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id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nibble</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84" title="نايبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نايبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Нібл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нібл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4ks" title="Näks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Näks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84" title="نیبل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%B8%94" title="니블 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니블" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mibicoko" title="Mibicoko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mibicoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ನಿಬ್ಬಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಬ್ಬಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusbaits" title="Pusbaits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pusbaits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB" title="ニブル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニブル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਨਿੱਬਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿੱਬਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82bajt" title="Półbajt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półbajt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Полубайт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полубайт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Нибл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нибл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nibble" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Нібл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нібл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q740943#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Four-bit unit of digital storage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the data storage unit. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nibble_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nibble (disambiguation)">Nibble (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nibble" title="Special:EditPage/Nibble">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nibble%22">"Nibble"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nibble%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nibble%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nibble%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nibble%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nibble%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octets_in_CP866_ordered_by_nibbles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Octets_in_CP866_ordered_by_nibbles.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">code page 866</a> font table ordered by nibbles.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, a <b>nibble</b><sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1974_MCS-40_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1974_MCS-40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (occasionally <b>nybble</b>, <b>nyble</b>, or <b>nybl</b> to match the spelling of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>) is a four-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> aggregation,<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1974_MCS-40_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1974_MCS-40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1980_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warren_2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or half an <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a>. It is also known as <b>half-byte</b><sup id="cite_ref-esr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>tetrade</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr_1959_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr_1959-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Speiser_1965_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speiser_1965-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> context, the nibble is often called a <b>semi-octet</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Puzman_2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzman_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>quadbit</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Horak_2007_Websters_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horak_2007_Websters-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>quartet</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewster_1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewster_1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Courbis_1989_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courbis_1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nibble has sixteen (<span class="texhtml">2<sup>4</sup></span>) possible values. A nibble can be represented by a single <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> <a href="/wiki/Digit_(math)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digit (math)">digit</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0</code>–<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">F</code>) and called a <b>hex digit</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_CPP_1997_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_CPP_1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A full <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> (octet) is represented by two hexadecimal digits (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">00</code>–<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FF</code>); therefore, it is common to display a byte of information as two nibbles. Sometimes the set of all <a href="/wiki/256_(number)" title="256 (number)">256</a>-byte values is represented as a <span class="texhtml">16×16</span> table, which gives easily readable hexadecimal codes for each value. </p><p><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">Four-bit computer architectures</a> use groups of four bits as their fundamental unit. Such architectures were used in early <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocket_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket calculator">pocket calculators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">pocket computers</a>. They continue to be used in some <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>. In this context, 4-bit groups were sometimes also called <i><a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1973_MCS-4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1973_MCS-4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than nibbles.<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1974_MCS-40_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1974_MCS-40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibble&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>nibble</i> originates from its representing "half a byte", with <i>byte</i> a <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> word <i>bite</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-esr_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, David B. Benson, a professor emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a>, remembered that he playfully used (and may have possibly coined) the term <i>nibble</i> as "half a byte" and unit of storage required to hold a <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary-coded decimal</a> (BCD) digit around 1958, when talking to a programmer from <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Scientific_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory">Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory</a>. The alternative spelling <i>nybble</i> reflects the spelling of <i>byte</i>, as noted in editorials of <i><a href="/wiki/Kilobaud_Microcomputing" title="Kilobaud Microcomputing">Kilobaud</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a></i> in the early 1980s. Another early recorded use of the term <i>nybble</i> was in 1977 within the consumer-banking technology group at Citibank. It created a pre-<a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">ISO 8583</a> standard for transactional messages between <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">cash machines</a> and Citibank's <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a> that used the basic data unit 'nabble'. </p><p><i>Nibble</i> is used to describe the amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">packed decimal format</a> (BCD) within an IBM mainframe. This technique is used to make computations faster and debugging easier. An 8-bit byte is split in half and each nibble is used to store one decimal digit. The last (rightmost) nibble of the variable is reserved for the sign. Thus a variable which can store up to nine digits would be "packed" into 5 bytes. Ease of debugging resulted from the numbers’ being readable in a <a href="/wiki/Hex_dump" title="Hex dump">hex dump</a> where two <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex</a> numbers are used to represent the value of a byte, as <span class="texhtml">16×16 = 2<sup>8</sup></span>. For example, a five-byte BCD value of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">31</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">41</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">59</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">26</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">5C</code> represents a decimal value of +314159265. </p><p>Historically, there are cases where <i>nybble</i> was used for a group of bits greater than 4. On the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, much of the disk drive control and <a href="/wiki/Group-coded_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Group-coded recording">group-coded recording</a> was implemented in software. Writing data to a disk was done by converting 256-byte pages into sets of <a href="/wiki/5-and-3_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="5-and-3 encoding">5-bit</a> (later, <a href="/wiki/6-and-2_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="6-and-2 encoding">6-bit</a>) nibbles and loading disk data required the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Lechner_1982_Beneath_Apple_DOS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lechner_1982_Beneath_Apple_DOS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lechner_1985_Beneath_Apple_ProDOS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lechner_1985_Beneath_Apple_ProDOS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CP_1989_CopyII_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP_1989_CopyII-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, 1982 documentation for the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Woz_Machine" title="Integrated Woz Machine">Integrated Woz Machine</a> refers consistently to an "8 bit nibble".<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_1982_IWM_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_1982_IWM-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>byte</i> once had the same ambiguity and meant a set of bits but not necessarily 8, hence the distinction of <i>bytes</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octets</a></i> or of <i>nibbles</i> and <i>quartets</i> (or <i>quadbits</i>). Today, the terms <i>byte</i> and <i>nibble</i> almost always refer to 8-bit and 4-bit collections respectively and are very rarely used to express any other sizes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binary_and_hexadecimal_representation">Binary and hexadecimal representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibble&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Binary and hexadecimal representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nibble can be represented in binary and hexadecimal as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <caption>Binary vs Decimal vs Hexadecimal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Binary</th> <th>Decimal</th> <th>Hexadecimal </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">0000</span></td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">0001</span></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">0010</span></td> <td>2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">0011</span></td> <td>3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">0100</span></td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">0101</span></td> <td>5</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">0110</span></td> <td>6</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">0111</span></td> <td>7</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1000</span></td> <td>8</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1001</span></td> <td>9</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1010</span></td> <td>10</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1011</span></td> <td>11</td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1100</span></td> <td>12</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1101</span></td> <td>13</td> <td>D </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1110</span></td> <td>14</td> <td>E </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">1111</span></td> <td>15</td> <td>F </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low_and_high_nibbles">Low and high nibbles <span class="anchor" id="Low"></span><span class="anchor" id="High"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibble&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Low and high nibbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>low nibble</i> and <i>high nibble</i> are used to denote the nibbles containing, respectively, the less significant bits and the more significant bits within a byte. In graphical representations of bits within a byte, the leftmost bit could represent the most significant bit (<a href="/wiki/Most_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Most significant bit">MSB</a>), corresponding to ordinary decimal notation in which the digit at the left of a number is the most significant. In such illustrations the four bits on the left end of the byte form the high nibble, and the remaining four bits form the low nibble.<sup id="cite_ref-Baccala_1997_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baccala_1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml">ninety-seven = 97<sub>10</sub> = (0110 0001)<sub>2</sub> = 61<sub>16</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>the high nibble is <span class="texhtml">0110<sub>2</sub></span> (<span class="texhtml">6<sub>16</sub></span>), and the low nibble is <span class="texhtml">0001<sub>2</sub></span> (<span class="texhtml">1<sub>16</sub></span>). The total value is <span class="texhtml">high-nibble × 16<sub>10</sub> + low-nibble</span> (<span class="texhtml">6 × 16 + 1 = 97<sub>10</sub></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extracting_a_nibble_from_a_byte">Extracting a nibble from a byte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibble&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extracting a nibble from a byte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nibble can be extracted from a byte by doing a <a href="/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND" title="Bitwise operation">bitwise logical AND</a> operation and optionally a <a href="/wiki/Bitwise_operation#Bit_shifts" title="Bitwise operation">bit shift</a> depending on if the high or low nibble is to be extracted. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#define HI_NIBBLE(b) (((b) >> 4) & 0x0F)</span> <span class="cp">#define LO_NIBBLE(b) ((b) & 0x0F)</span> </pre></div> <p>where <code>b</code> must be a variable or constant of an <a href="/wiki/Integral_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral data type">integral data type</a>, and only the least-significant byte of <code>b</code> is used. </p><p>For example, <code>HI_NIBBLE(0xAB)==0xA</code> and <code>LO_NIBBLE(0xAB)==0xB</code>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">defun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">hi-nibble</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ldb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">byte</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">b</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">defun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">lo-nibble</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ldb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">byte</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">b</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibble&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">Binary numeral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable_(computing)" title="Syllable (computing)">Syllable (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibble&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Intel_1974_MCS-40-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1974_MCS-40_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1974_MCS-40_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1974_MCS-40_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaphael1974" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Howard A., ed. (November 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/intel/MCS40/MCS-40_Users_Manual_Nov74.pdf">"The Functions Of A Computer: Instruction Register And Decoder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MCS-40 User's Manual For Logic Designers</i>. Santa Clara, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a>. p. viii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303024244/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/intel/MCS40/MCS-40_Users_Manual_Nov74.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-03</span></span>. <q>[...] The characteristic eight <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> field is sometimes referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>, a four bit field can be referred to as a nibble. [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Functions+Of+A+Computer%3A+Instruction+Register+And+Decoder&rft.btitle=MCS-40+User%27s+Manual+For+Logic+Designers&rft.place=Santa+Clara%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation&rft.date=1974-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2FMCS40%2FMCS-40_Users_Manual_Nov74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_1980-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1980_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1980" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Douglas V. (1980). <i>Microprocessors and Digital Systems</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-025571-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-025571-7"><bdi>0-07-025571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microprocessors+and+Digital+Systems&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-07-025571-7&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Douglas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren_2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warren_2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Warren Jr., Henry S. (2013) [2002]. <a href="/wiki/Hacker%27s_Delight" title="Hacker's Delight"><i>Hacker's Delight</i></a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Addison_Wesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Wesley">Addison Wesley</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Education, Inc.">Pearson Education, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-84268-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-84268-8"><bdi>978-0-321-84268-8</bdi></a>. 0-321-84268-5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hacker%27s+Delight&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+%E2%80%93+Pearson+Education%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-321-84268-8&rft.aulast=Warren+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esr_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esr_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric S.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g80P_4v4QbIC&pg=PA333"><i>The New Hacker's Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68092-9"><bdi>978-0-262-68092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Hacker%27s+Dictionary&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-262-68092-9&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg80P_4v4QbIC%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr_1959-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr_1959_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr" class="citation book cs1">Carr, John W. <i>Introduction to the use of digital computers: Notes from the Summer Conference Held at the Computation Center of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., August 17-28, 1959</i>. Frontier Research on Digital Computers. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> at Chapel Hill, Computation Center. p. 211. <q>Each of these letters corresponds to one of the integers from zero to fifteen, therefore requiring 4 bits (one "tetrade") in binary representation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+use+of+digital+computers%3A+Notes+from+the+Summer+Conference+Held+at+the+Computation+Center+of+the+University+of+North+Carolina%2C+Chapel+Hill%2C+N.C.%2C+August+17-28%2C+1959&rft.series=Frontier+Research+on+Digital+Computers&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill%2C+Computation+Center&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speiser_1965-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speiser_1965_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeiser1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Paul_Speiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosius Paul Speiser">Speiser, Ambrosius Paul</a> (1965) [1961]. <i>Digitale Rechenanlagen – Grundlagen / Schaltungstechnik / Arbeitsweise / Betriebssicherheit</i> [<i>Digital computers – Basics / Circuits / Operation / Reliability</i>] (in German) (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Technische_Hochschule_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich">ETH Zürich</a>, Zürich, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a> / <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. pp. 6, 34, 165, 183, 208, 213, 215. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65-14624">65-14624</a>. 0978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digitale+Rechenanlagen+%E2%80%93+Grundlagen+%2F+Schaltungstechnik+%2F+Arbeitsweise+%2F+Betriebssicherheit&rft.place=ETH+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=6%2C+34%2C+165%2C+183%2C+208%2C+213%2C+215&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+%2F+IBM&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65-14624&rft.aulast=Speiser&rft.aufirst=Ambrosius+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puzman_2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puzman_2012_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzmanKubin2012" class="citation book cs1">Puzman, Josef; Kubin, Boris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY7qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>Public Data Networks: From Separate PDNs to the ISDN</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1737-7"><bdi>978-1-4471-1737-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Data+Networks%3A+From+Separate+PDNs+to+the+ISDN&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-1737-7&rft.aulast=Puzman&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft.au=Kubin%2C+Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZY7qBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horak_2007_Websters-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horak_2007_Websters_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorak2007" class="citation book cs1">Horak, Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L18YaEomzjMC&pg=PA402"><i>Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22571-4"><bdi>978-0-470-22571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Telecom+Dictionary&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-22571-4&rft.aulast=Horak&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL18YaEomzjMC%26pg%3DPA402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewster_1994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_1994_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster1994" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, Ronald L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7O5EXtN94PIC&pg=PA155"><i>Data Communications and Networks, Vol. III</i></a>. IEE telecommunications series. Vol. 31. <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">Institution of Electrical Engineers</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-804-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-804-8"><bdi>978-0-85296-804-8</bdi></a>. <q>A data symbol represents one quartet (4 bits) of binary data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Communications+and+Networks%2C+Vol.+III&rft.series=IEE+telecommunications+series&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-804-8&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7O5EXtN94PIC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courbis_1989-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Courbis_1989_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourbisLalande2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Courbis" title="Paul Courbis">Courbis, Paul</a>; Lalande, Sébastien (2006-06-27) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article17"><i>Voyage au centre de la HP28c/s</i></a> (in French) (2 ed.). Paris, France: Editions de la Règle à Calcul. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/636072913">636072913</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806084555/http://www.courbis.fr/Voyage-au-centre-de-la-HP28-c-s,17.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+au+centre+de+la+HP28c%2Fs&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Editions+de+la+R%C3%A8gle+%C3%A0+Calcul&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F636072913&rft.aulast=Courbis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Lalande%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courbis.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage28/Voyage28_72x72_001_063.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage28/Voyage28_72x72_064_113.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage28/Voyage28_72x72_114_163.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage28/Voyage28_72x72_164_213.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage28/Voyage28_72x72_214_263.pdf">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage28/Voyage28_72x72_264_285.pdf">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro_CPP_1997-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intro_CPP_1997_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller1997" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Steve (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbiDKrvExnsC&pg=PA27"><i>Introduction to C++</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-339099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-339099-8"><bdi>978-0-12-339099-8</bdi></a>. <q>Each hex digit (0–f) represents exactly 4 bits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+C%2B%2B&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-12-339099-8&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbiDKrvExnsC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_1973_MCS-4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1973_MCS-4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/intel/MCS4/MCS-4_Assembly_Language_Programming_Manual_Dec73.pdf">"Terms And Abbreviations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MCS-4 Assembly Language Programming Manual – The INTELLEC 4 Microcomputer System Programming Manual</i> (Preliminary ed.). Santa Clara, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a>. December 1973. pp. v, 2-6. MCS-030-1273-1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301235541/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/intel/MCS4/MCS-4_Assembly_Language_Programming_Manual_Dec73.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-02</span></span>. <q>[...] <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a> – The smallest unit of information which can be represented. (A bit may be in one of two states I 0 or 1). [...] <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Byte</a> – A group of 8 contiguous bits occupying a single memory location. [...] <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">Character</a> – A group of 4 contiguous bits of data. [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terms+And+Abbreviations&rft.btitle=MCS-4+Assembly+Language+Programming+Manual+%E2%80%93+The+INTELLEC+4+Microcomputer+System+Programming+Manual&rft.place=Santa+Clara%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.pages=v%2C+2-6&rft.edition=Preliminary&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation&rft.date=1973-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2FMCS4%2FMCS-4_Assembly_Language_Programming_Manual_Dec73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. This <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a> manual uses the term <i>character</i> referring to <i>4-bit</i> rather than 8-bit <i>data</i> entities. Intel switched to use the more common term <i>nibble</i> for 4-bit entities in their documentation for the succeeding processor <a href="/wiki/Intel_4040" title="Intel 4040">4040</a> in 1974 already.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lechner_1982_Beneath_Apple_DOS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lechner_1982_Beneath_Apple_DOS_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthLechner1982" class="citation book cs1">Worth, Don D.; Lechner, Pieter M. (May 1982) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Beneath_Apple_DOS_OCR#page/n24/mode/1up"><i>Beneath Apple DOS</i></a> (4th printing, 1st ed.). Reseda, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/Quality_Software" title="Quality Software">Quality Software</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+Apple+DOS&rft.place=Reseda%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.edition=4th+printing%2C+1st&rft.pub=Quality+Software&rft.date=1982-05&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Don+D.&rft.au=Lechner%2C+Pieter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FBeneath_Apple_DOS_OCR%23page%2Fn24%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://asciiexpress.net/files/docs/Beneath%20Apple%20DOS%20OCR.pdf">[7]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/Apple%20II%20Documentation%20Project/Books/Beneath%20Apple%20DOS.pdf">[8]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://fd.fabiensanglard.net/prince_of_persia/Beneath%20Apple%20DOS.pdf">[9]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309202219/http://fd.fabiensanglard.net/prince_of_persia/Beneath%20Apple%20DOS.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lechner_1985_Beneath_Apple_ProDOS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lechner_1985_Beneath_Apple_ProDOS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthLechner1985" class="citation book cs1">Worth, Don D.; Lechner, Pieter M. (March 1985) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/fichiers/beneathprodos.pdf"><i>Beneath Apple ProDOS – For Users of Apple II Plus, Apple IIe and Apple IIc Computers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd printing, 1st ed.). Chatsworth, California, USA: <a href="/wiki/Quality_Software" title="Quality Software">Quality Software</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912985-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-912985-05-4"><bdi>0-912985-05-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84-61383">84-61383</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321014045/http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/fichiers/beneathprodos.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+Apple+ProDOS+%E2%80%93+For+Users+of+Apple+II+Plus%2C+Apple+IIe+and+Apple+IIc+Computers&rft.place=Chatsworth%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.edition=2nd+printing%2C+1st&rft.pub=Quality+Software&rft.date=1985-03&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84-61383&rft.isbn=0-912985-05-4&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Don+D.&rft.au=Lechner%2C+Pieter+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple-iigs.info%2Fdoc%2Ffichiers%2Fbeneathprodos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/A2_BENEATH_APPLE_PRODOS_1_1984">[10]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP_1989_CopyII-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CP_1989_CopyII_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170507224326/http://cps.applearchives.com/copy_ii_plus_9x_manual.pdf"><i>Copy II Plus Version 9 – ProDOS/DOS Utilities – Data Recovery, File Management, Protected Software Backup</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 9.0. <a href="/wiki/Central_Point_Software,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Central Point Software, Inc.">Central Point Software, Inc.</a> 1989-10-31 [1982]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cps.applearchives.com/copy_ii_plus_9x_manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copy+II+Plus+Version+9+%E2%80%93+ProDOS%2FDOS+Utilities+%E2%80%93+Data+Recovery%2C+File+Management%2C+Protected+Software+Backup&rft.series=9.0&rft.pub=Central+Point+Software%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcps.applearchives.com%2Fcopy_ii_plus_9x_manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple_1982_IWM-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple_1982_IWM_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (February 1982) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/documentation/iwm/apple2_IWM_Spec_Rev19_1982.pdf"><i>Integrated Woz Machine (IWM) Specification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (19 ed.). DigiBarn Computer Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806095036/http://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/documentation/iwm/apple2_IWM_Spec_Rev19_1982.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+Woz+Machine+%28IWM%29+Specification&rft.edition=19&rft.pub=DigiBarn+Computer+Museum&rft.date=1982-02&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brutaldeluxe.fr%2Fdocumentation%2Fiwm%2Fapple2_IWM_Spec_Rev19_1982.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANibble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baccala_1997-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baccala_1997_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaccala1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baccala, Brent (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/19.htm">"Binary arithmetic"</a>. <i>Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia</i> (3rd ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806094514/http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/19.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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