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wooden stele</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: polychrome wooden stele"> <meta name="keywords" content="polychrome wooden stele"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="polychrome wooden stele"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 103</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: polychrome wooden stele</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Scientific Investigation for an Ancient Egyptian Polychrome Wooden Stele </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdrabou">Ahmed Abdrabou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medhat%20Abdalla"> Medhat Abdalla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The studied stele dates back to Third Intermediate Period (1075-664) B.C in an ancient Egypt. It is made of wood and covered with painted gesso layers. This study aims to use a combination of multi spectral imaging {visible, infrared (IR), Visible-induced infrared luminescence (VIL), Visible-induced ultraviolet luminescence (UVL) and ultraviolet reflected (UVR)}, along with portable x-ray fluorescence in order to map and identify the pigments as well as to provide a deeper understanding of the painting techniques. Moreover; the authors were significantly interested in the identification of wood species. Multispectral imaging acquired in 3 spectral bands, ultraviolet (360-400 nm), visible (400-780 nm) and infrared (780-1100 nm) using (UV Ultraviolet-induced luminescence (UVL), UV Reflected (UVR), Visible (VIS), Visible-induced infrared luminescence (VIL) and Infrared photography. False color images are made by digitally editing the VIS with IR or UV images using Adobe Photoshop. Optical Microscopy (OM), potable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (p-XRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in this study. Mapping and imaging techniques provided useful information about the spatial distribution of pigments, in particular visible-induced luminescence (VIL) which allowed the spatial distribution of Egyptian blue pigment to be mapped and every region containing Egyptian blue, even down to single crystals in some instances, is clearly visible as a bright white area; however complete characterization of the pigments requires the use of p. XRF spectroscopy. Based on the elemental analysis found by P.XRF, we conclude that the artists used mixtures of the basic mineral pigments to achieve a wider palette of hues. Identification of wood species Microscopic identification indicated that the wood used was Sycamore Fig (Ficus sycomorus L.) which is recorded as being native to Egypt and was used to make wooden artifacts since at least the Fifth Dynasty. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polychrome%20wooden%20stele" title="polychrome wooden stele">polychrome wooden stele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multispectral%20imaging" title=" multispectral imaging"> multispectral imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IR%20luminescence" title=" IR luminescence"> IR luminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wood%20identification" title=" Wood identification"> Wood identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sycamore%20Fig" title=" Sycamore Fig"> Sycamore Fig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=p-XRF" title=" p-XRF "> p-XRF </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58954/scientific-investigation-for-an-ancient-egyptian-polychrome-wooden-stele" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> Heritage Management of Wooden Monasteries in Mandalay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Oo">Mary Oo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thet%20Oo"> Thet Oo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mandalay is home to the last dynasty of Myanmar and is rich in cultural heritage. In Mandalay, cultural heritage is still being seen today, in not only intangible but also many tangible heritages. Intangible heritage, a religious structure such as mosques, churches, stupas, temples, Buddha libraries and monasteries, comprise over 80%. Among these religious structures, the authors aim to study the wooden monasteries built in the 19th century and then propose heritage management for them. Although some of the wooden monasteries are being conserved by the government, NGOs or inhabitants in those buildings, because of the unsystematic management plan and some of the inappropriate traditional methods, even their authentic architectural values have been lost today. In this paper, four aspects are explored: 1) the architectural features of 19th-century wooden monasteries 2) the condition of the problems and challenges, 3) the analysis of the problems of them and finally, based on these above analyses, recommend the appropriate heritage management proposal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20monasteries" title=" wooden monasteries"> wooden monasteries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title=" challenges"> challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problems" title=" problems"> problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritage%20management%20proposal" title=" heritage management proposal"> heritage management proposal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160135/heritage-management-of-wooden-monasteries-in-mandalay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> Documentation Project on Decorated Wooden Coffins From Luxor, in the Cairo Museum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Mohmed">Hassan Mohmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ismail"> Mohamed Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiman%20Rezk"> Aiman Rezk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: This project aims to document and preserve decorated wooden coffins which were discovered in Luxor by Egyptian mission at Luxor, (SR Numbers:2514,2519,2520,2521,5469).These decorated wooden coffins dates back to Egyptian New Kingdom period and has been transferred to the Cairo Museum, to be displayed at the museum. These decorated wooden coffins discovered in the cache-tomb of Bab el-gasus at Deir el-Bahari, Luxor. This site has been dictated for the burials of priests of Amun through 18th Dynasty the coffins owners held these titles, which are as follows: "the embalmer of the beautiful-house (the place of embalming)" and "the servant in the place of truth". Methodology: Methodology: The project objectives making such decorated wooden coffins more visible to visitors through the use of 3D reconstructed coffins and high resolution photos which describe the history of using the wooden coffins during the Ancient Egyptian history Especially, The Cairo Museum is going to exhibit decorated wooden coffins in New kingdom. The project goals is to document decorated wooden coffins and arrange an exhibition, where such decorated wooden coffins going to be displayed next to the Ramses 2nd coffin, This research focuses on the text analyses and the technology. Paleographic information found on these objects. Conclusion: The project shows the importance of using coffins in Ancient Egypt, and connecting their usage through Ancient Egyptian periods; the coffins had a unique Symbolized in ancient Egypt and connect the public with their kings. The Egyptian put coffins in their tombs that they hope to save their bodies’ afterlife. This research will be beneficial and useful for the heritage and ancient civilizations, Indeed this study will open a destination in order to know how to identify these collections and how to exhibit them commensurate with the natural of the ancient Egyptian history and heritage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archaeology" title="archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decorated%20wooden%20coffins" title=" decorated wooden coffins"> decorated wooden coffins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20digital%20tools%20for%20heritage%20management" title=" 3D digital tools for heritage management"> 3D digital tools for heritage management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=museums" title=" museums"> museums</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163691/documentation-project-on-decorated-wooden-coffins-from-luxor-in-the-cairo-museum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> Seismic Resistant Mechanism of Two-by-four Wooden Frame with Vibration Control Device</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takumi%20Ito">Takumi Ito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kurumi%20Kurokawa"> Kurumi Kurokawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Hang%20Wu"> Dong Hang Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takashi%20Nagumo"> Takashi Nagumo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruhiko%20Hirata"> Haruhiko Hirata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The structural system of wooden house by two-by-four method is widely adopted in any countries, and a various type of vibration control system for building structures has been developed on country with frequent earthquake. In this study, a vibration control device called “Scaling Frame” (SF) is suggested, and which is applied to wooden two-by-four method structures. This paper performs the experimental study to investigate the restoring force characteristics of two-by-four with SF device installed. The seismic resistant performance is estimated experimentally, and also the applicability and effectiveness are discussing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-by-four%20method" title="two-by-four method">two-by-four method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20vibration%20control" title=" seismic vibration control"> seismic vibration control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontally%20loading%20test" title=" horizontally loading test"> horizontally loading test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restoring%20force%20characteristics" title=" restoring force characteristics"> restoring force characteristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50335/seismic-resistant-mechanism-of-two-by-four-wooden-frame-with-vibration-control-device" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Assessing the Mechanical Safety, Durability, Strength, and Stability of Wooden Furniture Produced in Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruna%20Seidu">Haruna Seidu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francis%20Wilson%20Owusu"> Francis Wilson Owusu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Mensah"> Michael Mensah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felix%20Boakye"> Felix Boakye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20Korang"> James Korang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safia%20Ibrahim"> Safia Ibrahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the years, wooden furniture produced in Ghana had no means of testing their products against standards. It was therefore difficult for such furniture producers to know whether their products conform to international standards. The setting up of the ISO 17025 compliant laboratory has become a reference and accessing point for determining the quality of the furniture they produce. The objective of the study includes the determination of mechanical safety, durability, strength, and stability of wooden furniture produced in Ghana. Twelve wooden furniture manufacturers were randomly selected to design furniture (chairs and tables) for testing. 9 out of the 12 produced chairs, and three provided tables. Standard testing methods were used in this experiment, including GS EN 581-1, GS EN 581-2, and GS EN 581-3. The test results analysis indicates 55.6% of the chairs tested passed all applicable tests. 66.7% of tables tested passed all the applicable tests. The percentage pass and failure of the 12 furniture were 58.3% and 41.7% respectively. In conclusion, chair manufacturers had good designs that withstand the standard testing of strength and durability; most failures occurred largely as a result of poor stability designs adopted for the construction of the chairs and tables. It was observed that the manufacturers did not use the software in designing their furniture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title="durability">durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20standards" title=" international standards"> international standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20safety" title=" mechanical safety"> mechanical safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20furniture%20design" title=" wooden furniture design"> wooden furniture design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136237/assessing-the-mechanical-safety-durability-strength-and-stability-of-wooden-furniture-produced-in-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> A Dynamic Approach for Evaluating the Climate Change Risks on Building Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X.%20Lu">X. Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Lu"> T. Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Javadi"> S. Javadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple dynamic approach is presented for analyzing thermal and moisture dynamics of buildings, which is of particular relevance to understanding climate change impacts on buildings, including assessment of risks and applications of resilience strategies. With the goal to demonstrate the proposed modeling methodology, to verify the model, and to show that wooden materials provide a mechanism that can facilitate the reduction of moisture risks and be more resilient to global warming, a wooden church equipped with high precision measurement systems was taken as a test building for full-scale time-series measurements. Sensitivity analyses indicate a high degree of accuracy in the model prediction regarding the indoor environment. The model is then applied to a future projection of climate indoors aiming to identify significant environmental factors, the changing temperature and humidity, and effective response to the climate change impacts. The paper suggests that wooden building materials offer an effective and resilient response to anticipated future climate changes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20model" title="dynamic model">dynamic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecast" title=" forecast"> forecast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change%20impact" title=" climate change impact"> climate change impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20structure" title=" wooden structure"> wooden structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buildings" title=" buildings"> buildings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123454/a-dynamic-approach-for-evaluating-the-climate-change-risks-on-building-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123454.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Determining Fire Resistance of Wooden Construction Elements through Experimental Studies and Artificial Neural Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakir%20Tasdemir">Sakir Tasdemir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Altin"> Mustafa Altin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gamze%20Fahriye%20Pehlivan"> Gamze Fahriye Pehlivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadiye%20Didem%20Boztepe%20Erkis"> Sadiye Didem Boztepe Erkis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Saritas"> Ismail Saritas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selma%20Tasdemir"> Selma Tasdemir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Artificial intelligence applications are commonly used in industry in many fields in parallel with the developments in the computer technology. In this study, a fire room was prepared for the resistance of wooden construction elements and with the mechanism here, the experiments of polished materials were carried out. By utilizing from the experimental data, an artificial neural network (ANN) was modeled in order to evaluate the final cross sections of the wooden samples remaining from the fire. In modelling, experimental data obtained from the fire room were used. In the system developed, the first weight of samples (ws-gr), preliminary cross-section (pcs-mm2), fire time (ft-minute), fire temperature (t-oC) as input parameters and final cross-section (fcs-mm2) as output parameter were taken. When the results obtained from ANN and experimental data are compared after making statistical analyses, the data of two groups are determined to be coherent and seen to have no meaning difference between them. As a result, it is seen that ANN can be safely used in determining cross sections of wooden materials after fire and it prevents many disadvantages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20network" title="artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=final%20cross-section" title=" final cross-section"> final cross-section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20retardant%20polishes" title=" fire retardant polishes"> fire retardant polishes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety" title=" fire safety"> fire safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance." title=" wood resistance."> wood resistance.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19262/determining-fire-resistance-of-wooden-construction-elements-through-experimental-studies-and-artificial-neural-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19262.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> Learning in the Virtual Laboratory via Design of Automation Process for Wooden Hammers Marking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Javorova">A. Javorova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Oravcova"> J. Oravcova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Velisek"> K. Velisek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article summarizes the experience of technical subjects teaching methodologies using a number of software products to solve specific assigned tasks described in this paper. Task is about the problems of automation and mechanization in the industry. Specifically, it focuses on introducing automation in the wood industry. The article describes the design of the automation process for marking wooden hammers. Similar problems are solved by students in CA laboratory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CA%20system" title="CA system">CA system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subject" title=" subject"> subject</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11656/learning-in-the-virtual-laboratory-via-design-of-automation-process-for-wooden-hammers-marking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> Seismic Reinforcement of Existing Japanese Wooden Houses Using Folded Exterior Thin Steel Plates </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiro%20Takagi">Jiro Takagi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Approximately 90 percent of the casualties in the near-fault-type Kobe earthquake in 1995 resulted from the collapse of wooden houses, although a limited number of collapses of this type of building were reported in the more recent off-shore-type Tohoku Earthquake in 2011 (excluding direct damage by the Tsunami). Kumamoto earthquake in 2016 also revealed the vulnerability of old wooden houses in Japan. There are approximately 24.5 million wooden houses in Japan and roughly 40 percent of them are considered to have the inadequate seismic-resisting capacity. Therefore, seismic strengthening of these wooden houses is an urgent task. However, it has not been quickly done for various reasons, including cost and inconvenience during the reinforcing work. Residents typically spend their money on improvements that more directly affect their daily housing environment (such as interior renovation, equipment renewal, and placement of thermal insulation) rather than on strengthening against extremely rare events such as large earthquakes. Considering this tendency of residents, a new approach to developing a seismic strengthening method for wooden houses is needed. The seismic reinforcement method developed in this research uses folded galvanized thin steel plates as both shear walls and the new exterior architectural finish. The existing finish is not removed. Because galvanized steel plates are aesthetic and durable, they are commonly used in modern Japanese buildings on roofs and walls. Residents could feel a physical change through the reinforcement, covering existing exterior walls with steel plates. Also, this exterior reinforcement can be installed with only outdoor work, thereby reducing inconvenience for residents since they would not be required to move out temporarily during construction. The Durability of the exterior is enhanced, and the reinforcing work can be done efficiently since perfect water protection is not required for the new finish. In this method, the entire exterior surface would function as shear walls and thus the pull-out force induced by seismic lateral load would be significantly reduced as compared with a typical reinforcement scheme of adding braces in selected frames. Consequently, reinforcing details of anchors to the foundations would be less difficult. In order to attach the exterior galvanized thin steel plates to the houses, new wooden beams are placed next to the existing beams. In this research, steel connections between the existing and new beams are developed, which contain a gap for the existing finish between the two beams. The thin steel plates are screwed to the new beams and the connecting vertical members. The seismic-resisting performance of the shear walls with thin steel plates is experimentally verified both for the frames and connections. It is confirmed that the performance is high enough for bracing general wooden houses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experiment" title="experiment">experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20reinforcement" title=" seismic reinforcement"> seismic reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20steel%20plates" title=" thin steel plates"> thin steel plates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20houses" title=" wooden houses"> wooden houses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51918/seismic-reinforcement-of-existing-japanese-wooden-houses-using-folded-exterior-thin-steel-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Review for Mechanical Tests of Corner Joints on Wooden Windows and Effects to the Stiffness </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milan%20Podlena">Milan Podlena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stepan%20Hysek"> Stepan Hysek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiri%20%20Prochazka"> Jiri Prochazka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Bohm"> Martin Bohm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Bomba"> Jan Bomba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corner joints are the weakest part of windows, where the members are connected together. Since the dimensions of the windows started become bigger, the strength requirements for corner joints started to increase as well. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the samples of corner joints of wooden windows. Moisture content of test specimens was stabilized in the climate chamber. After conditioning, test specimens were loaded in the laboratory conditions onto an universal testing machine and the failure load was measured. Data was recalculated by using goniometric, bending moment and stiffness equation to the stiffness coefficients and the bending moments were investigated. The results showed difference that was observed for the mortise with tenon joint and the dowel joint. This difference was explained by a varied adhesive bond area, which is related to the dimensions of dowels (diameter and length) as well. The bending moments and stiffness ware (except of type of corner joint) also affected by type of used adhesive, type of dowels and wood species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corner%20joint" title="corner joint">corner joint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20window" title=" wooden window"> wooden window</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20moment" title=" bending moment"> bending moment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiffness" title=" stiffness"> stiffness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82921/review-for-mechanical-tests-of-corner-joints-on-wooden-windows-and-effects-to-the-stiffness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82921.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Tutankhamen’s Shrines (Naoses): Scientific Identification of Wood Species and Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medhat%20Abdallah">Medhat Abdallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdrabou"> Ahmed Abdrabou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tutankhamen tomb was discovered on November 1922 by Howard carter, the grave was relatively intact and crammed full of the most beautiful burial items and furniture, the black shrine-shaped boxes on sleds studied here founded in treasury chamber. This study aims to identify the wood species used in making those shrines, illustrate technology of manufacture. Optical Microscope (OM), 3D software and Imaging Processes including; Visible light, Raking light and Visible-induced infrared luminescence were effective in illustrating wooden joints and techniques of manufacture. The results revealed that cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani and sycamore fig Ficus sycomorus had been used for making the shrines’ boards and sleds while tamarisk Tamarix sp., Turkey Oak Quercus cerris L., and Sidder (nabk) Zizyphus spina christi used for making dowels. The wooden joint of mortise and tenon was used to connect the body of the shrine to the sled, while wooden pegs used to connect roof and cornice to the shrine body. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tutankhamen" title="Tutankhamen">Tutankhamen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20species" title=" wood species"> wood species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20microscope" title=" optical microscope"> optical microscope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cedrus%20libani" title=" Cedrus libani"> Cedrus libani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ficus%20sycomorus" title=" Ficus sycomorus"> Ficus sycomorus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58906/tutankhamens-shrines-naoses-scientific-identification-of-wood-species-and-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58906.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Determination of Resistance to Freezing of Bonded Façade Joint</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Ne%C4%8Dasov%C3%A1">B. Nečasová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Li%C5%A1ka"> P. Liška</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20%C5%A0lanhof"> J. Šlanhof</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Verification of vented wooden façade system with bonded joints is presented in this paper. The potential of bonded joints is studied and described in more detail. The paper presents the results of an experimental and theoretical research about the effects of freeze cycling on the bonded joint. For the purpose of tests spruce timber profiles were chosen for the load bearing substructure. Planks from wooden plastic composite and Siberian larch are representing facade cladding. Two types of industrial polyurethane adhesives intended for structural bonding were selected. The article is focused on the preparation as well as on the subsequent curing and conditioning of test samples. All test samples were subjected to 15 cycles that represents sudden temperature changes, i.e. immersion in a water bath at (293.15 ± 3) K for 6 hours and subsequent freezing to (253.15 ± 2) K for 18 hours. Furthermore, the retention of bond strength between substructure and cladding was tested and strength in shear was determined under tensile stress. Research data indicate that little, if any, damage to the bond results from freezing cycles. Additionally, the suitability of selected group of adhesives in combination with timber substructure was confirmed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesive%20system" title="adhesive system">adhesive system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bonded%20joints" title=" bonded joints"> bonded joints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20lightweight%20fa%C3%A7ade" title=" wooden lightweight façade"> wooden lightweight façade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20substructure" title=" timber substructure"> timber substructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24206/determination-of-resistance-to-freezing-of-bonded-facade-joint" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24206.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Analysis of Steles with Libyan Inscriptions of Grande Kabylia, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Ait%20Ali%20Yahia">Samia Ait Ali Yahia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several steles with Libyan inscriptions were discovered in Grande Kabylia (Algeria), but very few researchers were interested in these inscriptions. Our work is to list, if possible all these steles in order to do a descriptive study of the corpus. The steles analysis will be focused on the iconographic and epigraphic level and on the different forms of Libyan characters in order to highlight the alphabet used by the Grande Kabylia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epigraphy" title="epigraphy">epigraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stele" title=" stele"> stele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libyan%20inscription" title=" Libyan inscription"> Libyan inscription</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grande%20Kabylia" title=" Grande Kabylia"> Grande Kabylia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59957/analysis-of-steles-with-libyan-inscriptions-of-grande-kabylia-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Comparative Study of Seismic Isolation as Retrofit Method for Historical Constructions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20H.%20Cuadra">Carlos H. Cuadra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Seismic isolation can be used as a retrofit method for historical buildings with the advantage that minimum intervention on super-structure is required. However, selection of isolation devices depends on weight and stiffness of upper structure. In this study, two buildings are considered for analyses to evaluate the applicability of this retrofitting methodology. Both buildings are located at Akita prefecture in the north part of Japan. One building is a wooden structure that corresponds to the old council meeting hall of Noshiro city. The second building is a brick masonry structure that was used as house of a foreign mining engineer and it is located at Ani town. Ambient vibration measurements were performed on both buildings to estimate their dynamic characteristics. Then, target period of vibration of isolated systems is selected as 3 seconds is selected to estimate required stiffness of isolation devices. For wooden structure, which is a light construction, it was found that natural rubber isolators in combination with friction bearings are suitable for seismic isolation. In case of masonry building elastomeric isolator can be used for its seismic isolation. Lumped mass systems are used for seismic response analysis and it is verified in both cases that seismic isolation can be used as retrofitting method of historical construction. However, in the case of the light building, most of the weight corresponds to the reinforced concrete slab that is required to install isolation devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historical%20building" title="historical building">historical building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=masonry%20structure" title=" masonry structure"> masonry structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20isolation" title=" seismic isolation"> seismic isolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20structure" title=" wooden structure"> wooden structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109712/comparative-study-of-seismic-isolation-as-retrofit-method-for-historical-constructions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109712.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Effects of Fermentation Techniques on the Quality of Cocoa Beans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monday%20O.%20Ale">Monday O. Ale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adebukola%20A.%20Akintade"> Adebukola A. Akintade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olasunbo%20O.%20Orungbemi"> Olasunbo O. Orungbemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fermentation as an important operation in the processing of cocoa beans is now affected by the recent climate change across the globe. The major requirement for effective fermentation is the ability of the material used to retain sufficient heat for the required microbial activities. Apart from the effects of climate on the rate of heat retention, the materials used for fermentation plays an important role. Most Farmers still restrict fermentation activities to the use of traditional methods. Improving on cocoa fermentation in this era of climate change makes it necessary to work on other materials that can be suitable for cocoa fermentation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of fermentation techniques on the quality of cocoa beans. The materials used in this fermentation research were heap-leaves (traditional), stainless steel, plastic tin, plastic basket and wooden box. The period of fermentation varies from zero days to 10 days. Physical and chemical tests were carried out for variables in quality determination in the samples. The weight per bean varied from 1.0-1.2 g after drying across the samples and the major color of the dry beans observed was brown except with the samples from stainless steel. The moisture content varied from 5.5-7%. The mineral content and the heavy metals decreased with increase in the fermentation period. A wooden box can conclusively be used as an alternative to heap-leaves as there was no significant difference in the physical features of the samples fermented with the two methods. The use of a wooden box as an alternative for cocoa fermentation is therefore recommended for cocoa farmers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title="fermentation">fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effects" title=" effects"> effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation%20materials" title=" fermentation materials"> fermentation materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=period" title=" period"> period</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84520/effects-of-fermentation-techniques-on-the-quality-of-cocoa-beans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Rock Paintings with Libyan Inscriptions of Grande Kabylia, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Ait%20Ali%20Yahia">Samia Ait Ali Yahia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rock paintings of Grande Kabylia contain a good number of Libyan inscriptions. Of the 54 sites discovered, 23 have inscriptions painted in red ocher. We find them in rock shelters, on blocks of sandstone in the northern part of Kabylia. Our job is to collect as many cave paintings as possible with Libyan inscriptions. Then we will make an analysis on the epigraphic level, the different forms of the characters and their frequencies. The other purpose of this research is to bring out the different characters used in these paintings and compare them with those of the Libyan steles of Grande Kabylia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grande%20Kabylia" title="Grande Kabylia">Grande Kabylia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libyan%20inscriptions" title=" Libyan inscriptions"> Libyan inscriptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libyan%20stele" title=" Libyan stele"> Libyan stele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20paintings" title=" rock paintings"> rock paintings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123113/rock-paintings-with-libyan-inscriptions-of-grande-kabylia-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Materials and Techniques of Anonymous Egyptian Polychrome Cartonnage Mummy Mask: A Multiple Analytical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanaa%20A.%20Al-Gaoudi">Hanaa A. Al-Gaoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Ebeid"> Hassan Ebeid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research investigates the materials and processes used in the manufacturing of an Egyptian polychrome cartonnage mummy mask with the aim of dating this object and establishing trade patterns of certain materials that were used and available at the time of ancient Egypt. This anonymous-source object was held in the basement storage of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (EMC) and has never been on display. Furthermore, there is no information available regarding its owner, provenance, date, and even the time of its possession by the museum. Moreover, the object is in a very poor condition where almost two-thirds of the mask was bent and has never received any previous conservation treatment. This research has utilized well-established multi-analytical methods to identify the considerable diversity of materials that have been used in the manufacturing of this object. These methods include Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan) to acquire detailed pictures of the inside physical structure and condition of the bended layers. Dino-Lite portable digital microscope, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX), and the non-invasive imaging technique of multispectral imaging (MSI) to obtain information about the physical characteristics and condition of the painted layers and to examine the microstructure of the materials. Portable XRF Spectrometer (PXRF) and X-Ray powder diffraction (XRD) to identify mineral phases and the bulk element composition in the gilded layer, ground, and pigments; Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) to identify organic compounds and their molecular characterization; accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS 14C) to date the object. Preliminary results suggest that there are no human remains inside the object, and the textile support is linen fibres with tabby weave 1/1 and these fibres are in a very bad condition. Several pigments have been identified, such as Egyptian blue, Magnetite, Egyptian green frit, Hematite, Calcite, and Cinnabar; moreover, the gilded layers are pure gold and the binding media in the pigments is Arabic gum and animal glue in the textile support layer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20methods" title="analytical methods">analytical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egyptian%20museum" title=" Egyptian museum"> Egyptian museum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mummy%20mask" title=" mummy mask"> mummy mask</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pigments" title=" pigments"> pigments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textile" title=" textile"> textile</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115089/materials-and-techniques-of-anonymous-egyptian-polychrome-cartonnage-mummy-mask-a-multiple-analytical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> The Experimental and Statistical Analysis of the Wood Strength against Pressure According to Different Wood Types, Sizes, and Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Altin">Mustafa Altin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gamze%20Fahriye%20Pehlivan"> Gamze Fahriye Pehlivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadiye%20Didem%20Boztepe%20Erkis"> Sadiye Didem Boztepe Erkis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakir%20Tasdemir"> Sakir Tasdemir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevda%20Altin"> Sevda Altin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, an experimental study was executed related to the strength of wooden materials which have been commonly used both in the past and present against pressure and whether fire retardant materials used against fire have any effects or not. Totally, 81 samples which included three different wood species, three different sizes, two different fire retardants and two unprocessed samples were prepared. Compressive pressure tests were applied to the prepared samples, their variance analyses were executed in accordance with the obtained results and it was aimed to determine the most convenient wooden materials and fire-retardant coating material. It was also determined that the species of wood and the species of coating caused the decrease and/or increase in the resistance against pressure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance%20of%20wood%20against%20pressure" title="resistance of wood against pressure">resistance of wood against pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=species%20of%20wood" title=" species of wood"> species of wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variance%20analysis" title=" variance analysis"> variance analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20coating" title=" wood coating"> wood coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20fire%20safety" title=" wood fire safety"> wood fire safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19264/the-experimental-and-statistical-analysis-of-the-wood-strength-against-pressure-according-to-different-wood-types-sizes-and-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Effects of GRF on CMJ in Different Wooden Surface Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-cheng%20Chen">Yi-cheng Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-jum%20Guo"> Ming-jum Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang-ru%20Chen"> Yang-ru Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objective: For safety and fair during basketball competition, FIBA proposes the definite level of physical functions in wooden surface system (WSS). There are existing various between different systems in indoor-stadium, so the aim of this study want to know how many effects in different WSS, especially for effects of ground reaction force(GRF) when player jumped. Materials and Methods: 12 participants acted counter-movement jump (CMJ) on 7 different surfaces, include 6 WSSs by 3 types rubber shock absorber pad (SAP) on cross or parallel fixed, and 1 rigid ground. GRFs of takeoff and landing had been recorded from an AMTI force platform when all participants acted vertical CMJs by counter-balance design. All data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA to evaluate whether the test variable differed significantly between surfaces. The significance level was set at α=0.05. Results: There were non-significance in GRF between surfaces when participants taken off. For GRF of landing, we found WSS with cross fixed SAP are harder than parallel fixed. Although there were also non-significance when participant was landing on cross or parallel fixed surfaces, but there have test variable differed significantly between WSS with parallel fixed to rigid ground. In the study, landing to WSS with the hardest SAP, the GRF also have test variable differed significantly to other WSS. Conclusion: Although official basketball competition is in the WSS certificated by FIBA, there are also exist the various in GRF under takeoff or landing, any player must to warm-up before game starting. Especially, there is unsafe situation when play basketball on uncertificated WSS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20surface%20system" title="wooden surface system">wooden surface system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counter-movement%20jump" title=" counter-movement jump"> counter-movement jump</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20reaction%20force" title=" ground reaction force"> ground reaction force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shock%20absorber%20pad" title=" shock absorber pad"> shock absorber pad</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30923/effects-of-grf-on-cmj-in-different-wooden-surface-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Analytical Study and Conservation Processes of a Wooden Coffin of Middel Kingdom, Ancient Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ahmed%20Abd%20El%20Kader">Mohamed Ahmed Abd El Kader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes the conservation processes of an Ancient Egyptian wooden coffin dating back to the Middle Kingdom, ancient Egypt, using several scientific and analytical methods in order to provide a deeper understanding of the deterioration status and a greater awareness of how well preserved the object is. Visual observation and 2D Programs, as well as Optical Microscopy (OM), Environmental scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in our study. The identification of wood species and the composition of the pigments and previous restoration materials were made. The coffin was previously conserved and stored in improper conditions, which led to its further deterioration; the surface of the lid dust, which obscured the decorations as well as all necessary restoration work was promptly carried out as soon as the coffin was transferred from the display hall from the Egyptian Museum to the Wood Conservation Laboratory of the Grand Egyptian Museum-Conservation Center (GEM-CC). The analyses provided detailed information concerning the original materials and the materials added during the previous treatment interventions, which was considered when applying the conservation plan. Conservation procedures have been applied with high accuracy to conserve the coffin including cleaning, consolidation of fragile painted layers, and the wooden boards forming the sides of the coffin were reassembled in their original positions. The materials and methods that were applied were extremely effective in stability and reinforcement of the coffin without harmfulness to the original materials and the coffin was successfully conserved and ready to display in the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coffin" title="coffin">coffin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=middle%20kingdom" title=" middle kingdom"> middle kingdom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterioration" title=" deterioration"> deterioration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2d%20program" title=" 2d program"> 2d program</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179159/analytical-study-and-conservation-processes-of-a-wooden-coffin-of-middel-kingdom-ancient-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179159.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">53</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> A Preliminary Research on Constituted Rules of Settlement Housing Alterations of Chinese New Village in Malaysia: A Study of Ampang New Village, Selangor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Song%20Hung%20Chi">Song Hung Chi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lee%20Chun%20Benn"> Lee Chun Benn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Follow by the “A Research on Types of Settlement Housing Alterations of Chinese New Village in Malaysia- A Study in Ampang New Village, Selangor” preliminary informed that the main factors for expansion and enlargement suitably due to the needs of user's life and restoration purpose. The alterations behavior generally derived at the rear position of main house with different types of derivatives, the averages expansion area are not exceeding of 100㎡, while building materials used were wooden, wooden structure, and zinc which are non-permanent building materials. Therefore, a subsequent studies taken in this paper, further to analyze the drawing with summarize method, to explore the derived forms and the constituted rules of housing alterations in Ampang Village, as a more complete presentation of housing alterations in New Village. Firstly, classified the existing housing alterations into three types by using summarize method, which are Type 1, Additional of Prototype House; Type 2, Expansion of Prototype House; and Type 3, Diffusion of Additional. The results shows that the derivative mode of alterations can be divided into the use of "continuous wall" or "non-continuous wall," this will affects the structural systems and roof styles of alterations, and formed the different layers of interior space with "stages" and "continuity". On the aspects of spatial distribution, sacrificial area as a prescriptive function of space, it was mostly remains in the original location which in the center of living area after alterations. It is an important characteristic in a New Village house, reflecting the traditional Ethics of Hakka Chinese communities in the settlement. In addition, wooden as the main building materials of constituted rules for the prototype house, although there were appeared other building materials, such as cement, brick, glass, metal and zinc after alterations, but still mostly as "wooden house" pattern. Result show because of the economy of village does not significantly improve, and also forming the similarity types in alterations and constructions of the additional building with the existing. It did not significantly improve on the quality of living, but only increased the area of usage space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ampang%20new%20village" title="Ampang new village">Ampang new village</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=derived%20forms" title=" derived forms"> derived forms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constituted%20rules" title=" constituted rules"> constituted rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alterations" title=" alterations"> alterations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19387/a-preliminary-research-on-constituted-rules-of-settlement-housing-alterations-of-chinese-new-village-in-malaysia-a-study-of-ampang-new-village-selangor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> The Influence of Fiber Fillers on the Bonding Safety of Wood-Adhesive Interfaces: A Fracture Energetic Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Brandtner-Hafner">M. H. Brandtner-Hafner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Adhesives have established themselves as an innovative joining technology in the wood industry. The strengths of adhesive bonding lie in the realization of lightweight designs, the avoidance of material weakening, and the joining of different types of materials. There is now a number of ways to positively influence the properties of bonded joints. One way is to add fiber fillers. This leads to an improvement in adhesion, structural integrity, and fracture toughness. In this study, the effectiveness of fiber-modified adhesives for bonding wooden joints is reviewed. A series of experimental tests were performed using the fracture analytical GF-principle to study the adhesive bonding safety and performance of the wood-adhesive interface. Two different construction adhesives based on epoxy and PUR were modified with different fiber materials and applied to bond wooden joints. The results show that bonding efficiency by adding fibrous materials to the bonding matrix leads to significant improvements in structural material properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber-modified%20adhesives" title="fiber-modified adhesives">fiber-modified adhesives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bonding%20safety" title=" bonding safety"> bonding safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood-adhesive%20interfaces" title=" wood-adhesive interfaces"> wood-adhesive interfaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture%20analysis" title=" fracture analysis"> fracture analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137969/the-influence-of-fiber-fillers-on-the-bonding-safety-of-wood-adhesive-interfaces-a-fracture-energetic-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> A Method against Obsolescence of Three-Dimensional Archaeological Collection. Two Cases of Study from Qubbet El-Hawa Necropolis, Aswan, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Serrano-Lara">L. Serrano-Lara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.M%20Alba-G%C3%B3mez"> J.M Alba-Gómez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Qubbet el–Hawa Project has been documented archaeological artifacts as 3d models by laser scanning technique since 2015. Currently, research has obtained the right methodology to develop a high accuracy photographic texture for each geometrical 3D model. Furthermore, the right methodology to attach the complete digital surrogate into a 3DPDF document has been obtained; it is used as a catalogue worksheet that brings archaeological data and, at the same time, allows us to obtain precise measurements, volume calculations and cross-section mapping of each scanned artifact. This validated archaeological documentation is the first step for dissemination, application as Qubbet el-Hawa Virtual Museum, and, moreover, multi-sensory experience through 3D print archaeological artifacts. Material culture from four funerary complexes constructed in West Aswan has become physical replicas opening the archaeological research process itself and offering creative possibilities on museology or educational projects. This paper shares a method of acquiring texture for scanning´s output product in order to achieve a 3DPDF archaeological cataloguing, and, on the other hand, to allow the colorfully 3D printing of singular archaeological artifacts. The proposed method has undergone two concrete cases, a polychrome wooden ushabti, and, a cartonnage mask belonging to a lady, bought recovered on intact tomb QH34aa. Both 3D model results have been implemented on three main applications, archaeological 3D catalogue, public dissemination activities, and the 3D artifact model in a bachelor education program. Due to those three already mentioned applications, productive interaction among spectator and three-dimensional artifact have been increased; moreover, functionality as archaeological documentation has been consolidated. Finding the right methodology to assign a specific color to each vector on the geometric 3D model, we had been achieved two essential archaeological applications. Firstly, 3DPDF as a display document for an archaeological catalogue, secondly, the possibility to obtain a colored 3d printed object to be displayed in public exhibitions. Obsolescences 3D models have become updated archaeological documentation of QH43aa tomb cultural material. Therefore, Qubbet el-Hawa Project has been actualized the educational potential of its results thanks to a multi-sensory experience that arose from 3d scanned´s archaeological artifacts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20printed" title="3D printed">3D printed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20scanner" title=" 3D scanner"> 3D scanner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Middle%20Kingdom" title=" Middle Kingdom"> Middle Kingdom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qubbet%20el-Hawa%20necropolis" title=" Qubbet el-Hawa necropolis"> Qubbet el-Hawa necropolis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20archaeology" title=" virtual archaeology"> virtual archaeology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107886/a-method-against-obsolescence-of-three-dimensional-archaeological-collection-two-cases-of-study-from-qubbet-el-hawa-necropolis-aswan-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Life Cycle Assessment-Based Environmental Assessment of the Production and Maintenance of Wooden Windows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pamela%20Del%20Rosario">Pamela Del Rosario</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisabetta%20Palumbo"> Elisabetta Palumbo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzia%20Traverso"> Marzia Traverso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The building sector plays an important role in addressing pressing environmental issues such as climate change and resource scarcity. The energy performance of buildings is considerably affected by the external envelope. In fact, a considerable proportion of the building energy demand is due to energy losses through the windows. Nevertheless, according to literature, to pay attention only to the contribution of windows to the building energy performance, i.e., their influence on energy use during building operation, could result in a partial evaluation. Hence, it is important to consider not only the building energy performance but also the environmental performance of windows, and this not only during the operational stage but along its complete life cycle. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) according to ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006+A1:2018 is one of the most adopted and robust methods to evaluate the environmental performance of products throughout their complete life cycle. This life-cycle based approach avoids the shift of environmental impacts of a life cycle stage to another, allowing to allocate them to the stage in which they originated and to adopt measures that optimize the environmental performance of the product. Moreover, the LCA method is widely implemented in the construction sector to assess whole buildings as well as construction products and materials. LCA is regulated by the European Standards EN 15978:2011, at the building level, and EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, at the level of construction products and materials. In this work, the environmental performance of wooden windows was assessed by implementing the LCA method and adopting primary data. More specifically, the emphasis is given to embedded and operational impacts. Furthermore, correlations are made between these environmental impacts and aspects such as type of wood and window transmittance. In the particular case of the operational impacts, special attention is set on the definition of suitable maintenance scenarios that consider the potential climate influence on the environmental impacts. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted, and expert consultation was carried out. The study underlined the variability of the embedded environmental impacts of wooden windows by considering different wood types and transmittance values. The results also highlighted the need to define appropriate maintenance scenarios for precise assessment results. It was found that both the service life and the window maintenance requirements in terms of treatment and its frequency are highly dependent not only on the wood type and its treatment during the manufacturing process but also on the weather conditions of the place where the window is installed. In particular, it became evident that maintenance-related environmental impacts were the highest for climate regions with the lowest temperatures and the greatest amount of precipitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedded%20impacts" title="embedded impacts">embedded impacts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20performance" title=" environmental performance"> environmental performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title=" life cycle assessment"> life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LCA" title=" LCA"> LCA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance%20stage" title=" maintenance stage"> maintenance stage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operational%20impacts" title=" operational impacts"> operational impacts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20windows" title=" wooden windows "> wooden windows </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133104/life-cycle-assessment-based-environmental-assessment-of-the-production-and-maintenance-of-wooden-windows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133104.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> Islamic Art and Architecture on Religious Buildings of Dagestan, Russia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anahita%20Shahrokhi">Anahita Shahrokhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Kazemzadeh"> Hamed Kazemzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various issues are included in cultural relations between societies. Art styles along with architectural similarities are by far one of the most noticeable cultural-historic relations. The Dagestan Republic located in the south of Russia Federation in the North Caucasus has had cultural relations with historical Iran since long ago and is considered as a part of the Islamic world. From Sassanid era and Islamic Empire prior to Tsars’ government, such relations had been maintained largely due to Iran and Islam’s political and social dominance over the region. The presence of the Iranians, mostly for business and commerce, is evident through not only written documents but also other cultural elements including architecture and art. Southern Dagestan and northern provinces of Iran, not distant from each other by sea, have a lot of artistic and cultural aspects in common. The architecture used in some structures such as religious centers, Tekie and Saqa Nafars strongly resembles religious centers in the south of Dagestan. The majority of these similarities lie in the wooden carvings, engravings, and paintings of the interior decorations on the pillars, capitals, walls, and ceilings, as well as the similarity of the plans. Such designs were formed in Safavid dynasty first in Mazandaran and later in Dagestan so that this style is currently named Persiski, meaning Persian, in the Dagestan Republic. These similarities indicate the relationship between the artists and educated people from Iran and Dagestan and the Iranians’ role on the religious and cultural development of Dagestan from the 17th and 18th centuries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wooden%20works" title="wooden works">wooden works</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mazandaran" title=" Mazandaran"> Mazandaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dagestan" title=" Dagestan"> Dagestan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saqa%20Nafar" title=" Saqa Nafar"> Saqa Nafar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ritual%20and%20Islamic%20architecture" title=" ritual and Islamic architecture"> ritual and Islamic architecture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32087/islamic-art-and-architecture-on-religious-buildings-of-dagestan-russia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32087.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> Analytical Study and Conservation Processes of Scribe Box from Old Kingdom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Moustafa">Mohamed Moustafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medhat%20Abdallah"> Medhat Abdallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramy%20Magdy"> Ramy Magdy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdrabou"> Ahmed Abdrabou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Badr"> Mohamed Badr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The scribe box under study dates back to the old kingdom. It was excavated by the Italian expedition in Qena (1935-1937). The box consists of 2pieces, the lid and the body. The inner side of the lid is decorated with ancient Egyptian inscriptions written with a black pigment. The box was made using several panels assembled together by wooden dowels and secured with plant ropes. The entire box is covered with a red pigment. This study aims to use analytical techniques in order to identify and have deep understanding for the box components. Moreover, the authors were significantly interested in using infrared reflectance transmission imaging (RTI-IR) to improve the hidden inscriptions on the lid. The identification of wood species included in this study. The visual observation and assessment were done to understand the condition of this box. 3Ddimensions and 2D programs were used to illustrate wood joints techniques. Optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence portable (XRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in this study in order to identify wood species, remains of insects bodies, red pigment, fibers plant and previous conservation adhesives, also RTI-IR technique was very effective to improve hidden inscriptions. The analysis results proved that wooden panels and dowels were identified as Acacia nilotica, wooden rail was Salix sp. the insects were identified as Lasioderma serricorne and Gibbium psylloids, the red pigment was Hematite, while the fiber plants were linen, previous adhesive was identified as cellulose nitrates. The historical study for the inscriptions proved that it’s a Hieratic writings of a funerary Text. After its transportation from the Egyptian museum storage to the wood conservation laboratory of the Grand Egyptian museum –conservation center (GEM-CC), conservation techniques were applied with high accuracy in order to restore the object including cleaning , consolidating of friable pigments and writings, removal of previous adhesive and reassembly, finally the conservation process that were applied were extremely effective for this box which became ready for display or storage in the grand Egyptian museum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scribe%20box" title="scribe box">scribe box</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hieratic" title=" hieratic"> hieratic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20program" title=" 3D program"> 3D program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Acacia%20nilotica" title=" Acacia nilotica"> Acacia nilotica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose%20nitrate" title=" cellulose nitrate"> cellulose nitrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title=" conservation"> conservation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58881/analytical-study-and-conservation-processes-of-scribe-box-from-old-kingdom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58881.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Creep Behaviour of Heterogeneous Timber-UHPFRC Beams Assembled by Bonding: Experimental and Analytical Investigation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Kong">K. Kong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Ferrier"> E. Ferrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Michel"> L. Michel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research was to investigate the creep behaviour of the heterogeneous Timber-UHPFRC beams. New developments have been done to further improve the structural performance, such as strengthening of the timber (glulam) beam by bonding composite material combine with an ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) internally reinforced with or without carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. However, in the design of wooden structures, in addition to the criteria of strengthening and stiffness, deformability due to the creep of wood, especially in horizontal elements, is also a design criterion. Glulam, UHPFRC and CFRP may be an interesting composite mix to respond to the issue of creep behaviour of composite structures made of different materials with different rheological properties. In this paper, we describe an experimental and analytical investigation of the creep performance of the glulam-UHPFRC-CFRP beams assembled by bonding. The experimental investigations creep behaviour was conducted for different environments: in- and outside under constant loading for approximately a year. The measured results are compared with numerical ones obtained by an analytical model. This model was developed to predict the creep response of the glulam-UHPFRC-CFRP beams based on the creep characteristics of the individual components. The results show that heterogeneous glulam-UHPFRC beams provide an improvement in both the strengthening and stiffness, and can also effectively reduce the creep deflection of wooden beams. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20fibre-reinforced%20polymer%20%28CFRP%29%20bars" title="carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars">carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creep%20behaviour" title=" creep behaviour"> creep behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glulam" title=" glulam"> glulam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra-high%20performance%20fibre%20reinforced%20concrete%20%28UHPFRC%29" title=" ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)"> ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35063/creep-behaviour-of-heterogeneous-timber-uhpfrc-beams-assembled-by-bonding-experimental-and-analytical-investigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35063.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> The Rehabilitation of The Covered Bridge Leclerc (P-00249) Passing Over the Bouchard Stream in LaSarre, Quebec</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nairy%20Kechichian">Nairy Kechichian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The original Leclerc Bridge is a covered wooden bridge that is considered a Quebec heritage structure with an index of 60, making it a very important provincial bridge from a historical point of view. It was constructed in 1927 and is in the rural area of Abitibi-Temiscamingue. It is a “town Québécois” type of structure, which is generally rare but common for covered bridges in Abitibi-Temiscamingue. This type of structure is composed of two trusses on both sides formed with diagonals, internal bracings, uprights and top and bottom chords to allow the transmission of loads. This structure is mostly known for its solidity, lightweightness, and ease of construction. It is a single-span bridge with a length of 25.3 meters and allows the passage of one vehicle at a time with a 4.22-meter driving lane. The structure is composed of 2 trusses located at each end of the deck, two gabion foundations at both ends, uprights and top and bottom chords. WSP (Williams Sale Partnership) Canada inc. was mandated by the Transport Minister of Quebec in 2019 to increase the capacity of the bridge from 5 tons to 30.6 tons and rehabilitate it, as it has deteriorated quite significantly over the years. The bridge was damaged due to material deterioration over time, exposure to humidity, high load effects and insect infestation. To allow the passage of 3 axle trucks, as well as to keep the integrity of this heritage structure, the final design chosen to rehabilitate the bridge involved adding a new deck independent from the roof structure of the bridge. Essentially, new steel beams support the deck loads and the desired vehicle loads. The roof of the bridge is linked to the steel deck for lateral support, but it is isolated from the wooden deck. The roof is preserved for aesthetic reasons and remains intact as it is a heritage piece. Due to strict traffic management obstacles, an efficient construction method was put into place, which consisted of building a temporary bridge and moving the existing roof onto it to allow the circulation of vehicles on one side of the temporary bridge while providing a working space for the repairs of the roof on the other side to take place simultaneously. In parallel, this method allowed the demolition and reconstruction of the existing foundation, building a new steel deck, and transporting back the roof on the new bridge. One of the main criteria for the rehabilitation of the wooden bridge was to preserve, as much as possible, the existing patrimonial architectural design of the bridge. The project was completed successfully by the end of 2021. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=covered%20bridge" title="covered bridge">covered bridge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood-steel" title=" wood-steel"> wood-steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=short%20span" title=" short span"> short span</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=town%20Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois%20structure" title=" town Québécois structure"> town Québécois structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172214/the-rehabilitation-of-the-covered-bridge-leclerc-p-00249-passing-over-the-bouchard-stream-in-lasarre-quebec" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> A Study of The STEAM Toy Pedagogy Plan Evaluation for Elementary School</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen-Te%20Chang">Wen-Te Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Hsin%20Pai"> Yun-Hsin Pai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Based on the interdisciplinary of lower grade Elementary School with the integration of STEAM concept, related wooden toy and pedagogy plans were developed and evaluated. The research goal was to benefit elementary school education. Design/methodology/approach: The subjects were teachers from two primary school teachers and students from the department of design of universities in Taipei. Amount of 103participants (Male: 34, Female: 69) were invited to participate in the research. The research tools are “STEAM toy design” and “questionnaire of STEAM toy Pedagogy plan.” The STEAM toy pedagogy plans were evaluated after the activity of “The interdisciplinary literacy discipline guiding study program--STEAM wooden workshop,” Finding/results: The study results: (1) As factors analyzing of the questionnaire indicated the percentage on the major factors were cognition teaching 68.61%, affection 80.18% and technique 80.14%, with α=.936 of validity. The assessment tools were proved to be valid for STEAM pedagogy plan evaluation; (2) The analysis of the questionnaires investigation confirmed that the main effect of the teaching factors was not significant (affection = technique = cognition); however, the interaction between STEAM factors revealed to be significant (F (8, 1164) =5.51, p < .01); (3) The main effect of the six pedagogy plans was significant (climbing toy > bird toy = gondola toy > frog castanets > train toy > balancing toy), and an interactive effect between STEAM factors also reached a significant level, (F (8, 1164) =5.51, p < .01), especially on the artistic (A/ Art) aspect. Originality/value: The main achievement of research: (1) A pedagogy plan evaluation was successfully developed. (2) The interactive effect between the STEAM and the teaching factors reached a significant level. (3) An interactive effect between the STEAM factors and the pedagogy plans reached a significant level too. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STEAM" title="STEAM">STEAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toy%20design" title=" toy design"> toy design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedagogy%20plans" title=" pedagogy plans"> pedagogy plans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaluation" title=" evaluation"> evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141355/a-study-of-the-steam-toy-pedagogy-plan-evaluation-for-elementary-school" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141355.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> Indoor Air Quality Analysis for Renovating Building: A Case Study of Student Studio, Department of Landscape, Chiangmai, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Warangkana%20Juangjandee">Warangkana Juangjandee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapidly increasing number of population in the limited area creates an effect on the idea of the improvement of the area to suit the environment and the needs of people. Faculty of architecture Chiang Mai University is also expanding in both variety fields of study and quality of education. In 2020, the new department will be introduced in the faculty which is Department of Landscape Architecture. With the limitation of the area in the existing building, the faculty plan to renovate some parts of its school for anticipates the number of students who will join the program in the next two years. As a result, the old wooden workshop area is selected to be renovated as student studio space. With such condition, it is necessary to study the restriction and the distinctive environment of the site prior to the improvement in order to find ways to manage the existing space due to the fact that the primary functions that have been practiced in the site, an old wooden workshop space and the new function, studio space, are too different. 72.9% of the annual times in the room are considered to be out of the thermal comfort condition with high relative humidity. This causes non-comfort condition for occupants which could promote mould growth. This study aims to analyze thermal comfort condition in the Landscape Learning Studio Area for finding the solution to improve indoor air quality and respond to local conditions. The research methodology will be in two parts: 1) field gathering data on the case study 2) analysis and finding the solution of improving indoor air quality. The result of the survey indicated that the room needs to solve non-comfort condition problem. This can be divided into two ways which are raising ventilation and indoor temperature, e.g. improving building design and stack driven ventilation, using fan for enhancing more internal ventilation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20humidity" title="relative humidity">relative humidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renovation" title=" renovation"> renovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20comfort" title=" thermal comfort"> thermal comfort</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89708/indoor-air-quality-analysis-for-renovating-building-a-case-study-of-student-studio-department-of-landscape-chiangmai-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polychrome%20wooden%20stele&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polychrome%20wooden%20stele&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polychrome%20wooden%20stele&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polychrome%20wooden%20stele&page=2" 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