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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Slaveholder</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slaveholder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slaveholder subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slaveholder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advocate_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocate_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advocate of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocate_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_Excesses_of_Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_Excesses_of_Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>On the Excesses of Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_Excesses_of_Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Benjamin_Franklin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Benjamin_Franklin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with Benjamin Franklin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Benjamin_Franklin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_other_Methodist_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_other_Methodist_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relation to other Methodist leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_other_Methodist_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Opposition and controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_and_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition and controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Laity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Religious innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Whitefield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جورج وايتفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج وايتفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%ED%9C%AB%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="조지 휫필드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 휫필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Whitefield" title="Georgius Whitefield – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جورج وايتفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج وايتفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ジョージ・ホウィットフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ホウィットフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Уайтфилд, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уайтфилд, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Джордж Вайтфільд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Вайтфільд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Whitefield" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E8%85%93" title="喬治·懷特腓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬治·懷特腓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q314399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:George_Whitefield" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to 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For the American football quarterback, see <a href="/wiki/George_Whitfield_Jr." title="George Whitfield Jr.">George Whitfield Jr.</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">George Whitefield</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Badger_-_George_Whitefield_(1714-1770)_-_H27_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Joseph_Badger_-_George_Whitefield_%281714-1770%29_-_H27_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg/220px-Joseph_Badger_-_George_Whitefield_%281714-1770%29_-_H27_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Joseph_Badger_-_George_Whitefield_%281714-1770%29_-_H27_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg/330px-Joseph_Badger_-_George_Whitefield_%281714-1770%29_-_H27_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Joseph_Badger_-_George_Whitefield_%281714-1770%29_-_H27_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg/440px-Joseph_Badger_-_George_Whitefield_%281714-1770%29_-_H27_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Badger" title="Joseph Badger">Joseph Badger</a>, c, 1745</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">27 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 16 December] 1714<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1770<span style="display:none">(1770-09-30)</span> (aged 55)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_George_Whitefield_(1714%E2%80%931770).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Signature_of_George_Whitefield_%281714%E2%80%931770%29.png/150px-Signature_of_George_Whitefield_%281714%E2%80%931770%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Signature_of_George_Whitefield_%281714%E2%80%931770%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Whitefield</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/hw/: 'wh' in 'why'">hw</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 27 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 16 December] 1714 – 30 September 1770), also known as <b>George Whitfield</b>, was an English <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> minister and preacher who was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ccel.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccel.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeighway1985141_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeighway1985141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, he matriculated at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College, Oxford</a> in 1732. There, he joined the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Club" title="Holy Club">Holy Club</a>" and was introduced to <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>, with whom he would work closely in his later ministry. Unlike the Wesleys, he embraced <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. </p><p>Whitefield was ordained after receiving his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree. He immediately began preaching, but he did not settle as the minister of any <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Parish_(Church_of_England)" title="Parish (Church of England)">parish</a>; rather, he became an <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">itinerant preacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangalism">evangelist</a>. In 1740, Whitefield traveled to <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> where he preached a series of <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revivals</a> that became part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>. His methods were controversial, and he engaged in numerous debates and disputes with other clergymen. </p><p>Whitefield received widespread recognition during his ministry; he preached at least 18,000 times to perhaps ten million listeners in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Whitefield could enthrall large audiences through a potent combination of drama, religious eloquence, and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>. He used the technique of evoking strong emotion, then using the vulnerability of his enthralled audience to preach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribner2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribner2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheBellInnGloucester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/TheBellInnGloucester.jpg/170px-TheBellInnGloucester.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/TheBellInnGloucester.jpg/255px-TheBellInnGloucester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/TheBellInnGloucester.jpg/340px-TheBellInnGloucester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Old Bell Inn, Southgate Street, Gloucester</figcaption></figure> <p>Whitefield was born on 27 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 16 December] 1714 at the Bell Inn, Southgate Street, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>. Whitefield was the fifth son (seventh and last child) of Thomas Whitefield and Elizabeth Edwards, who kept an inn at Gloucester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died when he was only two years old, and he helped his mother with the inn. At an early age, he found that he had a passion and talent for acting in the theatre, a passion that he would carry on with the very theatrical re-enactments of Bible stories he told during his sermons. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/The_Crypt_School" title="The Crypt School">The Crypt School</a> in Gloucester<sup id="cite_ref-cryptschool_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cryptschool-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ota.ox.ac.uk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ota.ox.ac.uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because business at the inn had diminished, Whitefield did not have the means to pay for his tuition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore201013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore201013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He therefore came up to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Servitor" title="Servitor">servitor</a>, the lowest rank of undergraduates. Granted free tuition, he acted as a servant to <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellows</a> and fellow-commoners; duties including teaching them in the morning, helping them bathe, cleaning their rooms, carrying their books, and assisting them with work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore201013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore201013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, Whitfield would later confess that though he did good works and tried to obey the law of God, he was not yet truly converted to Christ. It was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Scougal" title="Henry Scougal">Henry Scougal</a>'s book, The Life of God in the Soul of Man, that Whitfield says opened his eyes to the Gospel and led to his conversion. It was that book he says, that God used to show him that he was still lost despite all his attempts to gain the favor of God by means of good works. Only by God's grace can a person realize they have offended God and their need for Jesus Christ, God's Son, and His righteousness imputed to them by faith. Henry Scougal's book showed him the need for a man to be born of God from above, and that this is a supernatural work of the Holy Spirit creating a new heart and a new nature within that wants to serve God, not in order to be saved, but because one has been graciously and undeservedly saved. In 1736, after Whitfield's conversion, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Gloucester" title="Bishop of Gloucester">Bishop of Gloucester</a> ordained him a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ccel.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccel.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evangelism">Evangelism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evangelism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Whitefield_likeness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/George_Whitefield_likeness.jpg/170px-George_Whitefield_likeness.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/George_Whitefield_likeness.jpg/255px-George_Whitefield_likeness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/George_Whitefield_likeness.jpg/340px-George_Whitefield_likeness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Whitefield had what is known as a “lazy eye” (<a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a>) which did not affect his vision, but had the effect of making individuals in large crowds think that his eyes were directly on them.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whitefield preached his first <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_de_Crypt_Church,_Gloucester" title="St Mary de Crypt Church, Gloucester">St Mary de Crypt Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeighway1985141_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeighway1985141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his home town of Gloucester, a week after his ordination as deacon. The Church of England did not assign him a church, so he began preaching in parks and fields in England on his own, reaching out to people who normally did not attend church. </p><p>In 1738 he went to <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Savannah,_Georgia)" title="Christ Church (Savannah, Georgia)">Christ Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">American colonies</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been founded by John Wesley while he was in Savannah. While there Whitefield decided that one of the great needs of the area was an orphan house. He decided this would be his life's work. In 1739 he returned to England to raise funds, as well as to receive priest's <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">orders</a>. While preparing for his return, he preached to large congregations. At the suggestion of friends he preached to the miners of <a href="/wiki/Kingswood,_South_Gloucestershire" title="Kingswood, South Gloucestershire">Kingswood</a>, outside Bristol, in the open air. Because he was returning to Georgia he invited John Wesley to take over his Bristol congregations and to <a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">preach in the open air</a> for the first time at Kingswood and then at <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath, London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brethrenarchive.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brethrenarchive.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitefield, like many other 18th century Anglican <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Toplady" title="Augustus Toplady">Augustus Toplady</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Newton" title="John Newton">John Newton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Romaine" title="William Romaine">William Romaine</a>, accepted a plain reading of <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Article 17</a>—the Church of England's doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>—and disagreed with the Wesley brothers' <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> views on the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">atonement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh19932_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh19932-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Whitefield finally did what his friends hoped he would not do—hand over the entire ministry to John Wesley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiersbe200942–43_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiersbe200942–43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield formed and was the president of the first Methodist conference, but he soon relinquished the position to concentrate on evangelistic work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2010680_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2010680-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three churches were established in England in his name—one in <a href="/wiki/Horfield_United_Reformed_Church,_Bristol" title="Horfield United Reformed Church, Bristol">Penn Street, Bristol</a>, and two in London, in <a href="/wiki/Whitefield%27s_Tabernacle,_Moorfields" title="Whitefield's Tabernacle, Moorfields">Moorfields</a> and in <a href="/wiki/American_International_Church" title="American International Church">Tottenham Court Road</a>—all three of which became known by the name of "Whitefield's Tabernacle". The society meeting at the second <a href="/wiki/Kingswood_School" title="Kingswood School">Kingswood School</a> at Kingswood was eventually also named <a href="/wiki/Whitefield%27s_Tabernacle,_Kingswood" title="Whitefield's Tabernacle, Kingswood">Whitefield's Tabernacle</a>. Whitefield acted as <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> to <a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Selina, Countess of Huntingdon</a>, and some of his followers joined the <a href="/wiki/Countess_of_Huntingdon%27s_Connexion" title="Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion">Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion</a>, whose chapels were built by Selina, where a form of <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodism">Calvinistic Methodism</a> similar to Whitefield's was taught. Many of Selina's chapels were built in the English and Welsh counties,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011136–150_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011136–150-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one, <a href="/wiki/Spa_Fields" title="Spa Fields">Spa Fields Chapel</a>, was erected in London.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyson201128–40_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyson201128–40-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bethesda_Orphanage">Bethesda Orphanage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bethesda Orphanage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whitefield's endeavour to build an orphanage in Georgia was central to his preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Academy" title="Bethesda Academy">Bethesda Orphanage</a> and his preaching comprised the "two-fold task" that occupied the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1968_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1968-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 March 1740, construction began. Whitefield wanted the orphanage to be a place of strong <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a> influence, with a wholesome atmosphere and strong discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having raised the money by his preaching, Whitefield "insisted on sole control of the orphanage". He refused to give the trustees a financial accounting. The trustees also objected to Whitefield's using "a wrong method" to control the children, who "are often kept praying and crying all the night".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1740 he engaged <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Brethren</a> from Georgia to build an orphanage for negro children on land he had bought in the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. Following a theological disagreement, he dismissed them and was unable to complete the building, which the Moravians subsequently bought and completed. This now is the <a href="/wiki/Whitefield_House_and_Gray_Cottage" title="Whitefield House and Gray Cottage">Whitefield House</a> in the center of the Moravian borough of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth,_Pennsylvania" title="Nazareth, Pennsylvania">Nazareth, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_meetings">Revival meetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revival meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Whitefield_preaching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Whitefield_preaching.jpg/220px-George_Whitefield_preaching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Whitefield_preaching.jpg/330px-George_Whitefield_preaching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Whitefield_preaching.jpg/440px-George_Whitefield_preaching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Whitefield preaching. 1857 engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1740, Whitefield preached nearly every day for months to large crowds as large as eighty thousand people as he travelled throughout the colonies, especially <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. His journey on horseback from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, was at that time the longest in North America ever documented.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a>, he developed a style of preaching that elicited emotional responses from his audiences. But Whitefield had charisma, and his loud voice, his small stature, and even his cross-eyed appearance (which some people took as a mark of divine favor) all served to help make him one of the first celebrities in the American colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Edwards, Whitefield preached staunchly <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> theology that was in line with the "moderate Calvinism" of the Thirty-nine Articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitefield20013:383_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitefield20013:383-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While explicitly affirming God's sole agency in salvation, Whitefield <a href="/wiki/Free_offer_of_the_gospel" title="Free offer of the gospel">freely offered the Gospel</a>, saying at the end of his sermons: "Come poor, lost, undone <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sinner</a>, come just as you are to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann198573_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann198573-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Whitefield "the gospel message was so critically important that he felt compelled to use all earthly means to get the word out."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2014260_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2014260-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to widespread dissemination of print media, perhaps half of all colonists eventually heard about, read about, or read something written by Whitefield. He employed print systematically, sending advance men to put up <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadsides</a> and distribute <a href="/wiki/Flyer_(pamphlet)" title="Flyer (pamphlet)">handbills</a> announcing his sermons. He also arranged to have his sermons published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStout199138_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStout199138-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Whitefield's publicity was the work of William Seward, a wealthy layman who accompanied Whitefield. Seward acted as Whitefield's "fund-raiser, business co-ordinator, and publicist". He furnished newspapers and booksellers with material, including copies of Whitefield's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Whitefield returned to England in 1742, an estimated crowd of 20–30,000 met him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarlan184765_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarlan184765-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such open-air congregation took place on <a href="/wiki/Minchinhampton_Common" title="Minchinhampton Common">Minchinhampton Common</a>, Gloucestershire. Whitefield preached to the "<a href="/wiki/Rodborough" title="Rodborough">Rodborough</a> congregation"—a gathering of 10,000 people—at a place now known as "Whitefield's tump".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield sought to influence the colonies after he returned to England. He contracted to have his autobiographical <i>Journals</i> published throughout America. These <i>Journals</i> have been characterized as "the ideal vehicle for crafting a public image that could work in his absence." They depicted Whitefield in the "best possible light". When he returned to America for his third tour in 1745, he was better known than when he had left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107,_112,_115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107,_112,_115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slaveholder">Slaveholder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slaveholder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Whitefield_MET_122701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/George_Whitefield_MET_122701.jpg/220px-George_Whitefield_MET_122701.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/George_Whitefield_MET_122701.jpg/330px-George_Whitefield_MET_122701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/George_Whitefield_MET_122701.jpg/440px-George_Whitefield_MET_122701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_figure" title="Staffordshire figure">Staffordshire figure</a> painted <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> bust modelled and made by <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Wood" title="Enoch Wood">Enoch Wood</a>, c. 1790</figcaption></figure> <p>Whitefield was a plantation owner and slaveholder and viewed the work of slaves as essential for funding his orphanage's operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley denounced slavery as "the sum of all villainies" and detailed <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">its abuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley1774_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley1774-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYrigoyenDaugherty1999_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYrigoyenDaugherty1999-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, defenses of slavery were common among 18th-century Protestants, especially missionaries who used the institution to emphasize God's providence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2015369–393_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2015369–393-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield was at first conflicted about slaves. He believed that they were human and was angered that they were treated as "subordinate creatures".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr20155,_65_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr20155,_65-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Whitefield and his friend <a href="/wiki/James_Habersham" title="James Habersham">James Habersham</a> played an important role in the reintroduction of slavery to Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabb2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Experiment" title="Georgia Experiment">Slavery had been outlawed</a> in the young colony of Georgia in 1735. In 1747, Whitefield attributed the financial woes of his Bethesda Orphanage to Georgia's prohibition of black people in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2015369–393_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2015369–393-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that "the constitution of that colony [Georgia] is very bad, and it is impossible for the inhabitants to subsist" while blacks were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocate_of_slavery">Advocate of slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advocate of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1748 and 1750, Whitefield campaigned for the legalisation of African-American emigration into the colony because the trustees of Georgia had banned slavery. Whitefield argued that the colony would never be prosperous unless slaves were allowed to farm the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010148_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010148-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield wanted slavery legalized for the prosperity of the colony as well as for the financial viability of the Bethesda Orphanage. "Had Negroes been allowed" to live in Georgia, he said, "I should now have had a sufficiency to support a great many orphans without expending above half the sum that has been laid out."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield's push for the legalization of slave emigration in to Georgia "cannot be explained solely on the basics of economics". It was also his hope for their adoption and for their eternal salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2009243_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2009243-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black slaves were permitted to live in Georgia in 1751.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010148_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010148-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield saw the "legalization of (black residency) as part personal victory and part divine will".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr201576_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr201576-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield argued a scriptural justification for black residency as slaves. He increased the number of the black children at his orphanage, using his preaching to raise money to house them. Whitefield became "perhaps the most energetic, and conspicuous, evangelical defender and practitioner of the rights of black people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By propagating such "a theological defense for" black residency, Whitefield helped slaveholders prosper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2009243_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2009243-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, Whitefield left everything in the orphanage to the Countess of Huntingdon. This included 4,000 acres of land and 49 black slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_Excesses_of_Slavery">On the Excesses of Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: On the Excesses of Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1740, during his second visit to America, Whitefield published "an open letter to the planters of South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland" chastising them for their cruelty to their slaves. He wrote, "I think God has a Quarrel with you for your Abuse of and Cruelty to the poor Negroes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr201567_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr201567-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Whitefield wrote: "Your dogs are caressed and fondled at your tables; but your slaves who are frequently styled dogs or beasts, have not an equal privilege."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Whitefield "stopped short of rendering a moral judgment on slavery itself as an institution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2009243_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2009243-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitefield is remembered as one of the first to preach to slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have claimed that the Bethesda Orphanage "set an example of humane treatment" of black people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashin200175_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashin200175-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a> (1753–1784), who was a slave, wrote a poem "On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield" in 1770. The first line calls Whitefield a "happy saint".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Benjamin_Franklin">Relationship with Benjamin Franklin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with Benjamin Franklin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> attended a revival meeting in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and was greatly impressed with Whitefield's ability to deliver a message to such a large group. Franklin had previously dismissed as exaggeration reports of Whitefield preaching to crowds of the order of tens of thousands in England. When listening to Whitefield preaching from the Philadelphia court house, Franklin walked away towards his shop in Market Street until he could no longer hear Whitefield distinctly—Whitefield could be heard over 500 feet. He then estimated his distance from Whitefield and calculated the area of a semicircle centred on Whitefield. Allowing two square feet per person he computed that Whitefield could be heard by over 30,000 people in the open air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1888135_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1888135-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffer20117_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffer20117-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one of Whitefield's sermons, Franklin noted the: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>wonderful ... change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seem'd as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFFranklin1888">Franklin 1888</a>, p. 135</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_Penn_Statue_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/U_Penn_Statue_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-U_Penn_Statue_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/U_Penn_Statue_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-U_Penn_Statue_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/U_Penn_Statue_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-U_Penn_Statue_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Whitefield" title="Statue of George Whitefield"><i>The Reverend George Whitefield</i> statue</a> that formerly stood on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Franklin was an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenist</a> and approved of Whitefield's appeal to members of many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> but unlike Whitefield was not an evangelical. He admired Whitefield as a fellow intellectual, and published several of his tracts, but thought Whitefield's plan to run an orphanage in Georgia would lose money. A lifelong close friendship developed between the revivalist preacher and the worldly Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGragg1978574_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGragg1978574-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> True loyalty based on genuine affection, coupled with a high value placed on friendship, helped their association grow stronger over time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2000138–150_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2000138–150-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters exchanged between Franklin and Whitefield can be found at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These letters document the creation of an orphanage for boys named the Charity School. In 1749, Franklin chose the Whitefield meeting house, with its Charity School, to be purchased as the site of the newly-formed Academy of Philadelphia which opened in 1751, followed in 1755 with the College of Philadelphia, both the predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Whitefield" title="Statue of George Whitefield">statue of George Whitefield</a> was located in the Dormitory Quadrangle, standing in front of the Morris and Bodine sections of the present <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_College_Houses" title="University of Pennsylvania College Houses">Ware College House</a> on the University of Pennsylvania campus.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 July 2020, the University of Pennsylvania announced they would be removing the statue because of Whitefield's connection to slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Timeline of Whitefield's travel to America<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;">1738</td><td>First voyage to America, Spent three months in Georgia.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;">1740–1741</td><td>Second voyage to America. Established Bethesda Orphan House. Preached in New England.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;">1745–1748</td><td>Third voyage to America. In poor health.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;">1751–1752</td><td>Fourth voyage to America.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;">1754</td><td>Fifth voyage to America.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;">1763–1765</td><td>Sixth voyage to America. Travelled east coast.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;">1770</td><td>Seventh voyage to America. Wintered in Georgia, then travelled to New England where he died.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"I believe it is God's will that I should marry", George Whitefield wrote to a friend in 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he was concerned: "I pray God that I may not have a wife till I can live as though I had none." That ambivalence—believing God willed a wife, yet wanting to live as if without one—brought Whitefield a disappointing love life and a largely unhappy marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 November 1741 Whitefield married Elizabeth (née Gwynne), a widow previously known as Elizabeth James.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore1980101,_109_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore1980101,_109-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their 1744–1748 stay in America, she never accompanied him on his travels. Whitefield reflected that "none in America could bear her". His wife believed that she had been "but a load and burden" to him.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1743 after four miscarriages, Elizabeth bore the couple's only child, a son. The baby died at four months old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-five years later, Elizabeth died of a fever on 9 August 1768 and was buried in a vault at the Tottenham Court Road Chapel. At the end of the 19th century the Chapel needed restoration and all those interred there, except Augustus Toplady, were moved to Chingford Mount cemetery in north London; her grave is unmarked in its new location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Winter" title="Cornelius Winter">Cornelius Winter</a>, who for a time lived with the Whitefields, observed of Whitefield, "He was not happy in his wife." And, "He did not intentionally make his wife unhappy. He always preserved great decency and decorum in his conduct towards her. Her death set his mind much at liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Elizabeth's death, however, Whitfield said, “I feel the loss of my right hand daily.”<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1770, the 55-year-old Whitefield continued preaching in spite of poor health. He said, "I would rather wear out than rust out." His last sermon was preached in a field "atop a large barrel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli201066_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli201066-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next morning, 30 September 1770, Whitefield died in the parsonage of <a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Newburyport,_Massachusetts)" title="First Presbyterian Church (Newburyport, Massachusetts)">Old South Presbyterian Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport, Massachusetts</a>, and was buried, according to his wishes, in a <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> of this church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bust of Whitefield is in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_City_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery">Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWhitefieldGrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/GeorgeWhitefieldGrave.jpg/290px-GeorgeWhitefieldGrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/GeorgeWhitefieldGrave.jpg/435px-GeorgeWhitefieldGrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/GeorgeWhitefieldGrave.jpg/580px-GeorgeWhitefieldGrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>George Whitefield's grave in the crypt of Old South Presbyterian Church in <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport, Massachusetts</a>, between Jonathan Parsons and Joseph Prince</figcaption></figure> <p>It was John Wesley who preached his <a href="/wiki/Funeral_sermon" title="Funeral sermon">funeral sermon</a> in London, at Whitefield's request.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitefield left almost £1,500 (equivalent to £263,000 in 2023) to friends and family. Furthermore, he had deposited £1,000 (equivalent to £175,000 in 2023) for his wife if he predeceased her and had contributed £3,300 (equivalent to £578,000 in 2023) to the Bethesda Orphanage. "Questions concerning the source of his personal wealth dogged his memory. His will stated that all this money had lately been left him 'in a most unexpected way and unthought of means.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an age when crossing the Atlantic Ocean was a long and hazardous adventure, he visited America seven times, making 13 ocean crossings in total. (He died in America.) It is estimated that throughout his life, he preached more than 18,000 formal sermons, of which 78 have been published.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his work in North America and England, he made 15 journeys to Scotland—most famously to the "<i>Preaching Braes</i>" of <a href="/wiki/Cambuslang" title="Cambuslang">Cambuslang</a> in 1742—two journeys to Ireland, and one each to Bermuda, Gibraltar, and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGledstone187138_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGledstone187138-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England and Wales, Whitefield's itinerary included every county.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Whitfield_County,_Georgia" title="Whitfield County, Georgia">Whitfield County, Georgia</a>, is named after Whitefield.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the act by the Georgia General Assembly was written to create the county, the "e" was omitted from the spelling of the name to reflect the pronunciation of the name.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_College" title="George Whitefield College">George Whitefield College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitefield_College_of_the_Bible" title="Whitefield College of the Bible">Whitefield College of the Bible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whitefield_Theological_Seminary" title="Whitefield Theological Seminary">Whitefield Theological Seminary</a> are all named after him. The <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Truth_Trust" title="Banner of Truth Trust">Banner of Truth Trust</a>'s logo depicts Whitefield preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFKidd2014">Kidd 2014</a>, pp. 260–263 summarizes Whitefield's legacy. </p> <ol><li>"Whitefield was the most influential Anglo-American evangelical leader of the eighteenth century."</li> <li>"He also indelibly marked the character of evangelical Christianity."</li> <li>He "was the first internationally famous itinerant preacher and the first modern transatlantic celebrity of any kind."</li> <li>"Perhaps he was the greatest evangelical preacher that the world has ever seen."</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galli" title="Mark Galli">Mark Galli</a> wrote of Whitefield's legacy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>George Whitefield was probably the most famous religious figure of the eighteenth century. Newspapers called him the 'marvel of the age'. Whitefield was a preacher capable of commanding thousands on two continents through the sheer power of his oratory. In his lifetime, he preached at least 18,000 times to perhaps 10 million hearers.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFGalli2010">Galli 2010</a>, p. 63</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_Methodist_leaders">Relation to other Methodist leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relation to other Methodist leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></div> <p>In terms of theology, Whitefield, unlike Wesley, was a supporter of Calvinism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddock2012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddock2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two differed on <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">eternal election</a>, final perseverance, and sanctification, but were reconciled as friends and co-workers, each going his own way. It is a prevailing misconception that Whitefield was not primarily an organizer like Wesley. However, as Luke Tyerman, a historian of Wesley, states, "It is notable that the first Calvinistic Methodist Association was held eighteen months before Wesley held his first <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Conference">Methodist Conference</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010130_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010130-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a man of profound experience, which he communicated to audiences with clarity and passion. His patronization by Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, reflected this emphasis on practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_and_controversy">Opposition and controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opposition and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whitefield welcomed opposition because as he said, "the more I am opposed, the more joy I feel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd201423,_117_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd201423,_117-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proved himself adept at creating controversy. In his 1740 visit to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charles Town</a>, it "took Whitefield only four days to plunge Charles Town into religious and social controversy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield thought he might be <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> for his views. After he attacked the established church he predicted that he would "be set at nought by the Rabbies of our Church, and perhaps at last be killed by them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clergy">Clergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley._Mezzotint_by_J._Faber,_junior,_1743,_after_J._W_Wellcome_M0000736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Wesley._Mezzotint_by_J._Faber%2C_junior%2C_1743%2C_after_J._W_Wellcome_M0000736.jpg/170px-John_Wesley._Mezzotint_by_J._Faber%2C_junior%2C_1743%2C_after_J._W_Wellcome_M0000736.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Wesley._Mezzotint_by_J._Faber%2C_junior%2C_1743%2C_after_J._W_Wellcome_M0000736.jpg/255px-John_Wesley._Mezzotint_by_J._Faber%2C_junior%2C_1743%2C_after_J._W_Wellcome_M0000736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Wesley._Mezzotint_by_J._Faber%2C_junior%2C_1743%2C_after_J._W_Wellcome_M0000736.jpg/340px-John_Wesley._Mezzotint_by_J._Faber%2C_junior%2C_1743%2C_after_J._W_Wellcome_M0000736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3886" /></a><figcaption>Whitefield had a strained relationship with <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (depicted in an engraving).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Whitefield_by_James_Moore.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/George_Whitefield_by_James_Moore.png/170px-George_Whitefield_by_James_Moore.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/George_Whitefield_by_James_Moore.png/255px-George_Whitefield_by_James_Moore.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/George_Whitefield_by_James_Moore.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a> of Whitefield after James Moore, after 1751</figcaption></figure> <p>Whitefield chastised other clergy for teaching only "the shell and shadow of religion" because they did not hold the necessity of a new birth, without which a person would be "thrust down into Hell".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1740–41 visit to North America (as he had done in England), he attacked other clergy (mostly Anglican) calling them "God's persecutors". He said that <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a>, Bishop of London with supervision over Anglican clergy in America,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1856187_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1856187-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knew no "more of Christianity, than <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Mahaomet</a>, or an Infidel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Whitefield preached at <a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="St. Philip's Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Philip's Episcopal Church, Charleston, South Carolina</a>, the Commissary, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Garden_(priest)" title="Alexander Garden (priest)">Alexander Garden</a>, suspended him as a "vagabond clergyman." After being suspended, Whitefield attacked all South Carolina's Anglican clergy in print. Whitefield issued a blanket indictment of New England's <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregational</a> ministers for their "lack of zeal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1740, Whitefield published attacks on "the works of two of Anglicanism's revered seventeenth-century authors". Whitefield wrote that <a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a>, archbishop of Canterbury (1691–1694), had "no more been a true Christian than had Muhammad". He also attacked Richard Allestree's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Whole_Duty_of_Man" title="The Whole Duty of Man">The Whole Duty of Man</a></i>, one of Anglicanism's most popular spiritual tracts. At least once Whitefield had his followers burn the tract "with great Detestation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England and Scotland (1741–1744), Whitefield bitterly accused John Wesley of undermining his work. He preached against Wesley, arguing that Wesley's attacks on predestination had alienated "very many of my spiritual children". Wesley replied that Whitefield's attacks were "treacherous" and that Whitefield had made himself "odious and contemptible". However, the two reconciled in later life. Along with Wesley, Whitefield had been influenced by the Moravian Church, but in 1753 he condemned them and attacked their leader, Count <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Zinzendorf" title="Nicolaus Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Zinzendorf</a>, and their practices. When <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trapp" title="Joseph Trapp">Joseph Trapp</a> criticized Whitefield's <i>Journals</i>, Whitefield retorted that Trapp was "no Christian but a servant of Satan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English, Scottish, and American clergy attacked Whitefield, often in response to his attacks on them and Anglicanism. Early in his career, Whitefield criticized the Church of England. In response, clergy called Whitefield one of "the young quacks in divinity" who are "breaking the peace and unity" of the church. From 1738 to 1741, Whitefield issued seven <i>Journals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sermon in St Paul's Cathedral depicted them as "a medley of vanity, and nonsense, and blasphemy jumbled together". Trapp called the <i>Journals</i> "blasphemous" and accused Whitefield of being "besotted either with pride or madness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, by 1739 when he was ordained priest,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield wrote that "the spirit of the clergy began to be much embittered" and that "churches were gradually denied me".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1855330_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1855330-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Whitefield's <i>Journals</i>, the bishop of London, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a>, published a 1739 pastoral letter criticizing Whitefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1883173_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1883173-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson1801_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1801-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield responded by labelling Anglican clergy as "lazy, non-spiritual, and pleasure seeking". He rejected ecclesiastical authority claiming that 'the whole world is now my parish'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1740, Whitefield had attacked Tillotson and Richard Allestree's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Whole_Duty_of_Man" title="The Whole Duty of Man">The Whole Duty of Man</a></i>. These attacks resulted in hostile responses and reduced attendance at his London open-air preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1741, Whitefield made his first visit to Scotland at the invitation of "Ralph and <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Erskine" title="Ebenezer Erskine">Ebenezer Erskine</a>, leaders of the breakaway <a href="/wiki/First_Secession" title="First Secession">Associate Presbytery</a>. When they demanded and Whitefield refused that he preach only in their churches, they attacked him as a "sorcerer" and a "vain-glorious, self-seeking, puffed-up creature". In addition, Whitefield's collecting money for his Bethesda orphanage, combined with the hysteria evoked by his open-air sermons, resulted in bitter attacks in Edinburgh and Glasgow."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Squintum%27s_exaltation_or_the_reformation_LCCN93509794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dr._Squintum%27s_exaltation_or_the_reformation_LCCN93509794.jpg/220px-Dr._Squintum%27s_exaltation_or_the_reformation_LCCN93509794.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dr._Squintum%27s_exaltation_or_the_reformation_LCCN93509794.jpg/330px-Dr._Squintum%27s_exaltation_or_the_reformation_LCCN93509794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dr._Squintum%27s_exaltation_or_the_reformation_LCCN93509794.jpg/440px-Dr._Squintum%27s_exaltation_or_the_reformation_LCCN93509794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>A 1763 British political cartoon decrying Whitefield.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whitefield's <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">itinerant preaching</a> throughout the colonies was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Benson_(bishop)" title="Martin Benson (bishop)">Bishop Benson</a> who had ordained him for a settled ministry in Georgia. Whitefield replied that if bishops did not authorize his itinerant preaching, God would give him the authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1740, Jonathan Edwards invited Whitefield to preach in his church in Northampton. Edwards was "deeply disturbed by his unqualified appeals to emotion, his openly judging those he considered unconverted, and his demand for instant conversions". Whitefield refused to discuss Edwards' misgivings with him. Later, Edwards delivered a series of sermons containing but "thinly veiled critiques" of Whitefield's preaching, "warning against over-dependence upon a preacher's eloquence and fervency".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Whitefield's 1744–1748 visit to America, ten critical <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a> were published, two by officials of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>. This criticism was in part evoked by Whitefield's criticism of "their education and Christian commitment" in his Journal of 1741. Whitefield saw this opposition as "a conspiracy" against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield would be derided with names such as "Dr. Squintum", mocking him for his <a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">esotropia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laity">Laity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Whitefield preached in a <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenting</a> church and "the congregation's response was dismal," he ascribed the response to "the people's being hardened" as were "Pharaoh and the Egyptians" in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008139_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008139-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many New Englanders claimed that Whitefield destroyed "New England's orderly parish system, communities, and even families". The "Declaration of the Association of the County of New Haven, 1745" stated that after Whitefield's preaching "religion is now in a far worse state than it was".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Whitefield preached in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a>, a local newspaper article attacked him as "blasphemous, uncharitable, and unreasonable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008144_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008144-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Whitefield condemned Moravians and their practices, his former London printer (a Moravian) called Whitefield "a Mahomet, a Caesar, an imposter, a <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, a devil, the beast, the man of sin, the Antichrist".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the open air in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland (1757), Whitefield condemned <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, inciting an attack by "hundreds and hundreds of papists" who cursed and wounded him severely and smashed his portable pulpit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On various occasions, a woman assaulted Whitefield with "scissors and a pistol, and her teeth". "Stones and dead cats" were thrown at him. A man almost killed him with a brass-headed cane. "Another climbed a tree to urinate on him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi2014_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2014-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1760, Whitefield was burlesqued by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Foote" title="Samuel Foote">Samuel Foote</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Minor_(Foote_play)" title="The Minor (Foote play)">The Minor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1900_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1900-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobility">Nobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, made Whitefield her personal chaplain. In her chapel, it was noted that his preaching was "more Considered among persons of a Superior Rank" who attended the countess's services. Whitefield was humble before the countess saying that he cried when he was "thinking of your Ladyship's condescending to patronize such a dead dog as I am". He now said that he "highly esteemed bishops of the Church of England because of their sacred character". He confessed that in "many things" he had "judged and acted wrong" and had "been too bitter in my zeal". In 1763, in a defense of Methodism, Whitefield "repeated contrition for much contained in his <i>Journals</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the nobility who heard Whitefield in the Countess of Huntingdon's home was Lady Townshend.<sup id="cite_ref-newmag_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmag-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the changes in Whitefield, someone asked Lady Townshend, "Pray, madam, is it true that Whitefield has <i>recanted</i>?" She replied, "No, sir, he has only <i>canted</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalshLittellSmith1833467_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalshLittellSmith1833467-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One meaning of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cant">cant</a> is "to affect religious or pietistic phraseology, especially as a matter of fashion or profession; to talk unreally or hypocritically with an affectation of goodness or piety".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_innovation">Religious innovation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the First Great Awakening, rather than listening demurely to preachers, people groaned and roared in <a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">enthusiastic</a> emotion. Whitefield was a "passionate preacher" who often "shed tears". Underlying this was his conviction that genuine religion "engaged the heart, not just the head".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd201465_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd201465-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his preaching, Whitefield used rhetorical ploys that were characteristic of theater, an artistic medium largely unknown in colonial America. Harry S. Stout refers to him as a "divine dramatist" and ascribes his success to the theatrical sermons which laid foundations to a new form of pulpit oratory.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield's "Abraham Offering His Son Isaac" is an example of a sermon whose whole structure resembles a theatrical play.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPokojskaRomanowska2012211_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokojskaRomanowska2012211-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divinity schools opened to challenge the hegemony of Yale and Harvard; personal experience became more important than formal education for preachers. Such concepts and habits formed a necessary foundation for the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuttenburg1993429–458_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuttenburg1993429–458-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield's preaching bolstered "the evolving republican ideology that sought local democratic control of civil affairs and freedom from monarchial and parliamentary intrusion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whitefield's sermons were widely reputed to inspire his audience's devotion. Many of them, as well as his letters and journals, were published during his lifetime. He was an excellent orator as well, strong in voice and adept at <a href="/wiki/Extemporaneous_speaking" title="Extemporaneous speaking">extemporaneity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His voice was so expressive that people are said to have wept just hearing him allude to "Mesopotamia". His journals, originally intended only for private circulation, were first published by Thomas Cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamSmith1944_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamSmith1944-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Hutton then published a version with Whitefield's approval. His exuberant and "too apostolical" language were criticised; his journals were no longer published after 1741.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert200277–84_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert200277–84-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitefield prepared a new installment in 1744–45, but it was not published until 1938. 19th-century biographies generally refer to his earlier work, <i>A Short Account of God's Dealings with the Reverend George Whitefield</i> (1740), which covered his life up to his ordination. In 1747 he published <i>A Further Account of God's Dealings with the Reverend George Whitefield</i>, covering the period from his ordination to his first voyage to Georgia. In 1756, a vigorously edited version of his journals and autobiographical accounts was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2014269_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2014269-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitefield was "profoundly image-conscious". His writings were "intended to convey Whitefield and his life as a model for biblical ethics ... , as humble and pious".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr201512,_16_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr201512,_16-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Whitefield's death, <a href="/wiki/John_Gillies_(minister)" title="John Gillies (minister)">John Gillies</a>, a Glasgow friend, published a memoir and six volumes of works, comprising three volumes of letters, a volume of tracts, and two volumes of sermons. Another collection of sermons was published just before he left London for the last time in 1769. These were disowned by Whitefield and Gillies, who tried to buy all copies and pulp them. They had been taken down in shorthand, but Whitefield said that they made him say nonsense on occasion. These sermons were included in a 19th-century volume, <i>Sermons on Important Subjects</i>, along with the "approved" sermons from the <i>Works</i>. An edition of the journals, in one volume, was edited by William Wale in 1905. This was reprinted with additional material in 1960 by the Banner of Truth Trust. It lacks the Bermuda journal entries found in Gillies' biography and the quotes from manuscript journals found in 19th-century biographies. A comparison of this edition with the original 18th-century publications shows numerous omissions—some minor and a few major.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitefield also <a href="/wiki/Hymnwriter" title="Hymnwriter">wrote several hymns</a> and revised one by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>. Wesley composed a hymn in 1739, "Hark, how all the welkin rings"; Whitefield revised the opening couplet in 1758 for "<a href="/wiki/Hark!_The_Herald_Angels_Sing" title="Hark! The Herald Angels Sing">Hark! The Herald Angels Sing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ccel.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccel.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccel.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/whitefield">"George Whitefield: Methodist evangelist"</a>. <i>Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=George+Whitefield%3A+Methodist+evangelist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fwhitefield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeighway1985141-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeighway1985141_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeighway1985141_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeighway1985">Heighway 1985</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribner2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribner2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScribner2016">Scribner 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlenther2010_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlenther2010">Schlenther 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cryptschool-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cryptschool_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cryptschool.org/oldcryptians/">"Old Cryptonians"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Whitefield%3A+Did+You+Know%3F&rft.pub=Christian+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fch%2F1993%2Fissue38%2F3802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitefield20013:383-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitefield20013:383_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitefield2001">Whitefield 2001</a>, p. 3:383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann198573-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann198573_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBormann1985">Bormann 1985</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2014260-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2014260_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidd2014">Kidd 2014</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStout199138-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStout199138_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStout1991">Stout 1991</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarlan184765-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarlan184765_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarlan1847">MacFarlan 1847</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol11/pp204-205">"VCH Gloucestershire, Volume 11 - Minchinhampton: Protestant nonconformity"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VCH+Gloucestershire%2C+Volume+11+-+Minchinhampton%3A+Protestant+nonconformity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fglos%2Fvol11%2Fpp204-205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107,_112,_115-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107,_112,_115_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahaffey2007">Mahaffey 2007</a>, pp. 107, 112, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993b_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalli1993b">Galli 1993b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2015-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2015_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2015_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidd2015">Kidd 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley1774-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley1774_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesley1774">Wesley 1774</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYrigoyenDaugherty1999-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYrigoyenDaugherty1999_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYrigoyenDaugherty1999">Yrigoyen & Daugherty 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2015369–393-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2015369–393_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2015369–393_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2015">Koch 2015</a>, pp. 369–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr20155,_65-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr20155,_65_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParr2015">Parr 2015</a>, pp. 5, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb2013-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabb2013_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabb2013">Babb 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010148-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010148_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010148_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallimore2010">Dallimore 2010</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2009243-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2009243_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2009243_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2009243_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein2009">Stein 2009</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr201576-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr201576_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParr2015">Parr 2015</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr201567-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr201567_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParr2015">Parr 2015</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashin200175-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashin200175_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCashin2001">Cashin 2001</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/150/7.html">"On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield. 1770"</a> bartleby.com. Accessed September 15, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1888135-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1888135_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin1888">Franklin 1888</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffer20117-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffer20117_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffer2011">Hoffer 2011</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGragg1978574-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGragg1978574_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGragg1978">Gragg 1978</a>, p. 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2000138–150-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2000138–150_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands2000">Brands 2000</a>, p. 138–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.amphilsoc.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=198406&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=198561#shelfbrowser"><i>Letter to George Whitefield; Philadelphia, June 17, 1753</i></a>. American Philosophical Society Library. 7 April 1882<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+George+Whitefield%3B+Philadelphia%2C+June+17%2C+1753.&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society+Library&rft.date=1882-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.amphilsoc.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-detail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D198406%26shelfbrowse_itemnumber%3D198561%23shelfbrowser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/vis_obj/statues/whitefield_geo.html">"George Whitefield Statue"</a>. Penn State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Whitefield+Statue&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Ffeatures%2Fvis_obj%2Fstatues%2Fwhitefield_geo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/announcements/penn-announces-plans-remove-statue-george-whitefield-and-forms-working-group-study">"Penn announces plans to remove statue of George Whitefield and forms working group to study campus names and iconography"</a>. <i>Penn Today</i>. 2 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Penn+announces+plans+to+remove+statue+of+George+Whitefield+and+forms+working+group+to+study+campus+names+and+iconography&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fannouncements%2Fpenn-announces-plans-remove-statue-george-whitefield-and-forms-working-group-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Line adapted from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g.christianbook.com/g/pdf/hp/9781619700611-intro.pdf">"The Life of George Whitefield: A Timeline 1714–1770"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli1993a_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalli1993a">Galli 1993a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore1980101,_109-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore1980101,_109_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallimore1980">Dallimore 1980</a>, pp. 101, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlenther,_Boyd_Stanley_(2010)_[2004]._"Whitefield,_George_(1714–1770)"._Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography._Oxford_University_Press._doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/292812004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schlenther, Boyd Stanley (2010) [2004]. "Whitefield, George (1714–1770)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29281 (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-29281">"Whitefield, George (1714–1770), Calvinistic Methodist leader"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29281">10.1093/ref:odnb/29281</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whitefield%2C+George+%281714%E2%80%931770%29%2C+Calvinistic+Methodist+leader&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29281&rft.au=Schlenther%2C+Boyd+Stanley+%282010%29+%5B2004%5D.+%22Whitefield%2C+George+%281714%E2%80%931770%29%22.+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography.+Oxford+University+Press.+doi%3A10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29281&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-29281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://banneroftruth.org/us/resources/articles/2015/life-george-whitefield/">"The Life of George Whitefield"</a>. <i>Banner of Truth USA</i>. 13 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banner+of+Truth+USA&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+George+Whitefield&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbanneroftruth.org%2Fus%2Fresources%2Farticles%2F2015%2Flife-george-whitefield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwA0AQAAMAAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CHe+did+not+intentionally+make+his+wife+unhappy.+He+always+preserved+great+decency+and+decorum+in+his+conduct+towards+her.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA415"><i>Select Reviews of Literature, and Spirit of Foreign Magazines</i></a>. 1809.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Reviews+of+Literature%2C+and+Spirit+of+Foreign+Magazines&rft.date=1809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwA0AQAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%25E2%2580%259CHe%2Bdid%2Bnot%2Bintentionally%2Bmake%2Bhis%2Bwife%2Bunhappy.%2BHe%2Balways%2Bpreserved%2Bgreat%2Bdecency%2Band%2Bdecorum%2Bin%2Bhis%2Bconduct%2Btowards%2Bher.%25E2%2580%259D%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/whitefields-curious-love-life">"Whitefield's Curious Love Life | Christian History Magazine"</a>. <i>Christian History Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Whitefield%27s+Curious+Love+Life+%7C+Christian+History+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianhistoryinstitute.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fwhitefields-curious-love-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli201066-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalli201066_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalli2010">Galli 2010</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldsouthnbpt.org/">First Presbyterian (Old South) Church</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1951" class="citation book cs1">Wesley, John (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/journal.html">"Entry for Nov. 10, 1770"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online)</span>. <i>The Journal of John Wesley</i>. Chicago: Moody Press. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entry+for+Nov.+10%2C+1770&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+John+Wesley&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fwesley%2Fjournal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quintapress.com/extra_sermons.html"><i>Sermons of George Whitefield that have never yet been reprinted</i></a>, Quinta</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermons+of+George+Whitefield+that+have+never+yet+been+reprinted&rft.pub=Quinta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quintapress.com%2Fextra_sermons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGledstone187138-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGledstone187138_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGledstone1871">Gledstone 1871</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://banneroftruth.org/us/about/banner-authors/george-whitefield/">"George Whitefield Author Biography"</a>. <i>Banner of Truth USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitfieldcountyga.com/hist/history.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Mission&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbanneroftruth.org%2Fus%2Fabout%2Four-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddock2012-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddock2012_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddock2012">Maddock 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010130-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallimore2010130_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallimore2010">Dallimore 2010</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd201423,_117-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd201423,_117_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidd2014">Kidd 2014</a>, pp. 23, 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzig2008">Witzig 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1856187-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1856187_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1856">Anderson 1856</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quintapress.com/files/whitefield/Journals.pdf">Seven Journals 1738–1741</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=38535">"Cambridge, George Owen (1736–1739) (CCEd Person ID 38535)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Clergy_of_the_Church_of_England_database" title="Clergy of the Church of England database">The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Clergy+of+the+Church+of+England+Database+1540%E2%80%931835&rft.atitle=Cambridge%2C+George+Owen%26%2332%3B%281736%E2%80%931739%29+%28CCEd+Person+ID+38535%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheclergydatabase.org.uk%2Fjsp%2Fpersons%2FCreatePersonFrames.jsp%3FPersonID%3D38535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1855330-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1855330_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1855">White 1855</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1883173-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1883173_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels1883">Daniels 1883</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1801-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson1801_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1801">Gibson 1801</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbettPrechtJanssenLund2014" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, P. Scott; Precht, Jay; Janssen, Volker; Lund, John M.; Pfannestiel, Todd; Vickery, Paul; Waskiewicz, Sylvie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/k12/us-history"><i>U.S. History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenStax" title="OpenStax">OpenStax</a>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-947172-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-947172-08-1"><bdi>978-1-947172-08-1</bdi></a>. <q>On the left is an illustration for Whitefield's memoirs, while on the right is a cartoon satirizing the circus-like atmosphere that his preaching seemed to attract (Dr. Squintum was a nickname for Whitefield, who was cross-eyed).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+History&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=OpenStax&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-947172-08-1&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=P.+Scott&rft.au=Precht%2C+Jay&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Volker&rft.au=Lund%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Pfannestiel%2C+Todd&rft.au=Vickery%2C+Paul&rft.au=Waskiewicz%2C+Sylvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenstax.org%2Fk12%2Fus-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008139-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008139_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzig2008">Witzig 2008</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008144-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzig2008144_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzig2008">Witzig 2008</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2014-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi2014_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoi2014">Choi 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1900-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1900_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1900">Gordon 1900</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newmag-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newmag_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_oDAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Countess of Huntingdon's New Magazine</i></a>. 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Web. 1 April 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd201465-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd201465_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidd2014">Kidd 2014</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stout|first=Harry S. |title=The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism|year=1991|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokojskaRomanowska2012211-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPokojskaRomanowska2012211_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPokojskaRomanowska2012">Pokojska & Romanowska 2012</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuttenburg1993429–458-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuttenburg1993429–458_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuttenburg1993">Ruttenburg 1993</a>, pp. 429–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaffey2007107_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahaffey2007">Mahaffey 2007</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/evangelistsandapologists/whitefield.html">"George Whitefield"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Whitefield%27s+Journals&rft.pub=Quinta+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quintapress.com%2Fwhitefieldjournals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamSmith1944-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamSmith1944_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamSmith1944">Lam & Smith 1944</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert200277–84-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert200277–84_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2002">Lambert 2002</a>, pp. 77–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2014269-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2014269_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidd2014">Kidd 2014</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quintapress.com/files/whitefield/Journals.pdf">"The Works of George Whitefield Journals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Quinta Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+George+Whitefield+Journals&rft.pub=Quinta+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quintapress.com%2Ffiles%2Fwhitefield%2FJournals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr201512,_16-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr201512,_16_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParr2015">Parr 2015</a>, pp. 12, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quintapress.com/whitefield.htm">"The Works of George Whitefield"</a>. Quinta Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+George+Whitefield&rft.pub=Quinta+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quintapress.com%2Fwhitefield.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler2013" class="citation cs2">Bowler, Gerry (29 December 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.umanitoba.ca/hark-the-herald-angels-sing/">"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing"</a>, <i>UM Today</i>, University of Manitoba</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UM+Today&rft.atitle=Hark%21+The+Herald+Angels+Sing&rft.date=2013-12-29&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.umanitoba.ca%2Fhark-the-herald-angels-sing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1856" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Stuart Murray (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchurcho03andeuoft/page/187"><i>The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire</i></a>. Rivingtons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church+of+England+in+the+Colonies+and+Foreign+Dependencies+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchurcho03andeuoft%2Fpage%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2010" class="citation book cs1">Anon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2I6RmJ4JiuAC&pg=PA257"><i>Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints</i></a>. Church Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-637-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-637-0"><bdi>978-0-89869-637-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Women%2C+Holy+Men%3A+Celebrating+the+Saints&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-637-0&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2I6RmJ4JiuAC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Babb, Tara Leigh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1807/"><i>"Without A Few Negroes": George Whitefield, James Habersham, and Bethesda Orphan House In the Story of Legalizing Slavery In Colonial Georgia</i></a> (Thesis). University of South Carolina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22Without+A+Few+Negroes%22%3A+George+Whitefield%2C+James+Habersham%2C+and+Bethesda+Orphan+House+In+the+Story+of+Legalizing+Slavery+In+Colonial+Georgia&rft.inst=University+of+South+Carolina&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=Tara+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.sc.edu%2Fetd%2F1807%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2000" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H. W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bi93AAAAMAAJ"><i>The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49328-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49328-4"><bdi>978-0-385-49328-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+American%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49328-4&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbi93AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashin2001" class="citation book cs1">Cashin, Edward J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEmvyv3LO2AC&pg=PA75"><i>Beloved Bethesda: A History of George Whitefield's Home for Boys, 1740–2000</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-722-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-722-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+Bethesda%3A+A+History+of+George+Whitefield%27s+Home+for+Boys%2C+1740%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-722-3&rft.aulast=Cashin&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEmvyv3LO2AC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2014" class="citation web cs1">Choi, Peter (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414183355/http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/2015/janfeb/revivalist-pop-idol-and-revolutionary-too.html">"Revivalist, Pop Idol, and Revolutionary Too? Whitefield's place in American history"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/2015/janfeb/revivalist-pop-idol-and-revolutionary-too.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Revivalist%2C+Pop+Idol%2C+and+Revolutionary+Too%3F+Whitefield%27s+place+in+American+history&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctlibrary.com%2Fbc%2F2015%2Fjanfeb%2Frevivalist-pop-idol-and-revolutionary-too.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiński2016" class="citation book cs1">Choiński, Michał (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVsRDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Rhetoric of the Revival: The Language of the Great Awakening Preachers</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-647-56023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-647-56023-6"><bdi>978-3-647-56023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+the+Revival%3A+The+Language+of+the+Great+Awakening+Preachers&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-647-56023-6&rft.aulast=Choi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVsRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallimore1980" class="citation book cs1">Dallimore, Arnold A. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewhitefield00dall"><i>George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival</i></a></span>. Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Truth_Trust" title="Banner of Truth Trust">Banner of Truth Trust</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-300-3"><bdi>978-0-85151-300-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Whitefield%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Great+Evangelist+of+the+Eighteenth-Century+Revival&rft.place=Edinburgh+or+Carlisle&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth+Trust&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85151-300-3&rft.aulast=Dallimore&rft.aufirst=Arnold+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewhitefield00dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallimore2010" class="citation book cs1">Dallimore, Arnold A. (2010) [1990]. <i>George Whitefield: God's Anointed Servant in the Great Revival of the Enlightened Century</i>. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1341-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1341-1"><bdi>978-1-4335-1341-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Whitefield%3A+God%27s+Anointed+Servant+in+the+Great+Revival+of+the+Enlightened+Century&rft.place=Westchester%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-1341-1&rft.aulast=Dallimore&rft.aufirst=Arnold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1883" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, W. H. (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00dani/page/173"><i>The Illustrated History of Methodism in Great Britain, America, and Australia: From the Days of the Wesleys to the Present Time</i></a>. Methodist Book Concern – via Phillips & Hunt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+Methodism+in+Great+Britain%2C+America%2C+and+Australia%3A+From+the+Days+of+the+Wesleys+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pub=Methodist+Book+Concern&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedhisto00dani%2Fpage%2F173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographybe13frangoog/page/n141"><i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i></a>. Houghton, Mifflin and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographybe13frangoog%2Fpage%2Fn141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalli1993a" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galli" title="Mark Galli">Galli, Mark</a> (1993a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-38/whitefields-curious-love-life.html">"Whitefield's Curious Love Life"</a>. <i>Christian History</i>. No. 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+History&rft.atitle=Whitefield%27s+Curious+Love+Life&rft.issue=38&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Galli&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-38%2Fwhitefields-curious-love-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalli1993b" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galli" title="Mark Galli">Galli, Mark</a> (1993b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-38/slaveholding-evangelist.html">"Slaveholding Evangelist: Whitefield's Troubling Mix of Views"</a>. <i>Christian History</i>. No. 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+History&rft.atitle=Slaveholding+Evangelist%3A+Whitefield%27s+Troubling+Mix+of+Views&rft.issue=38&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Galli&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-38%2Fslaveholding-evangelist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalli2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galli" title="Mark Galli">Galli, Mark</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/evangelistsandapologists/george-whitefield.html">"George Whitefield: Sensational Evangelist of Britain and America"</a>. <i>131 Christians Everyone Should Know</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group. pp. 63–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9040-4"><bdi>978-0-8054-9040-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Whitefield%3A+Sensational+Evangelist+of+Britain+and+America&rft.btitle=131+Christians+Everyone+Should+Know&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=63-66&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9040-4&rft.aulast=Galli&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fevangelistsandapologists%2Fgeorge-whitefield.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1801" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Gibson, Edmund</a> (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D39eAAAAcAAJ"><i>A Caution against Enthusiasm. Being the second part of the late Bishop of London's fourth Pastoral Letter. [A criticism of passages from the Journal of George Whitefield.] A new edition</i></a>. F. & C. Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Caution+against+Enthusiasm.+Being+the+second+part+of+the+late+Bishop+of+London%27s+fourth+Pastoral+Letter.+%26%2391%3BA+criticism+of+passages+from+the+Journal+of+George+Whitefield.%26%2393%3B+A+new+edition&rft.pub=F.+%26+C.+Rivington&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD39eAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGledstone1871" class="citation book cs1">Gledstone, James Paterson (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetravelsofgeo00gled_0/page/38"><i>The Life and Travels of George Whitefield, M. A.</i></a> Longmans, Green, and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Travels+of+George+Whitefield%2C+M.+A.&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Gledstone&rft.aufirst=James+Paterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifetravelsofgeo00gled_0%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gordon, Alexander (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whitefield, George"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Whitefield,_George">"Whitefield, George" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 61. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whitefield%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGragg1978" class="citation journal cs1">Gragg, Larry (September 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=4868364&site=eds-live&scope=site">"A Mere Civil Friendship: Franklin and Whitefield"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>28</b> (9): 574.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=A+Mere+Civil+Friendship%3A+Franklin+and+Whitefield&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=574&rft.date=1978-09&rft.aulast=Gragg&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dedb%26AN%3D4868364%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeighway1985" class="citation book cs1">Heighway, Carolyn M. (1985). <i>Gloucester: a history and guide</i>. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-256-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-256-7"><bdi>0-86299-256-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloucester%3A+a+history+and+guide&rft.place=Gloucester&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86299-256-7&rft.aulast=Heighway&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffer2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoffer, Peter Charles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPty67JRe-wC"><i>When Benjamin Franklin Met the Reverend Whitefield: Enlightenment, Revival, and the Power of the Printed Word</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0311-3"><bdi>978-1-4214-0311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Benjamin+Franklin+Met+the+Reverend+Whitefield%3A+Enlightenment%2C+Revival%2C+and+the+Power+of+the+Printed+Word&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0311-3&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Peter+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPty67JRe-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2014" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Thomas S. (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewhitefield0000kidd"><i>George Whitefield: America's Spiritual Founding Father</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18162-3"><bdi>978-0-300-18162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Whitefield%3A+America%27s+Spiritual+Founding+Father&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18162-3&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewhitefield0000kidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Kidd" title="Thomas S. Kidd">Kidd, Thomas</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancentury.org/blogs/archive/2015-01/george-whitefield-s-troubled-relationship-race-and-slavery">"George Whitefield's troubled relationship to race and slavery"</a>. <i>Christian Century</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Century&rft.atitle=George+Whitefield%27s+troubled+relationship+to+race+and+slavery&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiancentury.org%2Fblogs%2Farchive%2F2015-01%2Fgeorge-whitefield-s-troubled-relationship-race-and-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Philippa (2015). "Slavery, Mission, and the Perils of Providence in Eighteenth-Century Christianity: The Writings of Whitefield and the Halle Pietists". <i>Church History</i>. <b>84</b> (2): 369–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640715000098">10.1017/S0009640715000098</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163637671">163637671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Slavery%2C+Mission%2C+and+the+Perils+of+Providence+in+Eighteenth-Century+Christianity%3A+The+Writings+of+Whitefield+and+the+Halle+Pietists&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=369-393&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163637671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009640715000098&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2002" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w7NUPvmWpUQC&pg=PA77"><i>Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 77–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691096162" title="Special:BookSources/9780691096162"><bdi>9780691096162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedlar+in+Divinity%3A+George+Whitefield+and+the+Transatlantic+Revivals%2C+1737%E2%80%931770&rft.pages=77-84&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780691096162&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw7NUPvmWpUQC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlan1847" class="citation book cs1">MacFarlan, D. (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/revivalsofeighte00macf_0#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Revivals of the Eighteenth Century: particularly at Cambuslang</i></a>. Edinburgh: Johnstone and Hunter. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revivals+of+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+particularly+at+Cambuslang&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Johnstone+and+Hunter&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=MacFarlan&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frevivalsofeighte00macf_0%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaffey2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahaffey, Jerome (2007). <i>Preaching Politics: The Religious Rhetoric of George Whitefield and the Founding of a New Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-88-1"><bdi>978-1-932792-88-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preaching+Politics%3A+The+Religious+Rhetoric+of+George+Whitefield+and+the+Founding+of+a+New+Nation&rft.place=Waco&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932792-88-1&rft.aulast=Mahaffey&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddock2012" class="citation book cs1">Maddock, Ian J (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TejkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Men of One Book: A Comparison of Two Methodist Preachers, John Wesley and George Whitefield</i></a>. Lutterworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4093-8"><bdi>978-0-7188-4093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+One+Book%3A+A+Comparison+of+Two+Methodist+Preachers%2C+John+Wesley+and+George+Whitefield&rft.pub=Lutterworth&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4093-8&rft.aulast=Maddock&rft.aufirst=Ian+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTejkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamSmith1944" class="citation journal cs1">Lam, George L.; Smith, Warren H. (1944). "Two Rival Editions of George Whitefield's <i>Journal</i>, London, 1738". <i>Studies in Philology</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 86–93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-0383">1543-0383</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4172646">4172646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=Two+Rival+Editions+of+George+Whitefield%27s+Journal%2C+London%2C+1738&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-93&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4172646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1543-0383&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Warren+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2014" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1307"><i>Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-026-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+Religious+History+%26%2391%3B4+Volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-026-3&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbI9_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr2015" class="citation book cs1">Parr, Jessica M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQsbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"><i>Inventing George Whitefield: Race, Revivalism, and the Making of a Religious Icon</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62674-498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62674-498-1"><bdi>978-1-62674-498-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+George+Whitefield%3A+Race%2C+Revivalism%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+Religious+Icon&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62674-498-1&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=Jessica+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQsbBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokojskaRomanowska2012" class="citation book cs1">Pokojska, Agnieszka; Romanowska, Agnieszka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNMCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211"><i>Eyes to Wonder, Tongue to Praise: Volume in Honour of Professor Marta Gibińska</i></a>. Wydawnictwo UJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-233-8769-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-233-8769-5"><bdi>978-83-233-8769-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyes+to+Wonder%2C+Tongue+to+Praise%3A+Volume+in+Honour+of+Professor+Marta+Gibi%C5%84ska&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+UJ&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-83-233-8769-5&rft.aulast=Pokojska&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft.au=Romanowska%2C+Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNMCCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttenburg1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ruttenburg, Nancy (1993). "George Whitefield, Spectacular Conversion, and the Rise of Democratic Personality". <i>American Literary History</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 429–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2F5.3.429">10.1093/alh/5.3.429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-7148">0896-7148</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/490000">490000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=George+Whitefield%2C+Spectacular+Conversion%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Democratic+Personality&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=429-58&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0896-7148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F490000%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falh%2F5.3.429&rft.aulast=Ruttenburg&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlenther2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schlenther, Boyd Stanley (2010) [2004]. "Whitefield, George (1714–1770)". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29281">10.1093/ref:odnb/29281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whitefield%2C+George+%281714%E2%80%931770%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29281&rft.aulast=Schlenther&rft.aufirst=Boyd+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScribner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Scribner, Vaughn (2016). "Transatlantic Actors: The Intertwining Stages of George Whitefield and Lewis Hallam Sr., 1739–1756". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshw006">10.1093/jsh/shw006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1897">1527-1897</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147286975">147286975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Transatlantic+Actors%3A+The+Intertwining+Stages+of+George+Whitefield+and+Lewis+Hallam+Sr.%2C+1739%E2%80%931756&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147286975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshw006&rft.aulast=Scribner&rft.aufirst=Vaughn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Stephen J. (2009). "George Whitefield on Slavery: Some New Evidence". <i>Church History</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 243–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3163671">10.2307/3163671</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3163671">3163671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159671880">159671880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=George+Whitefield+on+Slavery%3A+Some+New+Evidence&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-256&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159671880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3163671%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3163671&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout1991" class="citation book cs1">Stout, Harry S. (1991). <i>The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Dramatist%3A+George+Whitefield+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Evangelicalism&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tyson, John R. (2011). "Lady Huntingdon, religion and race". <i>Methodist History</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 28–40. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10516%2F2867">10516/2867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methodist+History&rft.atitle=Lady+Huntingdon%2C+religion+and+race&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-40&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10516%2F2867&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshLittellSmith1833" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Robert; Littell, Eliakim; Smith, John Jay (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnAyAQAAMAAJ&pg=467"><i>The Museum of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art</i></a>. E. Littell & T. Holden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Museum+of+Foreign+Literature%2C+Science%2C+and+Art&rft.pub=E.+Littell+%26+T.+Holden&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Littell%2C+Eliakim&rft.au=Smith%2C+John+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnAyAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3D467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1993" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, J. D. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/wesley-vs-whitefield">"Wesley vs. Whitefield"</a>. <i>Christian History</i>. <b>12</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+History&rft.atitle=Wesley+vs.+Whitefield&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianhistoryinstitute.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fwesley-vs-whitefield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1774" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">Wesley, John</a> (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6s-AQAAMAAJ"><i>Thoughts Upon Slavery</i></a>. R. Hawes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+Upon+Slavery&rft.pub=R.+Hawes&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6s-AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation journal cs1">White, Eryn M. (2011). "Whitefield, Wesley and Wales". <i>Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 136–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Wesley+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Whitefield%2C+Wesley+and+Wales&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=136-150&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Eryn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1855" class="citation book cs1">White, George (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalcolle00georgoog/page/n394"><i>Historical Collections of Georgia: Containing the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, Etc., Relating to Its History and Antiquities, from Its First Settlement to the Present Time; Compiled from Original Records and Official Documents; Illustrated by Nearly One Hundred Engravings</i></a>. Pudney & Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Collections+of+Georgia%3A+Containing+the+Most+Interesting+Facts%2C+Traditions%2C+Biographical+Sketches%2C+Anecdotes%2C+Etc.%2C+Relating+to+Its+History+and+Antiquities%2C+from+Its+First+Settlement+to+the+Present+Time%3B+Compiled+from+Original+Records+and+Official+Documents%3B+Illustrated+by+Nearly+One+Hundred+Engravings&rft.pub=Pudney+%26+Russell&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalcolle00georgoog%2Fpage%2Fn394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiersbe2009" class="citation book cs1">Wiersbe, Warren W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxkpvdYikRgC&pg=PA42"><i>50 People Every Christian Should Know: Learning from Spiritual Giants of the Faith</i></a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0400-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-0400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+People+Every+Christian+Should+Know%3A+Learning+from+Spiritual+Giants+of+the+Faith&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0400-4&rft.aulast=Wiersbe&rft.aufirst=Warren+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxkpvdYikRgC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzig2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Witzig, Fred (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/1b2766b92c6612bc90025b7d0b11322a/1?cbl=18750&diss=y&pq-origsite=gscholar"><i>The Great Anti-Awakening: Anti-revivalism in Philadelphia and Charles Town, 1739–1745</i></a> (PhD). Indiana University. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Great+Anti-Awakening%3A+Anti-revivalism+in+Philadelphia+and+Charles+Town%2C+1739%E2%80%931745&rft.inst=Indiana+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Witzig&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F1b2766b92c6612bc90025b7d0b11322a%2F1%3Fcbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy%26pq-origsite%3Dgscholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1968" class="citation cs2">Williams, Robert V. (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libsci.sc.edu/histories/Georgia/libraries/academic/bethesda/Bethesda.pdf">"George Whitefield's Bethesda: the Orphanage, the College, and the Library"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Proceedings of the Library History Seminar</i>, no. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.libsci.sc.edu/histories/Georgia/libraries/academic/bethesda/Bethesda.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Library+History+Seminar&rft.atitle=George+Whitefield%27s+Bethesda%3A+the+Orphanage%2C+the+College%2C+and+the+Library&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libsci.sc.edu%2Fhistories%2FGeorgia%2Flibraries%2Facademic%2Fbethesda%2FBethesda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyenDaugherty1999" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles; Daugherty, Ruth A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PW3UlhFPT9AC"><i>John Wesley: Holiness of Heart and Life</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-05686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-05686-6"><bdi>978-0-687-05686-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley%3A+Holiness+of+Heart+and+Life&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-687-05686-6&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Daugherty%2C+Ruth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPW3UlhFPT9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2008" class="citation cs2">Franklin, Benjamin (October 2008), <i>The Autobiography</i>, Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55709-079-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55709-079-9"><bdi>978-1-55709-079-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography&rft.place=Bedford%2C+MA&rft.pub=Applewood+Books&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-1-55709-079-9&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefield1853" class="citation cs2">Whitefield, George (1853), Gillies, John (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvNpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Memoirs of the Rev. George Whitefield: to which is appended an extensive collection of his sermons and other writings</i></a>, E. Hunt</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Rev.+George+Whitefield%3A+to+which+is+appended+an+extensive+collection+of+his+sermons+and+other+writings&rft.pub=E.+Hunt&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Whitefield&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Whitefield, George. <i>Journals</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Truth_Trust" title="Banner of Truth Trust">Banner of Truth Trust</a>, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-147-4">978-0-85151-147-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefield2001" class="citation cs2">——— (2001), <i>The Works</i> (compilation), <a href="/wiki/Weston_Rhyn" title="Weston Rhyn">Weston Rhyn</a>: Quinta Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897856-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897856-09-3"><bdi>978-1-897856-09-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works&rft.place=Weston+Rhyn&rft.pub=Quinta+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-897856-09-3&rft.aulast=Whitefield&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefield2010" class="citation cs2">——— (2010), Lee, Gatiss (ed.), <i>The Sermons</i>, Church society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85190-084-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85190-084-1"><bdi>978-0-85190-084-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sermons&rft.pub=Church+society&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85190-084-1&rft.aulast=Whitefield&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Armstrong, John H. <i>Five Great Evangelists: Preachers of Real Revival</i>. Fearn (maybe <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Fearn" title="Hill of Fearn">Hill of Fearn</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tain" title="Tain">Tain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Focus_Publications" title="Christian Focus Publications">Christian Focus Publications</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85792-157-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85792-157-1">978-1-85792-157-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBormann1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bormann" title="Ernest Bormann">Bormann, Ernest G</a> (1985), <i>Force of Fantasy: Restoring the American Dream</i>, <a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois" title="Carbondale, Illinois">Carbondale</a>: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2369-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2369-2"><bdi>978-0-8093-2369-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+of+Fantasy%3A+Restoring+the+American+Dream&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2369-2&rft.aulast=Bormann&rft.aufirst=Ernest+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Dallimore, Arnold A. <i>George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival</i> (Volume I). <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Truth_Trust" title="Banner of Truth Trust">Banner of Truth Trust</a>, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-026-2">978-0-85151-026-2</a>.</li> <li>Gibson, William and Morgan-Guy, John (eds), <i>George Whitefield Tercentenary Essays</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a> 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783168330" title="Special:BookSources/9781783168330">9781783168330</a></li> <li>Johnston, E.A. <i>George Whitefield: A Definitive Biography</i> (2 volumes). <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>: Tentmaker Publications, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901670-76-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901670-76-9">978-1-901670-76-9</a>.</li> <li>Hammond, Geordan and Jones, David Ceri(eds), <i>George Whitefield: Life, Context, and Legacy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19874-707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19874-707-9">978-0-19874-707-9</a>.</li> <li>Kenney, William Howland, III. ″Alexander Garden and George Whitefield: The Significance of Revivalism in South Carolina 1738–1741″. <i>The South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>, Vol. 71, No. 1 (January 1970), pp. 1–16.</li> <li>Kidd, Thomas S. <i>The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15846-5">978-0-300-15846-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert, Frank (1990). "Pedlar in Divinity': George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 1737–1745". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 812–837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2078987">10.2307/2078987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2078987">2078987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Pedlar+in+Divinity%27%3A+George+Whitefield+and+the+Great+Awakening%2C+1737%E2%80%931745&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=812-837&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2078987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2078987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaffey2011" class="citation cs2">——— (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130831000808/http://www.baylorpress.com/en/Book/274/The_Accidental_Revolutionary.html"><i>The Accidental Revolutionary: George Whitefield and the Creation of America</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a> Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-391-7"><bdi>978-1-60258-391-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baylorpress.com/en/Book/274/The_Accidental_Revolutionary.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Accidental+Revolutionary%3A+George+Whitefield+and+the+Creation+of+America&rft.place=Waco&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60258-391-7&rft.aulast=Mahaffey&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baylorpress.com%2Fen%2FBook%2F274%2FThe_Accidental_Revolutionary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mansfield" title="Stephen Mansfield">Mansfield, Stephen</a>. <i>Forgotten Founding Father: The Heroic Legacy of George Whitefield</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>: Cumberland House Publishing (acquired by Sourcebooks), 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-165-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-165-9">978-1-58182-165-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2010" class="citation cs2">Noll, Mark A (2010), <i>The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys</i>, InterVarsity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830838912" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830838912"><bdi>978-0830838912</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Evangelicalism%3A+The+Age+of+Edwards%2C+Whitefield+and+the+Wesleys&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0830838912&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Whitefield" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Philip, Robert. <i>The Life and Times of George Whitefield</i>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Truth_Trust" title="Banner of Truth Trust">Banner of Truth Trust</a>, 2007 (reprint) [1837]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-960-9">978-0-85151-960-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pollock_(author)" title="John Pollock (author)">Pollock, John</a>. <i>George Whitefield and the Great Awakening</i>. Hodder & Stoughton, 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Reisinger" title="Ernest Reisinger">Reisinger, Ernest</a>. <i>The Founder's Journal</i>, Issue 19/20, Winter/Spring 1995: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.founders.org/journal/fj19/article5.html">"What Should We Think of Evangelism and Calvinism?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517063145/http://www.founders.org/journal/fj19/article5.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Coral Gables: <a href="/wiki/Founders_Ministries" title="Founders Ministries">Founders Ministries</a>.</li> <li>Schwenk, James L. <i>Catholic Spirit: Wesley, Whitefield, and the Quest for Evangelical Unity in Eighteenth Century British Methodism</i> (Scarecrow Press, 2008).</li> <li>Smith, Timothy L. <i>Whitefield and Wesley on the New Birth</i> (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Francis Asbury Press of Zondervan Publishing House, 1986).</li> <li>Streater, David <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_050_Streater-Whitefield.pdf">"Whitefield and the Revival" (<i>Crossway</i>, Autumn 1993. No. 50)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407131425/http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_050_Streater-Whitefield.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Thompson, D. D. <i>John Wesley and George Whitefield in Scotland: Or, the Influence of the Oxford Methodists on Scottish Religion</i> (London: Blackwood and Sons, 1898).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Whitefield&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_Whitefield" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Whitefield" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quintapress.com/images/bust.jpg">Bust of Whitefield</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_City_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery">Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/history/iss_history_whitefield.asp">Biographies, Articles, and Books on Whitefield</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530183018/http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/history/iss_history_whitefield.asp">Archived</a> 30 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012095714/http://edsitement.neh.gov//view_lesson_plan.asp?id=698#02">Lesson plan on George Whitefield and the First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quintapress.com/whitefieldjournals.html">George Whitefield's Journals project</a> – Project to publish a complete edition of Whitefield's Journals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldsouthnbpt.org/Whitefield">George Whitefield at Old South Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412043425/http://www.stonehousehistorygroup.org.uk/page18.html">George Whitefield preaches to 3000 in Stonehouse Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Template:Methodism_footer" title="Template:Methodism footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodism_footer" title="Template talk:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Methodism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">List of denominations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodism#Origins" title="Methodism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Doctrinal<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christianity" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Distinctive beliefs<br /> and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalist_(person)" title="Revivalist (person)">Revivalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert C. Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Related <br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_of_the_British_Province" title="Moravian Church of the British Province">Moravian Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fetter_Lane_Society" title="Fetter Lane Society">Fetter Lane Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Christian perfection">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Other relevant <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">Methodist views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">Itinerant preacher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism" title="Homosexuality and Methodism">Homosexuality and Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/12px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/19px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314399#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108816926">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27107411">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/6443/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRxKHBmH7MvPTBfJvT73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118767623">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50019884">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12169874s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12169874s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35604938">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2005277808&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06856998X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201821261">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrvzh7z1zt4h32">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462736605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000188220">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527948406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14066060">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3cf97a57-fba5-46d4-b86a-193b4c4f5e23">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1011928">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118767623.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118767623">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030240255">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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