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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffrage_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Suffrage movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffrage_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Early Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Post-war era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_efforts_to_fight_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_efforts_to_fight_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contemporary efforts to fight inequality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_efforts_to_fight_inequality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary efforts to fight inequality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_efforts_to_fight_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Health and safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_gender_inequality_on_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_gender_inequality_on_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Effect of gender inequality on health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_gender_inequality_on_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Violence against women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_VAW" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_VAW"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2.1 Types of VAW </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_VAW-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_trans_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_trans_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2.2 Violence against trans women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_trans_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_and_sexual_health_and_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_and_sexual_health_and_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Reproductive and sexual health and rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_and_sexual_health_and_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_planning_and_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_planning_and_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.1 Family planning and abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_planning_and_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_and_prosecution_of_crimes_against_women_and_girls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_and_prosecution_of_crimes_against_women_and_girls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Investigation and prosecution of crimes against women and girls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_and_prosecution_of_crimes_against_women_and_girls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmful_traditional_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmful_traditional_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Harmful traditional practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmful_traditional_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_genital_mutilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5.1 Female genital mutilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5.2 Forced marriage and child marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bride_price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bride_price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5.3 Bride price </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bride_price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Economy and public policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_empowerment_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_empowerment_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Economic empowerment of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_empowerment_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gendered_arrangements_of_work_and_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gendered_arrangements_of_work_and_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Gendered arrangements of work and care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gendered_arrangements_of_work_and_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gendered_arrangements_of_conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gendered_arrangements_of_conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Gendered arrangements of conscription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gendered_arrangements_of_conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Freedom of movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girls'_access_to_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girls'_access_to_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Girls' access to education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girls'_access_to_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_participation_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_participation_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Political participation of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_participation_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage,_divorce_and_property_laws_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_divorce_and_property_laws_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Marriage, divorce and property laws and regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_divorce_and_property_laws_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_ideological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_ideological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Social and ideological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_ideological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Political gender equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Gender stereotypes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_of_women_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_of_women_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Portrayal of women in the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_of_women_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_on_women's_representation_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_on_women's_representation_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Statistics on women's representation in the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_on_women's_representation_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informing_women_of_their_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informing_women_of_their_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Informing women of their rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informing_women_of_their_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_mainstreaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_mainstreaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Gender mainstreaming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_mainstreaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Gender biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 General issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Specific issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_ministries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_ministries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Organizations and ministries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_ministries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other related topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gender equality</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geslagsgelykheid" title="Geslagsgelykheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geslagsgelykheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مساواة بين الجنسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساواة بين الجنسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_b%C9%99rab%C9%99rliyi" title="Gender bərabərliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gender bərabərliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="লৈঙ্গিক সমতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লৈঙ্গিক সমতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Равенство между половете – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Равенство между половете" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualtat_de_g%C3%A8nere" title="Igualtat de gènere – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Igualtat de gènere" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligestilling" title="Ligestilling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ligestilling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichstellung_der_Geschlechter" title="Gleichstellung der Geschlechter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gleichstellung der Geschlechter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooline_v%C3%B5rd%C3%B5iguslikkus" title="Sooline võrdõiguslikkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sooline võrdõiguslikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Ισότητα των φύλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισότητα των φύλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_de_g%C3%A9nero" title="Igualdad de género – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Igualdad de género" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksa_egaleco" title="Seksa egaleco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Seksa egaleco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genero-berdintasun" title="Genero-berdintasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genero-berdintasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="برابری جنسیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برابری جنسیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89galit%C3%A9_des_sexes" title="Égalité des sexes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Égalité des sexes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhionannas_inscne" title="Comhionannas inscne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhionannas inscne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdade_de_x%C3%A9nero" title="Igualdade de xénero – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igualdade de xénero" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%ED%8F%89%EB%93%B1" title="성평등 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성평등" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaiton_jinsi" title="Daidaiton jinsi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daidaiton jinsi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սեռական հավասարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեռական հավասարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="स्त्री पुरुष समानता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्त्री पुरुष समानता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesetaraan_gender" title="Kesetaraan gender – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesetaraan gender" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynjajafnr%C3%A9tti" title="Kynjajafnrétti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kynjajafnrétti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uguaglianza_di_genere" title="Uguaglianza di genere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uguaglianza di genere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99" title="שוויון מגדרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוויון מגדרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გენდერული თანასწორობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენდერული თანასწორობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburinganire" title="Uburinganire – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uburinganire" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usawa_wa_kijinsia" title="Usawa wa kijinsia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usawa wa kijinsia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalite_s%C3%A8ks" title="Egalite sèks – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Egalite sèks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гендердик теңчилик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гендердик теңчилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%94" title="ຄວາມສະເໝີພາກທາງເພດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມສະເໝີພາກທາງເພດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzimumu_l%C4%ABdzties%C4%ABba" title="Dzimumu līdztiesība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzimumu līdztiesība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemi_es%C3%A9lyegyenl%C5%91s%C3%A9g" title="Nemi esélyegyenlőség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemi esélyegyenlőség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasataraan_Gender" title="Kasataraan Gender – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kasataraan Gender" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Родова еднаквост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Родова еднаквост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ലിംഗസമത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിംഗസമത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="लैंगिक समानता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लैंगिक समानता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesamarataan_gender" title="Kesamarataan gender – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesamarataan gender" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хүйсийн эрх тэгш байдал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүйсийн эрх тэгш байдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99_%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ယောက်ျား၊ မိန်းမ တန်းတူညီမျှမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယောက်ျား၊ မိန်းမ တန်းတူညီမျှမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendergelijkheid" title="Gendergelijkheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gendergelijkheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="लैङ्गिक समानता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लैङ्गिक समानता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E5%A5%B3%E5%90%8C%E6%A8%A9" title="男女同権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="男女同権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likestilling" title="Likestilling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Likestilling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitat_de_genre" title="Egalitat de genre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egalitat de genre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_tengligi" title="Gender tengligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gender tengligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਿੰਗ ਸਮਾਨਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿੰਗ ਸਮਾਨਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جنسی برابری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنسی برابری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_di_genero" title="Igualdad di genero – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Igualdad di genero" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="د جنسيت مساوات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جنسيت مساوات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wno%C5%9B%C4%87_p%C5%82ci" title="Równość płci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równość płci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdade_de_g%C3%A9nero" title="Igualdade de género – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igualdade de género" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Равенство полов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Равенство полов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barazia_gjinore" title="Barazia gjinore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Barazia gjinore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gender equality" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodov%C3%A1_rovnos%C5%A5" title="Rodová rovnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rodová rovnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enakost_spolov" title="Enakost spolov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enakost spolov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="یەکسانیی جێندەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکسانیی جێندەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Родна равноправност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Родна равноправност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodna_ravnopravnost" title="Rodna ravnopravnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rodna ravnopravnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukupuolten_tasa-arvo" title="Sukupuolten tasa-arvo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukupuolten tasa-arvo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mst%C3%A4lldhet" title="Jämställdhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jämställdhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakapantay-pantay_ng_mga_kasarian" title="Pagkakapantay-pantay ng mga kasarian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkakapantay-pantay ng mga kasarian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Equal access for all genders to rights, resources, opportunities and protections</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Masculism" title="Category:Masculism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_symbol_(heavy_blue).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Male_symbol_%28heavy_blue%29.svg/80px-Male_symbol_%28heavy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Male_symbol_%28heavy_blue%29.svg/120px-Male_symbol_%28heavy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Male_symbol_%28heavy_blue%29.svg/160px-Male_symbol_%28heavy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #0000BF;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intactivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Intactivism">Intactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HimToo_movement" title="HimToo movement">HimToo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoetic_men%27s_movement" title="Mythopoetic men's movement">Mythopoetic men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_liberation_movement" title="Men's liberation movement">Men's liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement" title="Men's rights movement">Men's rights movement</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #0000BF;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics and issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">Sex differences in humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender equality</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Anti-feminism</a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_men" title="Violence against men">Violence against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_expendability" title="Male expendability">Male expendability</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversies" title="Circumcision controversies">Circumcision controversies</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation#Male_genitals" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_circumcision" title="Forced circumcision">Forced circumcision</a>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Rape of males</a>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_against_men" title="Domestic violence against men">against men</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">Violence against LGBT people</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayphobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayphobia">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">No-fault divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm theft">Sperm theft</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #0000BF;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Men's rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement_in_India" title="Men's rights movement in India">India</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_by_country" title="Fathers' rights movement by country">Fathers' rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_Australia" title="Fathers' rights movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_Italy" title="Fathers' rights movement in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fathers' rights movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Fathers' rights movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #0000BF;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_masculism_topics" title="Index of masculism topics">Index of masculism topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Masculism" title="Category:Masculism">Category:Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Masculists" title="Category:Masculists">Category:Masculists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Men%27s_movement" title="Category:Men's movement">Category:Men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Men%27s_organizations" title="Category:Men's organizations">Category:Men's organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #0000BF;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Men%27s_Day" title="International Men's Day">International Men's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Men">Minister for Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movember" title="Movember">Movember</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masculism_sidebar" title="Template:Masculism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masculism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Masculism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masculism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masculism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a 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United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, including economic participation and decision-making, and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations, and needs equally, also regardless of gender.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> To avoid complication, <a href="/wiki/Other_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Other gender">other genders</a> (besides women and men) will not be treated in this Gender equality article. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (an agency of the United Nations) defines gender equality as "women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike."<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> As of 2017,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_equality&action=edit">[update]</a> gender equality is the fifth of seventeen <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">sustainable development goals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5" title="Sustainable Development Goal 5">SDG 5</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>; gender equality has not incorporated the proposition of <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">genders besides women and men</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identities</a> outside of the <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">Gender inequality</a> is measured annually by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">Human Development Reports</a>. Gender equality can refer to equal opportunities or <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">formal equality</a> based on gender or refer to equal representation or <a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">equality of outcomes</a> for gender, also called <a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">substantive equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EU-4">[3]</a> Gender equality is the goal, while gender neutrality and gender equity are practices and ways of thinking that help achieve the goal. <a href="/wiki/Gender_parity" title="Gender parity">Gender parity</a>, which is used to measure gender balance in a given situation, can aid in achieving substantive gender equality but is not the goal in and of itself. Gender equality is strongly tied to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, and often requires policy changes. On a global scale, achieving gender equality also requires eliminating harmful practices against women and girls, including <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">sex trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">femicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime sexual violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_wage_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender wage gap">gender wage gap</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-5">[4]</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">oppression tactics</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> stated that "despite many international agreements affirming their human rights, women are still much more likely than men to be poor and illiterate. They have less access to property ownership, credit, training, and employment. This partly stems from the archaic stereotypes of women being labeled as child-bearers and homemakers, rather than the breadwinners of the family.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> They are far less likely than men to be politically active and far more likely to be victims of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>."<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org1-7">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>, an early advocate for gender equality, states in her 1405 book <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies" title="The Book of the City of Ladies">The Book of the City of Ladies</a> that the oppression of women is founded on irrational prejudice, pointing out numerous advances in society probably created by women.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shakers">Shakers</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_of_the_Diligent_Shaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Life_of_the_Diligent_Shaker.jpg/200px-Life_of_the_Diligent_Shaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Life_of_the_Diligent_Shaker.jpg/300px-Life_of_the_Diligent_Shaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Life_of_the_Diligent_Shaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="284" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Life of the Diligent Shaker, Shaker Historical Society</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ritual_Dance_of_the_Shakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Ritual_Dance_of_the_Shakers.jpg/200px-The_Ritual_Dance_of_the_Shakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Ritual_Dance_of_the_Shakers.jpg/300px-The_Ritual_Dance_of_the_Shakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/The_Ritual_Dance_of_the_Shakers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="284" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Ritual Dance of the Shakers, Shaker Historical Society</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shakers_harvesting_their_famous_herbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Shakers_harvesting_their_famous_herbs.jpg/200px-The_Shakers_harvesting_their_famous_herbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Shakers_harvesting_their_famous_herbs.jpg/300px-The_Shakers_harvesting_their_famous_herbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/The_Shakers_harvesting_their_famous_herbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="284" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Shakers harvesting their famous herbs</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a>, an evangelical group, which practiced segregation of the sexes and strict <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>, were early practitioners of gender equality. They branched off from a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> community in the north-west of England before emigrating to America in 1774. In America, the head of the Shakers' central ministry in 1788, Joseph Meacham, had a revelation that the sexes should be equal. He then brought <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Wright" title="Lucy Wright">Lucy Wright</a> into the ministry as his female counterpart, and together they restructured the society to balance the rights of the sexes. Meacham and Wright established leadership teams where each elder, who dealt with the men's spiritual welfare, was partnered with an eldress, who did the same for women. Each deacon was partnered with a deaconess. Men had oversight of men; women had oversight of women. Women lived with women; men lived with men. In Shaker society, a woman did not have to be controlled or owned by any man. After Meacham's death in 1796, Wright became the head of the Shaker ministry until her death in 1821. Shakers maintained the same pattern of gender-balanced leadership for more than 200 years. They also promoted equality by working together with other women's rights advocates. In 1859, Shaker Elder Frederick Evans stated their beliefs forcefully, writing that Shakers were "the first to disenthrall woman from the condition of vassalage to which all other religious systems (more or less) consign her, and to secure to her those just and equal rights with man that, by her similarity to him in organization and faculties, both God and nature would seem to demand".<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Evans and his counterpart, Eldress Antoinette Doolittle, joined women's rights advocates on speakers' platforms throughout the northeastern U.S. in the 1870s. A visitor to the Shakers wrote in 1875: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Each sex works in its own appropriate sphere of action, there being a proper subordination, deference and respect of the female to the male in his order, and of the male to the female in her order [emphasis added], so that in any of these communities the zealous advocates of "women's rights" may here find a practical realization of their ideal.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></blockquote> The Shakers were more than a radical religious sect on the fringes of American society; they put equality of the sexes into practice. It has been argued that they demonstrated that gender equality was achievable and how to achieve it.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffrage_movement">Suffrage movement</h3></div> In wider society, the movement towards gender equality began with the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffrage movement</a> in Western cultures in the late-19th century, which sought to allow women to vote and hold elected office. This period also witnessed significant changes to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's property rights</a>, particularly in relation to their marital status. (See for example, <a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Act_1882" title="Married Women's Property Act 1882">Married Women's Property Act 1882</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Soviet_Union">Early Soviet Union</h3></div> Starting in 1927 the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> enforced gender equality within <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hujum" title="Hujum">Hujum</a> campaign.<a href="#cite_note-isj110-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_era">Post-war era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-discrimination laws">Anti-discrimination laws</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></div> Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation">women's liberation</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> have created a general movement towards recognition of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other international agencies have adopted several conventions which promote gender equality. These conventions have not been uniformly adopted by all countries, and include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Discrimination_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Discrimination in Education">Convention against Discrimination in Education</a> was adopted in 1960, and came into force in 1962 and 1968.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (CEDAW) was adopted in 1979 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. It has been described as an international <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a> for women, which came into force on 3 September 1981.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> declaration adopted by consensus at the <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Human_Rights" title="World Conference on Human Rights">World Conference on Human Rights</a> on 25 June 1993 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Women's rights are addressed at para 18.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 1993.</li> <li>In 1994, the twenty-year Cairo Programme of Action was adopted at the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a> (ICPD) in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Non-binding_resolution" title="Non-binding resolution">non binding</a> programme-of-action asserted that governments have a responsibility to meet individuals' reproductive needs, rather than demographic targets. As such, it called for <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> services, and strategies to promote gender equality and stop violence against women.</li> <li>Also in 1994, in the Americas, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_on_the_Prevention,_Punishment_and_Eradication_of_Violence_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women">Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1_Convention" title="Belém do Pará Convention">Belém do Pará Convention</a>, called for the end of violence and discrimination against women.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></li> <li>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_World_Conference_on_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth World Conference on Women">Fourth World Conference on Women</a>, the UN adopted the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Declaration" title="Beijing Declaration">Beijing Declaration</a> on 15 September 1995 – a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">resolution</a> adopted to promulgate a set of principles concerning gender equality.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1325" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325</a> (UNSRC 1325), which was adopted on 31 October 2000, deals with the rights and protection of women and girls during and after <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflicts</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Maputo Protocol</a> guarantees comprehensive rights to women, including the right to take part in the political process, to social and political equality with men, to control their <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a>, and an end to <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital cutting">female genital mutilation</a>. It was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in the form of a protocol to the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> and came into force in 2005.</li> <li>The EU <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directive</a> Directive 2002/73/EC – equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions states that: "Harassment and sexual harassment within the meaning of this Directive shall be deemed to be discrimination on the grounds of sex and therefore prohibited."<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Convention" title="Istanbul Convention">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence</a>, the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> came into force in 2014.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>'s Gender Equality Strategy 2014–2017, which has five strategic objectives:<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Combating <a href="/wiki/Gender_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender stereotypes">gender stereotypes</a> and sexism</li> <li>Preventing and combating <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a></li> <li>Guaranteeing Equal Access of Women to Justice</li> <li>Achieving balanced participation of women and men in political and public decision-making</li> <li>Achieving <a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender Mainstreaming</a> in all policies and measures</li></ul></dd></dl> Such <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> policies have been critical to bringing changes in societal attitudes. A 2015 Pew Research Center survey of citizens in 38 countries found that majorities in 37 of those 38 countries said that gender equality is at least "somewhat important", and a global median of 65% believe it is "very important" that women have the same rights as men.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Most occupations are now equally available to men and women, in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-20">[i]</a> Similarly, men are increasingly working in occupations which in previous generations had been considered <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_work" title="Women's work">women's work</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maid" title="Maid">cleaning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a>. In domestic situations, the role of <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> or child rearing is more commonly shared or not as widely considered to be an exclusively female role, so that women may be free to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">career</a> after <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Shared earning/shared parenting marriage</a>. Another manifestation of the change in social attitudes is the <a href="/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names#Feminism_and_preserving_one's_personal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Married and maiden names">non-automatic taking by a woman of her husband's surname on marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> A highly contentious issue relating to gender equality is the role of women in <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religiously orientated societies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[ii]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[iii]</a> Some Christians or Muslims believe in <a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a>, a view that holds that men and women have different but complementing roles. This view may be in opposition to the views and goals of gender equality. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>From the documentary <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Is_Not_a_Brothel" title="Ukraine Is Not a Brothel">Ukraine Is Not a Brothel</a>. Radical group <a href="/wiki/Femen" title="Femen">Femen</a> protest against the increase in <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Sex tourism in Ukraine">sex tourism</a> into Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> In addition, there are also non-Western countries of low religiosity where the contention surrounding gender equality remains. In China, a <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion_and_female_infanticide#Cultural_preference" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex-selective abortion and female infanticide">cultural preference for a male child</a> has resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Missing_women_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing women of Asia">shortfall of women</a> in the population. <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">The feminist movement in Japan</a> has made many strides which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Equality_Bureau" title="Gender Equality Bureau">Gender Equality Bureau</a>, but Japan still remains low in gender equality compared to other industrialized nations.Developing countries like Kenya, on the other hand, do not have official national statistics and have to rely on some gender-disaggregated statistics, usually funded by international organizations, for their analysis.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> The notion of gender equality, and of its degree of achievement in a certain country, is very complex because there are countries that have a history of a high level of gender equality in certain areas of life but not in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-28">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[v]</a> Indeed, there is a need for caution when categorizing countries by the level of gender equality that they have achieved.<a href="#cite_note-34">[21]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mala_Htun" title="Mala Htun">Mala Htun</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._Laurel_Weldon" title="S. Laurel Weldon">S. Laurel Weldon</a> "gender policy is not one issue but many" and:<a href="#cite_note-35">[22]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When Costa Rica has a better maternity leave than the United States, and Latin American countries are quicker to adopt policies addressing violence against women than the Nordic countries, one at least ought to consider the possibility that fresh ways of grouping states would further the study of gender politics.</blockquote> Not all beliefs relating to gender equality have been popularly adopted. For example, <a href="/wiki/Topfreedom" title="Topfreedom">topfreedom</a>, the right to be bare breasted in public, frequently applies only to males and has remained a marginal issue. <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_public" title="Breastfeeding in public">Breastfeeding in public</a> is now more commonly tolerated, especially in semi-private places such as restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-36">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Special_measures_for_gender_equality_in_the_United_Nations" title="Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations">Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations</a></div> It is the vision that men and women should be treated equally in <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social</a>, economic and all other aspects of society, and to not be <a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">discriminated against on the basis of their gender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[vi]</a> Gender equality is one of the objectives of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[24]</a> World bodies have defined gender equality in terms of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smart-40">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-MDG3-41">[26]</a> The United Nation's Millennium Development Goals Report states that their goal is to "achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women". Despite economic struggles in developing countries, the United Nations is still trying to promote gender equality, as well as help create a sustainable living environment is all its nations. Their goals also include giving women who work certain full-time jobs equal pay to the men with the same job. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_efforts_to_fight_inequality">Contemporary efforts to fight inequality</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">Gender inequality</a></div> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_for_Gender_Equality" title="European Institute for Gender Equality">European Institute for Gender Equality</a> (EIGE) in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to promote gender equality and to fight <a href="/wiki/Sex_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex discrimination">sex discrimination</a>. In 2015 the EU published the Gender Action Plan 2016–2020.<a href="#cite_note-GAP2016-42">[27]</a> Gender equality is part of the national curriculum in Great Britain and many other European countries. By presidential decree, the Republic of Kazakhstan created a Strategy for Gender Equality 2006–2016 to chart the subsequent decade of gender equality efforts.<a href="#cite_note-sgeinkz-43">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal,_social,_health_and_economic_education" title="Personal, social, health and economic education">Personal, social, health and economic education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> curricula tend to address gender equality issues as a very serious topic for discussion and analysis of its effect in society. A large and growing body of research has shown how gender inequality undermines health and development. To overcome gender inequality the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> states that women's empowerment and gender equality requires strategic interventions at all levels of programming and policy-making. These levels include reproductive health, economic empowerment, educational empowerment and political empowerment.<a href="#cite_note-44">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> says that "research has also demonstrated how working with men and boys as well as women and girls to promote gender equality contributes to achieving health and development outcomes."<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[30]</a> The extent to which national policy frameworks address gender issues improved over the past decade. National policies and budgets in East Africa and Latin America, for example, have increasingly highlighted structural gaps in access to land, inputs, services, finance and digital technology and included efforts to produce gender-responsive outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[31]</a> However, the extent to which agricultural policies specifically address gender equality and women's empowerment varies.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[31]</a> Even though more than 75 percent of agricultural policies that the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> analysed recognized women's roles and/or challenges in agriculture, only 19 percent had gender equality in agriculture or women's rights as explicit policy objectives. And only 13 percent encouraged rural women's participation in the policy cycle.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_of_gender_inequality_on_health">Effect of gender inequality on health</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_FGM_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Composite_FGM_world_map.svg/220px-Composite_FGM_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Composite_FGM_world_map.svg/330px-Composite_FGM_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Composite_FGM_world_map.svg/440px-Composite_FGM_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>A composite data map showing the percentage of women aged 15-49 who have undergone FGM. The source is UNICEF (2016), and a number of additional studies for countries outside Africa (with the exception of Indonesia) not surveyed by UNICEF. There is no data for the countries in grey</figcaption></figure>Social constructs of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> (that is, cultural ideals of socially acceptable <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>) often have a negative effect on health. The World Health Organization cites the example of women not being allowed to travel alone outside the home (to go to the hospital), and women being prevented by cultural norms to ask their husbands to use a condom, in cultures which simultaneously encourage male promiscuity, as social norms that harm <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">women's health</a>. Teenage boys suffering accidents due to social expectations of impressing their peers through <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk taking</a>, and men dying at much higher rate from <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, in cultures which link smoking to masculinity, are cited by the WHO as examples of gender norms negatively affecting <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health" title="Men's health">men's health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[32]</a> The World Health Organization has also stated that there is a strong connection between gender socialization and transmission and lack of adequate management of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100,000_live_births.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100%2C000_live_births.png/350px-Maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100%2C000_live_births.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100%2C000_live_births.png/525px-Maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100%2C000_live_births.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100%2C000_live_births.png/700px-Maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100%2C000_live_births.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maternal_mortality_ratio" title="List of countries by maternal mortality ratio">Maternal mortality ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> Certain cultural practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM), negatively affect women's health.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-50">[35]</a> Female genital mutilation is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. It is rooted in inequality between the sexes, and constitutes a form of discrimination against women.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-50">[35]</a> The practice is found in Africa,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.unfpa.org/data/fgm/KE">[1]</a> Asia and the Middle East, and among immigrant communities from countries in which FGM is common. The preference rate in Kenya is 21 per cent and an estimated 4 million girls and women have undergone FGM in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/profile-female-genital-mutilation-kenya">Kenya</a> with hot spot areas/ communities including the Kuria community both in Kenya and Tanzania border, Kisii, Maasai, Somali, Samburu and Kuria ethnic groups. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/news/taking-female-genital-mutilationcutting-out-cultural-mosaic-kenya#:~:text=But%20the%20practice%2C%20condemned%20by,prerequisite%20for%20a%20good%20marriage.">UNICEF</a> estimated in 2016 that 200 million women have undergone the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2016-51">[36]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/300px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/450px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/600px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a></figcaption></figure>According to the World Health Organization, gender equality can improve men's health. The study shows that traditional notions of masculinity have a big impact on men's health. Among European men, <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">non-communicable diseases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory illnesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, account for the vast majority of deaths of men aged 30–59 in Europe which are often linked to unhealthy diets, stress, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, and other habits, which the report connects to behaviors often stereotypically seen as masculine behaviors like heavy drinking and smoking. Traditional gender <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">stereotypes</a> that keep men in the role of <a href="/wiki/Breadwinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Breadwinner">breadwinner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination#Sex,_sex_characteristics,_gender,_and_gender_identity" title="Discrimination">systematic discrimination</a> preventing women from equally contributing to their households and participating in the workforce can put additional stress on men, increasing their risk of health issues, and men bolstered by <a href="/wiki/Cultural_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural norms">cultural norms</a> tend to take more risks and engage in <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal violence">interpersonal violence</a> more often than women, which could result in fatal injuries.<a href="#cite_note-52">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg/220px-MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg/330px-MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg/440px-MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>A map of the world showing murders per 100,000 population committed against women, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FGM_road_sign,_Bakau,_Gambia,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FGM_road_sign%2C_Bakau%2C_Gambia%2C_2005.jpg/250px-FGM_road_sign%2C_Bakau%2C_Gambia%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FGM_road_sign%2C_Bakau%2C_Gambia%2C_2005.jpg/375px-FGM_road_sign%2C_Bakau%2C_Gambia%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FGM_road_sign%2C_Bakau%2C_Gambia%2C_2005.jpg/500px-FGM_road_sign%2C_Bakau%2C_Gambia%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Anti-<a href="/wiki/FGM" class="mw-redirect" title="FGM">FGM</a> road sign, Bakau, Gambia, 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bound_feet_(X-ray).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bound_feet_%28X-ray%29.jpg/220px-Bound_feet_%28X-ray%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bound_feet_%28X-ray%29.jpg/330px-Bound_feet_%28X-ray%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bound_feet_%28X-ray%29.jpg/440px-Bound_feet_%28X-ray%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3709" data-file-height="2892" /></a><figcaption>An X-ray of two bound feet. <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">Foot binding</a> was practiced for centuries in China.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a> (VAW) is a technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women.<a href="#cite_note-56">[vii]</a> This type of violence is gender-based, meaning that the acts of violence are committed against women expressly because they are women, or as a result of patriarchal gender constructs.<a href="#cite_note-58">[viii]</a> Violence and mistreatment of women in marriage has come to international attention during the past decades. This includes both violence committed inside marriage (<a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>) as well as violence related to marriage customs and traditions (such as <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>). According to some theories, violence against women is often caused by the acceptance of violence by various cultural groups as a means of conflict resolution within intimate relationships. Studies on <a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a> victimization among ethnic minorities in the United Studies have consistently revealed that immigrants are a high-risk group for intimate violence.<a href="#cite_note-59">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[42]</a> In countries where gang murders, armed kidnappings, civil unrest, and other similar acts are rare, the vast majority of murdered women are killed by partners/ex-partners.<a href="#cite_note-62">[ix]</a> By contrast, in countries with a high level of organized criminal activity and gang violence, murders of women are more likely to occur in a public sphere, often in a general climate of indifference and impunity.<a href="#cite_note-:1-61">[43]</a> In addition, many countries do not have adequate comprehensive data collection on such murders, aggravating the problem.<a href="#cite_note-:1-61">[43]</a> In some parts of the world, various forms of violence against women are tolerated and accepted as parts of everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-64">[x]</a> In most countries, it is only in more recent decades that domestic violence against women has received significant legal attention. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Istanbul Convention</a> acknowledges the long tradition of European countries of ignoring this form of violence.<a href="#cite_note-66">[xi]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[xii]</a> In some cultures, acts of violence against women are seen as crimes against the male 'owners' of the woman, such as husband, father or male relatives, rather the woman herself. This leads to practices where men inflict violence upon women in order to get revenge on male members of the women's family.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-70">[44]</a> Such practices include <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape#Payback_rape" title="Types of rape">payback rape</a>, a form of rape specific to certain cultures, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>, which consists of the rape of a female, usually by a group of several males, as revenge for acts committed by members of her family, such as her father or brothers, with the rape being meant to humiliate the father or brothers, as punishment for their prior behavior towards the perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-71">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Posner" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Posner">Richard A. Posner</a> writes that "Traditionally, rape was the offense of depriving a father or husband of a valuable asset — his wife's chastity or his daughter's virginity".<a href="#cite_note-72">[46]</a> Historically, rape was seen in many cultures (and is still seen today in some societies) as a crime against the <a href="/wiki/Family_honor" title="Family honor">honor of the family</a>, rather than against the self-determination of the woman. As a result, victims of rape may face violence, in extreme cases even honor killings, at the hands of their family members.<a href="#cite_note-73">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a> argues that in male dominated societies, sexual intercourse is imposed on women in a coercive and unequal way, creating a continuum of victimization, where women have few positive sexual experiences.<a href="#cite_note-76">[xiii]</a> Socialization within rigid gender constructs often creates an environment where sexual violence is common.<a href="#cite_note-78">[xiv]</a> One of the challenges of dealing with sexual violence is that in many societies women are perceived as being readily available for sex, and men are seen as entitled to their bodies, until and unless women object.<a href="#cite_note-79">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[xv]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Types_of_VAW">Types of VAW</h5></div> Violence against women may be classified according to different approaches. <ul><li>WHO's life cycle typology:</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) has developed a typology of violence against women based on their cultural life cycles. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Phase</td> <td>Type of violence </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Pre-birth</td> <td>Sex-selective abortion; effects of battering during pregnancy on birth outcomes </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Infancy</td> <td>Female infanticide; physical, sexual and psychological abuse </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Girlhood</td> <td>Child marriage; female genital mutilation; physical, sexual and psychological abuse; incest; child prostitution and pornography </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Adolescence and adulthood</td> <td>Dating and courtship violence (e.g. acid throwing and date rape); economically coerced sex (e.g. school girls having sex with "sugar daddies" in return for school fees); incest; sexual abuse in the workplace; rape; sexual harassment; forced prostitution and pornography; trafficking in women; partner violence; marital rape; dowry abuse and murders; partner homicide; psychological abuse; abuse of women with disabilities; forced pregnancy </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Elderly</td> <td>Forced "suicide" or homicide of widows for economic reasons; sexual, physical and psychological abuse<a href="#cite_note-WHO_VAW-82">[51]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Significant progress towards the protection of women from violence has been made on international level as a product of collective effort of lobbying by many women's rights movements; international organizations to civil society groups. As a result, worldwide governments and international as well as civil society organizations actively work to combat violence against women through a variety of programs. Among the major achievements of the women's rights movements against violence on girls and women, the landmark accomplishments are the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a>" that implies "political will towards addressing VAW " and the legal binding agreement, "the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (<a href="/wiki/CEDAW" class="mw-redirect" title="CEDAW">CEDAW</a>)".<a href="#cite_note-83">[52]</a> In addition, the UN General Assembly resolution also designated 25 November as <a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women" title="International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women">International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[53]</a> <ul><li>The Lancet's over time typology:</li></ul> A typology similar to the WHO's from an article on violence against women published in the academic journal <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> shows the different types of violence perpetrated against women according to what time period in a women's life the violence takes place.<a href="#cite_note-VAM:_Global_scope_&_magnitude-85">[54]</a> However, it also classifies the types of violence according to the perpetrator. One important point to note is that more of the types of violence inflicted on women are perpetrated by someone the woman knows, either a family member or intimate partner, rather than a stranger. <ul><li>Council of Europe's nine forms of violence:</li></ul> The Gender Equality Commission of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> identifies nine forms of violence against women based on subject and context rather than life cycle or time period:<a href="#cite_note-Hagemann-White-86">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[56]</a> <ul><li>'Violence within the family or domestic violence'</li> <li>'Rape and sexual violence'</li> <li>'Sexual harassment'</li> <li>'Violence in institutional environments'</li> <li>'Female genital mutilation'</li> <li>'Forced marriages'</li> <li>'Violence in conflict and post-conflict situations'</li> <li>'Killings in the name of honour'</li> <li>'Failure to respect freedom of choice with regard to reproduction'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Violence_against_trans_women">Violence against trans women</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">Transgender women</a></div> Killings of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> individuals, especially transgender women, continue to rise yearly. 2020 saw a record 350 transgender individuals murdered, with means including suffocation and burning alive.<a href="#cite_note-88">[57]</a> In 2009, United States data showed that transgender people are likely to experience a broad range of violence in the entirety of their lifetime. Violence against trans women in Puerto Rico started to make headlines after being treated as "An Invisible Problem" decades before. It was reported at the 58th Convention of the Puerto Rican Association that many transgender women face institutional, emotional, and structural obstacles. Most trans women do not have access to health care for <a href="/wiki/STD_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="STD prevention">STD prevention</a> and are not educated on violence prevention, mental health, and social services that could benefit them.<a href="#cite_note-89">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans women</a> in the United States have been the subject of anti-trans stigma, which includes criminalization, dehumanization, and violence against those who identify as transgender. From a societal standpoint, a trans person can be victim to the stigma due to lack of family support, issues with health care and social services, <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, discrimination in the work place, cultural marginalisation, poverty, sexual assault, assault, bullying, and mental trauma. The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a> tracked over 128 cases[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] that ended in fatality against transgender people in the US from 2013 to 2018, of which eighty percent included a trans woman of color. In the US, high rates of <a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate Partner violence</a> impact trans women differently because they are facing discrimination from police and health providers, and alienation from family. In 2018, it was reported that 77 percent of transgender people who were linked to sex work and 72 percent of transgender people who were homeless, were victims of intimate partner violence.<a href="#cite_note-90">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproductive_and_sexual_health_and_rights">Reproductive and sexual health and rights</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">Reproductive health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">Forced sterilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_pregnancy" title="Forced pregnancy">Forced pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/220px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/330px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/440px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Global maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births (2010)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-91">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maternal_health_(4798750001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Maternal_health_%284798750001%29.jpg/220px-Maternal_health_%284798750001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Maternal_health_%284798750001%29.jpg/330px-Maternal_health_%284798750001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Maternal_health_%284798750001%29.jpg/440px-Maternal_health_%284798750001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> launched free healthcare for pregnant and breastfeeding women</figcaption></figure> The importance of women having the right and possibility to have control over their body, reproduction decisions, and sexuality, and the need for gender equality in order to achieve these goals are recognized as crucial by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_World_Conference_on_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth World Conference on Women">Fourth World Conference on Women</a> in Beijing and the UN <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a> Program of Action. The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that promotion of gender equality is crucial in the fight against <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">Maternal mortality</a> is a major problem in many parts of the world. <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> states that countries have an obligation to protect women's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a>, but many countries do not do that.<a href="#cite_note-:3-92">[61]</a> Maternal mortality is considered today not just an issue of development but also an issue of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[xvi]</a> The right to reproductive and sexual autonomy is denied to women in many parts of the world, through practices such as <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a>, forced/coerced sexual partnering (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>), criminalization of consensual sexual acts (such as <a href="/wiki/Sex_outside_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex outside marriage">sex outside marriage</a>), lack of criminalization of <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>, violence in regard to the choice of partner (<a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a> as punishment for 'inappropriate' relations).<a href="#cite_note-96">[xvii]</a> The sexual health of women is often poor in societies where a woman's right to control her sexuality is not recognized.<a href="#cite_note-98">[xviii]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">Adolescent</a> girls have the highest risk of sexual coercion, sexual ill health, and negative reproductive outcomes. The risks they face are higher than those of boys and men; this increased risk is partly due to gender inequity (different socialization of boys and girls, gender based violence, child marriage) and partly due to biological factors.<a href="#cite_note-100">[xix]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Family_planning_and_abortion">Family planning and abortion</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_(bad_effects).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/220px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/330px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/440px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>Placard showing negative effects of lack of family planning and having too many <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a> is the practice of freely deciding the number of children one has and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of contraception or voluntary sterilization. Abortion is the induced termination of pregnancy. <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion laws</a> vary significantly by country. The availability of contraception, sterilization and abortion is dependent on laws, as well as social, cultural and religious norms. Some countries have liberal laws regarding these issues, but in practice it is very difficult to access such services due to doctors, pharmacists and other social and medical workers being <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[63]</a> Family planning is particularly important from a women's rights perspective, as having very many pregnancies, especially in areas where malnutrition is present, can seriously endanger women's health. UNFA writes that "Family planning is central to gender equality and women's empowerment, and it is a key factor in reducing poverty".<a href="#cite_note-103">[64]</a> Family planning is often opposed by governments who have strong <a href="/wiki/Natalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalist">natalist</a> policies. During the 20th century, such examples have included the aggressive natalist policies from <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">communist Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Albania">communist Albania</a>. State mandated <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> was also practiced by some authoritarian governments as a way to meet population targets: the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> systematically forced people into marriages, in order to increase the population and continue the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-104">[65]</a> By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/One_child_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One child policy">one-child policy</a> of China (1979–2015) included punishments for families with more than one child and <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortions</a>. The fine is so-called "social maintenance fee" and it is the punishment for the families who have more than one child. According to the policy, the families who violate the law may bring the burden to the whole sociey. Therefore, the social maintenance fee will be used for the operation of the basic government.<a href="#cite_note-105">[66]</a> Some governments have sought to prevent certain ethnic or social groups from reproduction. Such policies were carried out against ethnic minorities in Europe and North America in the 20th century, and more recently in Latin America against the Indigenous population in the 1990s; in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> (in office from 1990 to 2000) has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> as a result of a sterilization program put in place by his administration targeting indigenous people (mainly the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymaras</a>).<a href="#cite_note-106">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Investigation_and_prosecution_of_crimes_against_women_and_girls">Investigation and prosecution of crimes against women and girls</h4></div> Human rights organizations have expressed concern about the legal <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a> of perpetrators of crimes against women, with such crimes being often ignored by authorities.<a href="#cite_note-107">[68]</a> This is especially the case with murders of women in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[71]</a> In particular, there is impunity in regard to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[xx]</a> Women are often, in law or in practice, unable to access legal institutions. UN Women has said that: "Too often, justice institutions, including the police and the courts, deny women justice".<a href="#cite_note-113">[72]</a> Often, women are denied legal recourse because the state institutions themselves are structured and operate in ways incompatible with genuine justice for women who experience violence.<a href="#cite_note-115">[xxi]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harmful_traditional_practices">Harmful traditional practices</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Say_no_to_dowry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/220px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/330px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/440px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>Anti-dowry poster in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore, India">Bangalore</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2016.svg/260px-FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2016.svg/390px-FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2016.svg/520px-FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>FGM in Africa, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen, as of 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Special:FilePath/AfricaCIA-HiRes.jpg" title="Special:FilePath/AfricaCIA-HiRes.jpg">map of Africa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2016-51">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> "Harmful traditional practices" refer to forms of violence which are committed in certain communities often enough to become cultural practice, and accepted for that reason. Young women are the main victims of such acts, although men can also be affected.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Traditional-116">[73]</a> They occur in an environment where women and girls have unequal rights and opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-117">[74]</a> These practices include, according to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-117">[74]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM); forced feeding of women; early marriage; the various taboos or practices which prevent women from controlling their own fertility; nutritional taboos and traditional birth practices; son preference and its implications for the status of the girl child; female infanticide; early pregnancy; and dowry price</blockquote> Son preference refers to a cultural preference for sons over daughters, and manifests itself through practices such as sex selective abortion; female infanticide; or abandonment, neglect or abuse of girl-children.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-117">[74]</a> Abuses regarding nutrition are taboos in regard to certain foods, which result in poor nutrition of women, and may endanger their health, especially if pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-117">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system in India</a> which leads to <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a> (the practice of ostracizing a group by segregating them from the mainstream society) often interacts with gender discrimination, leading to a double discrimination faced by <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> women.<a href="#cite_note-118">[75]</a> In a 2014 survey, 27% of Indians admitted to practicing untouchability.<a href="#cite_note-119">[76]</a> Traditional customs regarding birth sometimes endanger the mothers. Births in parts of Africa are often attended by traditional birth attendants (TBAs), who sometimes perform rituals that are dangerous to the health of the mother. In many societies, a difficult labour is believed to be a divine punishment for marital infidelity, and such women face abuse and are pressured to "confess" to the infidelity.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-117">[74]</a> Tribal traditions can be harmful to males; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Satere-Mawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Satere-Mawe">Satere-Mawe</a> tribe use <a href="/wiki/Bullet_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet ant">bullet ants</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rite">initiation rite</a>. Men must wear gloves with hundreds of bullet ants woven in for ten minutes: the ants' stings cause severe pain and paralysis. This experience must be completed twenty times for boys to be considered "warriors".<a href="#cite_note-120">[77]</a> Other harmful traditional practices include <a href="/wiki/Marriage_by_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage by abduction">marriage by abduction</a>, ritualized <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trokosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Trokosi">Trokosi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">breast ironing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">widow inheritance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Female_genital_mutilation">Female genital mutilation</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campaign_road_sign_against_female_genital_mutilation_(cropped)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Campaign_road_sign_against_female_genital_mutilation_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/220px-Campaign_road_sign_against_female_genital_mutilation_%28cropped%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Campaign_road_sign_against_female_genital_mutilation_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/330px-Campaign_road_sign_against_female_genital_mutilation_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Campaign_road_sign_against_female_genital_mutilation_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/440px-Campaign_road_sign_against_female_genital_mutilation_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Road sign near <a href="/wiki/Kapchorwa" title="Kapchorwa">Kapchorwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> regard the practice of <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> as "a manifestation of deeply entrenched gender inequality. It persists for many reasons. In some societies, for example, it is considered a rite of passage. In others, it is seen as a prerequisite for marriage. In some communities – whether Christian, Jewish, Muslim – the practice may even be attributed to religious beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-125">[82]</a> An estimated 125 million women and girls living today have undergone FGM in the 29 countries where data exist. Of these, about half live in Egypt and Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[83]</a> It is most commonly carried out on girls between infancy and 15 years old.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Traditional-116">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage">Forced marriage and child marriage</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_(14498368279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg/200px-Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg/300px-Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg/400px-Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Poster against child and forced marriage</figcaption></figure> Early marriage, child marriage or <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> is prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa. The majority of victims seeking advice are female and aged between 18 and 23.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Traditional-116">[73]</a> Such marriages can have harmful effects on a girl's education and development, and may expose girls to social isolation or abuse.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-117">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[85]</a> The 2013 UN Resolution on Child, Early and Forced Marriage calls for an end to the practice, and states that "Recognizing that child, early and forced marriage is a harmful practice that violates abuses, or impairs human rights and is linked to and perpetuates other harmful practices and human rights violations, that these violations have a disproportionately negative impact on women and girls [...]".<a href="#cite_note-129">[86]</a> Despite a near-universal commitment by governments to end child marriage, "one in three girls in developing countries (excluding China) will probably be married before they are 18."<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org2-130">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> states that, "over 67 million women 20–24 year old in 2010 had been married as girls. Half were in Asia, one-fifth in Africa. In the next decade 14.2 million girls under 18 will be married every year; this translates into 39,000 girls married each day. This will rise to an average of 15.1 million girls a year, starting in 2021 until 2030, if present trends continue."<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org2-130">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bride_price">Bride price</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> (also called bridewealth or bride token) is money, property, or other form of wealth paid by a groom or his family to the parents of the bride. This custom often leads to women having reduced ability to control their fertility. For instance, in northern Ghana, the payment of bride price signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face threats, violence and reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-131">[88]</a> The custom of bride price has been criticized as contributing to the mistreatment of women in marriage, and preventing them from leaving abusive marriages. <a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> recommended its abolition, and stated that: "Legislation should ... State that divorce shall not be contingent upon the return of bride price but such provisions shall not be interpreted to limit women's right to divorce; State that a perpetrator of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, including marital rape, cannot use the fact that he paid bride price as a defence to a domestic violence charge."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-70">[44]</a> The custom of bride price can also curtail the free movement of women: if a wife wants to leave her husband, he may demand back the bride price that he had paid to the woman's family; and the woman's family often cannot or does not want to pay it back, making it difficult for women to move out of violent husbands' homes.<a href="#cite_note-132">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_public_policy">Economy and public policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_empowerment_of_women">Economic empowerment of women</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female_economic_activity" title="Female economic activity">Female economic activity</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bar graph showing the gender pay gap in European countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png/300px-EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png/450px-EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png/600px-EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a> in average gross hourly earnings in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member states, according to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> 2014<a href="#cite_note-EC_stats-135">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</figcaption></figure> Promoting gender equality is seen as an encouragement to greater <a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">economic prosperity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smart-40">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[xxii]</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_economic_activity" title="Female economic activity">Female economic activity</a> is a common measure of gender equality in an economy.<a href="#cite_note-139">[xxiii]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm/220px--Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="167" data-mwtitle="Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm/Why_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWhy_diversity_is_important_in_local_government.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A government video: Why substantive equality is important in local government</figcaption></figure> Gender discrimination often results in women obtaining low-wage jobs and being disproportionately affected by poverty, discrimination and exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-unwomen.org-138">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[xxiv]</a> A growing body of research documents what works to economically empower women, from providing access to formal financial services to training on agricultural and business management practices, though more research is needed across a variety of contexts to confirm the effectiveness of these interventions.<a href="#cite_note-141">[94]</a> Gender biases also exist in product and service provision.<a href="#cite_note-:0-142">[95]</a> The term "Women's Tax", also known as "<a href="/wiki/Pink_tax" title="Pink tax">Pink Tax</a>", refers to gendered pricing in which products or services marketed to women are more expensive than similar products marketed to men. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender-based_price_discrimination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender-based price discrimination (page does not exist)">Gender-based price discrimination</a> involves companies selling almost identical units of the same product or service at comparatively different prices, as determined by the target market. Studies have found that women pay about $1,400 a year more than men due to gendered discriminatory pricing. Although the "pink tax" of different goods and services is not uniform, overall women pay more for commodities that result in visual evidence of feminine body image.<a href="#cite_note-143">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[xxv]</a> In addition, gender wage gap is a phenomenon of gender biases. That means women do the same job or work with their male counterpart, but they could not receive the same salary or opportunity at workforce.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-5">[4]</a> Across the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, for example, since women continue to hold lower-paying jobs, they earn 13% less than men on average. According to European Quality of Life Survey and European Working Conditions Survey data, women in the European Union work more hours but for less pay. Adult men (including the retired) work an average of 23 hours per week, compared to 15 hours for women. Women continue to earn around 25% less than males. Almost a billion women are unable to obtain loans to establish a company or create a bank account in order to save money.<a href="#cite_note-:02-145">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-146">[98]</a> Increasing women's equality in banking and the workplace might boost the global economy by up to $28 trillion by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-:03-147">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-145">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-146">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[100]</a> Funding is becoming more available for this, for example with the European Investment Bank establishing the SheInvest program in 2020 with the goal of raising €1 billion in investments to assist women in obtaining loans and running enterprises across Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:03-147">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[101]</a> The European Investment Bank funded an additional €2 billion in gender-lens investment in Africa, Asia, and Latin America at the Finance in Common Summit at the end of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:03-147">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gendered_arrangements_of_work_and_care">Gendered arrangements of work and care</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_work" title="Women's work">Women's work</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></div> Since the 1950s, social scientists as well as feminists have increasingly criticized gendered arrangements of work and care and the male breadwinner role. Policies are increasingly targeting men as fathers as a tool of changing gender relations.<a href="#cite_note-152">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Shared earning/shared parenting marriage</a>, that is, a relationship where the partners collaborate at sharing their responsibilities inside and outside of the home, is often encouraged in Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-Vachon-153">[105]</a> Western countries with a strong emphasis on women fulfilling the role of homemakers, rather than a professional role, include parts of German speaking Europe (i.e. parts of Germany, Austria and Switzerland); as well as the Netherlands and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-155">[xxvi]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[xxvii]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[xxviii]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[xxix]</a> In the computer technology world of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bowles" title="Nellie Bowles">Nellie Bowles</a> has covered harassment and bias against women as well as a backlash against female equality.<a href="#cite_note-twsNYTimes11-163">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsWillamette101-164">[107]</a> Females are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) at all levels of society. Fewer females are completing STEM school subjects, graduating with STEM degrees, being employed as STEM professionals, and holding senior leadership and academic positions in STEM. This problem is exacerbated by the gender pay gap; family role expectations; lack of visible role models or mentors; discrimination and harassment; and bias in hiring and promotion practices.<a href="#cite_note-165">[108]</a> A key issue towards insuring gender equality in the workplace is the respecting of <a href="/wiki/Maternity_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity rights">maternity rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> of women.<a href="#cite_note-166">[109]</a> Different countries have different rules regarding <a href="/wiki/Maternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity leave">maternity leave</a>, paternity leave and <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">parental leave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[xxx]</a> Another important issue is ensuring that employed women are not <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> or <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> prevented from having a child.<a href="#cite_note-170">[xxxi]</a> In some countries, employers ask women to sign formal or informal documents stipulating that they will not get pregnant or face legal punishment.<a href="#cite_note-171">[110]</a> Women often face severe violations of their reproductive rights at the hands of their employers; and the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> classifies <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortion</a> coerced by the employer as <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">labour exploitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[xxxii]</a> Other abuses include routine <a href="/wiki/Virginity_test" title="Virginity test">virginity tests</a> of unmarried employed women.<a href="#cite_note-175">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave#Effects_on_gender_equality" title="Parental leave">Effect of parental leave policies on gender equality</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gendered_arrangements_of_conscription">Gendered arrangements of conscription</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Drafting_of_women" title="Conscription">Conscription § Drafting of women</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></div> Military and conscription has been historically generally gender inequal.<a href="#cite_note-177">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[115]</a> Increasingly women are <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion#Social_inclusion" title="Social exclusion">included</a> in the military.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-179">[116]</a> Currently only a few countries in the world, including Norway and Sweden, have gender-equal formal rules for conscription.<a href="#cite_note-:4b-180">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_Equality_Index" title="Gender Equality Index">Gender Equality Indices</a> have been criticized for neglecting conscription as a source of formal gender inequality.<a href="#cite_note-h625-181">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_movement">Freedom of movement</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Women_Wearing_Burkas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Group_of_Women_Wearing_Burkas.jpg/220px-Group_of_Women_Wearing_Burkas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Group_of_Women_Wearing_Burkas.jpg/330px-Group_of_Women_Wearing_Burkas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Group_of_Women_Wearing_Burkas.jpg/440px-Group_of_Women_Wearing_Burkas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Women in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqas</a>. Some clothes that women are required to wear, by law or custom, can restrict their movements.</figcaption></figure> The degree to which women can participate (in law and in practice) in public life varies by culture and socioeconomic characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Seclusion" title="Seclusion">Seclusion</a> of women within the home was a common practice among the <a href="/wiki/Upper_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper classes">upper classes</a> of many societies, and this still remains the case today in some societies. Before the 20th century it was also common in parts of Southern Europe, such as much of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-182">[119]</a> Women's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> continues to be legally restricted in some parts of the world. This restriction is often due to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage laws">marriage laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[xxxiii]</a> In some countries, women must legally be accompanied by their male guardians (such as the husband or male relative) when they leave home.<a href="#cite_note-185">[120]</a> The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) states at Article 15 (4) that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">4. States Parties shall accord to men and women the same rights with regard to the law relating to the movement of persons and the freedom to choose their residence and domicile.<a href="#cite_note-186">[121]</a></blockquote> In addition to laws, women's freedom of movement is also restricted by social and religious norms.<a href="#cite_note-188">[xxxiv]</a> Restrictions on freedom of movement also exist due to traditional practices such as <a href="/wiki/Baad_(practice)" title="Baad (practice)">baad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swara_(custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara (custom)">swara</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vani_(custom)" title="Vani (custom)">vani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[xxxv]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Girls'_access_to_education">Girls' access to education</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and education">Gender and education</a></div> In many parts of the world, girls' access to education is very restricted. In developing parts of the world women are often denied opportunities for education as girls and women face many obstacles. These include: early and forced marriages; early pregnancy; prejudice based on gender stereotypes at home, at school and in the community; violence on the way to school, or in and around schools; long distances to schools; vulnerability to the HIV epidemic; school fees, which often lead to parents sending only their sons to school; lack of gender sensitive approaches and materials in classrooms.<a href="#cite_note-195">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[125]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a>, there have been multiple attacks on schools worldwide during the period 2009–2014 with "a number of these attacks being specifically directed at girls, parents and teachers advocating for gender equality in education".<a href="#cite_note-198">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> says:<a href="#cite_note-199">[127]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">About two thirds of the world's <a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender disparities in literacy">illiterate</a> adults are women. Lack of an education severely restricts a woman's access to information and opportunities. Conversely, increasing women's and girls' educational attainment benefits both individuals and future generations. Higher levels of women's education are strongly associated with lower infant mortality and lower fertility, as well as better outcomes for their children.</blockquote>According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, extreme exclusion still characterizes some countries, and pockets of exclusion remain in others. In Afghanistan, where girls have been banned again from secondary schools, there had been rapid progress in completion rates. For example, girls' primary completion increased from 8% in 2000 to 56% in 2020, although the gender gap remained at 20 percentage points. In some provinces, such as Uruzgan, just 1% of girls completed primary in 2015. A 20 percentage point gender gap in access to upper secondary education is also observed in sub-Saharan African countries, including Chad and Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-200">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_participation_of_women">Political participation of women</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_which_have_had_female_Heads_of_State_and_Government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Countries_which_have_had_female_Heads_of_State_and_Government.svg/250px-Countries_which_have_had_female_Heads_of_State_and_Government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Countries_which_have_had_female_Heads_of_State_and_Government.svg/375px-Countries_which_have_had_female_Heads_of_State_and_Government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Countries_which_have_had_female_Heads_of_State_and_Government.svg/500px-Countries_which_have_had_female_Heads_of_State_and_Government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Map showing countries which since independence have had (counting <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governors-General</a> as heads of state, but excluding monarchs): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Female head of government<a href="#cite_note-Peru-201">[b]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Female head of state<a href="#cite_note-Andorra-202">[c]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Female head of state/government (combined)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Female head of state and female head of government</div> Three former sovereign states (<a href="/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl" title="Sabine Bergmann-Pohl">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khertek_Anchimaa-Toka" title="Khertek Anchimaa-Toka">Tannu Tuva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milka_Planinc" title="Milka Planinc">Yugoslavia</a>) have also had a female Head of State or Head of Government</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map3.8Government_Participation_by_Women_compressed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map3.8Government_Participation_by_Women_compressed.jpg/220px-Map3.8Government_Participation_by_Women_compressed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map3.8Government_Participation_by_Women_compressed.jpg/330px-Map3.8Government_Participation_by_Women_compressed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map3.8Government_Participation_by_Women_compressed.jpg/440px-Map3.8Government_Participation_by_Women_compressed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>A world map showing countries governmental participation by women, 2010</figcaption></figure> Women are underrepresented in most countries' National Parliaments.<a href="#cite_note-203">[129]</a> The 2011 UN General Assembly resolution on women's political participation called for female participation in politics, and expressed concern about the fact that "women in every part of the world continue to be largely marginalized from the political sphere".<a href="#cite_note-204">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[xxxvi]</a> Only 22 percent of parliamentarians globally are women and therefore, men continue to occupy most positions of political and legal authority.<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org1-7">[6]</a> As of November 2014, women accounted for 28% of members of the single or lower houses of parliaments in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.<a href="#cite_note-207">[XXXVII]</a> In some Western countries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] women have only recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">obtained the right to vote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[xxxvii]</a> In 2015, 61.3% of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower House</a> of Parliament were women, the highest proportion anywhere in the world, but worldwide that was one of only two such bodies where women were in the majority, the other being <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>'s Lower House of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-IPU2015a-211">[132]</a> (See also <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Rwanda" title="Gender equality in Rwanda">Gender equality in Rwanda</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage,_divorce_and_property_laws_and_regulations">Marriage, divorce and property laws and regulations</h4></div> Equal rights for women in marriage, divorce, and property/land ownership and inheritance are essential for gender equality. The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has called for the end of discriminatory <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[133]</a> In 2013, UN Women stated that "While at least 115 countries recognize equal land rights for women and men, effective implementation remains a major challenge".<a href="#cite_note-213">[134]</a> The legal and social treatment of married women has been often discussed as a political issue from the 19th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-215">[xxxviii]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[xxxix]</a> Until the 1970s, legal subordination of married women was common across European countries, through <a href="/wiki/Marriage_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage laws">marriage laws</a> giving legal authority to the husband, as well as through <a href="/wiki/Marriage_bar" title="Marriage bar">marriage bars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[xl]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[xli]</a> In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> passed the Resolution (78) 37 on equality of spouses in civil law.<a href="#cite_note-223">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> was one of the last countries in Europe to establish gender equality in marriage, in this country married women's rights were severely restricted until 1988, when legal reforms providing for gender equality in marriage, abolishing the legal authority of the husband, come into force (these reforms had been approved in 1985 by voters in a <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">referendum</a>, who narrowly voted in favor with 54.7% of voters approving).<a href="#cite_note-224">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-227">[139]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, it was only in 1984 that full legal equality between husband and wife was achieved: prior to 1984 the law stipulated that the husband's opinion prevailed over the wife's regarding issues such as decisions on children's education and the domicile of the family.<a href="#cite_note-228">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[142]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a wife's legal subordination to her husband was fully ended by the case of <a href="/wiki/Kirchberg_v._Feenstra" title="Kirchberg v. Feenstra">Kirchberg v. Feenstra</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_450" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 450">450</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 455 (1981), a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> case in which the Court held a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> <a href="/wiki/Head_and_Master_law" title="Head and Master law">Head and Master law</a>, which gave sole control of marital property to the husband, unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-231">[143]</a> There have been and sometimes continue to be unequal treatment of married women in various aspects of everyday life. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, until 1983 a husband had to authorize an application for an <a href="/wiki/Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Australian passport</a> for a married woman.<a href="#cite_note-232">[144]</a> Other practices have included, and in many countries continue to include, a requirement for a husband's consent for an application for bank loans and credit cards by a married woman, as well as restrictions on the wife's <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>, such as a requirement that the husband consents to the wife's acquiring <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> or having an <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[146]</a> In some places, although the law itself no longer requires the consent of the husband for various actions taken by the wife, the practice continues <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>, with the authorization of the husband being asked in practice.<a href="#cite_note-235">[147]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> is today mainly associated with <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the practice has been common until the mid-20th century in parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[xlii]</a> Laws regulating marriage and divorce continue to discriminate against women in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-239">[xliii]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> husbands have a legal right to "punish" their wives, with paragraph 41 of the criminal code stating that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right.<a href="#cite_note-241">[xliv]</a> In the 1990s and the 21st century there has been progress in many countries in Africa: for instance in Namibia the <a href="/wiki/Marital_power" title="Marital power">marital power</a> of the husband was abolished in 1996 by the Married Persons Equality Act; in Botswana it was abolished in 2004 by the Abolition of Marital Power Act; and in Lesotho it was abolished in 2006 by the Married Persons Equality Act.<a href="#cite_note-242">[148]</a> Violence against a wife continues to be seen as legally acceptable in some countries; for instance in 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> Supreme Court ruled that a man has the right to physically discipline his wife and children as long as he does not leave physical marks.<a href="#cite_note-243">[149]</a> The criminalization of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> has been criticized as being a prohibition, which, in law or in practice, is used primarily against women; and incites violence against women (<a href="/wiki/Crimes_of_passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes of passion">crimes of passion</a>, honor killings).<a href="#cite_note-246">[xlv]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_ideological">Social and ideological</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_gender_equality">Political gender equality</h4></div> Two recent movements in countries with large Kurdish populations have implemented political gender equality. One has been the Kurdish movement in southeastern Turkey led by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">Democratic Regions Party</a> (DBP) and the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP), from 2006 or before. The mayorships of 2 metropolitan areas and 97 towns[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] are led jointly by a man and a woman, both called co-mayors. Party offices are also led by a man and a woman. Local councils were formed, which also had to be co-presided over by a man and a woman together. However, in November 2016 the Turkish government cracked down on the HDP, jailing ten of its members of Parliament, including the party's male and female co-leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Nordland-247">[150]</a> A movement in northern Syria, also Kurdish, has been led by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD).<a href="#cite_note-Mogelson-248">[151]</a> In northern Syria all villages, towns and cities governed by the PYD were co-governed by a man and a woman. Local councils were formed where each sex had to have 40% representation, and minorities also had to be represented.<a href="#cite_note-Mogelson-248">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_stereotypes">Gender stereotypes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bettie_Page_driving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Series of photographs lampooning women drivers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bettie_Page_driving.jpg/300px-Bettie_Page_driving.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bettie_Page_driving.jpg/450px-Bettie_Page_driving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bettie_Page_driving.jpg/600px-Bettie_Page_driving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>1952 portrayal of stereotypes about women drivers, based on the stereotype that women cannot drive well. Features <a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a>.</figcaption></figure> Gender <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> arise from the socially approved roles of women and men in the private or public sphere, at home or in the workplace. In the household, women are typically seen as mother figures, which usually places them into a typical classification of being "supportive" or "nurturing". Women are expected to want to take on the role of a mother and take on primary responsibility for household needs.<a href="#cite_note-249">[152]</a> Their male counterparts are seen as being "assertive" or "ambitious" as men are usually seen in the workplace or as the primary breadwinner for his family.<a href="#cite_note-auto-250">[153]</a> Due to these views and expectations, women often face discrimination in the public sphere, such as the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-auto-250">[153]</a> Women are stereotyped to be less productive at work because they are believed to focus more on family when they get married or have children.<a href="#cite_note-251">[154]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> is a set of societal <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norms</a> dictating the types of behaviors which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their sex. Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>, although there are <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">exceptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genderqueer" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderqueer">variations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portrayal_of_women_in_the_media">Portrayal of women in the media</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women in mass media</a></div> The way women are represented in the media has been criticized as perpetuating negative gender stereotypes. The <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">exploitation of women in mass media</a> refers to the criticisms that are levied against the use or objectification of women in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, when such use or portrayal aims at increasing the appeal of media or a product, to the detriment of, or without regard to, the interests of the women portrayed, or women in general. Concerns include the fact that all forms of media have the power to shape the population's perceptions and portray images of unrealistic stereotypical perceptions by portraying women either as submissive housewives or as sex objects.<a href="#cite_note-252">[155]</a> The media emphasizes traditional domestic or sexual roles that normalize violence against women. The vast array of studies that have been conducted on the issue of the portrayal of women in the media have shown that women are often portrayed as irrational, fragile, not intelligent, submissive and subservient to men.<a href="#cite_note-Acevedo_2010-253">[156]</a> Research has shown that stereotyped images such as these have been shown to negatively impact on the mental health of many female viewers who feel bound by these roles, causing amongst other problems, self-esteem issues, depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Acevedo_2010-253">[156]</a> According to a study, the way women are often portrayed by the media can lead to: "Women of average or normal appearance feeling inadequate or less beautiful in comparison to the overwhelming use of extraordinarily attractive women"; "Increase in the likelihood and acceptance of sexual violence"; "Unrealistic expectations by men of how women should look or behave"; "Psychological disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder, anorexia, bulimia and so on"; "The importance of physical appearance is emphasized and reinforced early in most girls' development." Studies have found that nearly half of females ages six–eight have stated they want to be slimmer. (Striegel-Moore & Franko, 2002)".<a href="#cite_note-254">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statistics_on_women's_representation_in_the_media">Statistics on women's representation in the media</h4></div> <ul><li>Women have won only a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer prizes</a> for foreign reporting and only 17 per cent of awards of the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn_Prize_for_Journalism" title="Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism">Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[159]</a> In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a> began sponsoring a category for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's Rights</a> in Africa, designed to promote gender equality through the media, as one of the prizes awarded annually by <a href="/wiki/One_World_Media" title="One World Media">One World Media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[160]</a></li> <li>Created in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO/Guillermo_Cano_World_Press_Freedom_Prize" title="UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize">UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize</a> is an annual award that honors a person, organization or institution that has made a notable contribution to the defense and/or promotion of press freedom anywhere in the world. Nine out of 20 winners have been women.<a href="#cite_note-:22-258">[161]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Poynter_Institute" title="Poynter Institute">Poynter Institute</a> since 2014 has been running a Leadership Academy for Women in Digital Media, expressly focused on the skills and knowledge needed to achieve success in the digital media environment.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Newspapers_and_News_Publishers" title="World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers">World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers</a> (WAN-IFRA), which represents more than 18,000 publications, 15,000 online sites and more than 3,000 companies in more than 120 countries, leads the Women in the News (WIN) campaign together with UNESCO as part of their Gender and Media Freedom Strategy. In their 2016 handbook, WINing Strategies: Creating Stronger Media Organizations by Increasing Gender Diversity, they highlight a range of positive action strategies undertaken by a number of their member organizations from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, with the intention of providing blueprints for others to follow.<a href="#cite_note-259">[162]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Informing_women_of_their_rights">Informing women of their rights</h4></div> While in many countries, the problem lies in the lack of adequate legislation, in others the principal problem is not as much the lack of a legal framework, but the fact that most women do not know their legal rights. This is especially the case as many of the laws dealing with women's rights are of recent date. This lack of knowledge enables to abusers to lead the victims (explicitly or implicitly) to believe that their abuse is within their rights. This may apply to a wide range of abuses, ranging from domestic violence to employment discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-260">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[164]</a> The United Nations Development Programme states that, in order to advance gender justice, "Women must know their rights and be able to access legal systems".<a href="#cite_note-262">[165]</a> The 1993 UN <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> states at Art. 4 (d) [...] "States should also inform women of their rights in seeking redress through such mechanisms".<a href="#cite_note-263">[166]</a> Enacting protective legislation against violence has little effect, if women do not know how to use it: for example a study of Bedouin women in Israel found that 60% did not know what a <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">restraining order</a> was;<a href="#cite_note-264">[167]</a> or if they do not know what acts are illegal: a report by Amnesty International showed in Hungary, in a public opinion poll of nearly 1,200 people in 2006, a total of 62% did not know that marital rape was an illegal (it was outlawed in 1997) and therefore the crime was rarely reported.<a href="#cite_note-265">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[169]</a> Ensuring women have a minimum understanding of health issues is also important: lack of access to reliable medical information and available medical procedures to which they are entitled hurts <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">women's health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></div> Gender mainstreaming is described as the <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> of assessing the different implications for women and men of any planned <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> action, including <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Program_(management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Program (management)">programmes</a>, in all areas and levels, with the aim of achieving gender equality.<a href="#cite_note-268">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[172]</a> The concept of gender mainstreaming was first proposed at the 1985 Third World Conference on Women in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. The idea has been developed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> development community.<a href="#cite_note-270">[173]</a> Gender mainstreaming "involves ensuring that gender perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities".<a href="#cite_note-271">[174]</a> According to the Council of Europe definition: "Gender mainstreaming is the (re)organization, improvement, development and evaluation of policy processes, so that a gender equality perspective is incorporated in all policies at all levels and at all stages, by the actors normally involved in policy-making."<a href="#cite_note-coe.int-205">[131]</a> An integrated gender mainstreaming approach is "the attempt to form alliances and common platforms that bring together the power of faith and gender-equality aspirations to advance human rights."<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org3-272">[175]</a> For example, "in Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> conducted a study on gender equality by comparing the text of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women with some widely recognized Islamic references and resources. The results reflect the parallels between the Convention and many tenets of Islamic scripture and practice. The study showcased specific issues, including VAW, child marriage, respect for the dignity of women, and equality in the economic and political participation of women. The study was later used to produce training materials geared towards sensitizing religious leaders."<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org3-272">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_biases">Gender biases</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midsommarkransar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Midsommarkransar.jpg/220px-Midsommarkransar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Midsommarkransar.jpg/330px-Midsommarkransar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Midsommarkransar.jpg/440px-Midsommarkransar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>There is controversy with regard to ideologies according to which <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and Western feminism should be considered the international standard to be followed by the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[176]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malleus_maleficarum,_K%C3%B6ln_1520,_Titelseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg/220px-Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg/330px-Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg/440px-Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> ideology responsible for persecution of women:<a href="#cite_note-274">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a>, a book endorsing the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">extermination of witches</a>. The book was written by the German Catholic clergyman <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appenzell_Innerrhoden_in_Switzerland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Appenzell_Innerrhoden_in_Switzerland.png/220px-Appenzell_Innerrhoden_in_Switzerland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Appenzell_Innerrhoden_in_Switzerland.png/330px-Appenzell_Innerrhoden_in_Switzerland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Appenzell_Innerrhoden_in_Switzerland.png/440px-Appenzell_Innerrhoden_in_Switzerland.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss canton of <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> was the last jurisdiction in Europe, and one of the last jurisdictions in the world, to grant <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> in 1990<a href="#cite_note-275">[178]</a></figcaption></figure> A study involving predicting personality characteristics of individuals in photographs across 44 countries found that the <a href="/wiki/Women-are-wonderful_effect" title="Women-are-wonderful effect">women-are-wonderful effect</a> is lower in countries with high measures of gender equality, with the decrease arising from men being viewed less negatively.<a href="#cite_note-276">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gender-equality_paradox" title="Gender-equality paradox">gender-equality paradox</a> is the observation that gendered differences in personality tend to be higher in countries with higher gender equality.<a href="#cite_note-277">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> There has been criticism from some feminists towards the political discourse and policies employed in order to achieve the above items of "progress" in gender equality, with critics arguing that these gender equality strategies are superficial, in that they do not seek to challenge social structures of male domination, and only aim to improve the situation of women within the societal framework of subordination of women to men,<a href="#cite_note-278">[181]</a> and that official public policies (such as state policies or international bodies policies) are questionable, as they are applied in a patriarchal context, and are directly or indirectly controlled by agents of a system which is for the most part male.<a href="#cite_note-279">[182]</a> One of the criticisms of the gender equality policies, in particular, those of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, is that they disproportionately focus on policies integrating women in public life, but do not seek to genuinely address the deep private sphere oppression.<a href="#cite_note-280">[183]</a> A criticism of the Western concept and policies of gender equality relates to the degree to which this approach is able to genuinely address in a successful way the problem of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[189]</a> A further criticism is that a focus on the situation of women in non-Western countries, while often ignoring the issues that exist in the West, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and of reinforcing Western moral superiority; and a way of "othering" of domestic violence, by presenting it as something specific to outsiders – the "violent others" – and not to the allegedly progressive Western cultures.<a href="#cite_note-287">[190]</a> These critics point out that women in Western countries often face similar problems, such as domestic violence and rape, as in other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-288">[191]</a> They also cite the fact that women faced de jure legal discrimination until just a few decades ago; for instance, in some Western countries such as Switzerland, Greece, Spain, and France, women obtained equal rights in <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-291">[xlvi]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[xlvii]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[xlviii]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[xlix]</a> Another criticism is that there is a selective public discourse with regard to different types of oppression of women, with some forms of violence such as <a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a> (most common in certain geographic regions such as parts of Asia and North Africa) being frequently the object of public debate, while other forms of violence, such as the lenient punishment for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_of_passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes of passion">crimes of passion</a> across <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, do not receive the same attention in the West.<a href="#cite_note-National-300">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[l]</a> It is also argued that the criticism of particular laws of many developing countries ignores the influence of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> on those legal systems.<a href="#cite_note-305">[li]</a> There has been controversy surrounding the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a>, due to their reminder of past colonialism,<a href="#cite_note-306">[193]</a> and also due to the fact that some Western countries, such as Switzerland, have been themselves been very slow to give women legal rights.<a href="#cite_note-307">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[195]</a> There have also been objections to the way Western media presents women from various cultures creating stereotypes, such as that of 'submissive' Asian or Eastern European women, a stereotype closely connected to the <a href="/wiki/Mail_order_bride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail order bride">mail order brides</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-309">[196]</a> Such stereotypes are often blatantly untrue: for instance women in many Eastern European countries occupy a high professional status.<a href="#cite_note-310">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[198]</a> Feminists in many developing countries have been strongly opposed to the idea that women in those countries need to be 'saved' by the West.<a href="#cite_note-312">[199]</a> There are questions on how exactly should gender equality be measured, and whether the West is indeed "best" at it: a study in 2010 found that among the top 20 countries on female graduates in the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> fields at university level most countries were countries that were considered internationally to score very low on the position of women's rights, with the top 3 being Iran, Saudi Arabia and Oman, and only 5 European countries made it to that top: Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Georgia and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-313">[200]</a> Controversy regarding Western cultural influence in the world is not new; in the late 1940s, when the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> was being drafted, the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western perspective which could be detrimental to non-Western countries, and further argued that the West's history of colonialism and forceful interference with other societies made them a problematic moral representative for universal global standards.<a href="#cite_note-314">[201]</a> There has been criticism that <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="International courts">international courts</a>, and universal <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">gender neutral</a> concepts of human rights are at best silent on many of the issues important to women and at worst male centered; considering the male person to be the default.<a href="#cite_note-315">[202]</a> Excessive <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">gender neutrality</a> can worsen the situation of women, because the law assumes women are in the same position as men, ignoring the biological fact that in the process of <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> there is no 'equality', and that apart from physical differences there are socially constructed limitations which assign a socially and culturally inferior position to women – a situation which requires a specific approach to women's rights, not merely a gender neutral one.<a href="#cite_note-316">[203]</a> In a 1975 interview, <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> talked about the negative reactions towards women's rights from the left that was supposed to be progressive and support social change, and also expressed skepticism about mainstream international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-317">[204]</a> There have been questions about the acceptability of international intervention into societal domestic issues from international organizations,<a href="#cite_note-318">[205]</a> especially since the multitude of such international bodies can create confusion, including through contradictory rulings on the same issue: for example the <a href="/wiki/ECtHR" class="mw-redirect" title="ECtHR">ECtHR</a> upheld in 2014 France's ban on wearing a <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> in public,<a href="#cite_note-319">[206]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> concluded in 2018 that France's ban on burqa in public violates human rights.<a href="#cite_note-320">[207]</a> International bodies have been criticized for being based on an ideology of <a href="/wiki/One_size_fits_all" title="One size fits all">one size fits all</a> approach to issues, which does not take into account that a specific approach may work in one culture but not in another,<a href="#cite_note-321">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[209]</a> and that historically international intervention into another country has often done more harm than good; and that ultimately the problems from a culture must be solved from within that culture, not through forceful foreign intervention.<a href="#cite_note-323">[210]</a> A criticism of international organizations is that while they purport to support universal global human rights, they often support the interests of Western elites.<a href="#cite_note-324">[211]</a> The legitimacy of international organizations has come into question in the 21st century especially in the light of international scandals, such as <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_by_UN_peacekeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sexual abuse by UN peacekeepers">child sexual abuse by UN peacekeepers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/19px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/29px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/38px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_issues">General issues</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_gender" title="Coloniality of gender">Coloniality of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_empowerment" title="Gender empowerment">Gender empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and gender distinction">Sex and gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_measures_for_gender_equality_in_the_United_Nations" title="Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations">Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_issues">Specific issues</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith and gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Parity_Index" title="Gender Parity Index">Gender Parity Index</a> (in education)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_polarization" title="Gender polarization">Gender polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_sensitization" title="Gender sensitization">Gender sensitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">Mixed-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li>Quaker <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Equality">Testimony of Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a> (after divorce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws">Laws</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Danish_Act_of_Succession_referendum" title="2009 Danish Act of Succession referendum">2009 Danish Act of Succession referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2006" title="Equality Act 2006">Equality Act 2006</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_(United_States)" title="Equality Act (United States)">Equality Act (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_charter_for_equality_of_women_and_men_in_local_life" title="European charter for equality of women and men in local life">European charter for equality of women and men in local life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Equality_Duty_in_Scotland" title="Gender Equality Duty in Scotland">Gender Equality Duty in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Equity_Education_Act_(Taiwan)" title="Gender Equity Education Act (Taiwan)">Gender Equity Education Act (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act</a> (United States, 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gender_equality_lawsuits" title="List of gender equality lawsuits">List of gender equality lawsuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paycheck_Fairness_Act" title="Paycheck Fairness Act">Paycheck Fairness Act</a> (in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Sex Discrimination Act 1975">Sex Discrimination Act 1975</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Education_Amendments_of_1972" title="Education Amendments of 1972">Education Amendments of 1972</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Petition_to_the_National_Assembly" title="Women's Petition to the National Assembly">Women's Petition to the National Assembly</a> (France, 1789)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations_and_ministries">Organizations and ministries</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Ministry_of_Women_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Ministry of Women Affairs">Afghan Ministry of Women Affairs</a> (Afghanistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_for_Biblical_Equality" title="Christians for Biblical Equality">Christians for Biblical Equality</a>, an organization that opposes gender discrimination within the church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Women%27s_Rights_and_Gender_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality">Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality</a> (European Parliament)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunities_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Equal Opportunities Commission (United Kingdom)">Equal Opportunities Commission (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Empowerment_Measure" title="Gender Empowerment Measure">Gender Empowerment Measure</a>, a metric used by the United Nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-related_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-related Development Index">Gender-related Development Index</a>, a metric used by the United Nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="The Girl Effect">The Girl Effect</a>, an organization to help girls, worldwide, toward ending poverty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Equalities_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Equalities Office">Government Equalities Office</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Integration_and_Gender_Equality_(Sweden)" title="Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Sweden)">Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women,_Family_and_Community_Development_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia)">Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission_on_Women" title="Philippine Commission on Women">Philippine Commission on Women</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a>, United Nations entity working for the empowerment of women</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_topics">Other related topics</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_apartheid" title="Gender apartheid">Gender apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">Global Gender Gap Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrators_for_Gender_Equality" title="Illustrators for Gender Equality">Illustrators for Gender Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Men%27s_Day" title="International Men's Day">International Men's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_parity" title="Potty parity">Potty parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon_tax" title="Tampon tax">Tampon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Theaology, Feminine divine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a> similarly defines gender equality as "the enjoyment of equal rights, opportunities and treatment by men and women and by boys and girls in all spheres of life" </li> <li id="cite_note-Peru-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Peru_201-0">^</a> Although the Peruvian constitution and the government itself state that the President is the Head of Government,<a href="#cite_note-326">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[214]</a> other sources name the President of the Council of Ministers as the head of government.<a href="#cite_note-328">[215]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andorra-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Andorra_202-0">^</a> Including female representatives of heads of state, such as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governors-General</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Co-Princes of Andorra">French Representatives of Andorra</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> For example, many countries now permit women to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police forces</a> and to be <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighter">fire fighters</a> – occupations traditionally reserved for men. Although these continue to have a male majority, an increasing number of women are now active, especially in directive fields such as politics, and occupy high positions in business. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam#Contents" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> declared that women have equal dignity but not equal rights, and this was accepted by many predominantly Muslim countries. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian churches</a>, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Churching_of_women" title="Churching of women">churching of women</a> may still have elements of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">Ordination of women</a> to the priesthood may be restricted or forbidden. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> An example is <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, which has offered very high opportunities to women in public/professional life but has had a weak legal approach to the issue of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, with the situation in this country having been called a <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[I]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[II]</a> "Finland is repeatedly reminded of its widespread problem of violence against women and recommended to take more efficient measures to deal with the situation. International criticism concentrates on the lack of measures to combat violence against women in general and in particular on the lack of a national action plan to combat such violence and on the lack of legislation on domestic violence. (...) Compared to Sweden, Finland has been slower to reform legislation on violence against women. In Sweden, domestic violence was already illegal in 1864, while in Finland such violence was not outlawed until 1970, over a hundred years later. In Sweden the punishment of victims of incest was abolished in 1937 but not until 1971 in Finland. Rape within marriage was criminalised in Sweden in 1962, but the equivalent Finnish legislation only came into force in 1994 — making Finland one of the last European countries to criminalise marital rape. In addition, assaults taking place on private property did not become impeachable offences in Finland until 1995. Only in 1997 did victims of sexual offences and domestic violence in Finland become entitled to government-funded counselling and support services for the duration of their court cases."<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Finland-27">[III]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> received harsh criticism for inadequate laws in regard to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a> in a 2008 report produced by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Finland-27">[III]</a> which described Danish laws as "inconsistent with international human rights standards".<a href="#cite_note-29">[IV]</a> This led to Denmark reforming its sexual offenses legislation in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-30">[V]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[VI]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[VII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality."<a href="#cite_note-37">[VIII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Forms of violence against women include <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a> (including <a href="/wiki/War_Rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War Rape">War Rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date rape</a> by drugs or alcohol, and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a>, the latter often in the context of <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a>), <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowry_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry killing">Dowry killing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid attacks">Acid attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">Flogging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilisation">Forced sterilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a>, violence related to accusations of witchcraft, mistreatment of widows (e.g. widow inheritance). Fighting against violence against women is considered a key issue for achieving gender equality. The Council of Europe adopted the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The UN <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> defines violence against women as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life" and states that:"violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women, and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men."<a href="#cite_note-57">[IX]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> As of 2004–2009, former and current partners were responsible for more than 80% of all cases of <a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">murders of women</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-61">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> According to UNFPA:<a href="#cite_note-63">[X]</a> <dl><dd>"In some developing countries, practices that subjugate and harm women – such as wife-beating, killings in the name of honour, female genital mutilation/cutting and dowry deaths – are condoned as being part of the natural order of things."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> In its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Reports/Html/210.htm">explanatory report</a> at para 219, it states: <dl><dd>"There are many examples from past practice in Council of Europe member states that show that exceptions to the prosecution of such cases were made, either in law or in practice, if victim and perpetrator were, for example, married to each other or had been in a relationship. The most prominent example is rape within marriage, which for a long time had not been recognised as rape because of the relationship between victim and perpetrator."<a href="#cite_note-65">[XI]</a></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> In Opuz v Turkey, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> recognized violence against women as a form discrimination against women: "[T]he Court considers that the violence suffered by the applicant and her mother may be regarded as gender-based violence which is a form of discrimination against women."<a href="#cite_note-67">[XII]</a> This is also the position of the Istanbul Convention which reads:"Article 3 – Definitions, For the purpose of this Convention: a "violence against women" is understood as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women [...]".<a href="#cite_note-68">[XIII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> She writes "To know what is wrong with rape, know what is right about sex. If this, in turn, is difficult, the difficulty is as instructive as the difficulty men have in telling the difference when women see one. Perhaps the wrong of rape has proved so difficult to define because the unquestionable starting point has been that rape is defined as distinct from intercourse, while for women it is difficult to distinguish the two under conditions of male dominance."<a href="#cite_note-75">[XIV]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> According to the World Health Organization: "Sexual violence is also more likely to occur where beliefs in male sexual entitlement are strong, where gender roles are more rigid, and in countries experiencing high rates of other types of violence."<a href="#cite_note-77">[XV]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Rebecca Cook wrote in Submission of Interights to the European Court of Human Rights in the case of <a href="/wiki/M.C._v._Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="M.C. v. Bulgaria">M.C. v. Bulgaria</a>, 12 April 2003: "The equality approach starts by examining not whether the woman said 'no', but whether she said 'yes'. Women do not walk around in a state of constant consent to sexual activity unless and until they say 'no', or offer resistance to anyone who targets them for sexual activity. The right to physical and sexual autonomy means that they have to affirmatively consent to sexual activity." </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> says that, "since 1990, the world has seen a 45 per cent decline in maternal mortality – an enormous achievement. But in spite of these gains, almost 800 women still die every day from causes related to pregnancy or childbirth. This is about one woman every two minutes."<a href="#cite_note-93">[XVI]</a> According to UNFPA:<a href="#cite_note-:3-92">[61]</a> <dl><dd>"Preventable maternal mortality occurs where there is a failure to give effect to the rights of women to health, equality, and non-discrimination. Preventable maternal mortality also often represents a violation of a woman's right to life."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Amnesty International's Secretary General has stated that: "It is unbelievable that in the twenty-first century some countries are condoning child marriage and marital rape while others are outlawing abortion, sex outside marriage and same-sex sexual activity – even punishable by death."<a href="#cite_note-95">[XVII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> High Commissioner for Human Rights <a href="/wiki/Navi_Pillay" title="Navi Pillay">Navi Pillay</a> has called for full respect and recognition of women's autonomy and sexual and reproductive health rights, stating: <dl><dd>"Violations of women's human rights are often linked to their sexuality and reproductive role. Women are frequently treated as property, they are sold into marriage, into trafficking, into sexual slavery. Violence against women frequently takes the form of sexual violence. Victims of such violence are often accused of promiscuity and held responsible for their fate, while infertile women are rejected by husbands, families, and communities. In many countries, married women may not refuse to have sexual relations with their husbands, and often have no say in whether they use contraception."<a href="#cite_note-97">[XVIII]</a></dd></dl> These practices infringe on the right of achieving reproductive and sexual health. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Females' risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections during unprotected sexual relations is two to four times that of males'.<a href="#cite_note-99">[XIX]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> High Commissioner for Human Rights, <a href="/wiki/Navi_Pillay" title="Navi Pillay">Navi Pillay</a>, has stated on domestic violence against women: "The reality for most victims, including victims of honor killings, is that state institutions fail them and that most perpetrators of domestic violence can rely on a culture of impunity for the acts they commit – acts which would often be considered as crimes, and be punished as such, if they were committed against strangers."<a href="#cite_note-111">[XX]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> According to Amnesty International, "Women who are victims of gender-related violence often have little recourse because many state agencies are themselves guilty of gender bias and discriminatory practices."<a href="#cite_note-114">[XXI]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> For example, nations of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> that deny equality of opportunity to women were warned in a 2008 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-sponsored report that this disempowerment is a critical factor crippling these nations' return to the first rank of global leaders in commerce, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[XXII]</a> That is, Western bodies are less likely to conduct commerce with nations in the Middle East that retain culturally accepted attitudes towards the status and function of women in their society in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">force them to change their beliefs</a> in the face of relatively underdeveloped economies. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> states that: "Investing in women's economic empowerment sets a direct path towards gender equality, poverty eradication and inclusive economic growth."<a href="#cite_note-unwomen.org-138">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Population_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Population Fund">UN Population Fund</a> says that, "Six out of 10 of the world's poorest people are women. Economic disparities persist partly because much of the unpaid work within families and communities falls on the shoulders of women, and because women continue to face discrimination in the economic sphere."<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org1-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> For example, studies have shown that women are charged more for services especially tailoring, hair cutting and laundering.<a href="#cite_note-:0-142">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Manuel_Barroso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Manuel Barroso">Jose Manuel Barroso</a>, then president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, stated "Germany, but also Austria and the Netherlands, should look at the example of the northern countries [...] that means removing obstacles for women, older workers, foreigners and low-skilled job-seekers to get into the workforce".<a href="#cite_note-154">[XXIII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> The Netherlands and Ireland are among the last Western countries to accept women as professionals; despite the Netherlands having an image as progressive on gender issues, women in the Netherlands work less in paid employment than women in other comparable Western countries. In the early 1980s, the Commission of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> report Women in the European Community, found that the Netherlands and Ireland had the lowest labour participation of married women and the most public disapproval of it.<a href="#cite_note-156">[XXIV]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> In Ireland, until 1973, there was a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_bar" title="Marriage bar">marriage bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[XXV]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> In the Netherlands, from the 1990s onwards, the numbers of women entering the workplace have increased, but with most of the women <a href="/wiki/Part_time_job" class="mw-redirect" title="Part time job">working part time</a>. As of 2014, the Netherlands and Switzerland were the only OECD members where most employed women worked part-time,<a href="#cite_note-160">[XXVI]</a> while in the United Kingdom, women made up two-thirds of workers on long term sick leave, despite making up only half of the workforce and even after excluding maternity leave.<a href="#cite_note-161">[XXVII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) the policies vary significantly by country, but the EU members must abide by the minimum standards of the <a href="/wiki/Pregnant_Workers_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant Workers Directive">Pregnant Workers Directive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parental_Leave_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental Leave Directive">Parental Leave Directive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[XXVIII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> For example, some countries have enacted legislation explicitly outlawing or restricting what they view as abusive clauses in <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">employment contracts</a> regarding reproductive rights (such as clauses which stipulate that a woman cannot get pregnant during a specified time) rendering such contracts <a href="/wiki/Void_(law)" title="Void (law)">void</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voidable" title="Voidable">voidable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[XXIX]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Being the victim of a forced abortion compelled by the employer was ruled a ground of obtaining <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> in the US.<a href="#cite_note-173">[XXX]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, marriage regulations stipulate that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.<a href="#cite_note-www2.ohchr.org-183">[XXXI]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>, a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim communities in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as well as upper-caste Hindus in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a>, which often leads to the minimizing of the movement of women in public spaces and restrictions on their social and professional interactions;<a href="#cite_note-Papanek-187">[XXXII]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Namus" title="Namus">namus</a>, a cultural concept strongly related to <a href="/wiki/Family_honor" title="Family honor">family honor</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Common especially among <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a> in Pakistan and Afghanistan, whereby a girl is given from one family to another (often though a marriage), in order to settle the disputes and feuds between the families. The girl, who now belongs to the second family, has very little autonomy and freedom, her role being to serve the new family.<a href="#cite_note-189">[XXXIII]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[XXXIV]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[XXXV]</a><a href="#cite_note-hk2004-192">[XXXVI]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> The Council of Europe states that:<a href="#cite_note-coe.int-205">[131]</a> <dl><dd>"Pluralist democracy requires balanced participation of women and men in political and public decision-making. Council of Europe standards provide clear guidance on how to achieve this."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Notably in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, where women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971;<a href="#cite_note-switzerland-chronology-208">[XXXVIII]</a> but in the canton of <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> women obtained the right to vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was forced to do so by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[XXXIX]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a> (1869) compared marriage to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and wrote that: "The law of servitude in marriage is a monstrous contradiction to all the principles of the modern world, and to all the experience through which those principles have been slowly and painfully worked out."<a href="#cite_note-214">[XL]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> In 1957, James Everett, then Minister for Justice in Ireland, stated: "The progress of organised society is judged by the status occupied by married women".<a href="#cite_note-Oireachtas-216">[XLI]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> In France, married women obtained the right to work without their husband's consent in 1965;<a href="#cite_note-218">[XLII]</a> while the paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 (before that parental responsibilities belonged solely to the father who made all legal decisions concerning the children); and a new reform in 1985 abolished the stipulation that the father had the sole power to administer the children's property.<a href="#cite_note-219">[XLIII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the marriage law was overhauled between 1975 and 1983, abolishing the restrictions on married women's right to work outside the home, providing for equality between spouses, and for joint ownership of property and assets.<a href="#cite_note-221">[XLIV]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> dowry was removed from <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> only in 1983 through legal changes which reformed marriage law and provided gender equality in marriage.<a href="#cite_note-236">[XLV]</a> These changes also dealt with the practice of women <a href="/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Married and maiden names">changing their surnames to that of the husbands</a> upon getting married, a practice which has been outlawed or restricted in some jurisdictions, because it is seen as contrary to women's rights. As such, women in Greece are required to keep their birth names for their whole life.<a href="#cite_note-237">[XLVI]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.<a href="#cite_note-www2.ohchr.org-183">[XXXI]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom".<a href="#cite_note-240">[XLVII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> A Joint Statement by the United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice in 2012 stated:<a href="#cite_note-244">[XLVIII]</a> "the United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice is deeply concerned at the criminalization and penalization of adultery whose enforcement leads to discrimination and violence against women." UN Women also stated that "Drafters should repeal any criminal offenses related to adultery or extramarital sex between consenting adults".<a href="#cite_note-245">[XLIX]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> In Switzerland in 1985, a referendum guaranteed women legal equality with men within marriage.<a href="#cite_note-289">[L]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[LI]</a> The new reforms came into force in January 1988.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-227">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> In Greece in 1983, legislation was passed guaranteeing equality between spouses, abolishing <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, and ending legal discrimination against illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-292">[LII]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[LIII]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> In 1981, Spain abolished the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings<a href="#cite_note-295">[LIV]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Although married women in France obtained the right to work without their husbands' permission in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-297">[LV]</a> and the paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 (before that parental responsibilities belonged solely to the father who made all legal decisions concerning the children), it was only in 1985 that a legal reform abolished the stipulation that the husband had the sole power to administer the children's property.<a href="#cite_note-298">[LVI]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> In 2002, Widney Brown, advocacy director for <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, pointed out that "crimes of passion have a similar dynamic [to honor killings] in that the women are killed by male family members and the crimes are perceived [in those relevant parts of the world] as excusable or understandable".<a href="#cite_note-National-300">[192]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Especially of the French <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[LVII]</a> which was extremely powerful in its influence over the world (historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world<a href="#cite_note-303">[LVIII]</a>) and which designated married women a subordinate role, and provided for leniency with regard to 'crimes of passion' (which was the case in France until 1975<a href="#cite_note-304">[LIX]</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a 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Retrieved 2016-04-08. <q>It is in the Netherlands (17.6%) and in Ireland (13.6%) that we see the smallest numbers of married women working and the least acceptance of this phenomenon by the general public</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+European+Community&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2F4560%2F1%2F4560.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008154655/https://martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/sites/martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/files/Patterson.pdf">"Martindale Center – Lehigh Business"</a> (PDF). Martindale.cc.lehigh.edu. 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Benningfield, Appeal of the Sisterhood: The Shakers and the Woman's Rights Movement (University of Kentucky Lexington doctoral dissertation, 2004), p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-isj110-13"><a href="#cite_ref-isj110_13-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=181&issue=110">The Bolsheviks and Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a> – Issue: 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=topic&tocid=459d17822&toid=459b17a82&docid=3ae6b39ec&skip=O">"Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185713/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=topic&tocid=459d17822&toid=459b17a82&docid=3ae6b39ec&skip=O">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vienna+Declaration+and+Programme+of+Action&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frwmain%3Fpage%3Dtopic%26tocid%3D459d17822%26toid%3D459b17a82%26docid%3D3ae6b39ec%26skip%3DO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrganization_of_American_States2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/en/mesecvi/convention.asp">"Follow-up Mechanism to the Belém do Pará Convention (MESECVI): About the Belém do Pará Convention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626043825/http://www.oas.org/en/mesecvi/convention.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015. 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Retrieved 28 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directive+2002%2F73%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+European+Communities&rft.pub=EUR-Lex+Access+to+European+Union+law&rft.date=1976-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCONSLEG%3A1976L0207%3A20021005%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oas.org/es/mesecvi/docs/CSW-SideEvent2014-Flyer-EN.pdf">The Convention of Belém do Pará and the Istanbul Convention: a response to violence against women worldwide</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_France_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations</a> and Permanent Mission of Argentina to the United Nations. March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093634/https://www.oas.org/es/mesecvi/docs/CSW-SideEvent2014-Flyer-EN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. 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Pew Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812193430/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/08/strong-global-support-for-gender-equality-especially-among-women/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-12. 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00209-8"><bdi>978-0-674-00209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halving+It+All%3A+How+Equally+Shared+Parenting+Works&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000-04&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00209-8&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalvingitallhowe00deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1995" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Pepper (September 1995). Love Between Equals: How Peer Marriage Really Works. Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-874061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-874061-4"><bdi>978-0-02-874061-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+Between+Equals%3A+How+Peer+Marriage+Really+Works&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1995-09&rft.isbn=978-0-02-874061-4&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Pepper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsNYTimes11-163"><a href="#cite_ref-twsNYTimes11_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowles2017" class="citation news cs1">Bowles, Nellie (September 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923161814/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/23/technology/silicon-valley-men-backlash-gender-scandals.html">"Push for Gender Equality in Tech? Some Men Say It's Gone Too Far"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/23/technology/silicon-valley-men-backlash-gender-scandals.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2021. <q>...Silicon Valley has for years accommodated a fringe element of men who say women are ruining the tech world.... backlash against the women in technology movement ... surveys show there is no denying the travails women face in the male-dominated industry ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Push+for+Gender+Equality+in+Tech%3F+Some+Men+Say+It%27s+Gone+Too+Far&rft.date=2017-09-23&rft.aulast=Bowles&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F23%2Ftechnology%2Fsilicon-valley-men-backlash-gender-scandals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsWillamette101-164"><a href="#cite_ref-twsWillamette101_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2018" class="citation web cs1">Schmid, Thacher (March 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wweek.com/technology/2018/03/12/while-startups-increasingly-move-to-portland-a-new-york-times-reporter-warns-that-theres-a-gender-problem-in-tech/">"While Startups Increasingly Move to Portland, a New York Times Reporter Warns That There's a "Gender Problem" in Tech"</a>. Willamette Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095939/https://www.wweek.com/technology/2018/03/12/while-startups-increasingly-move-to-portland-a-new-york-times-reporter-warns-that-theres-a-gender-problem-in-tech/">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021. <q>...Bowles has written a number of groundbreaking stories on the "gender problem" in tech, including a profile of a "contrarian" fringe element of men leading a backlash against women asserting their rights....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Willamette+Week&rft.atitle=While+Startups+Increasingly+Move+to+Portland%2C+a+New+York+Times+Reporter+Warns+That+There%27s+a+%22Gender+Problem%22+in+Tech&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Thacher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wweek.com%2Ftechnology%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2Fwhile-startups-increasingly-move-to-portland-a-new-york-times-reporter-warns-that-theres-a-gender-problem-in-tech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardJohnsonWilson-Wilde2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Jodie; Johnson, Rebecca N.; Wilson-Wilde, Linzi (2019-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00450618.2019.1568556">"Gender equity: how do the forensic sciences fare?"</a>. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 51 (sup1): S263–S267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00450618.2019.1568556">10.1080/00450618.2019.1568556</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-0618">0045-0618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86587238">86587238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gender+equity%3A+how+do+the+forensic+sciences+fare%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=sup1&rft.pages=S263-S267&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86587238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0045-0618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00450618.2019.1568556&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Jodie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Rebecca+N.&rft.au=Wilson-Wilde%2C+Linzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00450618.2019.1568556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=a40b96ed-8bf4-4db1-9ceb-71ca2d6fada4">"Modern workplaces, maternity rights, and gender equality"</a>. 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Ilo.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020153412/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@declaration/documents/publication/wcms_105035.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilo.org&rft.atitle=Details+of+indicators+for+labour+exploitation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F%40ed_norm%2F%40declaration%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_105035.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/hrw-calls-on-indonesia-to-scrap-virginity-tests-for-female-police/a-18082547">"HRW calls on Indonesia to scrap 'virginity tests' for female police"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dw.com&rft.atitle=HRW+calls+on+Indonesia+to+scrap+%27virginity+tests%27+for+female+police&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhrw-calls-on-indonesia-to-scrap-virginity-tests-for-female-police%2Fa-18082547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igfm-muenchen.de/tibet/Phayul/2006/TWA-CEDAWReport_Aug2006_form.pdf">"THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW)"</a> (PDF). Igfm-muenchen.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020153408/http://www.igfm-muenchen.de/tibet/Phayul/2006/TWA-CEDAWReport_Aug2006_form.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Igfm-muenchen.de&rft.atitle=THE+CONVENTION+ON+THE+ELIMINATION+OF+ALL+FORMS+OF+DISCRIMINATION+AGAINST+WOMEN+%28CEDAW%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igfm-muenchen.de%2Ftibet%2FPhayul%2F2006%2FTWA-CEDAWReport_Aug2006_form.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalowski1982" class="citation journal cs1">Michalowski, Helen (May 1982). "Five feminist principles and the draft". Resistance News (8): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resistance+News&rft.atitle=Five+feminist+principles+and+the+draft&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1982-05&rft.aulast=Michalowski&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeudel1983" class="citation journal cs1">Neudel, Marian Henriquez (July 1983). "Feminism and the Draft". Resistance News (13): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resistance+News&rft.atitle=Feminism+and+the+Draft&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1983-07&rft.aulast=Neudel&rft.aufirst=Marian+Henriquez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-179"><a href="#cite_ref-:0b_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenatar2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">Benatar, David</a> (May 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdIrkGLHLPsC">The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67451-2"><bdi>978-0-470-67451-2</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.jne.gob.pe/informacionlegal/Constitucin%20y%20Leyes1/CONSTITUCION%20POLITICA%20DEL%20PERU.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016. <q>Artículo 118°.- Atribuciones del Presidente de la República Corresponde al Presidente de la República: 1. Cumplir y hacer cumplir la Constitución y los tratados, leyes y demás disposiciones legales. [...] 3. Dirigir la política general del Gobierno.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constituci%C3%B3n+Pol%C3%ADtica+del+Per%C3%BA+1993&rft.pub=Government+of+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.jne.gob.pe%2Finformacionlegal%2FConstitucin%2520y%2520Leyes1%2FCONSTITUCION%2520POLITICA%2520DEL%2520PERU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_Protocol_and_Liaison_Service2016" class="citation web cs1">UN Protocol and Liaison Service (August 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.int/protocol/sites/www.un.int/files/Protocol%20and%20Liaison%20Service/hspmfm.pdf">"List of Heads of State, Heads of Government, and Ministers for Foreign Affairs"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103034514/https://www.un.int/protocol/sites/www.un.int/files/Protocol%20and%20Liaison%20Service/hspmfm.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Heads+of+State%2C+Heads+of+Government%2C+and+Ministers+for+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft.au=UN+Protocol+and+Liaison+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fprotocol%2Fsites%2Fwww.un.int%2Ffiles%2FProtocol%2520and%2520Liaison%2520Service%2Fhspmfm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+equality" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gender_equality" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gender equality">Gender equality</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Gender equality <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Gender+equality">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/human-rights-and-gender/">United Nations Rule of Law: Gender Equality</a>, on the relationship between gender equality, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch">Women and Gender Equality</a>, the United Nations Internet Gateway on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development/people/gender-equality.html">Gender Equality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416001427/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development/people/gender-equality.html">Archived</a> 2021-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an overview of the United Nations Development Program's work on Gender Equality.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watershedpedia.com/gender-issue-significance-in-watershed-management-programmes">Gender issue -Significance in Watershed Management Programmes</a>, Watershedpedia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/About-GENDERNET.htm">GENDERNET</a> International forum of gender experts working in support of Gender equality. Development Co-operation Directorate of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/gender">OECD's Gender Initiative</a>, an overview page which also links to wikiGENDER, the Gender equality project of the <a href="/wiki/OECD_Development_Centre" title="OECD Development Centre">OECD Development Centre</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annette-boeckler.de/liturgie/EgalitarianServices.html">Egalitarian Jewish Services</a> A Discussion Paper.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824045521/http://www.gender-in-equality.com/">End The Gender Pay Gap</a> Project based in Palo Alto, California.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedpa.org/">Center for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124215710/http://cedpa.org/">Archived</a> 2020-11-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maleallies.co.uk/Allies">UK pro-feminist website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_equality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_equality" title="Template:Gender equality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gender_equality" title="Template talk:Gender equality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gender_equality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gender equality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_equality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender equality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Men</a>/<a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy" title="Boy">Boys</a>/<a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">Femininity</a>/<a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">Masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderqueer" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderqueer">Genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender in language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">Gender-neutral language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Grammatical gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_and_gender-neutral_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns">Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender" title="Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender">Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages" title="Gender neutrality in genderless languages">Gender neutrality in genderless languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_English" title="Gender neutrality in English">Gender neutrality in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_language" title="Genderless language">Genderless language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_marking_in_job_titles" title="Gender marking in job titles">Gender marking in job titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_and_gender-neutral_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns">Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">Gender inequality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_selective_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex selective abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders" title="Causes of mental disorders">Causes of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality" title="Educational inequality">Educational inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_apartheid" title="Gender apartheid">Gender apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender-related_violence" title="Category:Gender-related violence">Gender-related violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender bias">Gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-equality_paradox" title="Gender-equality paradox">Gender-equality paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_empowerment" title="Gender empowerment">Gender empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Transbashing">Transbashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Transkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Women empowerment">Women empowerment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">Economic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_development" title="Gender and development">Gender and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Empowerment_Measure" title="Gender Empowerment Measure">Gender Empowerment Measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-related_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-related Development Index">Gender-related Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministries for equality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women%27s_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_and_Mainland_Affairs_Bureau" title="Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Gender_Equality_(Denmark)" title="Minister for Gender Equality (Denmark)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Women%27s_Rights_and_Gender_Equality" title="European Parliament Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality">European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahnaz_Afkhami#Gender_Equality" title="Mahnaz Afkhami">Iran (Mahnaz Afkhami)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Equality_Bureau" title="Gender Equality Bureau">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women,_Family_and_Community_Development_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Children,_Equality_and_Social_Inclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission_on_Women" title="Philippine Commission on Women">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Gender_Equality_and_Family" title="Ministry of Gender Equality and Family">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Integration_and_Gender_Equality_(Sweden)" title="Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Sweden)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development,_Gender_and_Children" title="Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Equalities_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Equalities Office">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">United States (employment)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Promotion_and_enforcement" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission (UK)</a> <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_studies_academics" title="Category:Gender studies academics">Gender studies academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide among LGBT youth">Suicide among LGBT youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_studies_journals" title="Category:Gender studies journals">Gender studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bible_translation" title="Gender in Bible translation">Gender in Bible translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender in Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li>Gender equality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masculism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #D5DFCE;;background: #D5DFCE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masculinism" title="Template:Masculinism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masculinism" title="Template talk:Masculinism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masculinism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masculinism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masculism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination#Gender_discrimination" title="Discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_marking_in_job_titles" title="Gender marking in job titles">Gender marking in job titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_sexism" title="Occupational sexism">Occupational sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage and reproduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Marriage of convenience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_abortion" title="Paper abortion">Paper abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm theft">Sperm theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_dad" title="Stay-at-home dad">Stay-at-home dad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tender_years_doctrine" title="Tender years doctrine">Tender years doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_wife" title="Trophy wife">Trophy wife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter#Male_residents" title="Women's shelter">Men's shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Sex differences in crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_poisoning" title="Testosterone poisoning">Testosterone poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">Virility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">Manosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine beauty ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health" title="Men's health">Men's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">Human sex ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_liberation_movement" title="Men's liberation movement">Men's liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement" title="Men's rights movement">Men's rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement_in_India" title="Men's rights movement in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoetic_men%27s_movement" title="Mythopoetic men's movement">Mythopoetic men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Going_Their_Own_Way" title="Men Going Their Own Way">Men Going Their Own Way</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fathers&#039;_rights_movement" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_by_country" title="Fathers' rights movement by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_Australia" title="Fathers' rights movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_Italy" title="Fathers' rights movement in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fathers' rights movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Fathers' rights movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bly" title="Robert Bly">Robert Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Donovan_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Donovan (writer)">Jack Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Farrell" title="Warren Farrell">Warren Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassie_Jaye" title="Cassie Jaye">Cassie Jaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Michael Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Messner" title="Michael Messner">Michael Messner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Pizzey" title="Erin Pizzey">Erin Pizzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Arndt" title="Bettina Arndt">Bettina Arndt</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Remembrance days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Men%27s_Day" title="International Men's Day">International Men's Day</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">Violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_against_men" title="Domestic violence against men">Domestic violence against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_circumcision" title="Forced circumcision">Forced circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys_are_stupid,_throw_rocks_at_them!_controversy" title="Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy">Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_tactics_scale" title="Conflict tactics scale">Conflict tactics scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Male rape">Male rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcracy" title="Androcracy">Androcracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #D5DFCE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Masculism" title="Category:Masculism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_and_sexual_identities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template talk:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_and_sexual_identities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual</a> identities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Genders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_of_center" title="Masculine of center">Masculine of center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third genders</a> and sexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apwint" title="Apwint">Apwint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binabinaaine" title="Binabinaaine">Binabinaaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bugis genders</a> <ul><li>Bissu</li> <li>Calabai</li> <li>Calalai</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibados" title="Chibados">Chibados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enaree" title="Enaree">Enaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">Fa'afafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakafifine" title="Fakafifine">Fakafifine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCevedoce" title="Güevedoce">Güevedoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">Lhamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannathun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhannathun">Mukhannathun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">Nádleehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullo_(body_modification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullo (body modification)">Nullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palopa" title="Palopa">Palopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipiniq" title="Sipiniq">Sipiniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakasalewalewa" title="Vakasalewalewa">Vakasalewalewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Alternative labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">Asociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">Homosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achillean" title="Achillean">Achillean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analloeroticism" title="Analloeroticism">Analloeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">Sapphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_justice" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_justice" title="Template:Types of justice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_justice" title="Template talk:Types of justice"><abbr title="Discuss this 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justice">Interactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_justice" title="Global justice">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_justice" title="Organizational justice">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_justice" title="Procedural justice">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor%27s_justice" title="Victor's justice">Victor's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_justice" title="Recognition justice">Recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental 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