&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3578580&rft.aulast=Lydiard&rft.aufirst=RB&rft.au=Laraia%2C+MT&rft.au=Ballenger%2C+JC&rft.au=Howell%2C+EF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuthierBalayssacSautereauZangarelli2009" class="citation journal cs1">Authier N, Balayssac D, Sautereau M, Zangarelli A, Courty P, Somogyi AA, et al. (November 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome". Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises. 67 (6): 408–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharma.2009.07.001">10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19900604">19900604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Pharmaceutiques+Fran%C3%A7aises&rft.atitle=Benzodiazepine+dependence%3A+focus+on+withdrawal+syndrome&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=408-13&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharma.2009.07.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19900604&rft.aulast=Authier&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Balayssac%2C+D&rft.au=Sautereau%2C+M&rft.au=Zangarelli%2C+A&rft.au=Courty%2C+P&rft.au=Somogyi%2C+AA&rft.au=Vennat%2C+B&rft.au=Llorca%2C+PM&rft.au=Eschalier%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bnf-31"><a href="#cite_ref-bnf_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720173716/http://www.bnf.org/bnf/bnf/current/3173.htm">"Alprazolam"</a>. British National Formulary. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnf.org/bnf/bnf/current/3173.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alprazolam&rft.pub=British+National+Formulary&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnf.org%2Fbnf%2Fbnf%2Fcurrent%2F3173.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hori-32"><a href="#cite_ref-hori_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHori1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hori A (February 1998). "Pharmacotherapy for personality disorders". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 52 (1): 13–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1819.1998.tb00967.x">10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00967.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9682928">9682928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26667425">26667425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry+and+Clinical+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Pharmacotherapy+for+personality+disorders&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-9&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26667425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9682928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-1819.1998.tb00967.x&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerCowdry1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner DL, Cowdry RW (January 1985). "Alprazolam-induced dyscontrol in borderline personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (1): 98–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.142.1.98">10.1176/ajp.142.1.98</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2857071">2857071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alprazolam-induced+dyscontrol+in+borderline+personality+disorder&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-100&rft.date=1985-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.142.1.98&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2857071&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Cowdry%2C+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozenáFrantikHorváth1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kozená L, Frantik E, Horváth M (May 1995). "Vigilance impairment after a single dose of benzodiazepines". Psychopharmacology. 119 (1): 39–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02246052">10.1007/BF02246052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7675948">7675948</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2618084">2618084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Vigilance+impairment+after+a+single+dose+of+benzodiazepines&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2618084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7675948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02246052&rft.aulast=Kozen%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Frantik%2C+E&rft.au=Horv%C3%A1th%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripke2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kripke DF (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt08d9f3d5/qt08d9f3d5.pdf?t=nz1gjv">"Mortality Risk of Hypnotics: Strengths and Limits of Evidence"</a> (PDF). Drug Safety. 39 (2): 93–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40264-015-0362-0">10.1007/s40264-015-0362-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26563222">26563222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7946506">7946506</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314025805/https://escholarship.org/content/qt08d9f3d5/qt08d9f3d5.pdf?t=nz1gjv">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Safety&rft.atitle=Mortality+Risk+of+Hypnotics%3A+Strengths+and+Limits+of+Evidence&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-107&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7946506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26563222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40264-015-0362-0&rft.aulast=Kripke&rft.aufirst=DF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt08d9f3d5%2Fqt08d9f3d5.pdf%3Ft%3Dnz1gjv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbee95-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbee95_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbee95_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbee1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barbee JG (October 1993). "Memory, benzodiazepines, and anxiety: integration of theoretical and clinical perspectives". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 54 (Suppl): 86–97, discussion 98–101. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8262893">8262893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Memory%2C+benzodiazepines%2C+and+anxiety%3A+integration+of+theoretical+and+clinical+perspectives&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=Suppl&rft.pages=86-97%2C+discussion+98-101&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8262893&rft.aulast=Barbee&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassanoToniPetraccaDeltito1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cassano GB, Toni C, Petracca A, Deltito J, Benkert O, Curtis G, et al. (March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/31721/0000659.pdf">"Adverse effects associated with the short-term treatment of panic disorder with imipramine, alprazolam or placebo"</a> (PDF). European Neuropsychopharmacology. 4 (1): 47–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0924-977X%2894%2990314-X">10.1016/0924-977X(94)90314-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F31721">2027.42/31721</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8204996">8204996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14557358">14557358</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220201013/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/31721/0000659.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Adverse+effects+associated+with+the+short-term+treatment+of+panic+disorder+with+imipramine%2C+alprazolam+or+placebo&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F31721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14557358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8204996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0924-977X%2894%2990314-X&rft.aulast=Cassano&rft.aufirst=GB&rft.au=Toni%2C+C&rft.au=Petracca%2C+A&rft.au=Deltito%2C+J&rft.au=Benkert%2C+O&rft.au=Curtis%2C+G&rft.au=Hippius%2C+H&rft.au=Maier%2C+W&rft.au=Shera%2C+D&rft.au=Klerman%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F31721%2F0000659.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michel_L,_Lang_JP_2003_479–85-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_L,_Lang_JP_2003_479–85_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_L,_Lang_JP_2003_479–85_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_L,_Lang_JP_2003_479–85_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelLang2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michel L, Lang JP (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/15029082">"[Benzodiazepines and forensic aspects]"</a> [Benzodiazepines and Forensic Aspects]. L'Encephale (in French). 29 (6): 479–85. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15029082">15029082</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602200027/https://europepmc.org/js/chunk-087ebf1c.0d65fdb7.js">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Encephale&rft.atitle=%5BBenzodiazepines+and+forensic+aspects%5D&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=479-85&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15029082&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Lang%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropepmc.org%2Farticle%2Fmed%2F15029082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drftb-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drftb_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-drftb_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawsonRawson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rawson NS, Rawson MJ (1999). "Acute adverse event signalling scheme using the Saskatchewan Administrative health care utilization datafiles: results for two benzodiazepines". Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 6 (3): 159–66. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10495368">10495368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Acute+adverse+event+signalling+scheme+using+the+Saskatchewan+Administrative+health+care+utilization+datafiles%3A+results+for+two+benzodiazepines&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=159-66&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10495368&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=NS&rft.au=Rawson%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acmirttoadom-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acmirttoadom_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acmirttoadom_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/alprazolam/article.htm">"Alprazolam – Complete Medical Information Regarding This Treatment of Anxiety Disorders"</a>. Medicinenet.com. MedicineNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190309191305/https://www.medicinenet.com/alprazolam/article.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medicinenet.com&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+%E2%80%93+Complete+Medical+Information+Regarding+This+Treatment+of+Anxiety+Disorders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Falprazolam%2Farticle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElieLamontagne1984" class="citation journal cs1">Elie R, Lamontagne Y (June 1984). "Alprazolam and diazepam in the treatment of generalized anxiety". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 4 (3): 125–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004714-198406000-00002">10.1097/00004714-198406000-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6145726">6145726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:735484">735484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+and+diazepam+in+the+treatment+of+generalized+anxiety&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-9&rft.date=1984-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A735484%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6145726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004714-198406000-00002&rft.aulast=Elie&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Lamontagne%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ase-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ase_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ase_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ase_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/alprazolam.html">"Alprazolam Side Effects, Interactions and Information"</a>. Drugs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819005943/http://www.drugs.com/alprazolam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+Side+Effects%2C+Interactions+and+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Falprazolam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyesDuPontPecknoldRifkin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Noyes R, DuPont RL, Pecknold JC, Rifkin A, Rubin RT, Swinson RP, et al. (May 1988). "Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter trial. II. Patient acceptance, side effects, and safety". Archives of General Psychiatry. 45 (5): 423–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1988.01800290037005">10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800290037005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3358644">3358644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+in+panic+disorder+and+agoraphobia%3A+results+from+a+multicenter+trial.+II.+Patient+acceptance%2C+side+effects%2C+and+safety&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=423-8&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1988.01800290037005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3358644&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=DuPont%2C+RL&rft.au=Pecknold%2C+JC&rft.au=Rifkin%2C+A&rft.au=Rubin%2C+RT&rft.au=Swinson%2C+RP&rft.au=Ballenger%2C+JC&rft.au=Burrows%2C+GD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/alprazolam-oral-route/proper-use/drg-20061040?p=1">"Side Effects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>. 1 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234437/https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/alprazolam-oral-route/proper-use/drg-20061040?p=1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Side+Effects&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdrugs-supplements%2Falprazolam-oral-route%2Fproper-use%2Fdrg-20061040%3Fp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobb2017-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Dobb2017_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dodds TJ (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FPCC.16r02037">"Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature"</a>. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 19 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FPCC.16r02037">10.4088/PCC.16r02037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28257172">28257172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Primary+Care+Companion+for+CNS+Disorders&rft.atitle=Prescribed+Benzodiazepines+and+Suicide+Risk%3A+A+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FPCC.16r02037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28257172&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4088%252FPCC.16r02037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requiring-boxed-warning-updated-improve-safe-use-benzodiazepine-drug-class">"FDA expands Boxed Warning to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). 23 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924002523/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requiring-boxed-warning-updated-improve-safe-use-benzodiazepine-drug-class">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=FDA+expands+Boxed+Warning+to+improve+safe+use+of+benzodiazepine+drug&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdrugs%2Fdrug-safety-and-availability%2Ffda-requiring-boxed-warning-updated-improve-safe-use-benzodiazepine-drug-class&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapaportBraff1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rapaport M, Braff DL (January 1985). "Alprazolam and hostility". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (1): 146a–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.142.1.146a">10.1176/ajp.142.1.146a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2857070">2857070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+and+hostility&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=146a-146&rft.date=1985-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.142.1.146a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2857070&rft.aulast=Rapaport&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Braff%2C+DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAranaPearlmanShader1985" class="citation journal cs1">Arana GW, Pearlman C, Shader RI (March 1985). "Alprazolam-induced mania: two clinical cases". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (3): 368–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.142.3.368">10.1176/ajp.142.3.368</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2857534">2857534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alprazolam-induced+mania%3A+two+clinical+cases&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=368-9&rft.date=1985-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.142.3.368&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2857534&rft.aulast=Arana&rft.aufirst=GW&rft.au=Pearlman%2C+C&rft.au=Shader%2C+RI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrahanRosenthalKaswanWinston1985" class="citation journal cs1">Strahan A, Rosenthal J, Kaswan M, Winston A (July 1985). "Three case reports of acute paroxysmal excitement associated with alprazolam treatment". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (7): 859–61. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.461.6316">10.1.1.461.6316</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.142.7.859">10.1176/ajp.142.7.859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2861755">2861755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Three+case+reports+of+acute+paroxysmal+excitement+associated+with+alprazolam+treatment&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=859-61&rft.date=1985-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.461.6316%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2861755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.142.7.859&rft.aulast=Strahan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+J&rft.au=Kaswan%2C+M&rft.au=Winston%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyKhannaAnandBanerjee1996" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy J, Khanna S, Anand U, Banerjee A (August 1996). "Alprazolam-induced hypomania". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 30 (4): 550–2. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.941.5119">10.1.1.941.5119</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00048679609065031">10.3109/00048679609065031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8887708">8887708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38542776">38542776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alprazolam-induced+hypomania&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=550-2&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.941.5119%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38542776%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8887708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00048679609065031&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Khanna%2C+S&rft.au=Anand%2C+U&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéchirSchweglerChenevardBinggeli2007" class="citation journal cs1">Béchir M, Schwegler K, Chenevard R, Binggeli C, Caduff C, Büchi S, et al. (July 2007). "Anxiolytic therapy with alprazolam increases muscle sympathetic activity in patients with panic disorders". Autonomic Neuroscience. 134 (1–2): 69–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2007.01.007">10.1016/j.autneu.2007.01.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363337">17363337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44980758">44980758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autonomic+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Anxiolytic+therapy+with+alprazolam+increases+muscle+sympathetic+activity+in+patients+with+panic+disorders&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=69-73&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44980758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17363337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2007.01.007&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9chir&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Schwegler%2C+K&rft.au=Chenevard%2C+R&rft.au=Binggeli%2C+C&rft.au=Caduff%2C+C&rft.au=B%C3%BCchi%2C+S&rft.au=Buddeberg%2C+C&rft.au=L%C3%BCscher%2C+TF&rft.au=Noll%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otani-2003-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Otani-2003_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtani2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otani K (2003). "[Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Benzodiazepines]". Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica (in Japanese). 105 (5): 631–42. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12875231">12875231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seishin+Shinkeigaku+Zasshi+%3D+Psychiatria+et+Neurologia+Japonica&rft.atitle=%5BCytochrome+P450+3A4+and+Benzodiazepines%5D&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=631-42&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12875231&rft.aulast=Otani&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresserSpenceBailey2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dresser GK, Spence JD, Bailey DG (January 2000). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodymic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 38 (1): 41–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-200038010-00003">10.2165/00003088-200038010-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10668858">10668858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37743328">37743328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodymic+consequences+and+clinical+relevance+of+cytochrome+P450+3A4+inhibition&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-57&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37743328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10668858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003088-200038010-00003&rft.aulast=Dresser&rft.aufirst=GK&rft.au=Spence%2C+JD&rft.au=Bailey%2C+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpoati-54"><a href="#cite_ref-cpoati_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenblattWright1993" class="citation journal cs1">Greenblatt DJ, Wright CE (June 1993). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Therapeutic implications". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 24 (6): 453–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-199324060-00003">10.2165/00003088-199324060-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8513649">8513649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46252882">46252882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics&rft.atitle=Clinical+pharmacokinetics+of+alprazolam.+Therapeutic+implications&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=453-71&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46252882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8513649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003088-199324060-00003&rft.aulast=Greenblatt&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Wright%2C+CE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangDeVane2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wang JS, DeVane CL (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709230745/http://www.medworksmedia.com/psychopharmbulletin/pdf/12/010-029_PB%20W03_Wang_final.pdf">"Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of the sedative hypnotics"</a> (PDF). Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 37 (1): 10–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01990373">10.1007/BF01990373</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14561946">14561946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1543185">1543185</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medworksmedia.com/psychopharmbulletin/pdf/12/010-029_PB%20W03_Wang_final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+and+drug+interactions+of+the+sedative+hypnotics&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1543185%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14561946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01990373&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=DeVane%2C+CL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medworksmedia.com%2Fpsychopharmbulletin%2Fpdf%2F12%2F010-029_PB%2520W03_Wang_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackOrme1990" class="citation journal cs1">Back DJ, Orme ML (June 1990). "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 18 (6): 472–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-199018060-00004">10.2165/00003088-199018060-00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2191822">2191822</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32523973">32523973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetic+drug+interactions+with+oral+contraceptives&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=472-84&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32523973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2191822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003088-199018060-00004&rft.aulast=Back&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Orme%2C+ML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzzoErnst2001" class="citation journal cs1">Izzo AA, Ernst E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00003495-200161150-00002">"Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review"</a>. Drugs. 61 (15): 2163–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-200161150-00002">10.2165/00003495-200161150-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11772128">11772128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46983699">46983699</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525182102/https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165%2F00003495-200161150-00002">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Interactions+between+herbal+medicines+and+prescribed+drugs%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2163-75&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46983699%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11772128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003495-200161150-00002&rft.aulast=Izzo&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Ernst%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.2165%2F00003495-200161150-00002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzzo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Izzo AA (March 2004). "Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 42 (3): 139–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5414%2FCPP42139">10.5414/CPP42139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15049433">15049433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology+and+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Drug+interactions+with+St.+John%27s+Wort+%28Hypericum+perforatum%29%3A+a+review+of+the+clinical+evidence&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-48&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5414%2FCPP42139&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15049433&rft.aulast=Izzo&rft.aufirst=AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadabushiFrankDrewelowDerendorf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Madabushi R, Frank B, Drewelow B, Derendorf H, Butterweck V (March 2006). "Hyperforin in St. John's wort drug interactions". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 62 (3): 225–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00228-006-0096-0">10.1007/s00228-006-0096-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16477470">16477470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22510479">22510479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Hyperforin+in+St.+John%27s+wort+drug+interactions&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-33&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22510479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16477470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00228-006-0096-0&rft.aulast=Madabushi&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Frank%2C+B&rft.au=Drewelow%2C+B&rft.au=Derendorf%2C+H&rft.au=Butterweck%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzzoErnst2009" class="citation journal cs1">Izzo AA, Ernst E (2009). "Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review". Drugs. 69 (13): 1777–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F11317010-000000000-00000">10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19719333">19719333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25720882">25720882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Interactions+between+herbal+medicines+and+prescribed+drugs%3A+an+updated+systematic+review&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1777-98&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25720882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19719333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F11317010-000000000-00000&rft.aulast=Izzo&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Ernst%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoKuhnDesaiWright1995" class="citation journal cs1">Oo CY, Kuhn RJ, Desai N, Wright CE, McNamara PJ (September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1365102">"Pharmacokinetics in lactating women: prediction of alprazolam transfer into milk"</a>. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 40 (3): 231–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.1995.tb05778.x">10.1111/j.1365-2125.1995.tb05778.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1365102">1365102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8527284">8527284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+in+lactating+women%3A+prediction+of+alprazolam+transfer+into+milk&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-6&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1365102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8527284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.1995.tb05778.x&rft.aulast=Oo&rft.aufirst=CY&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+RJ&rft.au=Desai%2C+N&rft.au=Wright%2C+CE&rft.au=McNamara%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1365102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbalSobhanRyals2002" class="citation journal cs1">Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-lactancia.org/media/papers/2013/12/beanzodiacepinaBF-2002.pdf">"Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant"</a> (PDF). Psychiatric Services. 53 (1): 39–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ps.53.1.39">10.1176/appi.ps.53.1.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11773648">11773648</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326141422/http://e-lactancia.org/media/papers/2013/12/beanzodiacepinaBF-2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Services&rft.atitle=Effects+of+commonly+used+benzodiazepines+on+the+fetus%2C+the+neonate%2C+and+the+nursing+infant&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-49&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ps.53.1.39&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11773648&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Sobhan%2C+T&rft.au=Ryals%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-lactancia.org%2Fmedia%2Fpapers%2F2013%2F12%2FbeanzodiacepinaBF-2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-AlgarLópez-VílchezMartínMur2007" class="citation journal cs1">García-Algar O, López-Vílchez MA, Martín I, Mur A, Pellegrini M, Pacifici R, et al. (2007). "Confirmation of gestational exposure to alprazolam by analysis of biological matrices in a newborn with neonatal sepsis". Clinical Toxicology. 45 (3): 295–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650601072191">10.1080/15563650601072191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17453885">17453885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2155435">2155435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Confirmation+of+gestational+exposure+to+alprazolam+by+analysis+of+biological+matrices+in+a+newborn+with+neonatal+sepsis&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2155435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17453885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15563650601072191&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Algar&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-V%C3%ADlchez%2C+MA&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+I&rft.au=Mur%2C+A&rft.au=Pellegrini%2C+M&rft.au=Pacifici%2C+R&rft.au=Rossi%2C+S&rft.au=Pichini%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinarsonSelbyKoren2001" class="citation journal cs1">Einarson A, Selby P, Koren G (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1408034">"Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy: fear of teratogenic risk and impact of counselling"</a>. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 26 (1): 44–8. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1408034">1408034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11212593">11212593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychiatry+%26+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Abrupt+discontinuation+of+psychotropic+drugs+during+pregnancy%3A+fear+of+teratogenic+risk+and+impact+of+counselling&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-8&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1408034%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11212593&rft.aulast=Einarson&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Selby%2C+P&rft.au=Koren%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1408034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbisterO'ReganSibbrittWhyte2004" class="citation journal cs1">Isbister GK, O'Regan L, Sibbritt D, Whyte IM (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2004.02089.x">"Alprazolam is relatively more toxic than other benzodiazepines in overdose"</a>. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 58 (1): 88–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2004.02089.x">10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02089.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884537">1884537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15206998">15206998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+is+relatively+more+toxic+than+other+benzodiazepines+in+overdose&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-95&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1884537%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15206998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2004.02089.x&rft.aulast=Isbister&rft.aufirst=GK&rft.au=O%27Regan%2C+L&rft.au=Sibbritt%2C+D&rft.au=Whyte%2C+IM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2125.2004.02089.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APAguide-66"><a href="#cite_ref-APAguide_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWork_Group_on_Panic_Disorder2009" class="citation book cs1">Work Group on Panic Disorder (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/panicdisorder.pdf">APA Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder</a> (PDF). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890423905.154688">10.1176/appi.books.9780890423905.154688</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-385-1"><bdi>978-0-89042-385-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607004900/http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/panicdisorder.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=APA+Practice+Guideline+for+the+Treatment+of+Patients+With+Panic+Disorder&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890423905.154688&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-385-1&rft.au=Work+Group+on+Panic+Disorder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychiatryonline.org%2Fpb%2Fassets%2Fraw%2Fsitewide%2Fpractice_guidelines%2Fguidelines%2Fpanicdisorder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEAbrief-67"><a href="#cite_ref-DEAbrief_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312084246/http://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/b.html">"DEA Brief Benzodiazepines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/b.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2011. <q>Given the millions of prescriptions written for benzodiazepines (about 100 million in 1999), relatively few individuals increase their dose on their own initiative or engage in drug-seeking behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEA+Brief+Benzodiazepines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fdea%2Fconcern%2Fb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedrugclassroom.com/video/alprazolam/">"Alprazolam"</a>. The Drug Classroom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122094609/https://thedrugclassroom.com/video/alprazolam/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drug+Classroom&rft.atitle=Alprazolam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedrugclassroom.com%2Fvideo%2Falprazolam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl2000" class="citation book cs1">Stahl SM (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43051626">Essential psychopharmacology : neuroscientific basis and practical application</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 501–502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64154-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64154-3"><bdi>0-521-64154-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43051626">43051626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+psychopharmacology+%3A+neuroscientific+basis+and+practical+application&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=501-502&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43051626&rft.isbn=0-521-64154-3&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43051626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensMorse1988" class="citation journal cs1">Juergens SM, Morse RM (May 1988). "Alprazolam dependence in seven patients". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 145 (5): 625–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.145.5.625">10.1176/ajp.145.5.625</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3258735">3258735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alprazolam+dependence+in+seven+patients&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=625-7&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.145.5.625&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3258735&rft.aulast=Juergens&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Morse%2C+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2002" class="citation journal cs1">Klein E (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/role-extended-release-benzodiazepines-treatment-anxiety/">"The role of extended-release benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety: a risk-benefit evaluation with a focus on extended-release alprazolam"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 63 (Suppl 14): 27–33. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12562116">12562116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829114249/http://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2002/v63s14/v63s1406.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+extended-release+benzodiazepines+in+the+treatment+of+anxiety%3A+a+risk-benefit+evaluation+with+a+focus+on+extended-release+alprazolam&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=Suppl+14&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12562116&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatrist.com%2Fjcp%2Frole-extended-release-benzodiazepines-treatment-anxiety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashton_manual-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashton_manual_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashton_manual_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2002" class="citation web cs1">Ashton H (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/">"The Ashton Manual – Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw"</a>. Benzo.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914131610/http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ashton+Manual+%E2%80%93+Benzodiazepines%3A+How+They+Work+and+How+to+Withdraw&rft.pub=Benzo.org.uk&rft.date=2002-08&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benzo.org.uk%2Fmanual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClosserBrower1994" class="citation journal cs1">Closser MH, Brower KJ (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/31476/0000398.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Treatment of alprazolam withdrawal with chlordiazepoxide substitution and taper"</a> (PDF). Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 11 (4): 319–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0740-5472%2894%2990042-6">10.1016/0740-5472(94)90042-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F31476">2027.42/31476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7966502">7966502</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629224131/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/31476/0000398.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Substance+Abuse+Treatment&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+alprazolam+withdrawal+with+chlordiazepoxide+substitution+and+taper&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=319-23&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F31476&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7966502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0740-5472%2894%2990042-6&rft.aulast=Closser&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Brower%2C+KJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F31476%2F0000398.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomachSomerSobellSobell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Romach MK, Somer GR, Sobell LC, Sobell MB, Kaplan HL, Sellers EM (October 1992). "Characteristics of long-term alprazolam users in the community". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 12 (5): 316–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004714-199210000-00004">10.1097/00004714-199210000-00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1479048">1479048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7738529">7738529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+long-term+alprazolam+users+in+the+community&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=316-321&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7738529%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1479048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004714-199210000-00004&rft.aulast=Romach&rft.aufirst=MK&rft.au=Somer%2C+GR&rft.au=Sobell%2C+LC&rft.au=Sobell%2C+MB&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+HL&rft.au=Sellers%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyerLiebowitzGormanCampeas1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fyer AJ, Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Campeas R, <a href="/wiki/Adeera_Levin" title="Adeera Levin">Levin A</a>, Davies SO, et al. (March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benzo.org.uk/alprazolam.htm">"Discontinuation of alprazolam treatment in panic patients"</a>. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (3): 303–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.144.3.303">10.1176/ajp.144.3.303</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3826428">3826428</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101080725/https://www.benzo.org.uk/alprazolam.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Discontinuation+of+alprazolam+treatment+in+panic+patients&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-8&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.144.3.303&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3826428&rft.aulast=Fyer&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Liebowitz%2C+MR&rft.au=Gorman%2C+JM&rft.au=Campeas%2C+R&rft.au=Levin%2C+A&rft.au=Davies%2C+SO&rft.au=Goetz%2C+D&rft.au=Klein%2C+DF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benzo.org.uk%2Falprazolam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreierCharneyNelson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Breier A, Charney DS, Nelson JC (December 1984). "Seizures induced by abrupt discontinuation of alprazolam". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (12): 1606–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.141.12.1606">10.1176/ajp.141.12.1606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6150649">6150649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Seizures+induced+by+abrupt+discontinuation+of+alprazolam&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1606-7&rft.date=1984-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.141.12.1606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6150649&rft.aulast=Breier&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Charney%2C+DS&rft.au=Nelson%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyesPerryCroweCoryell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Noyes R, Perry PJ, Crowe RR, Coryell WH, Clancy J, Yamada T, et al. (January 1986). "Seizures following the withdrawal of alprazolam". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 174 (1): 50–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-198601000-00009">10.1097/00005053-198601000-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2867122">2867122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.atitle=Seizures+following+the+withdrawal+of+alprazolam&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-2&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-198601000-00009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2867122&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Perry%2C+PJ&rft.au=Crowe%2C+RR&rft.au=Coryell%2C+WH&rft.au=Clancy%2C+J&rft.au=Yamada%2C+T&rft.au=Gabel%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1984" class="citation journal cs1">Levy AB (January 1984). "Delirium and seizures due to abrupt alprazolam withdrawal: case report". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 45 (1): 38–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6141159">6141159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Delirium+and+seizures+due+to+abrupt+alprazolam+withdrawal%3A+case+report&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-9&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6141159&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzberg-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzberg_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatzbergDeBattista2003" class="citation book cs1">Schatzberg A, DeBattista C (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3zz1NCm3qcC&pg=391">Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology</a>. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-209-2"><bdi>978-1-58562-209-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626214152/http://books.google.com/books?id=D3zz1NCm3qcC&pg=391">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Clinical+Psychopharmacology&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Pub.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-209-2&rft.aulast=Schatzberg&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=DeBattista%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD3zz1NCm3qcC%26pg%3D391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf1991-80"><a href="#cite_ref-wolf1991_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfGriffiths1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf B, Griffiths RR (December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0376-8716%2891%2990044-Y">"Physical dependence on benzodiazepines: differences within the class"</a>. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 29 (2): 153–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0376-8716%2891%2990044-Y">10.1016/0376-8716(91)90044-Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1686752">1686752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+and+Alcohol+Dependence&rft.atitle=Physical+dependence+on+benzodiazepines%3A+differences+within+the+class&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-6&rft.date=1991-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0376-8716%2891%2990044-Y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1686752&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+RR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0376-8716%252891%252990044-Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggittFonagyLader1988" class="citation journal cs1">Higgitt A, Fonagy P, Lader M (1988). "The natural history of tolerance to the benzodiazepines". Psychological Medicine. Monograph Supplement. 13: 1–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0264180100000412">10.1017/S0264180100000412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2908516">2908516</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38037200">38037200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Medicine.+Monograph+Supplement&rft.atitle=The+natural+history+of+tolerance+to+the+benzodiazepines&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1-55&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38037200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2908516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0264180100000412&rft.aulast=Higgitt&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fonagy%2C+P&rft.au=Lader%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masiulis_2019-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Masiulis_2019_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasiulisDesaiUchańskiSerna_Martin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Masiulis S, Desai R, Uchański T, Serna Martin I, Laverty D, Karia D, et al. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6370056">"GABAA receptor signalling mechanisms revealed by structural pharmacology"</a>. Nature. 565 (7740): 454–459. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.565..454M">2019Natur.565..454M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0832-5">10.1038/s41586-018-0832-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6370056">6370056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602790">30602790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=GABA%3Csub%3EA%3C%2Fsub%3E+receptor+signalling+mechanisms+revealed+by+structural+pharmacology&rft.volume=565&rft.issue=7740&rft.pages=454-459&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6370056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30602790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0832-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.565..454M&rft.aulast=Masiulis&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Desai%2C+R&rft.au=Ucha%C5%84ski%2C+T&rft.au=Serna+Martin%2C+I&rft.au=Laverty%2C+D&rft.au=Karia%2C+D&rft.au=Malinauskas%2C+T&rft.au=Zivanov%2C+J&rft.au=Pardon%2C+E&rft.au=Kotecha%2C+A&rft.au=Steyaert%2C+J&rft.au=Miller%2C+KW&rft.au=Aricescu%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6370056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuybrechts1991" class="citation journal cs1">Huybrechts I (1991). "The pharmacology of alprazolam: a review". Clinical Therapeutics. 13 (1): 100–117. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2029716">2029716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=The+pharmacology+of+alprazolam%3A+a+review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-117&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2029716&rft.aulast=Huybrechts&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeltonNemeroffOwens2004" class="citation journal cs1">Skelton KH, Nemeroff CB, Owens MJ (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.1737-04.2004">"Spontaneous withdrawal from the triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam increases cortical corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA expression"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (42): 9303–9312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.1737-04.2004">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1737-04.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730084">6730084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15496666">15496666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Spontaneous+withdrawal+from+the+triazolobenzodiazepine+alprazolam+increases+cortical+corticotropin-releasing+factor+mRNA+expression&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=9303-9312&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6730084%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15496666&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.1737-04.2004&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Nemeroff%2C+CB&rft.au=Owens%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1523%252FJNEUROSCI.1737-04.2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouinard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chouinard G (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/issues-clinical-benzodiazepines-potency-withdrawal/">"Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: potency, withdrawal, and rebound"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 65 (Suppl 5): 7–12. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15078112">15078112</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829052925/http://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2004/v65s05/v65s0502.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Issues+in+the+clinical+use+of+benzodiazepines%3A+potency%2C+withdrawal%2C+and+rebound&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=Suppl+5&rft.pages=7-12&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15078112&rft.aulast=Chouinard&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatrist.com%2Fpcc%2Fissues-clinical-benzodiazepines-potency-withdrawal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewLonsdaleBurrageBaker2014" class="citation book cs1">Andrew H, Lonsdale D, Burrage D, Baker E (2014). Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing. Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702055164" title="Special:BookSources/9780702055164"><bdi>9780702055164</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864676781">864676781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+100+Drugs%3A+Clinical+Pharmacology+and+Practical+Prescribing&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864676781&rft.isbn=9780702055164&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Lonsdale%2C+D&rft.au=Burrage%2C+D&rft.au=Baker%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuybrechts1991" class="citation journal cs1">Huybrechts I (January 1991). "The pharmacology of alprazolam: a review". Clinical Therapeutics. 13 (1): 100–117. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2029716">2029716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=The+pharmacology+of+alprazolam%3A+a+review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-117&rft.date=1991-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2029716&rft.aulast=Huybrechts&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteGurley1995" class="citation journal cs1">White G, Gurley DA (February 1995). "Alpha subunits influence Zn block of gamma 2 containing GABAA receptor currents". NeuroReport. 6 (3): 461–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-199502000-00014">10.1097/00001756-199502000-00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7766843">7766843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroReport&rft.atitle=Alpha+subunits+influence+Zn+block+of+gamma+2+containing+GABAA+receptor+currents&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-464&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00001756-199502000-00014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7766843&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Gurley%2C+DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvatGiordanoGrottoliGhigo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Arvat E, Giordano R, Grottoli S, Ghigo E (September 2002). "Benzodiazepines and anterior pituitary function". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 25 (8): 735–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03345110">10.1007/bf03345110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240908">12240908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32002501">32002501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Endocrinological+Investigation&rft.atitle=Benzodiazepines+and+anterior+pituitary+function&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=735-47&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32002501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12240908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf03345110&rft.aulast=Arvat&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Giordano%2C+R&rft.au=Grottoli%2C+S&rft.au=Ghigo%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2118">"PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2118, Alprazolam"</a>. PubChem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219033646/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Alprazolam">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubChem&rft.atitle=PubChem+Compound+Summary+for+CID+2118%2C+Alprazolam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F2118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentué-FerrerReymannTributAllain2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bentué-Ferrer D, Reymann JM, Tribut O, Allain H, Vasar E, Bourin M (February 2001). "Role of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems on behavioral stimulatory effects of low-dose alprazolam and lorazepam". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 11 (1): 41–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-977X%2800%2900137-1">10.1016/S0924-977X(00)00137-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11226811">11226811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24653686">24653686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Role+of+dopaminergic+and+serotonergic+systems+on+behavioral+stimulatory+effects+of+low-dose+alprazolam+and+lorazepam&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-50&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24653686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11226811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0924-977X%2800%2900137-1&rft.aulast=Bentu%C3%A9-Ferrer&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Reymann%2C+JM&rft.au=Tribut%2C+O&rft.au=Allain%2C+H&rft.au=Vasar%2C+E&rft.au=Bourin%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiardinoZanniPozzaBettelli1998" class="citation journal cs1">Giardino L, Zanni M, Pozza M, Bettelli C, Covelli V (March 1998). "Dopamine receptors in the striatum of rats exposed to repeated restraint stress and alprazolam treatment". European Journal of Pharmacology. 344 (2–3): 143–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0014-2999%2897%2901608-7">10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01608-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9600648">9600648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Dopamine+receptors+in+the+striatum+of+rats+exposed+to+repeated+restraint+stress+and+alprazolam+treatment&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=143-7&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0014-2999%2897%2901608-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9600648&rft.aulast=Giardino&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Zanni%2C+M&rft.au=Pozza%2C+M&rft.au=Bettelli%2C+C&rft.au=Covelli%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SED-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SED_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SED_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenHruby2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruben V, Hruby V (2006). Synthesis of Essential Drugs (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> Science. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444521668" title="Special:BookSources/9780444521668"><bdi>9780444521668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthesis+of+Essential+Drugs&rft.pages=76-77&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780444521668&rft.aulast=Ruben&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Hruby%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merck-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merck_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merck_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeilSmithHeckelmanBudavari2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE, Budavari S (2013). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (Fifteenth ed.). Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-670-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-670-1"><bdi>978-1-84973-670-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merck+Index+-+An+Encyclopedia+of+Chemicals%2C+Drugs%2C+and+Biologicals&rft.place=Whitehouse+Station%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=Fifteenth&rft.pub=Merck&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84973-670-1&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Smith%2C+A&rft.au=Heckelman%2C+PE&rft.au=Budavari%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent3-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patent3_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patent3_95-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3709898A/en?oq=3.709.898+">US 3709898</a>, Hester JJ, "Process for the production of triazolobenzodiazepines and intermediates", issued 9 January 1973, assigned to Upjohn Company.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3709898&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Process+for+the+production+of+triazolobenzodiazepines+and+intermediates&rft.inventor=Hester+JJ&rft.assignee=Upjohn+Company&rft.date=9 January 1973">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221210103/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3709898A/en%3Foq%3D3.709.898%2B">Archived</a> 21 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221210103/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3709898A/en%3Foq%3D3.709.898%2B">"Process for the production of triazolobenzodiazepines and intermediates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3709898A/en%3Foq%3D3.709.898%2B">the original</a> on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Process+for+the+production+of+triazolobenzodiazepines+and+intermediates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS3709898A%2Fen%253Foq%253D3.709.898%252B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Patent_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3987052">US 3987052</a>, Hester Jr JB, "6-Phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)benzodiazepines", issued 19 October 1976, assigned to Upjohn Company<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3987052&rft.cc=US&rft.title=6-Phenyl-4H-s-triazolo%284%2C3-a%29%281%2C4%29benzodiazepines&rft.inventor=Hester+Jr+JB&rft.assignee=Upjohn+Company&rft.date=19 October 1976">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220232745/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3987052">Archived</a> 20 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220232745/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3987052">"6-Phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3987052">the original</a> on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6-Phenyl-4H-s-triazolo%5B4%2C3-a%5D%5B1%2C4%5Dbenzodiazepines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS3987052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synthesis-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Synthesis_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalserAZenchoff1977" class="citation journal cs1">Walser, A, Zenchoff G (1977). "Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. 81. s-Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines by oxidative cyclization of hydrazones". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 20 (12): 1694–1697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00222a035">10.1021/jm00222a035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/592339">592339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Quinazolines+and+1%2C4-benzodiazepines.+81.+s-Triazolo%5B4%2C3-a%5D%5B1%2C4%5Dbenzodiazepines+by+oxidative+cyclization+of+hydrazones&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1694-1697&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjm00222a035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F592339&rft.au=Walser&rft.au=A&rft.au=Zenchoff%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaselt2011" class="citation book cs1">Baselt R (2011). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (9th ed.). Seal Beach, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 45–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9626523-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9626523-8-7"><bdi>978-0-9626523-8-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disposition+of+Toxic+Drugs+and+Chemicals+in+Man&rft.place=Seal+Beach%2C+CA&rft.pages=45-48&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Biomedical+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9626523-8-7&rft.aulast=Baselt&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b945ac6f-796e-41ef-85e9-61007e4a4e9a">"ALPRAZOLAM solution, concentrate"</a>. DailyMed. 17 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303180713/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b945ac6f-796e-41ef-85e9-61007e4a4e9a">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=ALPRAZOLAM+solution%2C+concentrate&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Db945ac6f-796e-41ef-85e9-61007e4a4e9a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104023502/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html">"DEA, Drug Scheduling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEA%2C+Drug+Scheduling&rft.pub=Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fdea%2Fpubs%2Fscheduling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedules">"Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38)"</a>. The UK Statute Law database. 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127183256/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=56&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1367412&activetextdocid=1367464">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Misuse+of+Drugs+Act+1971+%28c.+38%29&rft.pub=The+UK+Statute+Law+database&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1971%2F38%2Fschedules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNF60-102"><a href="#cite_ref-BNF60_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Medical_Association,_Royal_Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Great_Britain2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain">Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain</a> (September 2010). "4.1.2: Anxiolytics". <a href="/wiki/British_National_Formulary" title="British National Formulary">British National Formulary (BNF 60)</a>. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/BMJ_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ Group">BMJ Group</a> and RPS Publishing. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-931-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-931-6"><bdi>978-0-85369-931-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.1.2%3A+Anxiolytics&rft.btitle=British+National+Formulary+%28BNF+60%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=BMJ+Group+and+RPS+Publishing&rft.date=2010-09&rft.isbn=978-0-85369-931-6&rft.au=British+Medical+Association%2C+Royal+Pharmaceutical+Society+of+Great+Britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/si/0342.html">"Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations"</a>. Irish Statute Book. Office of the Attorney General. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130123136/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/si/0342.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Misuse+of+Drugs+%28Amendment%29+Regulations&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1993%2Fen%2Fsi%2F0342.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516030119/http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/konsoliderade/LVFS_2011_10_konsoliderad_tom_2012_6.pdf">"Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika"</a> [Medical Products Agency on the lists of drugs] (PDF) (in Swedish). Sweden: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4kemedelsverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Läkemedelsverket">Läkemedelsverket</a>. October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/konsoliderade/LVFS_2011_10_konsoliderad_tom_2012_6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4kemedelsverkets+f%C3%B6reskrifter+%28LVFS+2011%3A10%29+om+f%C3%B6rteckningar+%C3%B6ver+narkotika&rft.place=Sweden&rft.pub=L%C3%A4kemedelsverket&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lakemedelsverket.se%2Fupload%2Flvfs%2Fkonsoliderade%2FLVFS_2011_10_konsoliderad_tom_2012_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327070853/http://www.australiandoctor.com.au/news/latest-news/alprazolam-to-be-rescheduled-from-next-year">"Alprazolam to be rescheduled from next year"</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiandoctor.com.au/news/latest-news/alprazolam-to-be-rescheduled-from-next-year">the original</a> on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alprazolam+to+be+rescheduled+from+next+year&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiandoctor.com.au%2Fnews%2Flatest-news%2Falprazolam-to-be-rescheduled-from-next-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/book-page/26-flubromazolam">"2.6 Flubromazolam"</a>. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 3 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517015854/http://www.tga.gov.au/book-page/26-flubromazolam">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration+%28TGA%29&rft.atitle=2.6+Flubromazolam&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fbook-page%2F26-flubromazolam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Pages/alprazolam-upscheduling.aspx">"Up-scheduling of alprazolam from Schedule 4 to Schedule 8"</a>. NSW Health Pharmaceutical services. 2 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325175600/https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Pages/alprazolam-upscheduling.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NSW+Health+Pharmaceutical+services&rft.atitle=Up-scheduling+of+alprazolam+from+Schedule+4+to+Schedule+8&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.nsw.gov.au%2Fpharmaceutical%2FPages%2Falprazolam-upscheduling.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2002/ra_9165_2002.html">"Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002"</a>. The LawPhil Project. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915112956/http://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2002/ra_9165_2002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+LawPhil+Project&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+Dangerous+Drugs+Act+of+2002&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawphil.net%2Fstatutes%2Frepacts%2Fra2002%2Fra_9165_2002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/540792/boc-seizes-regulated-and-prohibited-drugs-at-naia/story/">"BOC seizes regulated and prohibited drugs at NAIA"</a>. GMA News. 15 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627092725/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/540792/boc-seizes-regulated-and-prohibited-drugs-at-naia/story/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News&rft.atitle=BOC+seizes+regulated+and+prohibited+drugs+at+NAIA&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fmoney%2Feconomy%2F540792%2Fboc-seizes-regulated-and-prohibited-drugs-at-naia%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217053452/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf">"List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control"</a> (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Psychotropic+Substances+under+International+Control&rft.pub=International+Narcotics+Control+Board&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incb.org%2Fpdf%2Fe%2Flist%2Fgreen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204153214/http://www.shpa.org.au/lib/pdf/manuf_alerts/xanax_discontinuation_oct2013.pdf">"Discontinuation of Xanax"</a> (PDF). Pfizer Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shpa.org.au/lib/pdf/manuf_alerts/xanax_discontinuation_oct2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discontinuation+of+Xanax&rft.pub=Pfizer+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shpa.org.au%2Flib%2Fpdf%2Fmanuf_alerts%2Fxanax_discontinuation_oct2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoumeraiSimoni-WastilaSingerMah2003" class="citation journal cs1">Soumerai SB, Simoni-Wastila L, Singer C, Mah C, Gao X, Salzman C, et al. (July 2003). "Lack of relationship between long-term use of benzodiazepines and escalation to high dosages". Psychiatric Services. 54 (7): 1006–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ps.54.7.1006">10.1176/appi.ps.54.7.1006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851438">12851438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Services&rft.atitle=Lack+of+relationship+between+long-term+use+of+benzodiazepines+and+escalation+to+high+dosages&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1006-11&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ps.54.7.1006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12851438&rft.aulast=Soumerai&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.au=Simoni-Wastila%2C+L&rft.au=Singer%2C+C&rft.au=Mah%2C+C&rft.au=Gao%2C+X&rft.au=Salzman%2C+C&rft.au=Ross-Degnan%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicataRowlett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Licata SC, Rowlett JK (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453238">"Abuse and dependence liability of benzodiazepine-type drugs: GABA(A) receptor modulation and beyond"</a>. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 90 (1): 74–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2008.01.001">10.1016/j.pbb.2008.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453238">2453238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18295321">18295321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+Biochemistry+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Abuse+and+dependence+liability+of+benzodiazepine-type+drugs%3A+GABA%28A%29+receptor+modulation+and+beyond&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-89&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2453238%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18295321&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2008.01.001&rft.aulast=Licata&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Rowlett%2C+JK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2453238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_(CDC)2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a> (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5923.pdf">"Emergency department visits involving nonmedical use of selected prescription drugs - United States, 2004-2008"</a> (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 59 (23): 705–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20559200">20559200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617060502/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5923.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Emergency+department+visits+involving+nonmedical+use+of+selected+prescription+drugs+-+United+States%2C+2004-2008&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=705-9&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20559200&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpdf%2Fwk%2Fmm5923.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodnough2011" class="citation news cs1">Goodnough A (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/us/in-louisville-a-centers-doctors-cut-off-xanax-prescriptions.html">"Abuse of Xanax Leads a Clinic to Halt Supply"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224043511/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/us/in-louisville-a-centers-doctors-cut-off-xanax-prescriptions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Abuse+of+Xanax+Leads+a+Clinic+to+Halt+Supply&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.aulast=Goodnough&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F14%2Fus%2Fin-louisville-a-centers-doctors-cut-off-xanax-prescriptions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APPT-116"><a href="#cite_ref-APPT_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalanter2008" class="citation book cs1">Galanter M (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&pg=PA222">The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment</a> (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-276-4"><bdi>978-1-58562-276-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Substance+Abuse+Treatment&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-276-4&rft.aulast=Galanter&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wdJgejlQzYC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn2neodredv-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawn2neodredv_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn2neodredv_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn2neodredv_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312194735/http://www.samhsa.gov/data/DAWN/files/ED2006/DAWN2k6ED.pdf">"Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2006: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. <a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/DAWN/files/ED2006/DAWN2k6ED.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.atitle=Drug+Abuse+Warning+Network%2C+2006%3A+National+Estimates+of+Drug-Related+Emergency+Department+Visits&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samhsa.gov%2Fdata%2FDAWN%2Ffiles%2FED2006%2FDAWN2k6ED.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallenger1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ballenger JC (December 1984). "Psychopharmacology of the anxiety disorders". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 7 (4): 757–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0193-953X%2818%2930728-7">10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30728-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6151647">6151647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatric+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Psychopharmacology+of+the+anxiety+disorders&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=757-71&rft.date=1984-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0193-953X%2818%2930728-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6151647&rft.aulast=Ballenger&rft.aufirst=JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirauloBarnhillGreenblattShader1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Ciraulo AM, Tarmey MF, et al. (September 1988). "Abuse liability and clinical pharmacokinetics of alprazolam in alcoholic men". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 49 (9): 333–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3417618">3417618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Abuse+liability+and+clinical+pharmacokinetics+of+alprazolam+in+alcoholic+men&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=333-7&rft.date=1988-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3417618&rft.aulast=Ciraulo&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Barnhill%2C+JG&rft.au=Greenblatt%2C+DJ&rft.au=Shader%2C+RI&rft.au=Ciraulo%2C+AM&rft.au=Tarmey%2C+MF&rft.au=Molloy%2C+MA&rft.au=Foti%2C+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVormaNaukkarinenSarnaKuoppasalmi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vorma H, Naukkarinen HH, Sarna SJ, Kuoppasalmi KI (2005). "Predictors of benzodiazepine discontinuation in subjects manifesting complicated dependence". Substance Use & Misuse. 40 (4): 499–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FJA-200052433">10.1081/JA-200052433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15830732">15830732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1366333">1366333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Substance+Use+%26+Misuse&rft.atitle=Predictors+of+benzodiazepine+discontinuation+in+subjects+manifesting+complicated+dependence&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=499-510&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1366333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15830732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1081%2FJA-200052433&rft.aulast=Vorma&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Naukkarinen%2C+HH&rft.au=Sarna%2C+SJ&rft.au=Kuoppasalmi%2C+KI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerEttenberg2003" class="citation journal cs1">Walker BM, Ettenberg A (April 2003). "The effects of alprazolam on conditioned place preferences produced by intravenous heroin". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 75 (1): 75–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0091-3057%2803%2900043-1">10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00043-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12759115">12759115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23137094">23137094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+Biochemistry+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+alprazolam+on+conditioned+place+preferences+produced+by+intravenous+heroin&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-80&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23137094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12759115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0091-3057%2803%2900043-1&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=BM&rft.au=Ettenberg%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807100011/http://www.odadas.state.oh.us/WebManager/UltimateEditorInclude/UserFiles/WebDocuments/Planning/Jan05ExecSummry.pdf">"OSAM-O-GRAM Highlights of Statewide Drug Use Trends"</a> (PDF). Ohio, US: Wright State University and the University of Akron. January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odadas.state.oh.us/WebManager/UltimateEditorInclude/UserFiles/WebDocuments/Planning/Jan05ExecSummry.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSAM-O-GRAM+Highlights+of+Statewide+Drug+Use+Trends&rft.place=Ohio%2C+US&rft.pub=Wright+State+University+and+the+University+of+Akron&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odadas.state.oh.us%2FWebManager%2FUltimateEditorInclude%2FUserFiles%2FWebDocuments%2FPlanning%2FJan05ExecSummry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffiths1990-123"><a href="#cite_ref-griffiths1990_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsWolf1990" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths RR, Wolf B (August 1990). "Relative abuse liability of different benzodiazepines in drug abusers". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 10 (4): 237–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004714-199008000-00002">10.1097/00004714-199008000-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1981067">1981067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28209526">28209526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Relative+abuse+liability+of+different+benzodiazepines+in+drug+abusers&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-43&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28209526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1981067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004714-199008000-00002&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=RR&rft.au=Wolf%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangChew2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wang EC, Chew FS (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2484%2Frcr.v1i3.33">"MR Findings of Alprazolam Injection into the Femoral Artery with Microembolization and Rhabdomyolysis"</a>. Radiology Case Reports. 1 (3): 99–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2484%2Frcr.v1i3.33">10.2484/rcr.v1i3.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4891562">4891562</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27298694">27298694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology+Case+Reports&rft.atitle=MR+Findings+of+Alprazolam+Injection+into+the+Femoral+Artery+with+Microembolization+and+Rhabdomyolysis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=99-102&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4891562%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27298694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2484%2Frcr.v1i3.33&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Chew%2C+FS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2484%252Frcr.v1i3.33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DB00404_Alprazolam-125"><a href="#cite_ref-DB00404_Alprazolam_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00280">"DB00404 (Alprazolam)"</a>. Canada: DrugBank. 26 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129100402/http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00280">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DB00404+%28Alprazolam%29&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=DrugBank&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca%2Fdrugbank%2Fcgi-bin%2FgetCard.cgi%3FCARD%3DAPRD00280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehanSheehanTorresCoppola1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan MF, Sheehan DV, Torres A, Coppola A, Francis E (1991). "Snorting benzodiazepines". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 17 (4): 457–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00952999109001605">10.3109/00952999109001605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1684083">1684083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Drug+and+Alcohol+Abuse&rft.atitle=Snorting+benzodiazepines&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-68&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00952999109001605&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1684083&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+DV&rft.au=Torres%2C+A&rft.au=Coppola%2C+A&rft.au=Francis%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521082459/http://www.justice.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0508/mg0508.html">"Intelligence Alert – Xanax Blotter Paper in Bartlesville, Oklahoma"</a> (Microgram Bulletin). US Drug Enforcement Administration. May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0508/mg0508.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+Alert+%E2%80%93+Xanax+Blotter+Paper+in+Bartlesville%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=US+Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fdea%2Fprograms%2Fforensicsci%2Fmicrogram%2Fmg0508%2Fmg0508.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Effect_of_Chronic_Alprazolam_In-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Effect_of_Chronic_Alprazolam_In_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Effect_of_Chronic_Alprazolam_In_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhuryMorshedShahriarBhuiyan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chowdhury ZS, Morshed MM, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam SM, Bin Sayeed MS (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940">"The Effect of Chronic Alprazolam Intake on Memory, Attention, and Psychomotor Performance in Healthy Human Male Volunteers"</a>. Behavioural Neurology. 2016: 3730940. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940">10.1155/2016/3730940</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4947648">4947648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462136">27462136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Chronic+Alprazolam+Intake+on+Memory%2C+Attention%2C+and+Psychomotor+Performance+in+Healthy+Human+Male+Volunteers&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=3730940&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4947648%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27462136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=ZS&rft.au=Morshed%2C+MM&rft.au=Shahriar%2C+M&rft.au=Bhuiyan%2C+MA&rft.au=Islam%2C+SM&rft.au=Bin+Sayeed%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2016%252F3730940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhuryMorshedShahriarBhuiyan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chowdhury ZS, Morshed MM, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam SM, Bin Sayeed MS (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940">"The Effect of Chronic Alprazolam Intake on Memory, Attention, and Psychomotor Performance in Healthy Human Male Volunteers"</a>. Behavioural Neurology. 2016: 3730940. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940">10.1155/2016/3730940</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4947648">4947648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462136">27462136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Chronic+Alprazolam+Intake+on+Memory%2C+Attention%2C+and+Psychomotor+Performance+in+Healthy+Human+Male+Volunteers&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=3730940&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4947648%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27462136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2016%2F3730940&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=ZS&rft.au=Morshed%2C+MM&rft.au=Shahriar%2C+M&rft.au=Bhuiyan%2C+MA&rft.au=Islam%2C+SM&rft.au=Bin+Sayeed%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2016%252F3730940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroweStranks2018" class="citation journal cs1">Crowe SF, Stranks EK (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Farclin%2Facx120">"The Residual Medium and Long-term Cognitive Effects of Benzodiazepine Use: An Updated Meta-analysis"</a>. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 33 (7): 901–911. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Farclin%2Facx120">10.1093/arclin/acx120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29244060">29244060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Clinical+Neuropsychology&rft.atitle=The+Residual+Medium+and+Long-term+Cognitive+Effects+of+Benzodiazepine+Use%3A+An+Updated+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=901-911&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Farclin%2Facx120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29244060&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=SF&rft.au=Stranks%2C+EK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Farclin%252Facx120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesibov2004" class="citation book cs1">Mesibov G (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUb_lkQQ24kC&pg=PA213">Outer Strength, Inner Strength</a>. Xulon Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594675041" title="Special:BookSources/9781594675041"><bdi>9781594675041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426222507/https://books.google.com/books?id=uUb_lkQQ24kC&pg=PA213">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2017. <q>Some people sell Xanax on the street for ten or fifteen dollars a pill. They call them Xannies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outer+Strength%2C+Inner+Strength&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594675041&rft.aulast=Mesibov&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUb_lkQQ24kC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2009" class="citation book cs1">Curry M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqz8X2HFcP0C&pg=PA120">Dancing with the Devil: How Puff Burned the Bad Boys of Hip-hop</a>. NewMark Books. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615276502" title="Special:BookSources/9780615276502"><bdi>9780615276502</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427092903/https://books.google.com/books?id=bqz8X2HFcP0C&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2017. <q>Puff would get so wired sometimes – his favorites were weed, ecstasy and xannies (Xanax) – that he wouldn't realize that he was speeding.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+with+the+Devil%3A+How+Puff+Burned+the+Bad+Boys+of+Hip-hop&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=NewMark+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780615276502&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbqz8X2HFcP0C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222144858/http://www.axisresidentialtreatment.com/xanax-addiction/street-terms/">"Street Names for Xanax"</a>. Axis Residential Treatment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://axisresidentialtreatment.com/xanax-addiction/street-terms/">the original</a> on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axis+Residential+Treatment&rft.atitle=Street+Names+for+Xanax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faxisresidentialtreatment.com%2Fxanax-addiction%2Fstreet-terms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011837/http://www.alprazolamaddictionhelp.com/street-names-for-alprazolam">"Street Names for Alprazolam"</a>. Alprazolamaddictionhelp.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alprazolamaddictionhelp.com/street-names-for-alprazolam">the original</a> on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alprazolamaddictionhelp.com&rft.atitle=Street+Names+for+Alprazolam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alprazolamaddictionhelp.com%2Fstreet-names-for-alprazolam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFDA2017" class="citation web cs1">FDA (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm518473.htm">"Both opioids and benzodiazepines depress the central nervous system (CNS). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines; requires its strongest warning"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). ("Additional Information for Patients > bullet 5"). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101170452/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm518473.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017. <q>Do not take opioid pain medicines with benzodiazepines or other medicines that depress the CNS without discussing it with your health Do not take opioid pain medicines with benzodiazepines or other medicines that depress the CNS without discussing it with your health care professional. Do not take opioid cough medicines with benzodiazepines or other medicines that depress the CNS professional. Do not take opioid cough medicines with benzodiazepines or other medicines that depress the CNS</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Both+opioids+and+benzodiazepines+depress+the+central+nervous+system+%28CNS%29.+FDA+Drug+Safety+Communication%3A+FDA+warns+about+serious+risks+and+death+when+combining+opioid+pain+or+cough+medicines+with+benzodiazepines%3B+requires+its+strongest+warning&rft.date=2017&rft.au=FDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FDrugs%2FDrugSafety%2Fucm518473.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPR_Xanax_Slang-136"><a href="#cite_ref-MPR_Xanax_Slang_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.empr.com/home/drug-slang-code-words/xanax-alprazolam-drug-slang-code-words/">"Xanax (Alprazolam) Drug Slang/Code Words"</a>. MPR. 2 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214023324/https://www.empr.com/home/drug-slang-code-words/xanax-alprazolam-drug-slang-code-words/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR&rft.atitle=Xanax+%28Alprazolam%29+Drug+Slang%2FCode+Words&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.empr.com%2Fhome%2Fdrug-slang-code-words%2Fxanax-alprazolam-drug-slang-code-words%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2022" class="citation web cs1">Carroll L (8 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/health/mind-body/take-your-pills-xanax-netflix-rcna60645">"New Netflix documentary calls out Xanax overuse: What doctors want you to know"</a>. Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212182607/https://www.today.com/health/mind-body/take-your-pills-xanax-netflix-rcna60645">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=New+Netflix+documentary+calls+out+Xanax+overuse%3A+What+doctors+want+you+to+know&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fhealth%2Fmind-body%2Ftake-your-pills-xanax-netflix-rcna60645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillarreal2023" class="citation web cs1">Villarreal R (20 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/take-your-pills-xanax-release-date-trailer">"Everything You Need to Know About 'Take Your Pills: Xanax'"</a>. Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Netflix+Tudum&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+%27Take+Your+Pills%3A+Xanax%27&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft.aulast=Villarreal&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netflix.com%2Ftudum%2Farticles%2Ftake-your-pills-xanax-release-date-trailer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlprazolam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alprazolam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anxiolytics" title="Template talk:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05B" title="ATC code N05">N05B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor"><abbr title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor"><abbr title="GABAA receptor">GABAAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABAA receptor <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit">α2δ</abbr> <abbr title="voltage-dependent calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>#)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">MAOIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>); Others: <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiadrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiadrenergic">Antiadrenergics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">Alpha-1 blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 agonist">Alpha-2 agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">dexmedetomidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoctamine" title="Benzoctamine">Benzoctamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorpiprazole" title="Lorpiprazole">Lorpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validolum" class="mw-redirect" title="Validolum">Validolum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benzodiazepines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benzodiazepines" title="Template:Benzodiazepines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benzodiazepines" title="Template talk:Benzodiazepines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benzodiazepines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benzodiazepines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benzodiazepines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,4-Benzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Oxoquazepam" title="2-Oxoquazepam">2-Oxoquazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyphenazepam" title="3-Hydroxyphenazepam">3-Hydroxyphenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-906024" title="BMS-906024">BMS-906024</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburazepam" title="Carburazepam">Carburazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinazepam" title="Cinazepam">Cinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloniprazepam" title="Cloniprazepam">Cloniprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprazepam" title="Cyprazepam">Cyprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delorazepam" title="Delorazepam">Delorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoxepam" title="Demoxepam">Demoxepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylflunitrazepam" title="Desmethylflunitrazepam">Desmethylflunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devazepide" title="Devazepide">Devazepide</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclazepam" title="Diclazepam">Diclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difludiazepam" title="Difludiazepam">Difludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfazepam" title="Elfazepam">Elfazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carfluzepate" title="Ethyl carfluzepate">Ethyl carfluzepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_dirazepate" title="Ethyl dirazepate">Ethyl dirazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazepam" title="Flubromazepam">Flubromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletazepam" title="Fletazepam">Fletazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosazepam" title="Fosazepam">Fosazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidazepam" title="Gidazepam">Gidazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclazepam" title="Iclazepam">Iclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irazepine" title="Irazepine">Irazepine</a>*</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenazepine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenazepine (page does not exist)">Kenazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufuradom" title="Lufuradom">Lufuradom</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclonazepam" title="Meclonazepam">Meclonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menitrazepam" title="Menitrazepam">Menitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaclazepam" title="Metaclazepam">Metaclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motrazepam" title="Motrazepam">Motrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desalkylflurazepam" title="N-Desalkylflurazepam">N-Desalkylflurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifoxipam" title="Nifoxipam">Nifoxipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitemazepam" title="Nitemazepam">Nitemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepate" title="Nitrazepate">Nitrazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortetrazepam" title="Nortetrazepam">Nortetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">Phenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivoxazepam" title="Pivoxazepam">Pivoxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proflazepam" title="Proflazepam">Proflazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QH-II-66" title="QH-II-66">QH-II-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclazepam" title="Reclazepam">Reclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO4491533" title="RO4491533">RO4491533</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro05-4082" title="Ro05-4082">Ro05-4082</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro5-4864" title="Ro5-4864">Ro5-4864</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro07-5220" title="Ro07-5220">Ro07-5220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro07-9749" title="Ro07-9749">Ro07-9749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro20-8065" title="Ro20-8065">Ro20-8065</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro20-8552" title="Ro20-8552">Ro20-8552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH-I-048A" title="SH-I-048A">SH-I-048A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulazepam" title="Sulazepam">Sulazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazepam" title="Tetrazepam">Tetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timelotem" title="Timelotem">Timelotem</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolufazepam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolufazepam">Tolufazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflunordazepam" title="Triflunordazepam">Triflunordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuclazepam" title="Tuclazepam">Tuclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uldazepam" title="Uldazepam">Uldazepam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,5-Benzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arfendazam" title="Arfendazam">Arfendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-1414S" title="CP-1414S">CP-1414S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofendazam" title="Lofendazam">Lofendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflubazam" title="Triflubazam">Triflubazam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,3-Benzodiazepines*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girisopam" title="Girisopam">Girisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52,466" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52,466">GYKI-52466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerisopam" title="Nerisopam">Nerisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talampanel" title="Talampanel">Talampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triazolobenzodiazepine" title="Triazolobenzodiazepine">Triazolobenzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balovaptan" title="Balovaptan">Balovaptan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazolam" title="Bromazolam">Bromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluadinazolam" title="Fluadinazolam">Fluadinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flualprazolam" title="Flualprazolam">Flualprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazolam" title="Phenazolam">Phenazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolam" title="Pyrazolam">Pyrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazolam" title="Rilmazolam">Rilmazolam</a> (active metabolite of <a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imidazobenzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretazenil" title="Bretazenil">Bretazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVT-201" class="mw-redirect" title="EVT-201">EVT-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-8205" title="FG-8205">FG-8205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GL-II-73" title="GL-II-73">GL-II-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazenil" title="Imidazenil">Imidazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomazenil" title="Iomazenil">123I-Iomazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-655,708" title="L-655,708">L-655,708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWZ-029" title="PWZ-029">PWZ-029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro15-4513" title="Ro15-4513">Ro15-4513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-6791" title="Ro48-6791">Ro48-6791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-8684" title="Ro48-8684">Ro48-8684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro4938581" title="Ro4938581">Ro4938581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmazenil" title="Sarmazenil">Sarmazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F" title="SH-053-R-CH3-2′F">SH-053-R-CH3-2′F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxazolobenzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutazolam" title="Flutazolam">Flutazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloxazolam" title="Haloxazolam">Haloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexazolam" title="Mexazolam">Mexazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazolam" title="Oxazolam">Oxazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thienodiazepine" title="Thienodiazepine">Thienodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentazepam" title="Bentazepam">Bentazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro09-9212" title="Ro09-9212">Ro09-9212</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thienotriazolodiazepine" title="Thienotriazolodiazepine">Thienotriazolodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Hydroxyetizolam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Hydroxyetizolam">α-Hydroxyetizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apafant" title="Apafant">Apafant</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclotizolam" title="Ciclotizolam">Ciclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotizolam" title="Clotizolam">Clotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deschloroclotizolam" title="Deschloroclotizolam">Deschloroclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deschloroetizolam" title="Deschloroetizolam">Deschloroetizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubrotizolam" title="Flubrotizolam">Flubrotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclotizolam" title="Fluclotizolam">Fluclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluetizolam" title="Fluetizolam">Fluetizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israpafant" title="Israpafant">Israpafant</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JQ1" title="JQ1">JQ1</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metizolam" title="Metizolam">Metizolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thienobenzodiazepine" title="Thienobenzodiazepine">Thienobenzodiazepines</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenzepine" title="Telenzepine">Telenzepine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyridodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopirazepam" title="Lopirazepam">Lopirazepam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyridotriazolodiazepine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridotriazolodiazepine">Pyridotriazolodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zapizolam" title="Zapizolam">Zapizolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrazolodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Razobazam" title="Razobazam">Razobazam</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripazepam" title="Ripazepam">Ripazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolazepam" title="Zolazepam">Zolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomebazam" title="Zomebazam">Zomebazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zometapine" title="Zometapine">Zometapine</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrrolodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premazepam" title="Premazepam">Premazepam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clazolam" title="Clazolam">Clazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrolobenzodiazepine" title="Pyrrolobenzodiazepine">Pyrrolobenzodiazepines</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthramycin" title="Anthramycin">Anthramycin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Benzodiazepine prodrugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam_triazolobenzophenone" title="Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone">Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avizafone" title="Avizafone">Avizafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">* atypical activity profile (not <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a> ligands)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template talk:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr>A receptor positive modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brometone (page does not exist)">Brometone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Butanol" title="1-Butanol">Butanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralodol" title="Chloralodol">Chloralodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobutanol" title="Chlorobutanol">Chlorobutanol (cloretone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">Ethchlorvynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">Isobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpentynol" title="Methylpentynol">Methylpentynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Pentanol" title="1-Pentanol">Pentanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">Propanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Butanol">tert-Butanol (2M2P)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Pentanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Pentanol">tert-Pentanol (2M2B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromoethanol" title="Tribromoethanol">Tribromoethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifluoroethanol">Trifluoroethanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">(-)-DMBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">Allobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphenal" title="Alphenal">Alphenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprobarbital" title="Aprobarbital">Aprobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">Barbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzobarbital" title="Benzobarbital">Benzobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylbutylbarbiturate" title="Benzylbutylbarbiturate">Benzylbutylbarbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brallobarbital" title="Brallobarbital">Brallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brophebarbital" title="Brophebarbital">Brophebarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butalbital" title="Butalbital">Butalbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buthalital" title="Buthalital">Buthalital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">Butobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butallylonal" title="Butallylonal">Butallylonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbubarb" title="Carbubarb">Carbubarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylbarbital" title="Crotylbarbital">Crotylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">Cyclobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital" title="Cyclopentobarbital">Cyclopentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enallylpropymal" title="Enallylpropymal">Enallylpropymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethallobarbital" title="Ethallobarbital">Ethallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eterobarb" title="Eterobarb">Eterobarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptabarb" title="Heptabarb">Heptabarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptobarbital" title="Heptobarbital">Heptobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexethal" title="Hexethal">Hexethal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methitural" title="Methitural">Methitural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nealbarbital" title="Nealbarbital">Nealbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenallymal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenallymal">Phenallymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phetharbital" title="Phetharbital">Phetharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probarbital" title="Probarbital">Probarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propallylonal" title="Propallylonal">Propallylonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylbarbital" title="Propylbarbital">Propylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxibarbital" title="Proxibarbital">Proxibarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reposal" title="Reposal">Reposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Secobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmodal" title="Sigmodal">Sigmodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirobarbital" title="Spirobarbital">Spirobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbutal" title="Talbutal">Talbutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabarbital" title="Tetrabarbital">Tetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thialbarbital" title="Thialbarbital">Thialbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiobarbital" title="Thiobarbital">Thiobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiobutabarbital" title="Thiobutabarbital">Thiobutabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valofane" title="Valofane">Valofane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinbarbital" title="Vinbarbital">Vinbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">Vinylbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Oxoquazepam" title="2-Oxoquazepam">2-Oxoquazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyphenazepam" title="3-Hydroxyphenazepam">3-Hydroxyphenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfendazam" title="Arfendazam">Arfendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avizafone" title="Avizafone">Avizafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentazepam" title="Bentazepam">Bentazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretazenil" title="Bretazenil">Bretazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazolam" title="Bromazolam">Bromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburazepam" title="Carburazepam">Carburazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclotizolam" title="Ciclotizolam">Ciclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinazepam" title="Cinazepam">Cinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clazolam" title="Clazolam">Clazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloniprazepam" title="Cloniprazepam">Cloniprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-1414S" title="CP-1414S">CP-1414S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprazepam" title="Cyprazepam">Cyprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delorazepam" title="Delorazepam">Delorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoxepam" title="Demoxepam">Demoxepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclazepam" title="Diclazepam">Diclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimdazenil" title="Dimdazenil">Dimdazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfazepam" title="Elfazepam">Elfazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carfluzepate" title="Ethyl carfluzepate">Ethyl carfluzepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_dirazepate" title="Ethyl dirazepate">Ethyl dirazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-8205" title="FG-8205">FG-8205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletazepam" title="Fletazepam">Fletazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazepam" title="Flubromazepam">Flubromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutazolam" title="Flutazolam">Flutazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosazepam" title="Fosazepam">Fosazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidazepam" title="Gidazepam">Gidazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloxazolam" title="Haloxazolam">Haloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclazepam" title="Iclazepam">Iclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazenil" title="Imidazenil">Imidazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irazepine" title="Irazepine">Irazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofendazam" title="Lofendazam">Lofendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopirazepam" title="Lopirazepam">Lopirazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclonazepam" title="Meclonazepam">Meclonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menitrazepam" title="Menitrazepam">Menitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaclazepam" title="Metaclazepam">Metaclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexazolam" title="Mexazolam">Mexazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motrazepam" title="Motrazepam">Motrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desalkylflurazepam" title="N-Desalkylflurazepam">N-Desalkylflurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifoxipam" title="Nifoxipam">Nifoxipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepate" title="Nitrazepate">Nitrazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortetrazepam" title="Nortetrazepam">Nortetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazolam" title="Oxazolam">Oxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">Phenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivoxazepam" title="Pivoxazepam">Pivoxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premazepam" title="Premazepam">Premazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proflazepam" title="Proflazepam">Proflazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolam" title="Pyrazolam">Pyrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QH-II-66" title="QH-II-66">QH-II-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclazepam" title="Reclazepam">Reclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripazepam" title="Ripazepam">Ripazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-6791" title="Ro48-6791">Ro48-6791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-8684" title="Ro48-8684">Ro48-8684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F" title="SH-053-R-CH3-2′F">SH-053-R-CH3-2′F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulazepam" title="Sulazepam">Sulazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazepam" title="Tetrazepam">Tetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolufazepam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolufazepam">Tolufazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflubazam" title="Triflubazam">Triflubazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflunordazepam" title="Triflunordazepam">Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuclazepam" title="Tuclazepam">Tuclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uldazepam" title="Uldazepam">Uldazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapizolam" title="Zapizolam">Zapizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolazepam" title="Zolazepam">Zolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomebazam" title="Zomebazam">Zomebazam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocental" title="Clocental">Clocental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclarbamate" title="Cyclarbamate">Cyclarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyphenamate" title="Hydroxyphenamate">Hydroxyphenamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorbamate" title="Lorbamate">Lorbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebutamate" title="Mebutamate">Mebutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisobamate" title="Nisobamate">Nisobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentabamate" title="Pentabamate">Pentabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styramate" title="Styramate">Styramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Methylapigenin" title="6-Methylapigenin">6-Methylapigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelopsin" title="Ampelopsin">Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">Baicalein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">Baicalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigallocatechin">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispidulin" title="Hispidulin">Hispidulin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linarin (page does not exist)">Linarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-6,4%E2%80%B2-dimethoxyretrochalcone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-6,4′-dimethoxyretrochalcone (page does not exist)">Rc-OMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogonin" title="Wogonin">Wogonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metomidate" title="Metomidate">Metomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxate" title="Propoxate">Propoxate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">10-Methoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Methoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Hydroxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Hydroxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Hydroxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyyangonin" title="Desmethoxyyangonin">Desmethoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain (page does not exist)">11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavain" title="Kavain">Kavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Hydroxykavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Hydroxykavain (page does not exist)">5-Hydroxykavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dihydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydrokavain (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydrokavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dehydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dehydromethysticin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dehydromethysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methysticin" title="Methysticin">Methysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydromethysticin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydromethysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangonin" title="Yangonin">Yangonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoureide" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoureide">Monoureides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acecarbromal" title="Acecarbromal">Acecarbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apronal" title="Apronal">Apronal (apronalide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromisoval" title="Bromisoval">Bromisoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbromal" title="Carbromal">Carbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capuride (page does not exist)">Capuride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectylurea (page does not exist)">Ectylurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebrochol" title="Acebrochol">Acebrochol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alfadolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfaxalone" title="Alfaxalone">Alfaxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenol" title="Androstenol">Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">anabolic-androgenic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3α-Dihydroprogesterone">3α-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">Minaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-20599" title="ORG-20599">ORG-20599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-21465" title="ORG-21465">ORG-21465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P1-185" title="P1-185">P1-185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posovolone" title="Posovolone">Posovolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone (eltanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renanolone" title="Renanolone">Renanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-105 (page does not exist)">SAGE-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE-324" title="SAGE-324">SAGE-324</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-516&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-516 (page does not exist)">SAGE-516</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-689&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-689 (page does not exist)">SAGE-689</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-872&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-872 (page does not exist)">SAGE-872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuranolone" title="Zuranolone">Zuranolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopyrrolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopyrrolone">Cyclopyrrolones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoclone" title="Pagoclone">Pagoclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazinaclone" title="Pazinaclone">Pazinaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suproclone" title="Suproclone">Suproclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriclone" title="Suriclone">Suriclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imidazopyridine" title="Imidazopyridine">Imidazopyridines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS-1_(drug)" title="DS-1 (drug)">DS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necopidem" title="Necopidem">Necopidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saripidem" title="Saripidem">Saripidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine" title="Pyrazolopyrimidine">Pyrazolopyrimidines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Divaplon" title="Divaplon">Divaplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiplon" title="Fasiplon">Fasiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiplon" title="Indiplon">Indiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorediplon" title="Lorediplon">Lorediplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocinaplon" title="Ocinaplon">Ocinaplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panadiplon" title="Panadiplon">Panadiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniplon" title="Taniplon">Taniplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Adipiplon" title="Adipiplon">Adipiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-8216" title="CGS-8216">CGS-8216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-9896" title="CGS-9896">CGS-9896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-13767" title="CGS-13767">CGS-13767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-20625" title="CGS-20625">CGS-20625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CL-218,872" title="CL-218,872">CL-218,872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-615,003" title="CP-615,003">CP-615,003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTP-354&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTP-354 (page does not exist)">CTP-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELB-139" title="ELB-139">ELB-139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBLD-345" title="GBLD-345">GBLD-345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JM-1232" title="JM-1232">JM-1232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-838,417" title="L-838,417">L-838,417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirequinil" title="Lirequinil">Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2664" title="NS-2664">NS-2664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2710" title="NS-2710">NS-2710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-11394" title="NS-11394">NS-11394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipequaline" title="Pipequaline">Pipequaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-51204" title="RWJ-51204">RWJ-51204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-205,384" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-205,384">SB-205,384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX-3228" title="SX-3228">SX-3228</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGSC01AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TGSC01AA (page does not exist)">TGSC01AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP-003" title="TP-003">TP-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPA-023" title="TPA-023">TPA-023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP-13" title="TP-13">TP-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-89843A" title="U-89843A">U-89843A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-90042" title="U-90042">U-90042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqualine" title="Viqualine">Viqualine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-23684" title="Y-23684">Y-23684</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fospropofol" title="Fospropofol">Fospropofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">Glutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">Methyprylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidione" title="Piperidione">Piperidione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">Pyrithyldione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrazolopyridine">Pyrazolopyridines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartazolate" title="Cartazolate">Cartazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">Etazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-190,622" title="ICI-190,622">ICI-190,622</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracazolate" title="Tracazolate">Tracazolate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Afloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-164" title="SL-164">SL-164</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">gases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">Acetophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate" title="Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate">Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliflurane" title="Aliflurane">Aliflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylene">Butylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centalun" title="Centalun">Centalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral" title="Chloral">Chloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_betaine" title="Chloral betaine">Chloral betaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">Chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryofluorane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryofluorane">Cryofluorane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloralphenazone" title="Dichloralphenazone">Dichloralphenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">Dichloromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethane" title="Chloroethane">Ethyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluroxene" title="Fluroxene">Fluroxene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halopropane" title="Halopropane">Halopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxypropane" title="Methoxypropane">Methoxypropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norflurane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norflurane">Norflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roflurane" title="Roflurane">Roflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthane" title="Synthane">Synthane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teflurane" title="Teflurane">Teflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinyl_ether" title="Divinyl ether">Vinyl ether</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Others/unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxybutanal" title="3-Hydroxybutanal">3-Hydroxybutanal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-Ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">α-EMTBL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-29504&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-29504 (page does not exist)">AA-29504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alogabat" title="Alogabat">Alogabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">Avermectins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">lithium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darigabat" title="Darigabat">Darigabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone" title="3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone">DEABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_etifoxine" title="Deuterated etifoxine">Deuterated etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroergoline">Dihydroergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroergosine (page does not exist)">dihydroergosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (page does not exist)">DS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazepine" title="Etazepine">Etazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">Fenamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">flufenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">mefenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">niflumic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">tolfenamic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopantenic_acid" title="Hopantenic acid">Hopantenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRM-II-81" title="KRM-II-81">KRM-II-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/4-O-methylhonokiol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-O-methylhonokiol">4-O-methylhonokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honokiol" title="Honokiol">honokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnolol" title="Magnolol">magnolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obovatol" title="Obovatol">obovatol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_isovalerate" title="Menthyl isovalerate">Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">Niacinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_25435" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 25435">Org 25,435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine (ezogabine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranal" title="Safranal">Safranal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetronal" title="Tetronal">tetronal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trional" title="Trional">trional</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">borneol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-methylbutanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylbutanoic acid">isovaleric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isovaleramide" title="Isovaleramide">isovaleramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">valerenic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerenol (page does not exist)">valerenol</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene" title="Α-Pinene">α-Pinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRK-409_(MK-0343)" class="mw-redirect" title="MRK-409 (MK-0343)">MRK-409 (MK-0343)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-1105 (page does not exist)">TCS-1105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCS-1205" title="TCS-1205">TCS-1205</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators">GABA metabolism/transport modulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&oldid=1257036883">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&oldid=1257036883</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anxiolytics" title="Category:Anxiolytics">Anxiolytics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chloroarenes" title="Category:Chloroarenes">Chloroarenes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_attributed_to_Xanax_overdose" title="Category:Deaths attributed to Xanax overdose">Deaths attributed to Xanax overdose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Pfizer" title="Category:Drugs developed by Pfizer">Drugs developed by Pfizer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulators" title="Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators">GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hallucinogen_antidotes" title="Category:Hallucinogen antidotes">Hallucinogen antidotes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Triazolobenzodiazepines" title="Category:Triazolobenzodiazepines">Triazolobenzodiazepines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_non-standard_legal_status" title="Category:Drugs with non-standard legal status">Drugs with non-standard legal status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_watched_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 22:14 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alprazolam&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-8f575c78d-9dk6w","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.052","walltime":"2.443","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15954,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":506043,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22300,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":578608,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2012.118 1 -total"," 45.68% 919.228 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.98% 482.598 1 Template:Infobox_drug"," 19.78% 398.062 1 Template:Infobox"," 18.52% 372.692 72 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.22% 286.107 47 Template:Cite_web"," 5.30% 106.595 1 Template:Anxiolytics"," 4.50% 90.528 17 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 4.25% 85.513 17 Template:Cite_book"," 4.07% 81.841 1 Template:Infobox_drug/legal_status"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.060","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10776393,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","25.4"],["?","200","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","13.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","11.9"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::get","40","3.4"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:177\u003E","20","1.7"],["reformatter \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation:922\u003E","20","1.7"],["newRawMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:175\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","200","16.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5676f668c8-5vrf6","timestamp":"20241126210546","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alprazolam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alprazolam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q319877","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q319877","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-10T16:26:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T22:14:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/Alprazolam_structure.svg","headline":"chemical compound: potent, short-acting anxiolytic of the benzodiazepine class; a minor tranquilizer"}</script> </body> </html>