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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_rule_and_decolonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule_and_decolonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>British rule and decolonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule_and_decolonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969_establishment_of_a_Marxist-Leninist_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969_establishment_of_a_Marxist-Leninist_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1969 establishment of a Marxist-Leninist state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969_establishment_of_a_Marxist-Leninist_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_with_North_Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_with_North_Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Disputes with North Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_with_North_Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1986 Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_and_attempts_for_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_and_attempts_for_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reforms and attempts for unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_and_attempts_for_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics and social life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_social_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and social life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislature_and_judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislature_and_judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Legislature and judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislature_and_judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Living standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Women's rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Airlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South Yemen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99m%C9%99n_Xalq_Demokratik_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Yəmən Xalq Demokratik Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəmən Xalq Demokratik Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="گونئی یمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گونئی یمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы Емен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвы Емен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы Емэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвы Емэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Народна демократична република Йемен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Народна демократична република Йемен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Jemen" title="Južni Jemen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južni Jemen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratel_ha_Poblel_Yemen" title="Republik Demokratel ha Poblel Yemen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Demokratel ha Poblel Yemen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen_del_Sud" title="Iemen del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iemen del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Jemen" title="Jižní Jemen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Jemen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Iemen" title="De Iemen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Iemen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydyemen" title="Sydyemen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydyemen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Volksrepublik_Jemen" title="Demokratische Volksrepublik Jemen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demokratische Volksrepublik Jemen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeemeni_Rahvademokraatlik_Vabariik" title="Jeemeni Rahvademokraatlik Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jeemeni Rahvademokraatlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A5%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Λαοκρατική Δημοκρατία της Υεμένης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαοκρατική Δημοκρατία της Υεμένης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_del_Sur" title="Yemen del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yemen del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratia_Popola_Respubliko_Jemeno" title="Demokratia Popola Respubliko Jemeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demokratia Popola Respubliko Jemeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Yemen" title="Hego Yemen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Yemen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="یمن جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یمن جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_populaire_du_Y%C3%A9men" title="République démocratique populaire du Yémen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République démocratique populaire du Yémen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen_do_Sur" title="Iemen do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iemen do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%98%88%EB%A9%98" title="남예멘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남예멘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratska_Narodna_Republika_Jemen" title="Demokratska Narodna Republika Jemen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demokratska Narodna Republika Jemen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Yemen" title="Sud-Yemen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sud-Yemen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman_Selatan" title="Yaman Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yaman Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Yemen" title="Sud-Yemen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sud-Yemen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6_%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Адæмон Демократон Республикæ Йемен – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адæмон Демократон Республикæ Йемен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Democratica_Popolare_dello_Yemen" title="Repubblica Democratica Popolare dello Yemen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Democratica Popolare dello Yemen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="דרום תימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום תימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ເຢເມນໃຕ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຢເມນໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidjemena" title="Dienvidjemena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidjemena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemeno_Liaudies_Respublika" title="Jemeno Liaudies Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jemeno Liaudies Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="दक्षिण येमेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण येमेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="اليمن الجنوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليمن الجنوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="جنوبی یمن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی یمن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Rakyat_Yaman" title="Republik Demokratik Rakyat Yaman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Demokratik Rakyat Yaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Өмнөд Йемен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд Йемен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E2%80%8C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တောင်ပိုင်း‌ယေမင်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်ပိုင်း‌ယေမင်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratische_Volksrepubliek_Jemen" title="Democratische Volksrepubliek Jemen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Democratische Volksrepubliek Jemen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="イエメン人民民主共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イエメン人民民主共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Jemen" title="Sør-Jemen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Jemen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Jemen" title="Sør-Jemen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Jemen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iem%C3%A8n_dau_Sud" title="Iemèn dau Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iemèn dau Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman_Xalq_Demokratik_Respublikasi" title="Yaman Xalq Demokratik Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yaman Xalq Demokratik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="عوامی جمہوری جمہوریہ یمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عوامی جمہوری جمہوریہ یمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludowo-Demokratyczna_Republika_Jemenu" title="Ludowo-Demokratyczna Republika Jemenu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludowo-Demokratyczna Republika Jemenu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A9men_do_Sul" title="Iémen do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iémen do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Democrat%C4%83_a_Yemenului" title="Republica Populară Democrată a Yemenului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Populară Democrată a Yemenului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Народная Демократическая Республика Йемен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народная Демократическая Республика Йемен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Yemen" title="Sooth Yemen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Yemen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanta_Koonfureed" title="Yamanta Koonfureed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yamanta Koonfureed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јужни Јемен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни Јемен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Jemen" title="Južni Jemen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni Jemen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemenin_demokraattinen_kansantasavalta" title="Jemenin demokraattinen kansantasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jemenin demokraattinen kansantasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydjemen" title="Sydjemen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydjemen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog_Yemen" title="Timog Yemen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog Yemen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தெற்கு யேமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்கு யேமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Yemen" title="Güney Yemen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Yemen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Народна Демократична Республіка Ємен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народна Демократична Республіка Ємен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="عوامی جمہوری جمہوریہ یمن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عوامی جمہوری جمہوریہ یمن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_Yemen" title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Yemen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Yemen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="也门民主人民共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="也门民主人民共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="也门民主人民共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="也门民主人民共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q199841#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1967–1990 socialist state in Western Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">People's Republic of Southern Yemen<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1967–1970)</span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg/150px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg/225px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg/300px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="114" /></a></span><hr />People's Democratic Republic of Yemen<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1970–1990)</span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg/160px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg/240px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg/320px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="114" /></a></span><br /></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1967–1990</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Yemen"><img alt="Flag of South Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/125px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/188px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Yemen" title="Flag of South Yemen">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Yemen_(1970-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of South Yemen"><img alt="Coat of arms of South Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Yemen_%281970-1990%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Yemen_%281970-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Yemen_%281970-1990%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Yemen_%281970-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Yemen_%281970-1990%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Yemen_%281970-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yemen" title="Emblem of Yemen"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وحدة ، حرية ، إشتراكية</span></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_mottos" title="List of national mottos">Waḥdah, Ḥurrīyah, Ishtirākīyah</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("Unity, Freedom, Socialism")</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النشيد الوطني لجمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية</span></span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">An-Našid al-Waṭani li-Jomhuriyat al-Yaman ad-Dimoqrâṭiya aš-Šaʿbiya</i></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen" title="National Anthem of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen">National Anthem of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</a>" (1967–1979)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Anthem_of_South_Yemen(1967-1979).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Anthem_of_South_Yemen%281967-1979%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Anthem_of_South_Yemen%281967-1979%29.ogg/Anthem_of_South_Yemen%281967-1979%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><hr /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رددي أيتها الدنيا نشيدي</span></span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Radidi Ayatuhal Duniya Našidi</i></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Yemen" title="National anthem of Yemen">Repeat, O World, My Song</a>"(1979–1990)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="188" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_South_Yemen_(1979-1990).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/National_Anthem_of_South_Yemen_%281979-1990%29.ogg/National_Anthem_of_South_Yemen_%281979-1990%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/National_Anthem_of_South_Yemen_%281979-1990%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Yemen_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/South_Yemen_in_its_region.svg/250px-South_Yemen_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/South_Yemen_in_its_region.svg/375px-South_Yemen_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/South_Yemen_in_its_region.svg/500px-South_Yemen_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="317" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show map of Middle East</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-South_Yemen_governorates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Image-South_Yemen_governorates.svg/220px-Image-South_Yemen_governorates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Image-South_Yemen_governorates.svg/330px-Image-South_Yemen_governorates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Image-South_Yemen_governorates.svg/440px-Image-South_Yemen_governorates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show administrative divisions</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of claimed territory of South Yemen (red)<p style="text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (tan & white)<br />– in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> (tan)</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a><br />12.7855° N, 45.0187° E</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yemeni/Yemenite</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Yemeni Socialist Party">General Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1978–1980 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_Ismail" title="Abdul Fattah Ismail">Abdul Fattah Ismail</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1980–1986 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Nasir_Muhammad" title="Ali Nasir Muhammad">Ali Nasir Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1986–1990 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salim_al-Beidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Salim al-Beidh">Ali Salim al-Beidh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Yemen" title="President of South Yemen">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1969 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qahtan_al-Shaabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qahtan al-Shaabi">Qahtan al-Shaabi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1986–1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haidar_Abu_Bakr_al-Attas" title="Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas">Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of South Yemen">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faysal_al-Shaabi" title="Faysal al-Shaabi">Faysal al-Shaabi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1986–1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Said_Numan" title="Yasin Said Numan">Yasin Said Numan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Council_(South_Yemen)" title="Supreme People's Council (South Yemen)">Supreme People's Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence declared; <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League membership</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN membership</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Move" title="Corrective Move">Corrective Move</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Constitution adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1978</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Unification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">360,133 km<sup>2</sup> (139,048 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,200,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Yemeni_dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemeni dinar">South Yemeni dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">YDD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B969" class="mw-redirect" title="+969">+969</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:YD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:YD (page does not exist)">YD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.yd<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation of South Arabia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_South_Arabia" title="Protectorate of South Arabia">Protectorate of South Arabia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> = YD<br /><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">ISO 3166-3</a> = YDYE</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South Yemen</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abbreviated to <b>Democratic Yemen</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a state that existed from 1967 to 1990 as the only <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made up of the southern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Yemen" title="Governorates of Yemen">governorates</a> of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen">Republic of Yemen</a>, including the island of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>. It was bordered by <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a> to the north-west, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> to the east. </p><p>South Yemen's origins can be traced to 1874 with the creation of the British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Colony of Aden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a>, which consisted of two-thirds of present-day Yemen. Prior to 1937, what was to become the Colony of Aden had been governed as a part of British India, originally as the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Settlement">Aden Settlement</a> subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> and then as a Chief Commissioner's province. After the collapse of Aden Protectorate, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">a state of emergency</a> was declared in 1963, when the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a> (NLF) and the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Occupied_South_Yemen" title="Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen">Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen</a> (FLOSY) rebelled against the British rule. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation of South Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_South_Arabia" title="Protectorate of South Arabia">Protectorate of South Arabia</a> were overthrown to become the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (PRSY) on 30 November 1967. </p><p>On 22 June 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> faction of the NLF led by <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel Fattah Ismail">Abdel Fattah Ismail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salim_Rubai_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Salim Rubai Ali">Salim Rubai Ali</a>, overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Nasserist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasserist">Nasserist</a> President <a href="/wiki/Qahtan_Muhammad_al-Shaabi" title="Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi">Qahtan al-Shaabi</a> in an internal bloodless coup that was later called the <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Move" title="Corrective Move">Corrective Move</a>. The Marxist–Leninist takeover later led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a> (YSP), and South Yemen's transformation into a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>. The official name of the state was changed a year after the reforms to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY), and was able to establish strong relations with <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Despite its efforts to bring stability into the region, it was involved in a <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Civil War">brief civil war in 1986</a>. The PDRY <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">unified</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a>, on 22 May 1990 to form the present-day <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen">Republic of Yemen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of Yemen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule_and_decolonization">British rule and decolonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British rule and decolonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1838, Muhsin Bin Fadl, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Lahej</a> ceded 194 km<sup>2</sup> (75 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Aden_Province" title="Aden Province">Aden</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>. On 19 January 1839, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> landed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> to occupy the territory and stop attacks by <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> against <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">British shipping</a> to India making Aden a part of British colonial rule from 1839 until 1937. In the 1920s, the British began expanding and annexing the multiple sheikhdoms surrounding Aden under the claim of <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">protecting</a> them.<sup id="cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was more a precautionary measure to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemeni imams</a> from storming Aden than a desire to annex the small sheikhdoms to the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1950s, the British realized that they would not be able to manage the colonies and needed a stable political unit that would distance Aden from the wave of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> that had swept the region and preserve for them influence and the ability to manage Aden from London,<sup id="cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20132_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so they established the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Emirates_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia">Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20133_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20133-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federation did not succeed for several reasons, the first of which was the British insistence that Aden would be part of the entity, which was rejected by the commercial elite of Aden, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Yemen" title="Indians in Yemen">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Jews</a>, because they feared for their future from the sheikhdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20133_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20133-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_W._Day_p.39_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_W._Day_p.39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the leaders of the sheikhdoms feared that they would be overthrown later or that their influence would remain limited due to the dominance of the educated Aden elite, which was made up of a large number of non-Arabs and non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20135_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20135-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to all that was the sheikhdoms' differences over the who should be the president of the federation. </p><p>Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation of South Arabia</a> on 1965, four sheikhdoms out of twenty-one had joined the union.<sup id="cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20134_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20134-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a> sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> refused to join either of the federations. Several resistance movements emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front (Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a> (NLF), whom were responsible for the wounding of British High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Trevaskis" title="Kennedy Trevaskis">Kennedy Trevaskis</a> on 10 December 1963 using a grenade, an event that sparked the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">14 October Revolution</a> which was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/26_September_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="26 September Revolution">26 September Revolution</a> against the Imams in the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_W._Day_p.392_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_W._Day_p.392-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had announced that they would withdraw by 1968 as a result of the revolution. The NLF and the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Occupied_South_Yemen" title="Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen">Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen</a> (FLOSY) appeared in the 1960s, supporters of the NLF were from the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Radfan" title="Radfan">Radfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yafa%27a" title="Yafa'a">Yafa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhale" title="Dhale">Ad-Dali</a>, while the supporters of the FLOSY were mainly from Aden; This is because tribal affiliations played a major role in attracting supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The leaders of the NLF came from within the protected sheikhdoms and were not supported by the Egyptians at first, while the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen ran its operations from Aden and received support from <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, which made it appear as a follower of the Egyptians promoting Nasser’s agendas inside the country, the operations of these factions against the British were known to them as the Aden Emergency. The British tried to reach a compromise with these groups and found themselves waging a war on two fronts, trying to thwart the Republic in the north and the anti-English factions in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aden_map_War_Office_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aden_map_War_Office_1948.jpg/220px-Aden_map_War_Office_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aden_map_War_Office_1948.jpg/330px-Aden_map_War_Office_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aden_map_War_Office_1948.jpg/440px-Aden_map_War_Office_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Official map of the British <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a>, 1948</figcaption></figure><p>By 1965, most of the western protectorates had fallen to the National Liberation Front. As for Hadhramaut, it seemed calm until 1966 because the English presence there was less than its counterpart in the western protectorates.<sup id="cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.282_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.282-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salem_al_Beidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Salem al Beidh">Ali Salem al-Baidh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haidar_Abu_Bakr_al-Attas" title="Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas">Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas</a> joined the National Liberation Front in Hadhramaut and prevented the sultans of the <a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti Sultanate</a> from entering the country, but allowed the Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra Sultanate</a> due to his old age.<sup id="cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.28_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.28-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the Hadhrami Bedouin Legion was killed by one of his men in the same year, and Ali Salem Al-Beidh and Muhammad Salem Akash played a major role in gathering supporters in favor of the National Liberation Front, taking advantage of the near absence of the English presence in al-Mahra.<sup id="cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.29_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.29-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Qahtan_Muhammad_al-Shaabi" title="Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi">Qahtan Al-Shaabi</a> was the only person the British knew because he was an agricultural engineer in his city of Lahij. When the British tried to negotiate with the National Liberation Front, Qahtan demanded immediate withdrawal and recognition of the legitimacy of his government, and that the British government provide aid double what it proposed to the union, and that all the islands associated with the Aden Protectorate be part of the new state. While the British demands were an orderly handover to the authorities, and that the new state not interfere in the affairs of any country in the Arabian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British were surprised by the presence of people they thought were loyal to them alongside the popular Qahtan. The NLF was invited to the Geneva Talks to sign the independence agreement with the British. During its occupation of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, the British had signed several treaties of protection with the local sheikhdoms and emirates of the Federation of South Arabia; however, these parties were excluded from the talks, and thus the agreement stated [...the handover of the territory of South Arabia to the (Yemeni) NLF...]. Southern Yemen became independent as the People's Republic of Southern Yemen on 30 November 1967, and the National Liberation Front consolidated its control in the country. On 14 December 1967, the PDRY was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as a member state. the British announced that they would withdraw from 1968, which sparked the battles between the National Liberation Front and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen to monopolize the right to self-determination after the British left.<sup id="cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.292_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.292-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Liberation Front had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen. The last British soldier left Aden on 30 November 1967, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate in Hadhramaut were annexed to the new country. The lands of South Yemen are rugged and barren, a fact that played a role in the social, cultural and economic development of the south, unlike the northern regions of Yemen. Their population in 1967 did not exceed two million people, while northern Yemen exceeded six million.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the population of the south was concentrated in the western regions of <a href="/wiki/Lahij" title="Lahij">Lahj</a> and its environs, and these alone constituted more than 60% of the population, 10% were nomads. Qahtan al-Shaabi assumed the presidency of a state that had never existed before, with a collapsed economy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilian workers and businessmen left, British support stopped, and the closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Liberation Front had approximately 4,000 members, a small number of university-educated leaders, and all of them, without exception, had no experience in government.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front was divided into two right-wing and left-wing sections. The right-wingers and their popular leader, Qahtan, did not want to make major changes in the prevailing social and economic structure and took a conservative stance toward "liberating all Arab lands from colonialism, supporting the resistance of the Palestinian people, and supporting socialist regimes around the world to resist imperialism and colonial forces in the Third World."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leftist section of the Liberation Front was also promoting and opposed the establishment of popular forces and proposals to nationalize lands, and they were not preoccupied with the struggle of social classes. Qahtan wanted the continuation of existing institutions and their development.<sup id="cite_ref-Fred_Haliday_p.24_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fred_Haliday_p.24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leftist section "wanted a social and economic transformation that would serve the broad segment of the working people instead of the wealthy minority," as they put it.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 20 March 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership and was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Fred_Haliday_p.24_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fred_Haliday_p.24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On another level, in the months of July, August and December of 1968, the popular Qahtan faced new rebellions from leftist parties because all Arab countries welcomed the front. The National Liberation Front received a cold reception, as regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan, and they wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 December 1967, the lands of "feudal symbols and British agents" were confiscated, and the state was divided into six governorates. The aim of the move was to end tribal aspects in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 June 1969, Qahtan fired Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Haitham" title="Muhammad Ali Haitham">Muhammad Ali Haitham</a>, but the latter withdrew his ties to With the tribes and the army, he was able to ally himself with Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, and they reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan Al-Shaabi. They were able to arrest him and place him under house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969_establishment_of_a_Marxist-Leninist_state">1969 establishment of a Marxist-Leninist state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1969 establishment of a Marxist-Leninist state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Move" title="Corrective Move">Corrective Move</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="South Yemen–Soviet Union relations">South Yemen–Soviet Union relations</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali-nasser-55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ali-nasser-55.jpg/220px-Ali-nasser-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ali-nasser-55.jpg/330px-Ali-nasser-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ali-nasser-55.jpg/440px-Ali-nasser-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Nasir_Muhammad" title="Ali Nasir Muhammad">Ali Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_Ismail" title="Abdul Fattah Ismail">Abdel Fattah Ismail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Badheeb" title="Abdullah Badheeb">Abdullah Badib</a> at the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(South_Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Vanguard Party (South Yemen)">Popular Vanguard Party</a> Festival in the 1970s, with portraits of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> behind them</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Tank_-_Socotra_island,_Indian_Ocean_-_Republic_of_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Russian/Soviet tank half-buried in sand on the beach on the island of Socotra in modern Republic of Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_Tank_-_Socotra_island%2C_Indian_Ocean_-_Republic_of_Yemen.jpg/220px-Russian_Tank_-_Socotra_island%2C_Indian_Ocean_-_Republic_of_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_Tank_-_Socotra_island%2C_Indian_Ocean_-_Republic_of_Yemen.jpg/330px-Russian_Tank_-_Socotra_island%2C_Indian_Ocean_-_Republic_of_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_Tank_-_Socotra_island%2C_Indian_Ocean_-_Republic_of_Yemen.jpg/440px-Russian_Tank_-_Socotra_island%2C_Indian_Ocean_-_Republic_of_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption>Abandoned Soviet tank on coast of Socotra</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 June 1969, a radical <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> wing of the NLF formed a presidential committee of five people, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Rubaya_Ali" title="Salim Rubaya Ali">Salim Rubaya Ali</a>, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they gained power in an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Move" title="Corrective Move">Corrective Move</a>. This radical wing reorganised the country into the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) on 30 November 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, all political parties were amalgamated into the National Liberation Front, renamed the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>, which became the only legal party. This group took an extreme leftist line and declared its support for the Palestinians and the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar Revolution</a>. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany. The United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalized foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the state to The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist-Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen established close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>'s constitution of 1968 even served as a kind of blueprint for the PDRY's first constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Yemeni_Armed_Forces_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_Yemeni_Armed_Forces_parade.jpg/220px-South_Yemeni_Armed_Forces_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_Yemeni_Armed_Forces_parade.jpg/330px-South_Yemeni_Armed_Forces_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_Yemeni_Armed_Forces_parade.jpg/440px-South_Yemeni_Armed_Forces_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>South Yemeni Armed Forces <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">military parade</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The new government embarked on a programme of <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a>, introduced <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central planning</a>, put limits on housing ownership and <a href="/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control">rent</a>, and implemented <a href="/wiki/Land_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Land reforms">land reforms</a>. By 1973, the GDP of South Yemen increased by 25 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the conservative environment and resistance, women became legally equal to men, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> and arranged marriage were all banned by law and equal rights in divorce were sanctioned; all of supported and protected by the state <a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Yemeni_Women" title="General Union of Yemeni Women">General Union of Yemeni Women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic also <a href="/wiki/Secular_education" title="Secular education">secularised education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">sharia law</a> was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">state legal code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Slavery in Yemen</a>, which had been abolished in <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_(1918-1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen (1918-1962)">North Yemen</a> by the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">1962 revolution</a>, was now abolished also in South Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">communist powers</a> assisted in the building of the PDRY's armed forces. Strong support from Moscow resulted in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet navy">Soviet naval forces</a> gaining access to naval facilities in South Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant among them, a Soviet naval and air base on the island of Socotra for operations in the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes_with_North_Yemen">Disputes with North Yemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disputes with North Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></div> <p>Unlike the early decades of other partitioned states such as <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, all of which faced tense relations or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total wars</a>, the relations between the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) remained relatively friendly throughout most of their existence, although conflicts did arise. <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Fighting broke out in 1972</a>, and the short-lived conflict was resolved with negotiations, where it was declared <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">unification</a> would eventually occur.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, these plans were put on hold in 1979, as the PDRY funded Red rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">YAR</a>, and the war was only prevented by an <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> intervention. The goal of unity was reaffirmed by the northern and southern heads of state during a summit meeting in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in March 1979. </p><p>In 1980, PDRY president <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_Ismail" title="Abdul Fattah Ismail">Abdul Fattah Ismail</a> resigned and went into exile in Moscow, having lost the confidence of his sponsors in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Nasir_Muhammad" title="Ali Nasir Muhammad">Ali Nasir Muhammad</a>, took a less interventionist stance toward both North Yemen and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_revolution_monument_in_Aden_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_revolution_monument_in_Aden_1985.jpg/220px-The_revolution_monument_in_Aden_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_revolution_monument_in_Aden_1985.jpg/330px-The_revolution_monument_in_Aden_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_revolution_monument_in_Aden_1985.jpg/440px-The_revolution_monument_in_Aden_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>The Freedom Statue in <a href="/wiki/Khormaksar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khormaksar District">Khor Maksar</a>, Aden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Freedom_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Freedom_Statue.jpg/220px-The_Freedom_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Freedom_Statue.jpg/330px-The_Freedom_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Freedom_Statue.jpg/440px-The_Freedom_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>People celebrating the 14th October Revolution next to the Freedom Statue </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986_Civil_War">1986 Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1986 Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Civil War">South Yemen Civil War</a></div> <p>On 13 January 1986, a violent struggle began in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> between Ali Nasir's supporters and supporters of the returned Ismail, who wanted power back. This conflict, known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Civil War">South Yemen Civil War</a>, lasted for more than a month and resulted in thousands of casualties, Ali Nasir's <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">ouster</a>, and Ismail's disappearance and presumed death. Some 60,000 people, including the deposed Ali Nasir, fled to the YAR. <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salim_al-Beidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Salim al-Beidh">Ali Salim al-Beidh</a>, an ally of Ismail who had succeeded in escaping the attack on pro-Ismail members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>, then became General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_and_attempts_for_unification">Reforms and attempts for unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reforms and attempts for unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></div> <p>Against the background of the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, the main backer of the PDRY, <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">political reforms</a> were started in the late 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners">Political prisoners</a> were released, political parties were formed, and the system of justice was reckoned to be more equitable than in the North. In May 1988, the <a href="/wiki/YAR" class="mw-redirect" title="YAR">YAR</a> and PDRY governments came to an understanding that considerably reduced tensions, including agreement to renew discussions concerning unification, to establish a joint oil exploration area along their undefined border, to demilitarise the border, and to allow Yemenis unrestricted border passage on the basis of only a national identification card. In November 1989, after returning from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> offered to send the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> to overthrow the South Yemeni government on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, but Prince <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki bin Faisal Al Saud">Turki bin Faisal</a> found the plan reckless and declined.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the parties reached a full agreement on <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">joint governing</a> of Yemen, and the countries were effectively merged as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PDRY_stamp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PDRY_stamp.png/220px-PDRY_stamp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PDRY_stamp.png/330px-PDRY_stamp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PDRY_stamp.png/440px-PDRY_stamp.png 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Stamp from 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>South Yemen's ethnic groups were, as of 2000, ethnic Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> (92.8%), <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> (3.7%), Afro-Arab (1.1%), Indians and Pakistanis (1%), and other (1.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Yemen had a dual-sided approach to religion. State policy officially promoted Islam as the state religion, and government leaders performed public displays of religious observance to deflect accusations of anti-Islamism. However, the state also worked to diminish the role of religion in everyday life, especially that which it considered to be 'popular' Islam out of alignment with the official creed. <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Secular_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular law">secular law</a> in personal and many other matters. Legal interpretation was often the province of secular officials, and the independence of <a href="/wiki/Sheikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhs">sheikhs</a> was limited by government control of religious trusts and mosque funds.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_social_life">Politics and social life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics and social life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Yemen developed as a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a>, mostly secular society ruled first by the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a>, which later transformed into the ruling <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_People%27s_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Supreme_People%27s_Council.jpg/220px-Supreme_People%27s_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Supreme_People%27s_Council.jpg/330px-Supreme_People%27s_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Supreme_People%27s_Council.jpg/440px-Supreme_People%27s_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Council_(South_Yemen)" title="Supreme People's Council (South Yemen)">Supreme People's Council</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist Party">Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Nasir_Muhammad" title="Ali Nasir Muhammad">Ali Nasir</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The legislative body, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Council_(South_Yemen)" title="Supreme People's Council (South Yemen)">Supreme People's Council</a>, was elected by the people for a period of five years. The collective head of state, also known as the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council, was elected by the Supreme People's Council for a period of five years as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The executive body was known as the Council of Ministers, and was formed by the Supreme People's Council. Local representative bodies were the people's councils, and their decisions were taken into account when the members of the Supreme People's Council were governing. Local executive bodies were the executive bureaus of the people's councils.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest court was the Supreme Court of South Yemen, other courts in the country included courts of appeal and the provincial courts, and the courts of first instance were known as the district courts or magistrate courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only political party was the Yemen Socialist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only avowedly <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Marxist–Leninist nation</a> in the Middle East, South Yemen received significant <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">other assistance</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, which stationed several hundred officers of the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> in the country to train the nation's <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> and establish another <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">arms trafficking</a> route to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East Germans did not leave until 1990, when the Yemeni government declined to pay their salaries which had been terminated with the <a href="/wiki/Stasi#Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Stasi">dissolution of the Stasi</a> during <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However by the middle 1980s the Soviet Union under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> largely shunned South Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between South Yemen and several nearby states were poor. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Yemen relations">Saudi Arabia</a> only established diplomatic relations in 1976, initially hosting pro-British exiles and supporting armed clashes in the border regions of South Yemen. <a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Oman–Yemen relations">Relations with Oman</a> declined through the 1970s as the South Yemeni government supported the insurgent Marxist <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Oman" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman">Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman</a> (PFLO). Relations with <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> were also low, as South Yemen offered asylum to a number of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi communists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner_2017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner_2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States listed South Yemen as <a href="/wiki/State_sponsors_of_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="State sponsors of terrorism">a “state sponsor of terrorism”</a> between 1979 and the Yemeni reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomatic relations with the United States had been broken on 24 October 1969<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of disagreements with US policy in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not restored until shortly before reunification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature_and_judiciary">Legislature and judiciary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legislature and judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Council_(South_Yemen)" title="Supreme People's Council (South Yemen)">Supreme People's Council</a> was appointed by the General Command of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a> in 1971. </p><p>In Aden, there was a structured judicial system with a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_standards">Living standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Living standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite a poor economy, the government ensured a basic level of living standard for all citizens and established a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner_2017_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner_2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Income equality improved, corruption was reduced, and health and educational services expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the population was assured of a basic but adequate living standard for all.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classroom_in_Democratic_Yemen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Classroom_in_Democratic_Yemen.png/220px-Classroom_in_Democratic_Yemen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Classroom_in_Democratic_Yemen.png/330px-Classroom_in_Democratic_Yemen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Classroom_in_Democratic_Yemen.png/440px-Classroom_in_Democratic_Yemen.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>A classroom in Aden</figcaption></figure> <p>Democratic Yemen had a "National Science Day" on 10 September.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1985, education in Democratic Yemen was considered the best in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy rate">illiteracy rate</a> was 2% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_national_football_team" title="South Yemen national football team">South Yemen national football team</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a>, where the team lost to <a href="/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team" title="Iraq national football team">Iraq</a> 1–0 and to <a href="/wiki/Iran_national_football_team" title="Iran national football team">Iran</a> 8–0. They entered their only <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> qualification campaign in <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)" title="1986 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)">1986</a> and were knocked out in the first round by <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_national_football_team" title="Bahrain national football team">Bahrain</a>. On 2 September 1965, South Yemen played their first international match against the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team" title="Egypt national football team">United Arab Republic</a>, to whom they lost 14–0. On 5 November 1989, South Yemen played its last international match against <a href="/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team" title="Guinea national football team">Guinea</a>, to whom they lost 1–0. The team stopped playing when the North and South united in 1990 to form the <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">modern state of Yemen</a>. </p><p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="South Yemen at the 1988 Summer Olympics">South Yemen Olympic team</a> made its debut in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. Sending only eight athletes, the country won no medals. This was the only time the country went to the Olympics until <a href="/wiki/Yemen_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen unification">unification</a> in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Yemeni_Women" title="General Union of Yemeni Women">General Union of Yemeni Women</a></div> <p>Women's rights under the socialist government were considered the best in the region. Women became legally equal to men and were encouraged to work in public; polygamy, child marriage, and arranged marriage were all banned; and equal rights in divorce received legal sanction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yemen#Governorates_of_South_Yemen" title="Administrative divisions of Yemen">Administrative divisions of Yemen § Governorates of South Yemen</a></div> <p>Following independence, South Yemen was divided into six <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">governorates</a> (Arabic: <i>muhafazat</i>), with roughly <a href="/wiki/Natural_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural boundaries">natural boundaries</a>. From 1967 to 1978, each given a name by <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numeral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state changed this practice in the mid-1980s but gave the governorates geographical or historical names and ensured that their borders did not coincide with tribal allegiances.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, this legacy contributes to misunderstanding and confusion when discussing political issues and allegiances in Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands of <a href="/wiki/Kamaran" title="Kamaran">Kamaran</a> (until 1972, when it was seized by North Yemen), <a href="/wiki/Perim" title="Perim">Perim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al_Kuri" title="Abd al Kuri">Abd-el-Kuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samhah" title="Samhah">Samha</a> (inhabited), <a href="/wiki/Darsah" title="Darsah">Darsah</a> and others uninhabited from the Socotra archipelago were districts (<i>mudiriyat</i>) of the First/Aden Governorate being under the Prime Minister's supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Numeral </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Approximate Area (km.²) </th> <th>Capital </th> <td rowspan="7"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-South_Yemen_governorates.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the governorates"><img alt="Map of the governorates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Image-South_Yemen_governorates.png/280px-Image-South_Yemen_governorates.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Image-South_Yemen_governorates.png/420px-Image-South_Yemen_governorates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Image-South_Yemen_governorates.png/560px-Image-South_Yemen_governorates.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Map of the governorates</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aden_Governorate" title="Aden Governorate">Aden</a> </td> <td>6,980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>II </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahij_Governorate" title="Lahij Governorate">Lahij</a> </td> <td>12,766 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahij" title="Lahij">Lahij</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>III </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abyan_Governorate" title="Abyan Governorate">Abyan</a> </td> <td>21,489 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinjibar" title="Zinjibar">Zinjibar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwah</a> </td> <td>73,908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ataq" title="Ataq">Ataq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Governorate" title="Hadhramaut Governorate">Hadhramawt</a> </td> <td>155,376 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate" title="Al Mahrah Governorate">Al Mahrah</a> </td> <td>66,350 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghaydah" title="Al Ghaydah">Al Ghaydah</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDR_working_on_infrastructure_projects_in_South_Yemen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GDR_working_on_infrastructure_projects_in_South_Yemen.png/220px-GDR_working_on_infrastructure_projects_in_South_Yemen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GDR_working_on_infrastructure_projects_in_South_Yemen.png/330px-GDR_working_on_infrastructure_projects_in_South_Yemen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/GDR_working_on_infrastructure_projects_in_South_Yemen.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a> working on infrastructure projects in South Yemen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Aden_with_the_Flag_of_South_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Port_of_Aden_with_the_Flag_of_South_Yemen.jpg/220px-Port_of_Aden_with_the_Flag_of_South_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Port_of_Aden_with_the_Flag_of_South_Yemen.jpg/330px-Port_of_Aden_with_the_Flag_of_South_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Port_of_Aden_with_the_Flag_of_South_Yemen.jpg/440px-Port_of_Aden_with_the_Flag_of_South_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Aden" title="Port of Aden">Port of Aden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During British rule, economic development in South Yemen was restricted to the city of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, focused mainly on the port and on the British military bases. As a result, following the British withdrawal, there here was little to no <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial</a> output or <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mineral wealth exploitation</a> in the country until the mid-1980s, when significant <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum reserves">petroleum reserves</a> in the central regions near <a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a> were discovered. Foreign aid was minimal, as the British government did not fulfill promises of aid and the Soviet Union offered only <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US$</a>152 million from 1969 to 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner_2017_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner_2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main sources of income were agriculture, mostly fruit, <a href="/wiki/Cereal_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal crop">cereal crops</a>, cattle and sheep, and fishing. The government guaranteed full employment in agriculture for rural citizens, and established a number of collective farms, however, those set up following the <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Soviet model</a> produced poorer results than cooperative-run farms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner_2017_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner_2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> was 13.43 million dinars in 1976, and the <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> was <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US$</a>650 - 500  million. The total national <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> was $52.4 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Limited natural resources posed challenges to the economic development of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Despite this constraint, significant, albeit modest, oil reserves were discovered shortly after the country's unification in 1990. However, the YSP government did not benefit from oil exports to fund its development initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, economic policies in the PDRY underwent a transformation, shifting from an initial focus on developing the state sector to promoting cooperative and joint private-public enterprises. By the late 1980s, there was a notable presence of industries in Aden and around Al Mukalla in Hadramawt, producing a range of essential goods such as plastics, batteries, cigarettes, matches, tomato paste, dairy products, and fish canning.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the industrial sector, the state implemented welfarist labor laws that were widely enforced. These laws included regulations aimed at safeguarding women in the workforce by prohibiting night shifts and hazardous occupations. Additionally, the legislation ensured that workers received salaries that enabled them to maintain reasonable living standards. Trade unions in the PDRY primarily functioned as state entities rather than as negotiating bodies, playing a significant role in upholding labor regulations and standards.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few months after <a href="/wiki/The_Events_of_%2786" class="mw-redirect" title="The Events of '86">The Events of '86</a>, the PDRY had discovered oil after more than 6 decades of unsuccessful exploration,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Soviet Union discovered oil in the <a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwah Governorate</a> in late 1986, marking a turning point for the resource-scarce nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decades of unsuccessful exploration efforts, hampered by the harsh desert environment and political instability, had left South Yemen heavily reliant on foreign aid, primarily from the Soviet Union, and remittances from its citizens working abroad, estimated to be around half of government revenue by the mid-1980s. The discovery, made by the Soviet oil company Technoexport, emerged amidst the Cold War, with the Soviet Union playing a crucial role in the exploration and discovery process.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980s, Technoexport contracted with the PDRY to search for oil in a 13,500-square-mile area in Shabwa, and, in 1984, launched a program of exploratory drilling. This Soviet effort yielded only traces of oil over the next two years, a sharp contrast to the discovery and rapid exploitation of oil in the same period by an American company, <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Oil_Company" title="Hunt Oil Company">Hunt Oil</a>, in- the YAR's <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a> basin, an area just to the west of Shabwa. Then, in late 1986, the Soviets struck very high quality oil in western Shabwa, an occurrence confirmed by authorities in Aden in early 1987. </p><p>By late March, Initial estimates placed the oil reserves at around 1 billion barrels,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sparking plans for pipeline construction and full-scale production of the oil fields. events moved swiftly, and industry sources reported in mid-1987 that the three fields - <i>lyad East</i>, <i>lyad West</i>, and <i>Amal</i> already had a productive capacity of 10,000 barrels per day (bpd), that between 5,000-10,000 bpd were being trucked to the Aden refinery, and that there were plans to increase the number of trucks on the oil run to bring deliveries up to 25,000 bpd, considerably more than the PDRY's total domestic need at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery was viewed as a potential pathway to reduce dependence on external sources of income and improve the lives of South Yemen's roughly 2.4 million citizens. However, the joy of discovery was accompanied by a multitude of challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Shabwa was not the only exploration area, and the Soviet Union was not the only explorer in the second half of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Replying to a claim that the PDRY had put all of its eggs in one basket, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy and Minerals Salih Abu-Bakr ibn Husaynun noted in late 1987 that eight Western and Arab companies were engaged in exploration efforts in several areas in the PDRY.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This count seems about right. Although Italy's Agip stopped work in late 1985, Brazil's Braspetrol, France's Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Elf) and Compagnie Franqaise des Petroles (<a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">Total</a>), Kuwait's Independent Petroleum Group, and Canadian Occidental were among the firms actively searching for oil in the years that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet involvement in the discovery, estimated to have cost over half a billion dollars and add to South Yemen's already staggering debt, raised concerns about potential political and economic influence in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the oil find added a layer of complexity to the already intricate relationship between South and North Yemen, both of which desired unification and saw the resource, estimated to hold the potential for substantial economic benefits, as a potential driver of economic prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, South Yemen grappled with internal political struggles and social unrest at the time of the discovery. The violent leadership struggle within the ruling communist party, culminating in the January 1986 "blood bath" in Aden, further destabilized the nation. This volatile political landscape cast a shadow over the potential benefits of the newfound oil wealth and raised questions about how the resources would be managed and distributed fairly within the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airlines">Airlines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following airlines had operated from the PDRY:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Airways" title="Aden Airways">Aden Airways</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1949–1967). Ceased operations on 30 June 1967 at the time of British withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_South_Arabia" title="Protectorate of South Arabia">Protectorate of South Arabia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyemda" title="Alyemda">Alyemda</a> – Democratic Yemen Airlines (1961–1996). Joined <a href="/wiki/Yemenia" title="Yemenia">Yemenia</a>, the airline of the former <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">YAR</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Air_Services" title="Brothers Air Services">Brothers Air Services</a> was formed by Sayid Zein A. Baharoon who used the "Brothers" nomenclature in his merchant enterprises. Known as BASCO, this fledgling airline lasted only a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/48px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/64px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yemen" title="Portal:Yemen">Yemen portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While, according to the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Islam was "the state religion",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government discouraged the practice of Islamic traditions like <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Muslim holidays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading some authors to believe that it was an <a href="/wiki/State_Atheism" class="mw-redirect" title="State Atheism">atheist state</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Was eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اليمن الجنوبي</span>, romanized: <i>al-Yaman al-Janūbī</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية</span>, <i>Jumhūriyat al-Yaman ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah ash-Sha'bīyah</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(اليمن الديمقراطي, <i>al-Yaman ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyy</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also as: <b>Yemen (Aden)</b> (اليمن (عدن), <i>al-Yaman ('Adin)</i>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/YemenPDR1978.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522020514/https://www.worldstatesmen.org/YemenPDR1978.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FYemenPDR1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCigar1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cigar, Norman (17 February 1990). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283364">"Islam and the State in South Yemen: The Uneasy Coexistence"</a></span>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 185–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209008700814">10.1080/00263209008700814</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283364">4283364</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215084108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283364">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+State+in+South+Yemen%3A+The+Uneasy+Coexistence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-203&rft.date=1990-02-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209008700814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cigar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/yemen-the-tribal-islamists">"Yemen: The Tribal Islamists | Wilson Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013213716/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/yemen-the-tribal-islamists">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+The+Tribal+Islamists+%26%23124%3B+Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fyemen-the-tribal-islamists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Victoria. <i>Yemen: Dancing on the Heads of Snakes</i>, Yale University Press: 2010, page 112–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Department_of_State._Bureau_of_Public_Affairs1989" class="citation journal cs1">United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178022/">"South Yemen"</a>. <i>Department of State Publication. Background Notes Series</i>: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178022">12178022</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224131757/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178022/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+State+Publication.+Background+Notes+Series&rft.atitle=South+Yemen&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12178022&rft.au=United+States.+Department+of+State.+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12178022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.unitedworldtelecom.com/my-account/country-calling-codes/">"Country calling codes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527140529/https://support.unitedworldtelecom.com/my-account/country-calling-codes/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+calling+codes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.unitedworldtelecom.com%2Fmy-account%2Fcountry-calling-codes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/saudi-arabia-and-the-civil-war-within-yemens-civil-war/">"Saudi Arabia and the civil war within Yemen's civil war"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701202111/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/saudi-arabia-and-the-civil-war-within-yemens-civil-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+civil+war+within+Yemen%27s+civil+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fsaudi-arabia-and-the-civil-war-within-yemens-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Sep. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20132-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20132_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Sep. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20133-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20133_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20133_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Sep. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_W._Day_p.39-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_W._Day_p.39_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen W. Day,Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20135-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20135_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Sep. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20134-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_20134_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Sep. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_W._Day_p.392-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_W._Day_p.392_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen W. Day,Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Mumford <i>The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare</i> p.87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Mumford <i>The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare</i> p.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.282-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.282_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.28-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.28_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.29-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.29_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Halliday <i>Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987</i> p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noel_Brehony_p.292-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noel_Brehony_p.292_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Hawadess, 1977 <i>Events, Issues 20-33</i> p.187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel Jonsson <i>Towards Korean Reconciliation: Socio-cultural Exchanges and Cooperation</i> p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tareq Y. Ismael, Jacqueline S. Ismael <i>Politics and Government in the Middle East and North Africa</i> p.438 University Press of Florida, 1991 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/0813010438&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/0813010438 (page does not exist)">ISBN 0-8130-1043-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruud van Dijk <i>Encyclopedia of the Cold War</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Haliday <i>Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987</i> p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fred_Haliday_p.24-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fred_Haliday_p.24_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fred_Haliday_p.24_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Haliday <i>Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987</i> p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of the Cold Waredited by Ruud van Dijk, William Glenn Gray, Svetlana Savranskaya, Jeremi Suri, Qiang Zhai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadav Safran <i>Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security</i> p.128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.32-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Brehony <i>Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia</i> p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Haliday <i>Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987</i> p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/2C6267E40EB36E2E85256346005A30B5">"Yearbook of the United Nations 1970"</a>. United Nations Office of Public Information. 31 December 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805214530/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/2C6267E40EB36E2E85256346005A30B5">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/south-yemen-1967-1990/">"32. South Yemen (1967-1990)"</a>. <i>uca.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231150835/http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/south-yemen-1967-1990/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uca.edu&rft.atitle=32.+South+Yemen+%281967-1990%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fmiddle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region%2Fsouth-yemen-1967-1990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2003" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Saul Bernard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC"><i>Geopolitics of the World System</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9907-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9907-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Russia+language&rft.aulast=Mirovalev&rft.aufirst=Mansur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2015%2F3%2F11%2Frussian-roots-and-yemens-socotra-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/0311/ayem.html">"Soviets bolster an Arab ally. Military buildup in South Yemen worries US officials"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. 11 March 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208232311/https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/0311/ayem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Soviets+bolster+an+Arab+ally.+Military+buildup+in+South+Yemen+worries+US+officials&rft.date=1988-03-11&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1988%2F0311%2Fayem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/51196986/CIA-Study-on-Yemeni-Unification">"North and South Yemen: In Search of Unity"</a>, <i>CIA Study on Yemeni Unification</i>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, 19 January 1990, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095052/https://www.scribd.com/doc/51196986/CIA-Study-on-Yemeni-Unification">archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span> – via Scribd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CIA+Study+on+Yemeni+Unification&rft.atitle=North+and+South+Yemen%3A+In+Search+of+Unity&rft.date=1990-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F51196986%2FCIA-Study-on-Yemeni-Unification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGause1990" class="citation book cs1">Gause, Gregory (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0yUzV-g2X2QC&pg=PA98"><i>Saudi-Yemeni relations: domestic structures and foreign influence</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231070447" title="Special:BookSources/9780231070447"><bdi>9780231070447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi-Yemeni+relations%3A+domestic+structures+and+foreign+influence&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780231070447&rft.aulast=Gause&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yUzV-g2X2QC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2002" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, Fred (2002). <i>Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967–1987</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilib.gmu.edu:8080/jspui/bitstream/1920/3127/1/civil%20conflict%20in%20south%20yemen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Review&rft.atitle=Civil+Conflict+in+South+Yemen&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.gmu.edu%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F1920%2F3127%2F1%2Fcivil%2520conflict%2520in%2520south%2520yemen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Lawrence (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64592193"><i>The Looming Tower : Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11</i></a> (1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2"><bdi>978-0-375-41486-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64592193">64592193</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107095656/https://www.worldcat.org/title/64592193">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Looming+Tower+%3A+Al-Qaeda+and+the+Road+to+9%2F11&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64592193&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41486-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F64592193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/world/2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html">"2 Yemens Become One, and Celebrate"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Reuters. 23 May 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506023235/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/world/2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Yemens+Become+One%2C+and+Celebrate&rft.date=1990-05-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F05%2F23%2Fworld%2F2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/">"Middle East :: Yemen — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508223950/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Middle+East+%3A%3A+Yemen+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fyemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCigar1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cigar, Norman (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283364">"Islam and the State in South Yemen: The Uneasy Coexistence"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209008700814">10.1080/00263209008700814</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283364">4283364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+State+in+South+Yemen%3A+The+Uneasy+Coexistence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209008700814&rft.aulast=Cigar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaessing2010" class="citation news cs1">Laessing, Ulf (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-women-idUSTRE60L2ZD20100122">"Women of southern Yemen port remember better times"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144238/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/22/us-yemen-women-idUSTRE60L2ZD20100122">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Women+of+southern+Yemen+port+remember+better+times&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.aulast=Laessing&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-yemen-women-idUSTRE60L2ZD20100122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Department_of_State._Bureau_of_Public_Affairs1989" class="citation journal cs1">United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs (December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178022/">"[South] Yemen"</a>. <i>Department of State Publication. Background Notes Series</i>: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-5517">1049-5517</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178022">12178022</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224131757/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178022/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956703,00.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=South+Yemen+New+Thinking+in+a+Marxist+Land&rft.date=1989-01-09&rft.aulast=Gart&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C956703%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2015" class="citation interview cs1">Müller, Miriam Manuela (2015). 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United Press Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+German+Security+Quit+South+Yemen&rft.pub=United+Press+Agency&rft.date=1990-05-11&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker-Jones2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2010). <i>The Rise of Militant Islam: An Insider's View of the Failure To Curb Global Jihad</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interventions&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Democratic+Republic+of+Yemen%3A+Unique+Socialist+Experiment+in+the+Arab+World+at+a+Time+of+World+Revolutionary+Fervour&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=677-691&rft.date=2017-07-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369801X.2017.1336465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159661566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F1369801X.2017.1336465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzman2002" class="citation report cs1">Katzman, Kenneth (13 February 2002). "Terrorism: Near Eastern Groups and State Sponsors". CRS Report for Congress (Report). p. 21. <q>The former South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, PDRY) was on the U.S. terrorism list during 1979-1990 for supporting left-wing Arab terrorist groups</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=CRS+Report+for+Congress&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2002-02-13&rft.aulast=Katzman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2002" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, Fred (4 April 2002). <i>Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987</i>. Cambridge Middle East Library. Vol. 21. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521891646" title="Special:BookSources/9780521891646"><bdi>9780521891646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Foreign+Policy%3A+The+Case+of+South+Yemen%2C+1967-1987&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+Library&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2002-04-04&rft.isbn=9780521891646&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress1978" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (1978). 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Peace in the Mideast: A Delicate Balance (Report). pp. 38–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Peace+in+the+Mideast%3A+A+Delicate+Balance&rft.pages=38-39&rft.date=1978&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLackner2022" class="citation web cs1">Lackner, Helen (8 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">"Yemen's Socialist Experiment Was a Political Landmark for the Arab World"</a>. <i>Jacobin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003131900/https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Socialist+Experiment+Was+a+Political+Landmark+for+the+Arab+World&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2022%2F08%2Fsocialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLackner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lackner, Helen (4 July 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369801X.2017.1336465">"The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen: Unique Socialist Experiment in The Arab World at a Time of World Revolutionary Fervour"</a></span>. <i>Interventions</i>. <b>19</b> (5): 689. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369801X.2017.1336465">10.1080/1369801X.2017.1336465</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-801X">1369-801X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159661566">159661566</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107015409/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369801X.2017.1336465">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interventions&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Democratic+Republic+of+Yemen%3A+Unique+Socialist+Experiment+in+The+Arab+World+at+a+Time+of+World+Revolutionary+Fervour&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=689&rft.date=2017-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159661566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1369-801X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369801X.2017.1336465&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1369801X.2017.1336465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://himyar.net/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85">https://himyar.net/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFالغد" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">الغد, عدن. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adengad.net/articles/586582">"مقال : سعيدة الشيبة - يوم العلم والمعلم في 10 سبتمبر .. مناسبة منسية في بلادنا"</a>. <i>www.adengad.net</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adengad.net&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84+%3A+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9+-+%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+10+%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1+..+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AF&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adengad.net%2Farticles%2F586582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almahriah.net/opinions/260">"منبر عدن في ذكرى محو الأمية - أحمد ناصر حميدان"</a>. <i>المهرية نت</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+-+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmahriah.net%2Fopinions%2F260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFمستقل" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">مستقل, قتبان-موقع إخباري. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qattaban.net/news/25615">"اخبار وتقارير - اعتراف جميع دول العالم ومنظمة اليونسكو بان التعليم بمختلف مراحله بجمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية من الدول المتقدمه بالعالم ماقبل العام 90م, وان نسبة الامية لاتتجاوز 2% فقط من اجمالي السكان"</a>. <i>www.qattaban.net</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qattaban.net&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+-+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9+%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+90%D9%85%2C+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2+2%25+%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B7+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.aulast=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84&rft.aufirst=%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A5%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qattaban.net%2Fnews%2F25615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayat2017" class="citation book cs1">Bayat, Asef (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=26257"><i>Revolution without Revolutionaries: Making Sense of the Arab Spring</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804799027" title="Special:BookSources/9780804799027"><bdi>9780804799027</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117194107/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=26257">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+without+Revolutionaries%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780804799027&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Asef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D26257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes1979" class="citation news cs1">Times, Marvine Howe; Special to The New York (26 May 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/26/archives/marxist-regime-in-south-yemen-showing-improvement-in-quality-of.html">"Marxist Regime in South Yemen Showing Improvement in Quality of Life in Villages (Published 1979)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425040728/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/26/archives/marxist-regime-in-south-yemen-showing-improvement-in-quality-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marxist+Regime+in+South+Yemen+Showing+Improvement+in+Quality+of+Life+in+Villages+%28Published+1979%29&rft.date=1979-05-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Marvine+Howe%3B+Special+to+The+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F05%2F26%2Farchives%2Fmarxist-regime-in-south-yemen-showing-improvement-in-quality-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422135641/https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=31384">"Women's rights in Yemen"</a>. <i>Offiziere.ch</i>. 4 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=31384">the original</a> on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Offiziere.ch&rft.atitle=Women%27s+rights+in+Yemen&rft.date=2017-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.offiziere.ch%2F%3Fp%3D31384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/05/yemen-unity-anniversary-civil-war">"How Yemen's Dream of Unity Turned Sour"</a>. <i>jacobinmag.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428033127/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/05/yemen-unity-anniversary-civil-war">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacobinmag.com&rft.atitle=How+Yemen%27s+Dream+of+Unity+Turned+Sour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fyemen-unity-anniversary-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadekar2018" class="citation news cs1">Wadekar, Neha (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/yemen-war-women.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We Are Willing to Die Here': The Fight for Women's Rights in Yemen (Published 2018)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428035550/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/yemen-war-women.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27We+Are+Willing+to+Die+Here%27%3A+The+Fight+for+Women%27s+Rights+in+Yemen+%28Published+2018%29&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wadekar&rft.aufirst=Neha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F20%2Fmagazine%2Fyemen-war-women.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">"Yemen's Socialist Experiment Was a Political Landmark for the Arab World"</a>. <i>jacobin.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003131900/https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacobin.com&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Socialist+Experiment+Was+a+Political+Landmark+for+the+Arab+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2022%2F08%2Fsocialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmaelJacqueline_S._Ismael1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tareq_Y._Ismael&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tareq Y. Ismael (page does not exist)">Ismael, Tareq Y.</a>; Jacqueline S. Ismael (October 1986). <i>The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen: Politics, Economics, and Society; The Politics of Socialist Transformation</i>. Lynne Rienner Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931477-96-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931477-96-6"><bdi>978-0-931477-96-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Democratic+Republic+of+Yemen%3A+Politics%2C+Economics%2C+and+Society%3B+The+Politics+of+Socialist+Transformation&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Pub&rft.date=1986-10&rft.isbn=978-0-931477-96-6&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Tareq+Y.&rft.au=Jacqueline+S.+Ismael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">"Yemen's Socialist Experiment Was a Political Landmark for the Arab World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060833/https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%27s+Socialist+Experiment+Was+a+Political+Landmark+for+the+Arab+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2022%2F08%2Fsocialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">"Yemen's Socialist Experiment Was a Political Landmark for the Arab World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060833/https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%27s+Socialist+Experiment+Was+a+Political+Landmark+for+the+Arab+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2022%2F08%2Fsocialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">"Yemen's Socialist Experiment Was a Political Landmark for the Arab World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003131900/https://jacobin.com/2022/08/socialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%27s+Socialist+Experiment+Was+a+Political+Landmark+for+the+Arab+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2022%2F08%2Fsocialism-arab-world-peoples-democratic-republic-of-yemen-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieLongrigg1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Ronald S.; Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley (1968). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40199914">"Oil in the Middle East: Its Discovery and Development"</a></span>. <i>International Journal</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40199914">10.2307/40199914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020">0020-7020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40199914">40199914</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060834/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40199914?origin=crossref">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Oil+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Its+Discovery+and+Development&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=334&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0020-7020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40199914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40199914&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Ronald+S.&rft.au=Longrigg%2C+Stephen+Hemsley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F40199914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes1989" class="citation journal cs1">Burrowes, Robert D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">"Oil Strike and Leadership Struggle in South Yemen: 1986 and Beyond"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 437–454. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">4327962</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055759/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Oil+Strike+and+Leadership+Struggle+in+South+Yemen%3A+1986+and+Beyond&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-454&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4327962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4327962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter2023" class="citation web cs1">Center, Sana'a (24 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanaacenter.org/publications/main-publications/20682">"Recovering Lost Ground in Shabwa's Oil Sector"</a>. <i>Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055758/https://sanaacenter.org/publications/main-publications/20682">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sana%27a+Center+For+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Recovering+Lost+Ground+in+Shabwa%27s+Oil+Sector&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Sana%27a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanaacenter.org%2Fpublications%2Fmain-publications%2F20682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dome.v28.2">"Issue Information"</a></span>. <i>Digest of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (2). November 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fdome.v28.2">10.1111/dome.v28.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1060-4367">1060-4367</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060834/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/19493606/28/2">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digest+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Issue+Information&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fdome.v28.2&rft.issn=1060-4367&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fdome.v28.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes1989" class="citation journal cs1">Burrowes, Robert D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">"Oil Strike and Leadership Struggle in South Yemen: 1986 and Beyond"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 437–454. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">4327962</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055759/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Oil+Strike+and+Leadership+Struggle+in+South+Yemen%3A+1986+and+Beyond&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-454&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4327962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4327962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes1989" class="citation journal cs1">Burrowes, Robert D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">"Oil Strike and Leadership Struggle in South Yemen: 1986 and Beyond"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 437–454. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">4327962</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055759/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327962">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Oil+Strike+and+Leadership+Struggle+in+South+Yemen%3A+1986+and+Beyond&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-454&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4327962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4327962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airlinehistory.co.uk/RestofWorld/South%20Yemen/Airlines.asp">"Airlines – South Yemen"</a>. <i>The World's Airlines</i>. David Lyall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627114000/http://www.airlinehistory.co.uk/RestofWorld/South%20Yemen/Airlines.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Airlines&rft.atitle=Airlines+%E2%80%93+South+Yemen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airlinehistory.co.uk%2FRestofWorld%2FSouth%2520Yemen%2FAirlines.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427151220/http://www.adenairways.com/Aden%20Airways/index.htm">"History"</a>. <i>Aden Airways</i>. Peter Pickering. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adenairways.com/Aden%20Airways/index.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aden+Airways&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adenairways.com%2FAden%2520Airways%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/basco-brothers-air-service/">"BASCO (Brothers Air Service) history from Rest of World, South Yemen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227110243/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/basco-brothers-air-service/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:PDRY_topics" title="Template:PDRY topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#CE1126">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PDRY_topics" title="Template talk:PDRY topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#CE1126">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PDRY_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PDRY topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#CE1126">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Yemen&#124;link=South_Yemen_People&#039;s_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen"><img alt="South Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#CE1126">People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#80C3E6; color:#CE1126;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Timeline</a></b></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_Aden" title="Withdrawal from Aden">British withdrawal from Aden</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Move" title="Corrective Move">Corrective Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party_(1978%E2%80%901990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Emblem_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party_%281978%E2%80%901990%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party_%281978%E2%80%901990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Emblem_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party_%281978%E2%80%901990%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party_%281978%E2%80%901990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Emblem_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party_%281978%E2%80%901990%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Yemeni_Socialist_Party_%281978%E2%80%901990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#80C3E6; color:#CE1126;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">The Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(South_Yemen)" title="Presidential Council (South Yemen)">Presidential Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Council_(South_Yemen)" title="Supreme People's Council (South Yemen)">Supreme People's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutions_of_Communist_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutions of Communist Yemen (page does not exist)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(South_Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Vanguard Party (South Yemen)">People's Vanguard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_South_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Party of South Yemen (page does not exist)">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (page does not exist)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of South Yemen">General-Secritary of the YSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Yemen" title="President of South Yemen">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of South Yemen">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Yemeni_Union_of_Peasants" title="Democratic Yemeni Union of Peasants">Democratic Yemeni Union of Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_South_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of South Yemen (page does not exist)">Foreign relations of South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_South_Yemen" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Yemen">Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Yemeni_Women" title="General Union of Yemeni Women">General Union of Yemeni Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#80C3E6; color:#CE1126;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:South_Yemen" title="Category:South Yemen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCDD09">Category</span></a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Yemen" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Yemen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCDD09">WikiProject</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199841#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199841#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199841#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121967032">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/160448415">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmRVcD8tmMrBJDt3fXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073008-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002560">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865894h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865894h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567663">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554835405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026405660">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035779">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Yemen&params=12_48_N_45_02_E_source:kolossus-svwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°48′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.800°N 45.033°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.800; 45.033</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&oldid=1260346041">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&oldid=1260346041</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Yemen" title="Category:South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1967" title="Category:States and territories established in 1967">States and territories established in 1967</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1990" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1990">States and territories disestablished in 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Yemen" title="Category:Communism in Yemen">Communism in Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_states" title="Category:Communist 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