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id="toc-Western_Reserve_College_(1826–1882)_and_University_(1882–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Reserve_College_(1826–1882)_and_University_(1882–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Western Reserve College (1826–1882) and University (1882–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Reserve_College_(1826–1882)_and_University_(1882–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_School_of_Applied_Science_(1880–1947)_and_Institute_of_Technology_(1947–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_School_of_Applied_Science_(1880–1947)_and_Institute_of_Technology_(1947–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Case School of Applied Science (1880–1947) and Institute of Technology (1947–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_School_of_Applied_Science_(1880–1947)_and_Institute_of_Technology_(1947–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_of_two_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_of_two_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Federation of two universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_of_two_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_Western_Reserve_University_(1967–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_Western_Reserve_University_(1967–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Case Western Reserve University (1967–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_Western_Reserve_University_(1967–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case_Quad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_Quad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Case Quad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_Quad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mather_Quad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mather_Quad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mather Quad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mather_Quad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Undergraduate profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electrochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Electrochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sears_think[box]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sears_think[box]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sears think[box]</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sears_think[box]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Student life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Student life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Greek life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Safety and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Office_of_Emergency_Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Emergency_Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Office of Emergency Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Emergency_Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_and_security_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_and_security_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Police and security services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_and_security_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_Medical_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_Medical_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Emergency Medical Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_Medical_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nobel laureates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Case Western Reserve University</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81" title="جامعة كيس وسترن ريسرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة كيس وسترن ريسرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="کیس وسترن رزرو بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیس وسترن رزرو بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কেস ওয়েস্টার্ন রিজার্ভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেস ওয়েস্টার্ন রিজার্ভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%9B._%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Заходні рэзервовы ўніверсітэт імя Л. Кейса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходні рэзервовы ўніверсітэт імя Л. Кейса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_Case_Western_Reserve" title="Universitat Case Western Reserve – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat Case Western Reserve" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Case_de_la_Reserva_Occidental" title="Universidad Case de la Reserva Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad Case de la Reserva Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Case_Western_Reserve" title="Universitato Case Western Reserve – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Case Western Reserve" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88" title="دانشگاه کیس وسترن رزرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه کیس وسترن رزرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Case_Western_Reserve" title="Université Case Western Reserve – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Case Western Reserve" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%80%EB%B8%8C_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="케이스 웨스턴 리저브 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케이스 웨스턴 리저브 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%91" title="אוניברסיטת קייס וסטרן ריזרב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת קייס וסטרן ריזרב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81" title="جامعة كيس وسترن ريسرف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة كيس وسترن ريسرف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="ケース・ウェスタン・リザーブ大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケース・ウェスタン・リザーブ大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="کیس وسٹرن ریزروو یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیس وسٹرن ریزروو یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кейс-Вестерн-Резерв университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кейс-Вестерн-Резерв университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Case Western Reserve University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Case_Western_Reserve" title="Pamantasang Case Western Reserve – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasang Case Western Reserve" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F" title="มหาวิทยาลัยเคสเวสเทิร์นรีเสิร์ฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยเคสเวสเทิร์นรีเสิร์ฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Case Western Reserve Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Case Western Reserve Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кейс-Вестерн-Резерв університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кейс-Вестерн-Резерв університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%96%AF%E8%A5%BF%E5%84%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="凱斯西儲大學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凱斯西儲大學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1047060#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Case_Western_Reserve_University&params=41.504_N_81.608_W_region:US_type:edu"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°30′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°36′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.504°N 81.608°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.504; -81.608</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private university in Cleveland, Ohio, US</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Case Western Reserve University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Case_Western_Reserve_University_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Case_Western_Reserve_University_seal.svg/150px-Case_Western_Reserve_University_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Case_Western_Reserve_University_seal.svg/225px-Case_Western_Reserve_University_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Case_Western_Reserve_University_seal.svg/300px-Case_Western_Reserve_University_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Western Reserve College (1826–1882)<br />Western Reserve University (1882–1967)<br />Case School of Applied Science (1880–1947)<br />Case Institute of Technology (1947–1967)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Historical:</b> <br /> <i>Christo et Ecclesiae</i> (1827–1885) <br /> <i>Lux</i> (1885–1932)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"For Christ and the Church" (1827–1885)<br />"Light" (1885–1932)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1826<span class="noprint">; 199 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1826</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission" title="Higher Learning Commission">HLC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Technological_Universities" title="Association of Independent Technological Universities">AITU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.397 billion (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaler" title="Eric Kaler">Eric Kaler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joy_K._Ward" title="Joy K. Ward">Joy K. Ward</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,182 (fall 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,375 (fall 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">12,475 (fall 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,528 (fall 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,947 (fall 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Case_Western_Reserve_University&params=41.504_N_81.608_W_region:US_type:edu"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°30′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°36′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.504°N 81.608°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.504; -81.608</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Large city<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 267 acres (1.08 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Case Western Reserve Observer</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CWRU Blue, white, and gray<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#003071"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FFFFFF"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#626262"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Spartans</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">Division III</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">UAA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Athletic_Conference" title="Presidents' Athletic Conference">PAC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans_football" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans football">football</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data">Spartie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu">case<wbr />.edu</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047060#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CWRU_Two-line_horizontal_logo_Blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CWRU_Two-line_horizontal_logo_Blue.svg/260px-CWRU_Two-line_horizontal_logo_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CWRU_Two-line_horizontal_logo_Blue.svg/390px-CWRU_Two-line_horizontal_logo_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CWRU_Two-line_horizontal_logo_Blue.svg/520px-CWRU_Two-line_horizontal_logo_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Case Western Reserve University</b> (<b>CWRU</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, United States. It was established in 1967 by a merger between Western Reserve University and the Case Institute of Technology. Case Western Reserve University comprises eight schools that offer more than 100 undergraduate programs and about 160 graduate and professional options across fields in STEM, medicine, arts, and the humanities. In 2024, the university enrolled 12,475 students (6,528 undergraduate plus 5,947 graduate and professional) from all 50 states and 106 countries and employed more than 1,182 full-time faculty members. The university's athletic teams, Case Western Reserve Spartans, play in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">NCAA Division III</a> as a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">University Athletic Association</a>. </p><p>Case Western Reserve University is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_classification_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_classification-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, in 2019 the university had <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D) expenditures of $439 million, ranking it 20th among private institutions and 58th in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case alumni, scientists, and scholars have played significant roles in many scientific breakthroughs and discoveries. Case professor <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> and became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in a science. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Academy" title="Western Reserve Academy">Western Reserve Academy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Reserve_College_(1826–1882)_and_University_(1882–1967)"><span id="Western_Reserve_College_.281826.E2.80.931882.29_and_University_.281882.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Western Reserve College (1826–1882) and University (1882–1967)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western Reserve College (1826–1882) and University (1882–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western Reserve College, the college of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a>, was founded in 1826 in <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Ohio" title="Hudson, Ohio">Hudson, Ohio</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Academy" title="Western Reserve Academy">Western Reserve College and Preparatory School</a>. Western Reserve College, or "Reserve" as it was popularly called, was the first college in northern Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was called "Yale of the West"; its campus, now that of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Academy" title="Western Reserve Academy">Western Reserve Academy</a>, imitated that of Yale. It had the same motto, "Lux et Veritas" (Light and Truth), the same entrance standards, and nearly the same curriculum. It was different from Yale in that it was a <a href="/wiki/Manual_labor_college" title="Manual labor college">manual labor college</a>, in which students were required to perform manual labor, seen as psychologically beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-Sernett2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sernett2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Reserve College's founders sought to instill in students an "evangelical ethos" and train ministers for Ohio, where there was an acute shortage of them. The college was located in Hudson because the town made the largest financial offer to help in its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 422">: 422 </span></sup> That town, about 30 miles southeast of Cleveland, had been an antislavery center from the beginning: its founder, <a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a>, was against slavery, and founding trustee <a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a> was a noted <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> who secured the location for the college. The abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>, who would lead the <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry">1859 raid on Harpers Ferry</a>, grew up in Hudson and was the son of co-founder Owen Brown. Hudson was a major stop on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>. </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> influences of its founding, the school's origins were strongly though briefly associated with the pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> movement;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the abolition of slavery was the dominant topic on campus in 1831. The trustees were unhappy with the situation. The college's chaplain and Bible professor, <a href="/wiki/Beriah_Green" title="Beriah Green">Beriah Green</a>, gave four sermons on the topic<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then resigned, expecting that he would be fired. President <a href="/wiki/Charles_Backus_Storrs" title="Charles Backus Storrs">Charles Backus Storrs</a> took a leave of absence for health, and soon died. One of the two remaining professors, <a href="/wiki/Elizur_Wright" title="Elizur Wright">Elizur Wright</a>, soon left to head the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Reserve was the first college west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> to enroll (1832) and graduate (1836) an <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> student, <a href="/wiki/John_Sykes_Fayette" title="John Sykes Fayette">John Sykes Fayette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> gave the <a href="/wiki/Commencement_speech" title="Commencement speech">commencement speech</a> in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838, the <a href="/wiki/Loomis_Observatory" title="Loomis Observatory">Loomis Observatory</a> was built by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Elias_Loomis" title="Elias Loomis">Elias Loomis</a>, and today remains the second oldest <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> in the United States, and the oldest still in its original location.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1852, the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine">Medical School</a> became the second <sup>medical?</sup> school in the United States to graduate a woman, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Talbot_Clark" title="Nancy Talbot Clark">Nancy Talbot Clark</a>. Five more women graduated over the next four years, including <a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Zakrzewska" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Zakrzewska">Marie Zakrzewska</a>, giving Western Reserve the distinction of graduating six of the first eight female physicians in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1875, Cleveland had emerged as the dominant population and business center of the region, and the city wanted a prominent higher education institution. In 1882, with funding from <a href="/wiki/Amasa_Stone" title="Amasa Stone">Amasa Stone</a>, Western Reserve College moved to Cleveland and changed its name to Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. Adelbert was the name of Stone's son.<sup id="cite_ref-case.edu_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case.edu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_School_of_Applied_Science_(1880–1947)_and_Institute_of_Technology_(1947–1967)"><span id="Case_School_of_Applied_Science_.281880.E2.80.931947.29_and_Institute_of_Technology_.281947.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Case School of Applied Science (1880–1947) and Institute of Technology (1947–1967)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Case School of Applied Science (1880–1947) and Institute of Technology (1947–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_of_Captain_Thomas_Abbey,_his_ancestors_and_descendants_of_the_Abbey_family,_pathfinders,_soldiers_and_pioneer_settlers_of_Connecticut,_its_Western_Reserve_in_Ohio_and_the_great_West_(1916)_(14780244314).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Memorial_of_Captain_Thomas_Abbey%2C_his_ancestors_and_descendants_of_the_Abbey_family%2C_pathfinders%2C_soldiers_and_pioneer_settlers_of_Connecticut%2C_its_Western_Reserve_in_Ohio_and_the_great_West_%281916%29_%2814780244314%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Memorial_of_Captain_Thomas_Abbey%2C_his_ancestors_and_descendants_of_the_Abbey_family%2C_pathfinders%2C_soldiers_and_pioneer_settlers_of_Connecticut%2C_its_Western_Reserve_in_Ohio_and_the_great_West_%281916%29_%2814780244314%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Memorial_of_Captain_Thomas_Abbey%2C_his_ancestors_and_descendants_of_the_Abbey_family%2C_pathfinders%2C_soldiers_and_pioneer_settlers_of_Connecticut%2C_its_Western_Reserve_in_Ohio_and_the_great_West_%281916%29_%2814780244314%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>The main building of the Case School of Applied Science in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1877, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Case_Jr." title="Leonard Case Jr.">Leonard Case Jr.</a> began laying the groundwork for the Case School of Applied Science by secretly donating valuable pieces of Cleveland real estate to a trust. He asked his confidential advisor, Henry Gilbert Abbey, to administer the trust and to keep it secret until after his death in 1880. </p><p>On March 29, 1880, articles of incorporation were filed for the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Case_School_of_Applied_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Case School of Applied Science">Case School of Applied Science</a>. Classes began on September 15, 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school received its charter by the state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in 1882. </p><p>For the first four years of the school's existence, it was located in the Case family's home on Rockwell Street in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">downtown Cleveland</a>. Classes were held in the family house, while the chemistry and physics laboratories were on the second floor of the barn. <a href="/wiki/Amasa_Stone" title="Amasa Stone">Amasa Stone</a>'s gift to relocate Western Reserve College to Cleveland also included a provision for the purchase of land in the <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> area, adjacent to Western Reserve University, for the Case School of Applied Science. The school relocated to <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> in 1885. </p><p>In 1921 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> came to the Case campus during his first visit to the United States, out of respect for the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> work performed there. Besides noting the research done in the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a>, Einstein also met with physics professor <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Miller" title="Dayton Miller">Dayton Miller</a> to discuss his own research.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Case School of Applied Science was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the <a href="/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program" title="V-12 Navy College Training Program">V-12 Navy College Training Program</a> which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the Case School of Applied Science expanded to encompass broader subjects, adopting the name Case Institute of Technology in 1947 to reflect the institution's growth.<sup id="cite_ref-case.edu_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case.edu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Led by polymer expert <a href="/wiki/Eric_Baer" title="Eric Baer">Eric Baer</a> in 1963, the nation's first stand-alone Polymer Science and Engineering program was founded, to eventually become the Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_of_two_universities">Federation of two universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federation of two universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monographs_(2943967835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Monographs_%282943967835%29.jpg/170px-Monographs_%282943967835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Monographs_%282943967835%29.jpg/255px-Monographs_%282943967835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Monographs_%282943967835%29.jpg/340px-Monographs_%282943967835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Reading room at <a href="/wiki/Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library" title="Allen Memorial Medical Library">Allen Memorial Medical Library</a> of Case Western Reserve University</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the trustees of Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University did not formally federate their institutions until 1967, the institutions already shared buildings and staff when necessary and worked together often. One such example was seen in 1887, when Case physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Michelson">Albert Michelson</a> and Reserve chemist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Morley">Edward Morley</a> collaborated on the famous <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a>. </p><p>There had been some discussion of a merger of the two institutions as early as 1890, but those talks dissolved quickly. In the 1920s, the Survey Commission on Higher Education in Cleveland took a strong stand in favor of federation and the community was behind the idea as well, but in the end all that came of the study was a decision by the two institutions to cooperate in founding Cleveland College, a special unit for part-time and adult students in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">downtown Cleveland</a>. </p><p>By the 1960s, Reserve President <a href="/wiki/John_S._Millis" title="John S. Millis">John Schoff Millis</a> and Case President <a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a> shared the idea that federation would create a complete university, one better able to attain national distinction. Financed by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Foundation" title="Cleveland Foundation">Cleveland Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Associated_Foundation" title="Greater Cleveland Associated Foundation">Greater Cleveland Associated Foundation</a>, and several local donors, a study commission of national leaders in higher education and public policy was charged with exploring the idea of federation. The Heald Commission, so known for its chair, former <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> President <a href="/wiki/Henry_Townley_Heald" title="Henry Townley Heald">Henry T. Heald</a>, predicted in its final report that a federation could create one of the largest private universities in the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_Western_Reserve_University_(1967–present)"><span id="Case_Western_Reserve_University_.281967.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Case Western Reserve University (1967–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Case Western Reserve University (1967–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, Case Institute of Technology, a school with its emphasis on engineering and science, and Western Reserve University, a school with professional programs and liberal arts, came together to form Case Western Reserve University.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/CWRU_Biomedical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="CWRU Biomedical Engineering">Department of Biomedical Engineering</a> launched as a newly unified collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/Case_School_of_Engineering" title="Case School of Engineering">School of Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a> as the first in the nation and as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a> programs in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year in 1969, the first Biomedical Engineering MD/PhD program in the world began at Case Western Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a> degree program in the United States was established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaseLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/CaseLogo.svg/220px-CaseLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/CaseLogo.svg/330px-CaseLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/CaseLogo.svg/440px-CaseLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>The controversial "Case" logo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, the university unveiled a new logo and branding campaign that emphasized the "Case" portion of its name. In 2006, interim <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">university president</a> Gregory Eastwood convened a task group to study reactions to the campaign. The panel's report indicated that it had gone so poorly that, "There appear to be serious concerns now about the university's ability to recruit and maintain high-quality faculty, fund-raising and leadership." Also, the logo was derided among the university's community and alumni and throughout northeastern Ohio; critics said it looked like "...a fat man with a surfboard."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 9, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/2003_Case_Western_Reserve_University_shooting" title="2003 Case Western Reserve University shooting">2003 Case Western Reserve University shooting</a> occurred when Biswanath Halder entered the Peter B. Lewis Building of the <a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_School_of_Management" title="Weatherhead School of Management">Weatherhead School of Management</a> where he then killed graduate student Norman Wallace and wounded two professors. Halder took people in the building hostage, and they ran and barricaded themselves and hid during the seven hours that the gunman roamed the building, shooting indiscriminately. He was finally apprehended by a SWAT team. Halder was convicted on multiple felony counts and sentenced to life in prison; he lost a 2008 appeal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2007, the university's board of trustees approved a shift back to giving equal weight to "Case" and "Western Reserve". A new logo was chosen and implementation began July 1.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an open letter to the university community, interim president Eastwood admitted that "the university had misplaced its own history and traditions."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Forward Thinking" campaign was launched in 2011 by President <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Snyder" title="Barbara Snyder">Barbara Snyder</a> and raised $1 billion in 30 months. The board of trustees unanimously agreed to expand the campaign to $1.5 billion, which reached its mark in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign ultimately raised $1.82 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">2020 United States presidential debate</a>, the first of two, was held at the Samson Pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/Health_Education_Campus" title="Health Education Campus">Health Education Campus</a> (HEC), shared by the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2020, president Barbara Snyder was appointed the president of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> (AAU). Later that year, former <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> president <a href="/wiki/Scott_Cowen" title="Scott Cowen">Scott Cowen</a> was appointed interim president. On October 29, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Eric_W._Kaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric W. Kaler">Eric W. Kaler</a>, former <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> president, was appointed as the new Case Western Reserve University president, effective July 1, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="List of presidents of Case Western Reserve University">List of presidents of Case Western Reserve University</a></div> <table class=""wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#ffebcd"> <th>President </th> <th>From </th> <th>Until </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#fffaf0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Morse" title="Robert W. Morse">Robert W. Morse</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>1970 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f5f5f5"> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Toepfer" title="Louis A. Toepfer">Louis A. Toepfer</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>1980 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#fffaf0"> <td><a href="/wiki/David_V._Ragone" title="David V. Ragone">David V. Ragone</a> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f5f5f5"> <td><a href="/wiki/Agnar_Pytte" title="Agnar Pytte">Agnar Pytte</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#fffaf0"> <td><a href="/wiki/David_H._Auston" title="David H. Auston">David H. Auston</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f5f5f5"> <td><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wagner" title="James W. Wagner">James W. Wagner</a> (interim) </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#fffaf0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Hundert" title="Edward M. Hundert">Edward M. Hundert</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f5f5f5"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_L._Eastwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory L. Eastwood (page does not exist)">Gregory L. Eastwood</a> (interim) </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#fffaf0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Snyder" title="Barbara Snyder">Barbara R. Snyder</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f5f5f5"> <td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cowen" title="Scott Cowen">Scott S. Cowen</a> (interim) </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>2021 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#fffaf0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaler" title="Eric Kaler">Eric W. Kaler</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Case_western_reserve_campus_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Case_western_reserve_campus_2005.jpg/220px-Case_western_reserve_campus_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Case_western_reserve_campus_2005.jpg/330px-Case_western_reserve_campus_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Case_western_reserve_campus_2005.jpg/440px-Case_western_reserve_campus_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Haydn Hall on the <a href="/wiki/Flora_Stone_Mather_College_Historic_District" title="Flora Stone Mather College Historic District">Flora Stone Mather Quadrangle</a>, built in 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Case Western Reserve University's main campus is approximately 5 miles (8 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown Cleveland</a> in the neighborhood known as <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a>, an area containing many educational, medical, and cultural institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Case Western Reserve has a number of programs taught in conjunction with other University Circle institutions, including <a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">University Hospitals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>, the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music" title="Cleveland Institute of Music">Cleveland Institute of Music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hearing_%26_Speech_Center" title="Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center">Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Art" title="Cleveland Institute of Art">Cleveland Institute of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>, is on the Case Western Reserve campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_Quad">Case Quad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Case Quad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Case Quadrangle, known also to students as the Engineering Quad, contains most engineering and science buildings, notably the <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> Physics Building.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Case Quad also houses administration buildings, including <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Hall" title="Adelbert Hall">Adelbert Hall</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a> occurred here, commemorated by a marker and the <a href="/wiki/Michelson-Morley_Memorial_Fountain" title="Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain">Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain</a>. The southernmost edge consists of athletic areas—<a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans#Adelbert_Gymnasium" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Adelbert Gymnasium</a>, Van Horn Field and the Veale Convocation, Recreation and Athletic Center (commonly referred to as the Veale Center). The Veale Center houses the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans#Horsburgh_Gymnasium" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Horsburgh Gymnasium</a> and the Veale Natatorium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mather_Quad">Mather Quad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mather Quad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flora_Stone_Mather_College_Historic_District" title="Flora Stone Mather College Historic District">Flora Stone Mather College Historic District</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelvin_Smith_Library_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kelvin_Smith_Library_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg/220px-Kelvin_Smith_Library_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kelvin_Smith_Library_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg/330px-Kelvin_Smith_Library_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kelvin_Smith_Library_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg/440px-Kelvin_Smith_Library_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4214" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption>Kelvin Smith Library is the main library of Case Western Reserve</figcaption></figure> <p>The Flora Stone Mather Quadrangle is located north of Euclid Avenue between East Blvd., East 115th Street, and Juniper Road. The <a href="/wiki/Flora_Stone_Mather_College_Historic_District" title="Flora Stone Mather College Historic District">Flora Stone Mather College Historic District</a> is more strictly defined by the area between East Blvd, Bellflower Road, and Ford Road north of Euclid Avenue. Named for the philanthropist wife of prominent industrialist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mather" title="Samuel Mather">Samuel Mather</a> and sister-in-law of the famous statesman <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>, the Mather Quad is home to <a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_School_of_Management" title="Weatherhead School of Management">Weatherhead School of Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Law">School of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandel_School_of_Applied_Social_Sciences" title="Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences">Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences</a>, and many departments of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Sciences_(Case_Western_Reserve_University)" title="College of Arts and Sciences (Case Western Reserve University)">College of Arts and Sciences</a>. The Kelvin Smith Library, Thwing Center, and Tinkham Veale Student Center (known also as "The Tink") sit on the western edge of the Mather Quad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On and near campus, CircleLink is a free public shuttle service in University Circle and Little Italy. Colloquially, the shuttle buses are known as <i>Greenies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To supplement evening and nighttime hours, the Safe Ride Program provides personal pickup of students and staff upon request.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For city <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a>, rail and bus access are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority">Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority</a> (RTA). Unlimited use RTA passes are provided to undergraduate and full-time graduate students. The two <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Line (Cleveland)">Red Line rapid train</a> stations are <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy%E2%80%93University_Circle_station" title="Little Italy–University Circle station">Little Italy–University Circle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedar%E2%80%93University_station" title="Cedar–University station">Cedar–University</a>. Notably, the Red Line connects campus to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Hopkins Airport">Cleveland Hopkins Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown Cleveland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) <a href="/wiki/HealthLine" title="HealthLine">HealthLine</a> runs down the center of campus along <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)">Euclid Ave</a>. Numerous RTA bus routes run through campus.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBL_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PBL_entrance.jpg/220px-PBL_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PBL_entrance.jpg/330px-PBL_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PBL_entrance.jpg/440px-PBL_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Lewis" title="Peter B. Lewis">Peter B. Lewis</a> Building, designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>, houses the <a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_School_of_Management" title="Weatherhead School of Management">Weatherhead School of Management</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The university in its present form consists of eight schools that offer more than 100 undergraduate programs and about 160 graduate and professional options.<sup id="cite_ref-Schools&Programs_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schools&Programs-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Sciences_(Case_Western_Reserve_University)" title="College of Arts and Sciences (Case Western Reserve University)">College of Arts and Sciences</a> (1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Case School of Dental Medicine">Case School of Dental Medicine</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_School_of_Engineering" title="Case School of Engineering">Case School of Engineering</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Law">School of Law</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_School_of_Management" title="Weatherhead School of Management">Weatherhead School of Management</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a> <ul><li>University Program (1843)</li> <li>Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (College Program) (2002)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Payne_Bolton_School_of_Nursing" title="Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing">Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandel_School_of_Applied_Social_Sciences" title="Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences">Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences</a> (1915)</li></ul> <p>CWRU also supports over 100 interdisciplinary academic and research centers in various fields.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its graduate medical education includes <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">fellowship</a> programs at <a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</a> (also known as University Hospitals Case Medical Center) and <a href="/wiki/The_MetroHealth_System" title="The MetroHealth System">The MetroHealth System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_profile">Undergraduate profile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Undergraduate profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Undergraduate admissions statistics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="position:relative;">2023 entering<br />class<sup id="cite_ref-cds_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cds-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span style="position:absolute; top:0; right:0; text-align:right;">Change vs.<br />2018</span></div><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admit rate</th><td class="infobox-data">28.7% <div style="float:right;"><small>(<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> −0.6)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.8% <div style="float:right;"><small>(<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> −4.1)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Test scores <a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">middle 50%</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> Total</th><td class="infobox-data">1440–1530<br />(among 43% of <a href="/wiki/Freshman" title="Freshman">FTFs</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> Composite</th><td class="infobox-data">32–35<br />(among 23% of <a href="/wiki/Freshman" title="Freshman">FTFs</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">High school <a href="/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average</th><td class="infobox-data">3.8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among students who chose to submit</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The undergraduate student body hails from all 50 states and over 90 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six most popular majors are <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_-_Biomedical_Engineering" title="Case Western Reserve University - Biomedical Engineering">biomedical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Biological_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sciences">biological sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. Since 2016, the top fields for graduating CWRU undergraduate students have been engineering, nursing, research and science, accounting and financial services, and information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the university received 39,039 applications. It extended offers of admission to 11,193 applicants, or 28.7%. 73% of admitted students were from outside Ohio and 13% from outside the United States. 1,544 accepted students chose to enroll, a yield rate of 13.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-cds_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cds-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 43% of incoming students in 2023 who submitted <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> scores, the total <a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">interquartile range</a> was 1440–1530; of the 23% of incoming students in 2023 who submitted <a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> scores, the interquartile range of composite scores was 32–35. Of all <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculating</a> students, the average high school GPA was 3.8. 71% of admitted students graduated in the top 10% of their high school class.<sup id="cite_ref-cds_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cds-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges"><i>Forbes</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_NU_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">238</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking"><i>U.S. News & World Report</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">51 <small>(tie)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings"><i>Washington Monthly</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Wamo_NU_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">148</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal"><i>WSJ</i></a>/College Pulse<sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_WSJ_NU_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">238</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities"><i>ARWU</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">151–200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"><i>QS</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_QS_W_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">259</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings"><i>THE</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">164 <small>(tie)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking"><i>U.S. News & World Report</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_W_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">160 <small>(tie)</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 2025 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">rankings</a>, Case Western Reserve was ranked as tied for 51st among national universities and 160th among global universities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2020 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> (WSJ/THE)</i> rankings ranked Case Western Reserve as 52nd among US colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Graphics_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graphics-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Case Western Reserve was ranked 37th in the category American "national universities" and 146th in the category "global universities" by <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. In 2019 <i>U.S. News</i> ranked it tied for 42nd and 152nd, respectively. Case Western Reserve was also ranked 32nd among U.S. universities—and 29th among private institutions—in the inaugural 2016 edition of <i>The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education (WSJ/THE)</i> rankings, but ranked tied for 39th among U.S. universities in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Graphics_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graphics-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case Western Reserve University's <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> program is jointly administered with the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine">CWRU School of Medicine</a>, and was ranked 14th nationally in the latest rankings by <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Institute_for_Medical_Research" title="Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research">Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case Western Reserve is noted (among other fields) for research in <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">electrochemical engineering</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley interferometer experiment</a> was conducted in 1887 in the basement of a campus dormitory by <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> of Case School of Applied Science and <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Edward W. Morley</a> of Western Reserve University. Michelson became the first American to win a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in science.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> ranked CWRU's Department of Theater Master of Fine Arts program with the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Play_House" title="Cleveland Play House">Cleveland Play House</a> as 18th in the English-speaking world. In 2019, this ranking improved to 12th.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <i>Washington Monthly</i> ranked Case Western Reserve University as the 9th best National University,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the 2018 rankings, Case Western Reserve was ranked the 118th best National University.<sup id="cite_ref-wm_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, <i>Washington Monthly</i> ranked Case Western Reserve as the nation's 4th best National University for contributing to the public good. The publication's ranking was based upon a combination of factors including social mobility, research, and service.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the school had ranked 15th.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>Washington Monthly</i> no longer ranks contributions to the public good as such, in its 2018 rankings of National Universities Case Western Reserve was ranked 180th in Social mobility and 118th in Service.<sup id="cite_ref-wm_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Case Western Reserve was among the Top 25 LGBT-Friendly Colleges and Universities, according to Campus Pride. The recognition follows Case Western Reserve's first five-star ranking on the Campus Pride Index, a detailed survey of universities' policies, services and institutional support for LGBT individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case Western Reserve ranks 13th among private institutions (26th among all) in federal expenditures for science and engineering research and development, per the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DesertToCity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DesertToCity.jpg/220px-DesertToCity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DesertToCity.jpg/330px-DesertToCity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DesertToCity.jpg/440px-DesertToCity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>DEXTER, Team Case's <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">autonomous car</a>, in <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Urban_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="DARPA Urban Challenge">DARPA Grand Challenge 2007</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Case Western Reserve University is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_classification_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_classification-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following is a partial list of major contributions made by faculty, staff, and students at Case Western Reserve since 1887:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Case Western Reserve was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment</a>, conducted in 1887 by <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> of Case Institute of Technology and <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Edward W. Morley</a> of Western Reserve University. This experiment proved the non-existence of the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">ether</a>, and provided evidence that later substantiated <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein's</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a>, who became the first American to win a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in science, taught at Case Institute of Technology. He won the prize in physics in 1907.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Edward W. Morley</a>, in 1895, made the most precise (to that date) determination of the atomic weight of oxygen, the basis for calculating the weights of all other elements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_C._Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayton C. Miller">Dayton C. Miller</a>, in 1896, performed the first full <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> of the human body—on himself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Crile" title="George Washington Crile">George W. Crile</a>, in 1905, performed the first modern <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a>, using a coupling device to connect blood vessels.</li> <li>Roger G. Perkins, in 1911, pioneered drinking water chlorination to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> bacilli.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Beck" title="Claude Beck">Claude S. Beck</a>, in 1935, pioneered surgical treatment of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kearns" title="Robert Kearns">Robert Kearns</a>, in 1964, invented the intermittent <a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">windshield wiper</a> used in most modern automobiles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a>, in 1965, first detected <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> collisions with the Earth's atmosphere and developed innovative <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a>. Case Western Reserve had selected Reines as chair of the physics department based on Reines's work that first detected neutrinos emitted from a <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">nuclear reactor</a>—work for which Reines shared a 1995 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Baer" title="Eric Baer">Eric Baer</a>, in 1967, pioneered the materials science of polymers and created the first comprehensive polymer science and engineering department at a major U.S. university.</li> <li>In 1987 the first edition of the <i>Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</i> was published.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_F._Willard" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntington F. Willard">Huntington F. Willard</a> of the School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland—collaborating with colleagues at Athersys, Inc., in 1997—created the first artificial human chromosomes, opening the door to more detailed study of human genetics and potentially offering a new approach to gene therapy.</li> <li>Roger Quinn, in 2001, developed robots such as <a href="/wiki/Whegs" title="Whegs">Whegs</a> that mimic cockroaches and other crawling insects Case Biorobotics Lab<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshilidzi_Marwala" title="Tshilidzi Marwala">Tshilidzi Marwala</a>, in 2006, began work on <a href="/wiki/Local_Loop_Unbundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Loop Unbundling">Local Loop Unbundling</a> in Africa. He also chaired the Local Loop Unbundling Committee on behalf of the South African Government. Furthermore, Marwala and his collaborators developed an artificial larynx, developed the theory of rational <a href="/wiki/Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">counterfactuals</a>, computer bluffing as well as establishing the relationship between artificial intelligence and the theory of <a href="/wiki/Information_asymmetry" title="Information asymmetry">information asymmetry</a>.</li> <li>In 2007, a team from Case Western Reserve participated in the <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Urban_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="DARPA Urban Challenge">DARPA Urban Challenge</a> with a robotic car named DEXTER. Team Case placed as one of 36 semi-finalists.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Case Western Reserve University researchers are developing atomically thin drumheads which is tens of trillions times smaller in volume and 100,000 times thinner than the human eardrum. They will be made with the intent to receive and transmit signals across a radio frequency range which will be far greater than what we can hear with the human ear.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ostrach" title="Simon Ostrach">Simon Ostrach</a> and Yasuhiro Kamotani led <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">spacelab</a> projects entitled surface tension driven convection experiment (STDCE) aboard the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the re-flight STDCE-2 in USML-2 aboard <a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studying oscillatory thermocapillary flows in the absence of gravitational effects.</li> <li>James T'ien has contributed to the study of numerous microgravity combustion space flight experiments including the Candle Flame In Non-Buoyant Atmospheres aboard the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> STS-50 along with the reflight to <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> Orbiting Station in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Burning and Suppression of Solids (BASS) <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking place aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> along with the experiment reflight (BASS-2).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Public_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Public Service Medal">NASA Public Service Medal</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and serves on the Committee of Biological and Physical Sciences in Space.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Pais" title="Salvatore Pais">Salvatore Pais</a> M.S., Ph.D., Engineer formerly with the Naval Research Laboratory, now working with the Air Force on hypersonic weapons program.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burrell_Schmidt_telescope_at_the_Warner_%26_Swasey_Observatory_at_Kitt_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burrell_Schmidt_telescope_at_the_Warner_%26_Swasey_Observatory_at_Kitt_Peak.jpg/170px-Burrell_Schmidt_telescope_at_the_Warner_%26_Swasey_Observatory_at_Kitt_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burrell_Schmidt_telescope_at_the_Warner_%26_Swasey_Observatory_at_Kitt_Peak.jpg/255px-Burrell_Schmidt_telescope_at_the_Warner_%26_Swasey_Observatory_at_Kitt_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burrell_Schmidt_telescope_at_the_Warner_%26_Swasey_Observatory_at_Kitt_Peak.jpg/340px-Burrell_Schmidt_telescope_at_the_Warner_%26_Swasey_Observatory_at_Kitt_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>The Burrell Schmidt telescope at the <a href="/wiki/Warner_and_Swasey_Observatory" title="Warner and Swasey Observatory">Warner and Swasey Observatory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory" title="Kitt Peak National Observatory">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the university operates several facilities off campus for scientific research. One example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Warner_and_Swasey_Observatory" title="Warner and Swasey Observatory">Warner and Swasey Observatory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory" title="Kitt Peak National Observatory">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electrochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CWRU has contributed to the electrochemical sciences since the 1930s beginning with Frank Hovorka's studies of <a href="/wiki/Quinhydrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinhydrone">quinhydrone</a> (quinone) and other electrodes. Subsequently, Ernest Yeager carried out pioneering studies on ultrasound electrodeposition and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_reduction_reaction" title="Oxygen reduction reaction">oxygen reduction reaction</a> (ORR), which is directly relevant for H2-O2 fuel cells and batteries that use air electrodes such as zinc-air, iron-air, etc. The Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (YCES), formerly the Case Center for Electrochemical Sciences, has provided annual workshops on electrochemical measurements since the late 1970s. The leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_Society" title="Electrochemical Society">Electrochemical Society</a> have frequently included CWRU professors, and the university is home to six Fellows of the Electrochemical Society. Some notable achievements involve the work on ultrasound electrochemistry, oxygen reduction fundamentals, boron-doped diamond electrodes, in-situ electrochemical spectroscopy, polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes for high-temperature fuel cells (HT-PEM), methanol fuel cells, iron-based flow batteries, metal deposition studies, dendrite modeling and electrochemical sensors. Noted laboratories at Case include the Electrochemical Engineering and Energy Laboratory (EEEL), the Electrochemical Materials Fabrication Laboratory (EMFL), the Case Electrochemical Capacitor Fabrication Facility and the ENERGY LAB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sears_think[box]"><span id="Sears_think.5Bbox.5D"></span>Sears think[box]</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sears think[box]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larry Sears and Sally Zlotnick Sears think[box] is a public-access design and innovation center at Case Western Reserve University that allows students and other users to access <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototyping</a> equipment and other invention resources. The makerspace is located in the Richey Mixon building, a seven-story, 50,000 sq. ft. facility behind the campus athletic center. Over $35 million has been invested in space including in large part from a funding of $10 million from alumni Larry Sears and his wife Sally Zlotnick Sears.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larry Sears is an adjunct faculty member in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at CWRU and the founder of Hexagram, Inc. (now ACLARA Wireless Technologies).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many projects and <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a> have come out of the <a href="/wiki/Makerspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Makerspace">makerspace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">42% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">42</span><div style="width:84px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">23% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">23</span><div style="width:46px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">14% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">14</span><div style="width:28px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">10% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">10</span><div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">6% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">6</span><div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">4% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">4</span><div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">15</span><div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">85% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">85</span><div style="width:170px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The primary area for restaurants and shopping is the <a href="/wiki/University_Circle#Uptown_project" title="University Circle">Uptown</a> district along Euclid Ave adjacent to campus. Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Italy, Cleveland">Little Italy</a> is within walking distance. A campus shuttle runs to <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Village" title="Coventry Village">Coventry Village</a>, a shopping district in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Heights">Cleveland Heights</a>. Popular with students, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Village" title="Legacy Village">Legacy Village</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaker Square">Shaker Square</a> are all a short driving distance or accessible by <a href="/wiki/RTA_Rapid_Transit" title="RTA Rapid Transit">RTA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Tifereth_Israel,_University_Circle,_Cleveland,_OH_(27787102207).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Temple_Tifereth_Israel%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_%2827787102207%29.jpg/220px-Temple_Tifereth_Israel%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_%2827787102207%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Temple_Tifereth_Israel%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_%2827787102207%29.jpg/330px-Temple_Tifereth_Israel%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_%2827787102207%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Temple_Tifereth_Israel%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_%2827787102207%29.jpg/440px-Temple_Tifereth_Israel%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_%2827787102207%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The 1200-seat <a href="/wiki/Maltz_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Maltz Performing Arts Center">Maltz Performing Arts Center</a> showcases Case Western Reserve's music department and 19 ensembles.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/WRUW-FM" title="WRUW-FM">WRUW-FM</a> (91.1 FM) is the campus radio station of Case Western Reserve University. WRUW broadcasts at a power of 15,000 watts and covers most of Northeast Ohio. </p><p>Case Western Reserve is also home to 19 performing ensembles, including <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Dhamakapella" title="Dhamakapella">Dhamakapella</a>, the Case Men's Glee Club,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Case Women's Glee Club,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Case in Point, and Solstice. Other ensembles include the Case/University Circle Symphony Orchestra, Camerata Chamber Orchestra, Case/CIM Baroque Orchestra, Concert Choir, Early Music Singers, Jazz Ensemble 1 and 2, Marching Spartans, Percussion Ensemble, Symphonic Winds, University Singers, Collegium Musicum, New Music Ensemble, Wind Ensemble, and Chamber Music.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case Western Reserve's main music venue is the <a href="/wiki/Maltz_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Maltz Performing Arts Center">Maltz Performing Arts Center</a>. Case Western Reserve also has two main rehearsal spaces for performing arts music majors and school ensembles. <a href="/wiki/Haydn_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn Hall">Haydn Hall</a> contains practice rooms with Steinway pianos, along with the department offices. Denison Hall serves as a rehearsal, practice, and teaching space for the music students and school ensembles, and is attached to Wade Commons. The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Youth_Wind_Symphony" title="Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony">Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony</a> also rehearses in Denison Hall. Music majors may take lessons and courses at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music" title="Cleveland Institute of Music">Cleveland Institute of Music</a>. </p><p>For performances, all students, ensembles, and a cappella groups use Harkness Chapel. The bands and orchestra also perform at <a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a> (the on-campus home of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music" title="Cleveland Institute of Music">CIM</a>'s Kulas Hall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Case Western Reserve had the first <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology">ABET</a>-accredited program in <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the university formed a private company, Chi Corporation, to provide computer time to both it and other customers. Initially this was on a <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1108" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIVAC 1108">Univac 1108</a> (replacing the preceding <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1107" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIVAC 1107">UNIVAC 1107</a>), 36 bit, <a href="/wiki/Signed_number_representations" title="Signed number representations">ones' complement</a> machine.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was sold in 1977 to Robert G. Benson in <a href="/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio" title="Beachwood, Ohio">Beachwood, Ohio</a> becoming Ecocenters Corporation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arpanet_map_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_map_1973.jpg/220px-Arpanet_map_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_map_1973.jpg/330px-Arpanet_map_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_map_1973.jpg/440px-Arpanet_map_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> network map from 1973 listing Case as an <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processor (IMP)</a> node</figcaption></figure> <p>Project Logos, under ARPA contract, was begun within the department on a DEC System-10 (later converted to <a href="/wiki/TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN</a>) in conjunction with connection to the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>) to develop a computer-aided computer design system. This system consisted in a distributed, networked, graphics environment, a control and data flow designer and logic (both hardware and software) analyzer. An <a href="/wiki/Imlac_PDS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Imlac PDS-1">Imlac PDS-1</a> with lightpen interrupt was the main design workstation in 1973, communicating with the PDP-10 over a display communications protocol written by Don Huff as a Master Thesis and implemented on the Imlac by Ted Brenneman. Graphics and animation became another departmental focus with the acquisition of an <a href="/wiki/Evans_%26_Sutherland" title="Evans & Sutherland">Evans & Sutherland</a> <a href="/wiki/LDS-1_(Line_Drawing_System-1)" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS-1 (Line Drawing System-1)">LDS-1 (Line Drawing System-1)</a>, which was hosted by the DEC System-10, and later with the acquisition of the stand-alone LDS-2. </p><p>Case Western Reserve was one of the earliest universities connected to the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. ARPANET went online in 1969; Case Western Reserve was connected in January 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Case Western Reserve graduate Ken Biba published the <a href="/wiki/Biba_Model" title="Biba Model">Biba Integrity Model</a> in 1977 and served on the ARPA Working Group that developed the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) used on the Internet. </p><p>Case Western Reserve pioneered the early <a href="/wiki/Free-net" title="Free-net">Free-net</a> computer systems, creating the first Free-net, The Cleveland Free-Net, as well as writing the software that drove a majority of those systems, known as FreePort. The Cleveland Free-Net was shut down in late 1999, as it had become obsolete. </p><p>It was the first university to have an all-fiber-optic network, in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the inaugural meeting in October 1996, Case Western Reserve was one of the 34 charter university members of <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university was ranked No. 1 in <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo</a> Internet Life's 1999 Most Wired College list.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a perception that this award was obtained through partially false or inaccurate information submitted for the survey,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the university did not appear at all on the 2000 Most Wired College list (which included 100 institutions). The numbers reported were much lower than those submitted by Ray Neff in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university had previously placed No. 13 in the 1997 poll.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2003, Case Western Reserve joined the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Streaming_Media_Alliance" title="Internet Streaming Media Alliance">Internet Streaming Media Alliance</a>, then one of only two university members.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2003, Case Western Reserve opened 1,230 public wireless access points on the Case Western Reserve campus and University Circle.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case Western Reserve was one of the founding members of OneCleveland, formed in October 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OneCleveland is an "ultra broadband" (gigabit speed) fiber optic network. This network is for the use of organizations in education, research, government, healthcare, arts, culture, and the nonprofit sector in Greater Cleveland. </p><p>Case Western Reserve's Virtual Worlds gaming computer lab opened in 2005. The lab has a large network of <a href="/wiki/Alienware" title="Alienware">Alienware</a> PCs equipped with game development software such as the <a href="/wiki/Torque_Game_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque Game Engine">Torque Game Engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (software)">Maya</a> 3D modeling software. Additionally, it contains a number of specialized advanced computing rooms including a medical simulation room, a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> instrument music room, a 3D projection "immersion room", a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> research room, and console room, which features video game systems such as <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This laboratory can be used by any student in the Electrical Engineering and computer science department, and is heavily used for the Game Development (EECS 290) course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Residence halls are divided into two areas: one featuring suite-style rooms for second-year students in the South Residential Village, the other featuring double, single and suite style rooms for first-year students and upperclassmen in the North Residential Village. Suite style housing, known as the Village at 115th, was opened in fall 2005 for upperclassmen and features one- to nine-person, "apartment-style" <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">residence halls</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freshman" title="Freshman">First-year students</a> are grouped into one of four <a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">residential colleges</a> that are overseen by first-year coordinators. The Mistletoe, Juniper, and Magnolia residential colleges were established when the "<a href="/wiki/First_Year_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="First Year Experience">First Year Experience</a>" system was introduced, and Cedar was created in the fall of 2005 to accommodate a large influx of new students. In the fall of 2007, Magnolia was integrated into Mistletoe, however, it was later re-separated in the fall of 2012. The areas of focus for each college are – Cedar: visual and performing arts; Mistletoe: service leadership; Juniper: multiculturalism and Magnolia: sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_life">Greek life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Greek life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly one-half of the campus undergraduates are said to be in a <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternity or sorority</a>. There are dozens of Greek organizations on campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_security">Safety and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Safety and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_of_Emergency_Management">Office of Emergency Management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Office of Emergency Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of Emergency Management prepares for various levels of emergencies on campus, such as chemical spills, severe weather, infectious diseases, and security threats. RAVE, a multi-platform emergency alerting system, is operated by Emergency Management for issuing emergency alerts and instructions for events on campus. The Office of Emergency Management also performs <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a> to identify possible safety issues and aims to mitigate these issues. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Community_Emergency_Response_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Emergency Response Team">CERT</a> is managed through Emergency Management, enabling faculty and staff members to engage in emergency preparedness. The Office of Emergency Management works closely with other campus departments, such as Police and Security Services, University Health Services, and Environmental Health and Safety, as well as community resources including city, state, and federal emergency management agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Police_and_security_services">Police and security services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Police and security services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Case operates a police force of sworn officers as well as a security officers. Starting as security only, the university expanded the role of protective services to include sworn officers who have arrest power and carry firearms. Some officers have additional training, such as <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> training. On top of routine duties such as fingerprinting, traffic control, and bicycle registration, police and security also conduct investigations, undercover operations, and community outreach. Police and Security operate a fleet of vehicles, including police cruisers, scooters, and <a href="/wiki/Smart_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart (automobile)">Smart</a> cars. Police and Security are dispatched by a 24/7 campus dispatch center, responsible for emergency call handling, alarm monitoring, and video surveillance. Additionally, the dispatch center can send RAVE notifications and manages CWRU Shield, a mobile application allowing video, image, and text tips, safety checks, and viewing emergency procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CWRU Police also works closely with RTA transit police, University Circle Police, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Police" title="Cleveland Division of Police">Cleveland Police</a>, East Cleveland Police, Cleveland Heights Police, University Hospitals Police Department, and other surrounding emergency services. Police and Security, with conjunction with the Emergency Management Office, conduct tabletop drills and full-scale exercises involving surrounding emergency services.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_Medical_Services">Emergency Medical Services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Emergency Medical Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Case Western Reserve University Emergency Medical Services (CWRU EMS) is a student-run all volunteer ambulance service and a <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Emergency_Medical_Services_Foundation" title="National Collegiate Emergency Medical Services Foundation">National Collegiate Emergency Medical Services Foundation</a> member. Covering University Circle, CWRU EMS is run solely by undergraduates volunteers, who provides free <a href="/wiki/National_Registry_Emergency_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="National Registry Emergency Medical Technician">basic life support</a> level treatment and transport to local hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crews receive medical direction from University Hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CWRU EMS is under operational oversight by the Department of Public Safety. CWRU EMS provides both emergency rescue operations, medical standby services, and free community outreach programs such as Stop the Bleed (STB). CWRU EMS responds to over 300 calls for services annually, and operates 2 Type 3 ambulances, 549 and 660, out of the public safety headquarters. CWRU EMS is primarily operational during the academic year, but have the ability to respond off shift for members within the community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelbert_Hall_-_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adelbert_Hall_-_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg/220px-Adelbert_Hall_-_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adelbert_Hall_-_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg/330px-Adelbert_Hall_-_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adelbert_Hall_-_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg/440px-Adelbert_Hall_-_Case_Western_Reserve_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3148" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Hall" title="Adelbert Hall">Adelbert Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1910, the Hudson Relay is an annual relay race event remembering and honoring the university relocation from <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Ohio" title="Hudson, Ohio">Hudson, Ohio</a> to Cleveland. Conceived by then-student, Monroe Curtis,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relay race was run from the old college in Hudson, Ohio to the new university in University Circle. Since the mid-1980s, the race has been run entirely in the University Circle area. The race is a distance of 26 miles (42 km). It is held weekend before spring semester finals. Competing running teams are divided by graduating class. If a class wins the relay all four years, tradition dictates a reward of a champagne and steak dinner with the president of the university be awarded. Only six classes have won all four years—1982, 1990, 1994, 2006, 2011, and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winning classes of each year is carved on an original boulder located behind <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Hall" title="Adelbert Hall">Adelbert Hall</a>. </p><p>Springfest is a day-long concert and student group festival that occurs later in the same day as Hudson Relays. The Springfest Planning Committee brings in several bands and a beer garden, student groups set up booths to entertain the student body, and various inflatable carnival-style attractions are brought in to add to the festive atmosphere. Occasionally, due to adverse weather conditions, the festival must be moved indoors, usually to Thwing Center or <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans#Adelbert_Gymnasium" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Adelbert Gym</a>. </p><p>Since 1976, the Film Society<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Case Western Reserve University has held a <a href="/wiki/CWRU_Film_Society_Science_Fiction_Marathon" title="CWRU Film Society Science Fiction Marathon">science fiction marathon</a>. The film festival, the oldest of its type, boasts more than 34 hours of non-stop movies, cartoons, trailers, and shorts spanning many decades and subgenres, using both film and digital projection. The Film Society, which is student-run and open to the public, also shows movies on Friday and Saturday evenings throughout the school year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans_football" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans football">Case Western Reserve Spartans football</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VealeCenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/VealeCenter.jpg/220px-VealeCenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/VealeCenter.jpg/330px-VealeCenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/VealeCenter.jpg/440px-VealeCenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Veale Athletic Center, which houses much of the Case Western Reserve University athletic and Physical Education departments</figcaption></figure> <p>Case Western Reserve competes in 19 varsity sports—10 men's sports and 9 women's sports. All 19 varsity teams wear a commemorative patch on their uniforms honoring Case alumnus, <a href="/wiki/M._Frank_Rudy" title="M. Frank Rudy">M. Frank Rudy</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a> air-sole.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spartans' primary athletic rival is the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_Tartans" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Mellon Tartans">Carnegie Mellon Tartans</a>. <a href="/wiki/DiSanto_Field" title="DiSanto Field">DiSanto Field</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans_football" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans football">football</a>, men's soccer, women's soccer, and track and field teams. </p><p>Case Western Reserve is a founding and current member of the <a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">University Athletic Association</a> (UAA). The conference participates in the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a>'s (NCAA) <a href="/wiki/Division_III_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division III (NCAA)">Division III</a>. Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University were also founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Athletic_Conference" title="Presidents' Athletic Conference">Presidents' Athletic Conference</a> (PAC) in 1958. The university remained a member of the PAC after the merger of Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University and until 1983. In the fall of 1984, the university joined the <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Athletic_Conference" title="North Coast Athletic Conference">North Coast Athletic Conference</a> (NCAC) as a charter member. The 1998–99 school year marked the final season in which the Spartans were members of the NCAC. As the university had held joint conference membership affiliation with the UAA and the NCAC for over a decade. In 2014, the football team began competing as an associate member of the PAC, as only four out of the eight UAA member institutions sponsored football.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Case_football_team_1904_(Case_Western_Reserve).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Case_football_team_1904_%28Case_Western_Reserve%29.jpg/220px-Case_football_team_1904_%28Case_Western_Reserve%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Case_football_team_1904_%28Case_Western_Reserve%29.jpg/330px-Case_football_team_1904_%28Case_Western_Reserve%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Case_football_team_1904_%28Case_Western_Reserve%29.jpg/440px-Case_football_team_1904_%28Case_Western_Reserve%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1904_Case_football_team" title="1904 Case football team">1904 Case School of Applied Science football team</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Case Western Reserve <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country</a> team won the conference every year for twelve straight years from 1967 to 1978 led by Coach Bill Sudeck, and also won conference titles in 1985, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1993, and 1994. The Case Western Reserve's women's cross country team finished the 2006 season with a UAA Championship and a bid to the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> Championship. The Lady Spartans finished 10th in the nation. The women's team went on to finish even higher at nationals in 2007, earning a sixth-place finish at the NCAA DIII national championship. Both the men's and women's Cross Country teams qualified for and competed in the NCAA DIII national championships in 2008, with the women's team coming away with two All-Americans and a 16th-place finish. In 2009, they had two All-Americans and finished 15th. In 2010, the lady Spartans finished 19th, with one all-American. From 2006 to 2010 the women's cross country team earned 8 individual All-American Titles, including current professional marathoner <a href="/wiki/Esther_Erb" title="Esther Erb">Esther Erb</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans_football" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans football">Case Western Reserve football</a> team reemerged in the mid-2000s under the direction of Head Coach <a href="/wiki/Greg_Debeljak" title="Greg Debeljak">Greg Debeljak</a>. The 2007 team finished undefeated earning the school's first playoff appearance and first playoff victory, winning against the <a href="/wiki/Widener_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Widener Pride">Widener Pride</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Case_Western_Reserve_University_people" title="List of Case Western Reserve University people">List of Case Western Reserve University people</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Buchheit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Buchheit, developer of Gmail"><img alt="Paul Buchheit, developer of Gmail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paul_Buchheit.jpg/129px-Paul_Buchheit.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paul_Buchheit.jpg/193px-Paul_Buchheit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paul_Buchheit.jpg/257px-Paul_Buchheit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Buchheit" title="Paul Buchheit">Paul Buchheit</a>, developer of <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDow1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herbert Henry Dow, founder of the Dow Chemical Company"><img alt="Herbert Henry Dow, founder of the Dow Chemical Company" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/HDow1888.jpg/139px-HDow1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/HDow1888.jpg/209px-HDow1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/HDow1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Henry_Dow" title="Herbert Henry Dow">Herbert Henry Dow</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Company</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fred_Gray_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fred Gray, Civil rights attorney for Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., and Tuskegee Syphilis Study lawsuit (J.D.'54)"><img alt="Fred Gray, Civil rights attorney for Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., and Tuskegee Syphilis Study lawsuit (J.D.'54)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fred_Gray_2019.jpg/126px-Fred_Gray_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fred_Gray_2019.jpg/189px-Fred_Gray_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fred_Gray_2019.jpg/252px-Fred_Gray_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights</a> attorney for <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee syphilis experiment">Tuskegee Syphilis Study</a> lawsuit (J.D.'54) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_Newmark,_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Craig Newmark, tech billionaire, philanthropist, and founder of Craigslist (B.S. '75, M.S. '77)"><img alt="Craig Newmark, tech billionaire, philanthropist, and founder of Craigslist (B.S. '75, M.S. '77)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Craig_Newmark%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Craig_Newmark%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Craig_Newmark%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Craig_Newmark%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Craig_Newmark%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Craig_Newmark%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Newmark" title="Craig Newmark">Craig Newmark</a>, tech billionaire, philanthropist, and founder of <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> (B.S. '75, M.S. '77)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Parker_-_Parker_Hannifin_-_Case_Western_Reserve_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Parker, founder of Parker Hannifin Corporation"><img alt="Art Parker, founder of Parker Hannifin Corporation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Art_Parker_-_Parker_Hannifin_-_Case_Western_Reserve_1907.jpg/133px-Art_Parker_-_Parker_Hannifin_-_Case_Western_Reserve_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Art_Parker_-_Parker_Hannifin_-_Case_Western_Reserve_1907.jpg/200px-Art_Parker_-_Parker_Hannifin_-_Case_Western_Reserve_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Art_Parker_-_Parker_Hannifin_-_Case_Western_Reserve_1907.jpg/267px-Art_Parker_-_Parker_Hannifin_-_Case_Western_Reserve_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Parker" title="Arthur L. Parker">Art Parker</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin">Parker Hannifin Corporation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pekar_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvey Pekar, comic book writer and media personality, best known for American Splendor ('61) [a 1]"><img alt="Harvey Pekar, comic book writer and media personality, best known for American Splendor ('61) [a 1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pekar_small.jpg/141px-Pekar_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pekar_small.jpg/211px-Pekar_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pekar_small.jpg/282px-Pekar_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pekar" title="Harvey Pekar">Harvey Pekar</a>, comic book writer and media personality, best known for <a href="/wiki/American_Splendor" title="American Splendor">American Splendor</a> ('61) <sup id="cite_ref-nodegree_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nodegree-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_and_Joe_Russo_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Case alumni Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, film directors and producers best known for their work in the Marvel Cinematic Universe"><img alt="Case alumni Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, film directors and producers best known for their work in the Marvel Cinematic Universe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Anthony_and_Joe_Russo_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/281px-Anthony_and_Joe_Russo_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Anthony_and_Joe_Russo_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/421px-Anthony_and_Joe_Russo_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Anthony_and_Joe_Russo_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/562px-Anthony_and_Joe_Russo_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Case alumni <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Russo_(movie_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Russo (movie director)">Anthony Russo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Russo_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Russo (director)">Joe Russo</a>, film directors and producers best known for their work in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardPorterWilliams.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward Williams, co-founder of Sherwin-Williams Paints"><img alt="Edward Williams, co-founder of Sherwin-Williams Paints" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/EdwardPorterWilliams.jpg/122px-EdwardPorterWilliams.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/EdwardPorterWilliams.jpg/184px-EdwardPorterWilliams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/EdwardPorterWilliams.jpg/245px-EdwardPorterWilliams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="2728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Williams_(businessman)" title="Edward Williams (businessman)">Edward Williams</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Sherwin-Williams_Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwin-Williams Paints">Sherwin-Williams Paints</a></div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nodegree-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nodegree_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominal class year: did not graduate</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Notable alumni include <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Cutler" title="John Charles Cutler">John Charles Cutler</a>, former surgeon general who violated human rights and led to deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study" title="Tuskegee Syphilis Study">Tuskegee Syphilis Study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_prison_experiments" title="Terre Haute prison experiments">Terre Haute prison experiments</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syphilis_experiments_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Syphilis experiments in Guatemala">syphilis experiments in Guatemala</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Russo_(movie_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Russo (movie director)">Anthony Russo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Russo_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Russo (director)">Joe Russo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> movie directors, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Buchheit" title="Paul Buchheit">Paul Buchheit</a>, creator and lead developer of <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_Newmark" title="Craig Newmark">Craig Newmark</a>, billionaire founder of <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tippett" title="Peter Tippett">Peter Tippett</a>, developer of the anti-virus software Vaccine, which <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> purchased and turned into the popular <a href="/wiki/Norton_AntiVirus" title="Norton AntiVirus">Norton AntiVirus</a>; Francis E. Sweeney the main suspect from the Cleveland Torso Murders also was a Case Alumnus. </p><p>Founders of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies include <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Henry_Dow" title="Herbert Henry Dow">Herbert Henry Dow</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Dow_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Inc.">Dow Chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Parker" title="Arthur L. Parker">Art Parker</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin">Parker Hannifin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Williams_(businessman)" title="Edward Williams (businessman)">Edward Williams</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Sherwin-Williams" title="Sherwin-Williams">Sherwin-Williams</a>. </p><p>Other notable alumni include <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> scholar; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Hilbert" title="Harvey Hilbert">Harvey Hilbert</a>, a zen master, psychologist and expert on post-Vietnam stress syndrome; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sterling_(Neuroscientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Sterling (Neuroscientist)">Peter Sterling</a>, neuroscientist and co-founder of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Allostasis" title="Allostasis">allostasis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ogiame_Atuwatse_III" title="Ogiame Atuwatse III">Ogiame Atuwatse III</a>, Tsola Emiko the 21st Olu of Warri – a historic monarch of the Itsekiri people in Nigeria's Delta region, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>, a leading expert on computer algorithms and creator of the <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_laureates">Nobel laureates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nobel laureates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg/220px-Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg/330px-Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg/440px-Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption> Case Western's 2003 Nobel Prize winners – <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> (1st and 2nd from right) with President <a href="/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Walker Bush">George Walker Bush</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre;"> <caption><b>17 Nobel laureates associated with Case Western Reserve University</b><sup id="cite_ref-CaseNobel_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaseNobel-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Year</b></td> <td><b>Recipient</b></td> <td><b>Prize</b></td> <td><b>Details</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></td> <td>First American scientist to win the Nobel Prize </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a></td> <td>Discovery of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a></td> <td>Carotid sinus reflex </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick C. Robbins">Frederick C. Robbins</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio vaccine</a>. Dean of <a href="/wiki/CaseMed" class="mw-redirect" title="CaseMed">CaseMed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></td> <td>BS in physics in 1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></td> <td>BS in physics in 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a></td> <td>Professor and chair of pharmacology </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td> <td>PhD in 1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a></td> <td>Professor and researcher </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a></td> <td>MD and PhD in 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_A._Olah" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Olah">George A. Olah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td> <td>Professor and chair of chemistry </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></td> <td>Professor and chair of physics </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a></td> <td>MD and PhD in 1965. Current trustee of Case </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></td> <td>BS in chemistry </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td> <td>Instructor, 1978 Internal Medicine alumnus </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a></td> <td>MS in operations research in 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a></td> <td>BA in economics in 1967 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Technological_Universities" title="Association of Independent Technological Universities">Association of Independent Technological Universities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial Americans</a> & those who prefer to not say.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> at the bare minimum.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/its/archives/symbols/seals.htm">"Seals of WRU, Case, CWRU"</a>. <i>www.case.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131223841/http://case.edu/its/archives/symbols/seals.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.case.edu&rft.atitle=Seals+of+WRU%2C+Case%2C+CWRU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fits%2Farchives%2Fsymbols%2Fseals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/finance/sites/default/files/2024-10/CWRU%20FY24%20Annual%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf">"2024 FINANCIAL REPORT - Case Western Reserve University"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Case Western Reserve University. October 25, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+FINANCIAL+REPORT+-+Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2024-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Ffinance%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2024-10%2FCWRU%2520FY24%2520Annual%2520Report%2520-%2520Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ir/cwru-facts/cwru-glance">"CWRU At a Glance"</a>. Case Western Reserve University. March 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CWRU+At+a+Glance&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fir%2Fcwru-facts%2Fcwru-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ir/cwru-facts/cwru-glance">"CWRU At a Glance"</a>. Case Western Reserve University. March 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CWRU+At+a+Glance&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fir%2Fcwru-facts%2Fcwru-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=case&s=all&id=201645">"IPEDS-Case Western Reserve University"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPEDS-Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fcollegenavigator%2F%3Fq%3Dcase%26s%3Dall%26id%3D201645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.webdamdb.com/bp/#/brandguidelines/945/section/7125">"Brand Guidelines - Color; CWRU - University Marketing & Communications - Case Western Reserve University"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brand+Guidelines+-+Color%3B+CWRU+-+University+Marketing+%26+Communications+-+Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.webdamdb.com%2Fbp%2F%23%2Fbrandguidelines%2F945%2Fsection%2F7125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwru.edu/athletics/varsity/">"Case Western Reserve"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715072621/http://www.cwru.edu/athletics/varsity/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2Fpresident%2Fbtg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.edu/president/btg/comm/022607.html">"Case Western Reserve University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517160119/http://www.case.edu/president/btg/comm/022607.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 22, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830003344/http://thedaily.case.edu/adelbert-college-student-monroe-curtis-founded-hudson-relays-tradition/">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelbert+College+student+Monroe+Curtis+founded+Hudson+Relays+tradition&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedaily.case.edu%2Fadelbert-college-student-monroe-curtis-founded-hudson-relays-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/its/archives/hudsonrelay/rules.htm">"Hudson Relay Rules, Routes, & Winners"</a>. <i>Case.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515051855/http://case.edu/its/archives/hudsonrelay/rules.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Case.edu&rft.atitle=Hudson+Relay+Rules%2C+Routes%2C+%26+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fits%2Farchives%2Fhudsonrelay%2Frules.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/studentlife/activities/campus-traditions/legacy-week/hudson-relays">"Hudson Relays"</a>. <i>Student Activities and Leadership – Division of Student Affairs – Case Western Reserve University</i>. April 25, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514021513/https://case.edu/studentlife/activities/campus-traditions/legacy-week/hudson-relays">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Student+Activities+and+Leadership+%E2%80%93+Division+of+Student+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.atitle=Hudson+Relays&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fstudentlife%2Factivities%2Fcampus-traditions%2Flegacy-week%2Fhudson-relays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://films.cwru.edu">"CWRU Film Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719021030/http://films.cwru.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CWRU+Film+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilms.cwru.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013091706/http://www.nikeblog.com/2014/09/04/case-western-athletics-wear-patch-honoring-air-sole-inventor/">"Case Western to Wear Patch Honoring Air-Sole Inventor"</a>. September 4, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikeblog.com/2014/09/04/case-western-athletics-wear-patch-honoring-air-sole-inventor/">the original</a> on October 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Western+to+Wear+Patch+Honoring+Air-Sole+Inventor&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikeblog.com%2F2014%2F09%2F04%2Fcase-western-athletics-wear-patch-honoring-air-sole-inventor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athletics.case.edu/landing/index">"Case Western Reserve"</a>. <i>Case Western Reserve</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112100900/http://athletics.case.edu/landing/index">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve&rft.atitle=Case+Western+Reserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fathletics.case.edu%2Flanding%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaseNobel-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaseNobel_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613134925/http://www.case.edu/corporate/nobellaureates.html">"Nobel Prize winners"</a>. CWRU. March 17, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.edu/corporate/nobellaureates.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+winners&rft.pub=CWRU&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2Fcorporate%2Fnobellaureates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1876" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Carroll (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CshMkzMMidsC"><i>A History of Western Reserve College: During Its First Half Century, 1826–1876</i></a>. Cleveland: Crocker's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-02-238463-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-02-238463-7"><bdi>978-1-02-238463-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Reserve+College%3A+During+Its+First+Half+Century%2C+1826%E2%80%931876&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Crocker%27s&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=978-1-02-238463-7&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCshMkzMMidsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+Western+Reserve+University" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Case_Western_Reserve_University" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0A304E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #626262, inset -2px -2px 0 #626262;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_School_of_Engineering" title="Case School of Engineering">Case School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Sciences_(Case_Western_Reserve_University)" title="College of Arts and Sciences (Case Western Reserve University)">College of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Payne_Bolton_School_of_Nursing" title="Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing">Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandel_School_of_Applied_Social_Sciences" title="Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences">Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Case School of Dental Medicine">School of Dental Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Law">School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_School_of_Management" title="Weatherhead School of Management">Weatherhead School of Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0A304E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #626262, inset -2px -2px 0 #626262;;width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">2004 U.S. presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">2020 U.S. presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Case Comprehensive Cancer Center">Case Comprehensive Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_-_Biomedical_Engineering" title="Case Western Reserve University - Biomedical Engineering">Department of Biomedical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_K._Cox_International_Law_Center" title="Frederick K. Cox International Law Center">Frederick K. Cox International Law Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law">Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library_Exterior.jpg/128px-Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library_Exterior.jpg/192px-Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library_Exterior.jpg/256px-Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0A304E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #626262, inset -2px -2px 0 #626262;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Hall" title="Adelbert Hall">Adelbert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Memorial_Medical_Library" title="Allen Memorial Medical Library">Allen Memorial Medical Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dittrick_Museum_of_Medical_History" title="Dittrick Museum of Medical History">Dittrick Museum of Medical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Stone_Mather_College_Historic_District" title="Flora Stone Mather College Historic District">Flora Stone Mather Quadrangle</a> ·</li> <li>Kent H. Smith Quadrangle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Education_Campus" title="Health Education Campus">Health Education Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltz_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Maltz Performing Arts Center">Maltz Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_House_(Case_Western_Reserve_University)" title="Mather House (Case Western Reserve University)">Mather House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelson-Morley_Memorial_Fountain" title="Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain">Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Babies_%26_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital">Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_and_Swasey_Observatory" title="Warner and Swasey Observatory">Warner and Swasey Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0A304E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #626262, inset -2px -2px 0 #626262;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans_football" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Bowl_(college_football)" title="Academic Bowl (college football)">Academic Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSanto_Field" title="DiSanto Field">DiSanto Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">University Athletic Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0A304E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #626262, inset -2px -2px 0 #626262;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Case_Western_Reserve_University_people" title="List of Case Western Reserve University people">Notable alumni and affiliates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Nobel_laureates"> Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="List of presidents of Case Western Reserve University">Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0A304E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #626262, inset -2px -2px 0 #626262;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Case_Western_Reserve_University_shooting" title="2003 Case Western Reserve University shooting">2003 shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamakapella" title="Dhamakapella">Dhamakapella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWRU_Film_Society_Science_Fiction_Marathon" title="CWRU Film Society Science Fiction Marathon">Science Fiction Film Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRUW-FM" title="WRUW-FM">WRUW-FM</a></li> <li><i>The Observer</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Case_Western_Reserve_University175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#0A304E; color:white; border:2px solid #626262"><div id="Articles_related_to_Case_Western_Reserve_University175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Case Western Reserve University</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_Athletic_Association103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#385bac; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #f82b00"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_Athletic_Association_navbox" title="Template:University Athletic Association navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_Athletic_Association_navbox" title="Template talk:University Athletic Association navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_Athletic_Association_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University Athletic Association navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_Athletic_Association103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">University Athletic Association</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_Judges" title="Brandeis Judges">Judges</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_Tartans" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Mellon Tartans">Tartans</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Case Western Reserve</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Spartans</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Maroons</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Emory_Eagles" title="Emory Eagles">Eagles</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a> <b><a href="/wiki/NYU_Violets" title="NYU Violets">Violets</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Yellowjackets" title="Rochester Yellowjackets">Yellowjackets</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_Bears" title="Washington University Bears">Bears</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_American_Universities237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities"><span style="color:white;">Association of American Universities</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university"><span style="color:white;">Public</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university"><span style="color:white;">Private</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_the_state_of_Ohio141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_the_state_of_Ohio141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="List of colleges and universities in Ohio">Colleges and universities in the state of Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_College" title="Antioch College">Antioch College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_University" title="Antioch University">Antioch University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Academy_of_Cincinnati" title="Art Academy of Cincinnati">Art Academy of Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_University" title="Ashland University">Ashland University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Wallace_University" title="Baldwin Wallace University">Baldwin Wallace University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_University" title="Bluffton University">Bluffton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_University" title="Capital University">Capital University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Case Western Reserve University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Art" title="Cleveland Institute of Art">Cleveland Institute of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music" title="Cleveland Institute of Music">Cleveland Institute of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_College" title="Defiance College">Defiance College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Findlay" title="University of Findlay">University of Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_University_of_Steubenville" title="Franciscan University of Steubenville">Franciscan University of Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College-Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion">Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)" title="Heidelberg University (Ohio)">Heidelberg University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_College" title="Hiram College">Hiram College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_University" title="John Carroll University">John Carroll University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettering_College_of_Medical_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettering College of Medical Arts">Kettering College of Medical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_College" title="Lake Erie College">Lake Erie College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_University" title="Lourdes University">Lourdes University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malone_University" title="Malone University">Malone University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietta_College" title="Marietta College">Marietta College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Joseph_University" title="Mount St. Joseph University">Mount St. Joseph University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mount_Union" title="University of Mount Union">University of Mount Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_University" title="Muskingum University">Muskingum University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_Ohio" title="University of Northwestern Ohio">University of Northwestern Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Christian_University" title="Ohio Christian University">Ohio Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Dominican_University" title="Ohio Dominican University">Ohio Dominican University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Northern_University" title="Ohio Northern University">Ohio Northern University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University" title="Ohio Wesleyan University">Ohio Wesleyan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otterbein_University" title="Otterbein University">Otterbein University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Nazarene_University" title="Mount Vernon Nazarene University">Mount Vernon Nazarene University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rio_Grande" title="University of Rio Grande">University of Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin_University" title="Tiffin University">Tiffin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursuline_College" title="Ursuline College">Ursuline College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsh_University" title="Walsh University">Walsh University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University" title="Wilberforce University">Wilberforce University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_College_(Ohio)" title="Wilmington College (Ohio)">Wilmington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_University" title="Wittenberg University">Wittenberg University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University" title="Xavier University">Xavier University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Akron" title="University of Akron">University of Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Technical College">Belmont Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State University">Bowling Green State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ohio_Technical_College" title="Central Ohio Technical College">Central Ohio Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_State_Technical_and_Community_College" title="Cincinnati State Technical and Community College">Cincinnati State Technical and Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_State_College" title="Clark State College">Clark State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_University" title="Cleveland State University">Cleveland State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_State_Community_College" title="Columbus State Community College">Columbus State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Community_College" title="Cuyahoga Community College">Cuyahoga Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_State_Community_College" title="Edison State Community College">Edison State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_College" title="Hocking College">Hocking College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Rhodes_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Rhodes State College">James A. Rhodes State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland_Community_College" title="Lakeland Community College">Lakeland Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain_County_Community_College" title="Lorain County Community College">Lorain County Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Technical_College" title="Marion Technical College">Marion Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_State_College" title="North Central State College">North Central State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio_Medical_University" title="Northeast Ohio Medical University">Northeast Ohio Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_State_Community_College" title="Northwest State Community College">Northwest State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Community_College" title="Owens Community College">Owens Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rio_Grande" title="University of Rio Grande">Rio Grande Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_State_University" title="Shawnee State University">Shawnee State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Community_College" title="Sinclair Community College">Sinclair Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_State_Community_College" title="Southern State Community College">Southern State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark_State_College" title="Stark State College">Stark State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_State_Community_College" title="Terra State Community College">Terra State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toledo" title="University of Toledo">University of Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Community College">Washington State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_State_University" title="Wright State University">Wright State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown_State_University" title="Youngstown State University">Youngstown State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_State_College" title="Zane State College">Zane State College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_University" title="Chancellor University">Chancellor University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Christian_University" title="Cincinnati Christian University">Cincinnati Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Electronics" title="Cleveland Institute of Electronics">Cleveland Institute of Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Gateway_Community_College" title="Eastern Gateway Community College">Eastern Gateway Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_College" title="Notre Dame College">Notre Dame College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbana_University" title="Urbana University">Urbana University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/University_System_of_Ohio" title="University System of Ohio">University System of Ohio</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Cleveland326" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleveland" title="Template:Cleveland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cleveland" title="Template talk:Cleveland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Cleveland326" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">City of Cleveland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cleveland" title="History of Cleveland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cleveland" title="Timeline of Cleveland">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greater_Cleveland" title="Economy of Greater Cleveland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_media_in_Cleveland" title="List of mass media in Cleveland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cleveland" title="Flag of Cleveland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Cleveland" title="Nicknames of Cleveland">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cleveland" title="List of people from Cleveland">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Cleveland" title="List of public art in Cleveland">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cleveland" title="List of tallest buildings in Cleveland">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">MSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">CSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Cleveland" title="Bibliography of Cleveland">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Council" title="Cleveland City Council">City Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Hall" title="Cleveland City Hall">City Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metropolitan_School_District" title="Cleveland Metropolitan School District">Cleveland Metro School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights_City_School_District" title="Shaker Heights City School District">Shaker Heights City School District</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Lausche_State_Office_Building" title="Frank J. Lausche State Office Building">Lausche State Office Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze_Federal_Building" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze Federal Building">Celebrezze Federal Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_District_9" title="Coast Guard District 9">Coast Guard District 9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">NASA Glenn Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Metzenbaum_United_States_Courthouse" title="Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse">Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_B._Stokes_United_States_Courthouse" title="Carl B. Stokes United States Courthouse">Stokes U.S. Courthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_EMS" title="Cleveland EMS">EMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Fire" title="Cleveland Division of Fire">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Police" title="Cleveland Division of Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Cleveland" title="Transportation in Cleveland">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority">RTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Memorial_Shoreway" title="Cleveland Memorial Shoreway">Shoreway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Superior_Bridge" title="Detroit–Superior Bridge">Detroit–Superior Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Memorial_Bridge" title="Hope Memorial Bridge">Hope Memorial Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Burke_Lakefront_Airport" title="Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport">Burke Lakefront Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Hopkins International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodtime_III" title="Goodtime III">Goodtime III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">Port of Cleveland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Education_Campus" title="Health Education Campus">Health Education Campus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Babies_%26_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital">Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroHealth" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroHealth">MetroHealth System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_Charity_Medical_Center" title="St. Vincent Charity Medical Center">St. Vincent Charity Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Cleveland" title="Category:Culture of Cleveland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cleveland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland">Historic places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Club_of_Cleveland" title="City Club of Cleveland">City Club of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Arcade" title="Cleveland Arcade">Cleveland Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building" title="Cleveland Trust Company Building">Cleveland Trust Company Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunham_Tavern" title="Dunham Tavern">Dunham Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Street_Cemetery" title="Erie Street Cemetery">Erie Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)">Euclid Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays_Armory" title="Grays Armory">Grays Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">James A. Garfield Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Perry Monument (Cleveland)">Perry Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland" title="Public Square, Cleveland">Public Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Tower" title="Terminal Tower">Terminal Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Market" title="West Side Market">West Side Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cleveland" title="List of museums in Cleveland">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story_House" title="A Christmas Story House">A Christmas Story House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society" title="Western Reserve Historical Society">Cleveland History Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Cleveland" title="Children's Museum of Cleveland">Children's Museum of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hungarian_Museum" title="Cleveland Hungarian Museum">Cleveland Hungarian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozad%E2%80%93Bates_House" title="Cozad–Bates House">Cozad–Bates House Interpretive Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dittrick_Museum_of_Medical_History" title="Dittrick Museum of Medical History">Dittrick Museum of Medical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">Great Lakes Science Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_William_G._Mather_(1925)" title="SS William G. Mather (1925)">Steamship William G. Mather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center#NASA_Glenn_Visitor_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">NASA Glenn Visitors Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="International Women's Air & Space Museum">International Women's Air & Space Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American_Museum_of_Cleveland" title="Italian American Museum of Cleveland">Italian American Museum of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland#Learning_Center_and_Money_Museum" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Learning Center and Money Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Cleveland" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland">Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Museum-Archives" title="Ukrainian Museum-Archives">Ukrainian Museum-Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cod" title="USS Cod">USS <i>Cod</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Parks and nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Botanical_Garden" title="Cleveland Botanical Garden">Cleveland Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks" title="Cleveland Metroparks">Cleveland Metroparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks_Zoo" title="Cleveland Metroparks Zoo">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Cleveland" title="Gordon Park, Cleveland">Gordon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Aquarium" title="Greater Cleveland Aquarium">Greater Cleveland Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Foundation_Centennial_Lake_Link_Trail" title="Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail">Lake Link Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall_(Cleveland)" title="The Mall (Cleveland)">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Park" title="Rockefeller Park">Rockefeller Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cultural_Gardens" title="Cleveland Cultural Gardens">Cleveland Cultural Gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Park,_Cleveland" title="Wade Park, Cleveland">Wade Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Park,_Cleveland" title="Willard Park, Cleveland">Willard Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Ballet_(founded_2014)" title="Cleveland Ballet (founded 2014)">Cleveland Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cinematheque" title="Cleveland Cinematheque">Cleveland Cinematheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Playhouse">Cleveland Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Theatre" title="Cleveland Public Theatre">Cleveland Public Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Theater" title="Great Lakes Theater">Great Lakes Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamu_House" title="Karamu House">Karamu House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltz_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Maltz Performing Arts Center">Maltz Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_West_Theatre" title="Near West Theatre">Near West Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talespinner_Children%27s_Theatre" title="Talespinner Children's Theatre">Talespinner Children's Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sports, concert,<br />and convention venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora_Theatre_and_Ballroom" title="Agora Theatre and Ballroom">Agora Theatre and Ballroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Masonic_Temple" title="Cleveland Masonic Temple">Cleveland Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Field" title="Huntington Bank Field">Huntington Bank Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Convention_Center_of_Cleveland" title="Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland">Huntington Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-X_Center" title="I-X Center">I-X Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Pavilion" title="Jacobs Pavilion">Jacobs Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Field" title="Progressive Field">Progressive Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Public Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Arena" title="Rocket Arena">Rocket Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolstein_Center" title="Wolstein Center">Wolstein Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Feast_of_the_Assumption_Festival" title="Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival">Feast of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus#Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Dyngus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_International_Film_Festival" title="Cleveland International Film Festival">International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Kurentovanje" title="Cleveland Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_in_the_United_States#Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Saint Patrick's Day in the United States">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Thyagaraja_Festival" title="Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival">Thyagaraja Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Cleveland" title="Neighborhoods in Cleveland">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadway%E2%80%93Slavic_Village" title="Broadway–Slavic Village">Broadway–Slavic Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Centre" title="Brooklyn Centre">Brooklyn Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Shaker" title="Buckeye–Shaker">Buckeye–Shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Woodhill" title="Buckeye–Woodhill">Buckeye–Woodhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central,_Cleveland" title="Central, Cleveland">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%E2%80%93Fulton" title="Clark–Fulton">Clark–Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collinwood" title="Collinwood">Collinwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudell,_Cleveland" title="Cudell, Cleveland">Cudell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Valley,_Cleveland" title="Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland">Cuyahoga Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Flats" title="The Flats">The Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Island_(Cleveland)" title="Whiskey Island (Cleveland)">Whiskey Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Shoreway" title="Detroit–Shoreway">Detroit–Shoreway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_District" title="Campus District">Campus District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Center_(Cleveland)" title="Civic Center (Cleveland)">Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_4th_Street_(Cleveland)" title="East 4th Street (Cleveland)">East 4th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Sports_and_Entertainment_Complex" title="Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex">Gateway District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-Twelve_District" title="Nine-Twelve District">Nine-Twelve District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Harbor" title="North Coast Harbor">North Coast Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Short_Vincent" title="Downtown Cleveland">Short Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Superior_Arts_District" title="Downtown Cleveland">Superior Arts District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_District,_Cleveland" title="Warehouse District, Cleveland">Warehouse District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Cleveland" title="Edgewater, Cleveland">Edgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%E2%80%93Green" title="Euclid–Green">Euclid–Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Cleveland" title="Fairfax, Cleveland">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenville,_Cleveland" title="Glenville, Cleveland">Glenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodrich%E2%80%93Kirtland_Park" title="Goodrich–Kirtland Park">Goodrich–Kirtland Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatown,_Cleveland" title="Asiatown, Cleveland">Asiatown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hough,_Cleveland" title="Hough, Cleveland">Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsman,_Cleveland" title="Kinsman, Cleveland">Kinsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Miles" title="Lee–Miles">Lee–Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Cleveland" title="Mount Pleasant, Cleveland">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brooklyn" title="Old Brooklyn">Old Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%E2%80%93Superior" title="St. Clair–Superior">St. Clair–Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockyards,_Cleveland" title="Stockyards, Cleveland">Stockyards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland#Duck_Island" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Duck Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union%E2%80%93Miles_Park" title="Union–Miles Park">Union–Miles Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Circle#Little_Italy" title="University Circle">Little Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Boulevard" title="West Boulevard">West Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Park,_Cleveland" title="West Park, Cleveland">West Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellaire%E2%80%93Puritas,_Cleveland" title="Bellaire–Puritas, Cleveland">Bellaire–Puritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins,_Cleveland" title="Hopkins, Cleveland">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Cleveland" title="Jefferson, Cleveland">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamm%27s_Corners" title="Kamm's Corners">Kamm's Corners</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Cleveland" title="Sports in Cleveland">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Major League</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>NFL:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a></li> <li><b>NBA:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a></li> <li><b>MLB:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Minor League</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>G League:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Charge" title="Cleveland Charge">Cleveland Charge</a></li> <li><b>MLIS:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Crunch" title="Cleveland Crunch">Cleveland Crunch</a></li> <li><b>AHL:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters" title="Cleveland Monsters">Cleveland Monsters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">College</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>NCAA D1 (Horizon League): </b> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings" title="Cleveland State Vikings">Cleveland State Vikings</a></li> <li><b>NCAA D3 (UAA): </b> <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Template:Education in Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Template talk:Education in Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County, Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">School districts<br />and other<br />public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Village_City_School_District" title="Bay Village City School District">Bay Village City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachwood_City_Schools" title="Beachwood City Schools">Beachwood City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_City_School_District" title="Bedford City School District">Bedford City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berea_City_School_District" title="Berea City School District">Berea City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brecksville-Broadview_Heights_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brecksville-Broadview Heights City School District (page does not exist)">Brecksville-Broadview Heights City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn City School District (page does not exist)">Brooklyn City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagrin_Falls_Exempted_Village_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chagrin Falls Exempted Village School District (page does not exist)">Chagrin Falls Exempted Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metropolitan_School_District" title="Cleveland Metropolitan School District">Cleveland Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights%E2%80%93University_Heights_City_School_District" title="Cleveland Heights–University Heights City School District">Cleveland Heights-University Heights City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuyahoga_Heights_Local_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuyahoga Heights Local School District (page does not exist)">Cuyahoga Heights Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cleveland_City_School_District" title="East Cleveland City School District">East Cleveland City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_City_School_District" title="Euclid City School District">Euclid City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairview_Park_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairview Park City School District (page does not exist)">Fairview Park City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Heights_City_School_District" title="Garfield Heights City School District">Garfield Heights City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Local_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independence Local School District (page does not exist)">Independence Local</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakewood_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakewood City School District (page does not exist)">Lakewood City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maple_Heights_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maple Heights City School District (page does not exist)">Maple Heights City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_City_School_District" title="Mayfield City School District">Mayfield City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Olmsted_City_School_District" title="North Olmsted City School District">North Olmsted City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Royalton_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Royalton City School District (page does not exist)">North Royalton City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Falls_City_School_District" title="Olmsted Falls City School District">Olmsted Falls City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_City_School_District" title="Orange City School District">Orange City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma_City_School_District" title="Parma City School District">Parma City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Heights_Local_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond Heights Local School District (page does not exist)">Richmond Heights Local</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_River_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocky River City School District (page does not exist)">Rocky River City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights_City_School_District" title="Shaker Heights City School District">Shaker Heights City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_City_School_District" title="Solon City School District">Solon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Euclid%E2%80%93Lyndhurst_City_School_District" title="South Euclid–Lyndhurst City School District">South Euclid-Lyndhurst City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongsville_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strongsville City School District (page does not exist)">Strongsville City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrensville_Heights_City_School_District" title="Warrensville Heights City School District">Warrensville Heights City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westlake_City_School_District" title="Westlake City School District">Westlake City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_School_(Ohio)" title="Beaumont School (Ohio)">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_High_School_(Ohio)" title="Benedictine High School (Ohio)">Benedictine HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Academy" title="Gilmour Academy">Gilmour Acad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_High_School" title="Holy Name High School">Holy Name HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat_High_School" title="Magnificat High School">Magnificat HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua_Franciscan_High_School" title="Padua Franciscan High School">Padua Franciscan HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Edward_High_School_(Ohio)" title="St. Edward High School (Ohio)">St. Edward HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ignatius_High_School_(Cleveland)" title="Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)">Saint Ignatius HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_Academy_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Saint Joseph Academy (Cleveland, Ohio)">Saint Joseph Acad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_School" title="University School">University School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Angela-St._Joseph_High_School" title="Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School">Villa Angela-St. Joseph HS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Case Western Reserve University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2563" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2563" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047060#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1016294-X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79143161">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12511581z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12511581z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35026421">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Case Western Reserve University"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20081203003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Western Reserve University"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008486944&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Case Institute of Technology"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008486946&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90239826">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812845588605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259442305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02533568?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500305186">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/US-oclw">ISIL</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/800032">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034351663">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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