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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perche's_principal_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perche's_principal_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Perche's principal towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perche's_principal_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripheral_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripheral_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peripheral towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripheral_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Perche" title="Le Perche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Le Perche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Perche" title="Le Perche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Le Perche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche" title="Perche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C4%89o" title="Perĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertxe" title="Pertxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pertxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche_(province)" title="Perche (province) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perche (province)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contea_del_Perche" title="Contea del Perche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contea del Perche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche" title="Perche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche" title="Perche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Perche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88" title="Перш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche" title="Perche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Перш (провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перш (провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80" title="佩尔什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佩尔什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former province of France</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell%C3%AAme_vu_du_ciel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bell%C3%AAme_vu_du_ciel.jpg/220px-Bell%C3%AAme_vu_du_ciel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bell%C3%AAme_vu_du_ciel.jpg/330px-Bell%C3%AAme_vu_du_ciel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bell%C3%AAme_vu_du_ciel.jpg/440px-Bell%C3%AAme_vu_du_ciel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4308" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bell%C3%AAme" title="Bellême">Bellême</a>, one of Perche's capitals<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perche_in_France_(1789).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Perche_in_France_%281789%29.svg/220px-Perche_in_France_%281789%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Perche_in_France_%281789%29.svg/330px-Perche_in_France_%281789%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Perche_in_France_%281789%29.svg/440px-Perche_in_France_%281789%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Location of Perche in France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Perche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carte_Perche.jpg/220px-Carte_Perche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carte_Perche.jpg/330px-Carte_Perche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carte_Perche.jpg/440px-Carte_Perche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>17th-century map of Grand Perche and Perche Gouet</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Perche</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pɛʁʃ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/01\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Perche.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Perche.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Beno\u00eet Prieur-Perche.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Perche.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Perche.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Perche.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Perche.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) (French: <i>le Perche</i>) is a former <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">province</a> of France, known historically for its forests and, for the past two centuries, for the <a href="/wiki/Percheron" title="Percheron">Percheron</a> <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse breed</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Perche was bounded by four ancient territories of northwestern France: the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">Normandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a>, and the region of <a href="/wiki/Beauce,_France" title="Beauce, France">Beauce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards it was absorbed into the present-day <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>, with small parts in the neighboring departments of <a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Perche</i> is known by the following ancient Latin and French toponymic designations: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">saltus Particus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">silva Perticus</i></span> before the 6th century, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pagus quem Pert[ic]ensem vocant</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pagus pertensis</i></span> in the 6th century, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pagus Perticus</i></span> no date and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 815</span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Particus saltus</i></span> in the 11th century, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">silva Perticus</i></span> in 1045, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">[le] Perche</i></span> in 1160–1174 and in 1308, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Perche</i></span> in<span class="nowrap"> </span>1238, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">foresta de Pertico</i></span> in<span class="nowrap"> </span>1246,<sup id="cite_ref-Ernest_Nègre_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Nègre-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dominique_Fournier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dominique_Fournier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the names starting by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pert</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Part</i></span> denote <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Perche</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the terms <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">silva</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">foresta</i></span> mean forest,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saltus#Noun_3" class="extiw" title="wikt:saltus">Saltus</a></i> designates a wooded mountainous region, frontier, wildlife refuge,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagus</a></i></span> means country, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">silva pertica</i></span> refers to a tall-treed forest.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An hypothesis put forth by the linguist Guy Villette based on the name <i>Perche</i> having initially designated the forest region, and not the province, would have <i>Perche</i> represent the pre-Celtic name of indo-european origin *<i>perkʷ-ik-ā</i> « (forest) with long trees », dissimilated into *pertika, and transmitted as such in the Gallic language, even though the initial <i>p-</i> was foreign to this language.<sup id="cite_ref-Villette_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villette-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indo-european radical *<i>perkʷu-</i>, "large tree: oak, pine, fir, beech . . ." is also the origin of the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quercus</i></span> « oak » and the common Germanic word *<i>furhu-</i>, source of the English and German words <i>fir</i> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Föhre</i></span> « pine ».<sup id="cite_ref-Villette_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villette-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until about the 11th or 12th century, such terms as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pagus Perticus</i></span> or <i>pagus Pertecensis</i> used in connection with Perche's ancient forest are accordingly understood to refer to a frontier region without precise geographical limits and thus not to a clearly defined political or administrative territory.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Perche.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Carte_du_Perche.svg/220px-Carte_du_Perche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Carte_du_Perche.svg/330px-Carte_du_Perche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Carte_du_Perche.svg/440px-Carte_du_Perche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>Limits of pre-Revolutionary Perche province with overlay of current arrondissements & départements.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Perche was bounded by the following ancient provinces: <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> to the north and west, Maine to the west, <a href="/wiki/Beauce,_France" title="Beauce, France">Beauce</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a> to the south. </p><p>Perche is dominated by four topographical-featured arcs:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An outer arc marked by the high edge of a flat high plateau to the west and south of the Perche's eastern and northern limits</li> <li>An inner arc, concentric to the high plateau edge arc, defined by the <a href="/wiki/Huisne" title="Huisne">Huisne River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Sarthe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarthe River">Sarthe River</a>, situated in Perche's irregular lowlands.</li> <li>Forest arcs in <i>les collines du Perche</i> (the Perche hills) on either side of the Huisne, consisting of a main forest arc off the Huisne's left bank stretching from <a href="/wiki/Moulins-la-Marche" title="Moulins-la-Marche">Moulins-la-Marche</a> to <a href="/wiki/Montmirail,_Sarthe" title="Montmirail, Sarthe">Montmirail</a> and a secondary forest arc off the Huisne's right bank from <a href="/wiki/Pervench%C3%A8res" title="Pervenchères">Pervenchères</a> to <a href="/wiki/Le_Theil,_Orne" title="Le Theil, Orne">Le Thiel</a>.</li></ul> <p>Within the Huisne watershed lie the three unofficial Perche capitals: <a href="/wiki/Nogent-le-Rotrou" title="Nogent-le-Rotrou">Nogent-le-Rotrou</a> (economic capital), <a href="/wiki/Mortagne-au-Perche" title="Mortagne-au-Perche">Mortagne-au-Perche</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (administrative capital) and <a href="/wiki/Bell%C3%AAme" title="Bellême">Bellême</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (historical capital).<sup id="cite_ref-orne-evasions_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orne-evasions-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Perche hills<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the source of numerous small tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine River</a> watershed via the <a href="/wiki/Eure_(river)" title="Eure (river)">Eure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avre_(Eure)" title="Avre (Eure)">Avre</a>, Iton and <a href="/wiki/Risle" title="Risle">Risle</a> rivers and the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire River</a> watershed via the <a href="/wiki/Huisne" title="Huisne">Huisne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loir" title="Loir">Loir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarthe_(river)" title="Sarthe (river)">Sarthe</a> rivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perche's_principal_towns"><span id="Perche.27s_principal_towns"></span>Perche's principal towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Perche's principal towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayuntamiento_de_Mortagne-au-Perche,_Normand%C3%ADa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ayuntamiento_de_Mortagne-au-Perche%2C_Normand%C3%ADa.jpg/220px-Ayuntamiento_de_Mortagne-au-Perche%2C_Normand%C3%ADa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ayuntamiento_de_Mortagne-au-Perche%2C_Normand%C3%ADa.jpg/330px-Ayuntamiento_de_Mortagne-au-Perche%2C_Normand%C3%ADa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ayuntamiento_de_Mortagne-au-Perche%2C_Normand%C3%ADa.jpg/440px-Ayuntamiento_de_Mortagne-au-Perche%2C_Normand%C3%ADa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2975" /></a><figcaption>Town Hall in <a href="/wiki/Mortagne-au-Perche" title="Mortagne-au-Perche">Mortagne-au-Perche</a> (2016)</figcaption></figure> <p>The following table lists the principal towns in Perche province along with the distance of any given town to Condé-sur-Huisne, situated near Perche's geographic center: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>km </td> <td> </td> <td>km </td> <td> </td> <td>km </td> <td> </td> <td>km </td> <td> </td> <td>km </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrou" title="Arrou">Arrou</a> </td> <td>48 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceton" title="Ceton">Ceton</a> </td> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Fert%C3%A9-Vidame" title="La Ferté-Vidame">La Ferté-Vidame</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luigny" title="Luigny">Luigny</a> </td> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senonches" title="Senonches">Senonches</a> </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Authon-du-Perche" title="Authon-du-Perche">Authon-du-Perche</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais">Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Loupe" title="La Loupe">La Loupe</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montmirail,_Sarthe" title="Montmirail, Sarthe">Montmirail</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiron-Gardais" title="Thiron-Gardais">Thiron-Gardais</a> </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell%C3%AAme" title="Bellême">Bellême</a> </td> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9-sur-Huisne" title="Condé-sur-Huisne">Condé-sur-Huisne</a> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Gault-du-Perche" title="Le Gault-du-Perche">Le Gault-du-Perche</a> </td> <td>43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mortagne-au-Perche" title="Mortagne-au-Perche">Mortagne-au-Perche</a> </td> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tourouvre" title="Tourouvre">Tourouvre</a> </td> <td>44 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brezolles" title="Brezolles">Brezolles</a> </td> <td>45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digny" title="Digny">Digny</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Longny-au-Perche" title="Longny-au-Perche">Longny-au-Perche</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nogent-le-Rotrou" title="Nogent-le-Rotrou">Nogent-le-Rotrou</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Verneuil-sur-Avre" title="Verneuil-sur-Avre">Verneuil-sur-Avre</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripheral_towns">Peripheral towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peripheral towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancePaysDeLoireLaFerteBernardNDDesMarais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FrancePaysDeLoireLaFerteBernardNDDesMarais.jpg/220px-FrancePaysDeLoireLaFerteBernardNDDesMarais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FrancePaysDeLoireLaFerteBernardNDDesMarais.jpg/330px-FrancePaysDeLoireLaFerteBernardNDDesMarais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FrancePaysDeLoireLaFerteBernardNDDesMarais.jpg/440px-FrancePaysDeLoireLaFerteBernardNDDesMarais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Church of Notre-Dame des Marais in <a href="/wiki/La_Fert%C3%A9-Bernard" title="La Ferté-Bernard">La Ferté-Bernard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearby towns in the four ancient provinces along the periphery of Perche province include (starting from the north, clockwise): <a href="/wiki/L%27Aigle" title="L'Aigle">L'Aigle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaudun" title="Châteaudun">Châteaudun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamers" title="Mamers">Mamers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9es" title="Sées">Sées</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haras_in_Saint-L%C3%B4,_Normandi%C3%AB,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Haras_in_Saint-L%C3%B4%2C_Normandi%C3%AB%2C_France.jpg/220px-Haras_in_Saint-L%C3%B4%2C_Normandi%C3%AB%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Haras_in_Saint-L%C3%B4%2C_Normandi%C3%AB%2C_France.jpg/330px-Haras_in_Saint-L%C3%B4%2C_Normandi%C3%AB%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Haras_in_Saint-L%C3%B4%2C_Normandi%C3%AB%2C_France.jpg/440px-Haras_in_Saint-L%C3%B4%2C_Normandi%C3%AB%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Four-in-hand team of <a href="/wiki/Percheron" title="Percheron">Percheron</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture and tourism constitute the economic focus of Perche's natural region, the largest parts of which are located within the departments of <a href="/wiki/Orne#Economy" title="Orne">Orne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir#Economy" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>, in the regions of Normandy and <a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a>, respectively. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Percheron" title="Percheron">Percheron</a> breed of <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> originated in Perche's <a href="/wiki/Huisne" title="Huisne">Huisne</a> river valley and is identified throughout the world as the Perche's most well known symbol. Apples (for <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">hard cider</a>) and pears are grown throughout the Perche territory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvados_Apfel_0596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Calvados_Apfel_0596.jpg/220px-Calvados_Apfel_0596.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Calvados_Apfel_0596.jpg/330px-Calvados_Apfel_0596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Calvados_Apfel_0596.jpg/440px-Calvados_Apfel_0596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a> apples</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20050921ChStJean1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/20050921ChStJean1.jpg/220px-20050921ChStJean1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/20050921ChStJean1.jpg/330px-20050921ChStJean1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/20050921ChStJean1.jpg/440px-20050921ChStJean1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Château Saint-Jean, <a href="/wiki/Nogent-le-Rotrou" title="Nogent-le-Rotrou">Nogent-le-Rotrou</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perche's prehistory is manifested by <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a>) and prehistoric tools of flint, bronze, and iron.<sup id="cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fadp-Histoire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lords,_counts_and_dukes_of_Perche" title="Lords, counts and dukes of Perche">Lords, counts and dukes of Perche</a></div><p> Perche was essentially a region between other regions: </p><blockquote><p>"<i>. . . the Perche was not based on an existing administratative unit, such as its neighbors, the counties of Maine and <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, nor was it coterminous with an ecclesiastical jurisdiction. It grew up at the margins of several larger units, and there was no major population focus nor great religious centre such as a cathedral or ancient abbey within it. It owed its existence to the ambition and energy of successive members of a lineage of warrior elite."</i><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Romans found possession of the Perche forests was necessary for the conquest of the vast <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorique" class="extiw" title="fr:Armorique">Armorique</a> and Normandy territories extending from the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> estuary off the Atlantic coast to <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a> off the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trizay_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trizay-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the Viking or Norman invasions in the 9th century, Perche was a relatively remote area bounded on all sides by the following <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul-Roman</a> territories and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples: to the east and south the <a href="/wiki/Carnutes" title="Carnutes">Carnutes</a> people in Chartrain territory based in <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>; to the northeast the <a href="/wiki/Eburovices" title="Eburovices">Aulerques Eburoviques</a> people in Évreux territory based in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a>; to the southwest the <a href="/wiki/Aulerci_Cenomani" title="Aulerci Cenomani">Aulerques Cénomans</a> people in Maine territory based in <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>; and to the northwest the Hyesmois (Essuins) people in Exmes territory based in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9es" title="Sées">Séez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These territories eventually became first Roman <a href="/wiki/Civitates" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates">civitates</a>, to then become the dioceses of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioc%C3%A8se_de_Chartres" class="extiw" title="fr:Diocèse de Chartres">Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux">Evreux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Mans" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans">Le Mans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_S%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sées">Séez</a>. that did not change significantly in terms of geographical limits until the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Perche has traditionally been shared between three of these four dioceses as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Parishes in northwest Perche such as in the town of Mortagne have been part of Séez diocese;</li> <li>Parishes in eastern Perche such as in the towns of Tourouvre and Nogent-le-Rotrou have been part of Chartres diocese;</li> <li>Parishes in southwest Perche such as in the town of Bellême have been part of Le Mans diocese.</li> <li>The Commune of Thiron-Gardais was occupied by the mother abbey of the <a href="/wiki/Tironensian_Order" title="Tironensian Order">Tironensian Order</a> of monks who founded the order in 1106.</li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the County of Perche was controlled by an independent line of counts. By the 12th century, two large families contended for control of the Perche region: the Talvas of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bell%C3%AAme" title="House of Bellême">Bellême family</a> and the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_de_Rotrou" class="extiw" title="fr:Famille de Rotrou">Rotrou family</a> of Nogent-le-Rotrou. In 1114, Rotrou III annexed Bellême. In 1226, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffroy_V_d%27Anjou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffroy V d'Anjou (page does not exist)">Count Geoffroy V</a> would have been a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> had he not died before its departure to the Near East. This end of the Rotrou dynasty led to the region's annexation to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Crown of France</a> (by inheritance). At this time, the crown divided part of the region to create the county of <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a>. After 1325, both counties were generally held by a member or members of a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a>, partisans of England plundered Perche, destroyed its nobility, and burned many castles and abbeys. In 1449, free from English domination, Perche began reconstruction. Upon the death of Alençon's last duke (1525), rule returned to and remained under the French crown, and was granted only sporadically thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fadp-Histoire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trizay_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trizay-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New-France1750.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/New-France1750.png/220px-New-France1750.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/New-France1750.png/330px-New-France1750.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/New-France1750.png/440px-New-France1750.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (blue) circa 1750</figcaption></figure> <p>In the three decades starting in 1632, a large proportion of immigrants to <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> came from Perche, in what has been called the Percheron immigration movement.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Percherons were thus recruited to work in <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneuries</a> being establishing along the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence</a> valley. The <a href="/wiki/Beauport,_Quebec_City" title="Beauport, Quebec City">Beauport</a> seigneurie, New France's first agricultural-oriented seigneurie, was granted in 1634 to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Giffard_de_Moncel" title="Robert Giffard de Moncel">Robert Giffard de Moncel</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of Hundred Associates</a>. While the total number of emigrants was small, Perche had a much higher rate of emigration to New France than most other regions of France. Nearly all <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> have some ancestors from the villages of Perche.<sup id="cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fadp-Histoire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent last names from Perche who came to Canada starting just before the end of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a>'s tenure include: Côté, Boucher, <a href="/wiki/Zacharie_Cloutier" title="Zacharie Cloutier">Cloutier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Guyon" title="Jean Guyon">Guyon (Dion)</a>, Tremblay and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tremblay_(pionnier)" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Tremblay (pionnier)">Paradis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the French Revolution, Perche was divided into four departments: Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, and Loir-et-Cher. At this time, national law replaced <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/co%C3%BBtume_du_Perche" class="extiw" title="fr:coûtume du Perche">FR:coûtume du Perche</a></i> or local, customary law.<sup id="cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fadp-Histoire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, the government of France created the Perche Regional Nature Park (<i>Parc naturel régional du Perche</i> – see <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche_(r%C3%A9gion_naturelle)" class="extiw" title="fr:Perche (région naturelle)">FR:Perche (région naturelle)</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is forested mostly by beech, birch, chestnut, oak (especially sessile and pedunculate species), as well as conifers (especially Douglas fir and pine species)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> populated by wildlife including boar, buzzard, deer, squirrel, woodcock and woodpecker species.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orléanais and Beauce were collectively known as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_Chartrain" class="extiw" title="fr:Pays Chartrain">Pays Chartrain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Longnon" title="Auguste Longnon">Auguste Longnon</a> 1878 : Le nom latin du Perche est <i>Perticus</i>. Auguste Longnon (1878). <i>Géographie de la Gaule au VI<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris (corrected to Pert[ic]ensis). p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to René Musset : "Le Perche est mentionné pour la première fois au VI<sup>e</sup> siècle, par <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Grégoire de Tours">Grégoise de Tours</a>, sous le non de <i>pagus pertensis</i> (<i>pert[ic]ensis</i>); à partir de ce moment, il est souvent question dans les textes du Perche, appelé tantôt <i>pagus perticus</i>, tantôt <i>silva pertica</i>. Il semble bien, sans qu’on puisse l’affirmer avec une entière certitude, que le mot de Perche soit étymologiquement un vieux nom de forêt. Il est hors de tout doute que l’expression de <i>pagus perticus</i> désigne une région naturelle, non une circonscription administrative : le Perche ne deviendra tel que dans la seconde moitié du XI<sup>e</sup> siècle. Le Perche est donc un pays, et ce pays est une <i>silva</i>, une forêt." René Musset (1919) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1919_num_28_155_9257">"Le Perche - Nom de pays"</a>. <i>Annales de géographie</i>. p. 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orne-perche.org/page/OP_Perche.aspx">Centre Généalogique de l'Orne et du Perche - De la préhistoire aux invasions Normandes</a> citing Dict. latin-français de Riemann et Goelzer : « Le sens précis de saltus est "région montueuse et boisée... retraite de bêtes fauves" »</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Sarah Fourcade citing <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toubert" title="Pierre Toubert">Pierre Toubert</a> in <i>Frontière et frontières : un objet historique</i>, p. 14 : « . . . la frontière constitue une zone de développement. Certes, avant d’être mise en valeur et de devenir rentable, la frontière n’est qu’un ‘’saltus’’, une zone où peut s’observer « le phénomène inverse de désertification frontière », avec cette image tenace jusqu'au XI<sup>e</sup> siècle. . . », Sarah Fourcade (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/e-spania/28491">"Frontière et marche, société et noblesse de frontière en péninsule Ibérique"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Ville de Québec, toponymie, Perche : "Au Moyen Âge, la forêt recouvre presque entièrement le territoire du Perche, comme le dénote son nom originel : Sylva pertica, du latin pertica, « perche » ou « grand arbre »."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collines du Perche</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHommey1899" class="citation book cs1">Hommey, L. (1899). <i>Histoire générale, ecclésiastique et civile, du diocèse de Séez ancien et ..</i>. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C+eccl%C3%A9siastique+et+civile%2C+du+dioc%C3%A8se+de+S%C3%A9ez+ancien+et+...&rft.pages=282&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Hommey&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Kathleen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJJ6SKK2nZAC"><i>Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 1000-1226</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 5, 9 ("the Perche" and modern equivalent), 11 (margins, formation), 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861932542" title="Special:BookSources/9780861932542"><bdi>9780861932542</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Border+Lordship+in+Medieval+France%3A+The+County+of+the+Perche%2C+1000-1226&rft.pages=5%2C+9+%28%22the+Perche%22+and+modern+equivalent%29%2C+11+%28margins%2C+formation%29%2C+13&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780861932542&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJJ6SKK2nZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernest_Nègre-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ernest_Nègre_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nègre, Ernest (1990). <i><a href="/wiki/Toponymie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponymie générale de la France">Toponymie générale de la France</a></i>, Volume I, Librairie Droz. p. 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dominique_Fournier-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dominique_Fournier_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominique Fournier, "Notes de toponymie normande : Promenons-nous dans les bois… (au sujet de quelques noms de bois et de forêts en Normandie)" in <i>Histoire et Traditions Populaires</i> No. 136 (mars 2017), p. 17-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villette-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villette_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villette_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Villette, abbé Guy (1988 / 1994). « Le nom du Perche » in <i>Noms de lieux — Noms de vie</i>, Actes du 2e colloque de la Lubinière, mai 1988, <i>Cahiers percherons</i>, 1994, n° 2-3, pp. 7-21 (see especially pp. 14-15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viscomte de Romanet (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gographieduperc00fragoog#page/n4/mode/2up/"><i>Géographie du Perche et chronologie de ses comtés . . .</i></a> p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Musset (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1920_num_29_158_9178"><i>Le relief du Perche</i></a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pnrp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/PublicInformation/index.html?appid=cc782e96cf4445ee9c0ad568fdb0746d">"L'organisation hydrographique du Parc"</a>. Parc naturel du Perche. <q>Réseau hydrographique, Nom du cours d'eau - la Chippe [Mortagne-au-Perche is located at the source of this tributary of the Huisne River]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27organisation+hydrographique+du+Parc&rft.pub=Parc+naturel+du+Perche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpnrp.maps.arcgis.com%2Fapps%2FPublicInformation%2Findex.html%3Fappid%3Dcc782e96cf4445ee9c0ad568fdb0746d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pnrp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/PublicInformation/index.html?appid=cc782e96cf4445ee9c0ad568fdb0746d">"L'organisation hydrographique du Parc"</a>. Parc naturel du Perche. <q>Réseau hydrographique, Nom du cours d'eau - la Même [Bellême is located at the source of this tributary of the Huisne River]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27organisation+hydrographique+du+Parc&rft.pub=Parc+naturel+du+Perche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpnrp.maps.arcgis.com%2Fapps%2FPublicInformation%2Findex.html%3Fappid%3Dcc782e96cf4445ee9c0ad568fdb0746d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orne-evasions-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orne-evasions_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orneevasions.wordpress.com/2011/07/20/les-percherons-canadiens/">Orne évasions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fadp-Histoire-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amisduperche.fr/lhistoire-du-perche/">"Un peu d'Histoire"</a>. Fédération des Amis du Perche<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+peu+d%27Histoire&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+des+Amis+du+Perche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amisduperche.fr%2Flhistoire-du-perche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trizay-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trizay_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trizay_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trizay-perche.org/5000_histoire.html">"Trizay - Le Perche : Ses origines et la formation du Comté du Perche"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trizay+-+Le+Perche+%3A+Ses+origines+et+la+formation+du+Comt%C3%A9+du+Perche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trizay-perche.org%2F5000_histoire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fret, Joseph (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5ZA2AAAAMAAJ"><i>Antiquités et chroniques percheronnes ou recherches sur l'histoire civile ... v. 1</i></a>, pp. 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourdin, Foubert & Foucher (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orne.fr/sites/www.orne.fr/files/fichiers/parution/12/03/ouvrage-final-bd-weblink.pdf">‘'L'Orne, des térritoires, une histoire’'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235847/http://www.orne.fr/sites/www.orne.fr/files/fichiers/parution/12/03/ouvrage-final-bd-weblink.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 34-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_eccl%C3%A9siastiques_2002_(France).svg" title="File:Provinces ecclésiastiques 2002 (France).svg">Wikipedia Map of Dioceses of metropolitan France</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vicomte de Romanet (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gographieduperc00fragoog#page/n4/mode/2up/"><i>Géographie du Perche et chronologie de ses comtés . . .</i></a> citing in pp. 15-16 M. L. Duval's <i>Essai sur la toponymie ancienne du département de l'Orne</i> (1882).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viscomte de Romanet (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gographieduperc00fragoog#page/n4/mode/2up/"><i>Géographie du Perche et chronologie de ses comtés . . .</i></a> pp. 15-21 : Evreux diocese is associated with parishes to the northeast of Perche that are not however within limits of Perche proper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFperche-canada.net" class="citation web cs1">perche-canada.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perche-canada.net/en/history">"Association Perche-Canada History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+Perche-Canada+History&rft.au=perche-canada.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperche-canada.net%2Fen%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2008" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Denise R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q5w2x5r45wC"><i>Companions of Champlain: Founding Families of Quebec, 1608-1635</i></a>. Genealogical Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806353678" title="Special:BookSources/9780806353678"><bdi>9780806353678</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companions+of+Champlain%3A+Founding+Families+of+Quebec%2C+1608-1635&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780806353678&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Denise+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Q5w2x5r45wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parc-naturel-perche.fr/en/un-parc-pour-le-perche-english-2">"A natural park for the Perche"</a>. Parc naturel régional du Perche. 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+natural+park+for+the+Perche&rft.pub=Parc+naturel+r%C3%A9gional+du+Perche&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parc-naturel-perche.fr%2Fen%2Fun-parc-pour-le-perche-english-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInventaire_Forestier_National2010" class="citation book cs1">Inventaire Forestier National (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/IMG/pdf/IFN_Publi_2010_Basse-Normandie.pdf"><i>La forêt française - Les résultats pour la région Basse-Normandie</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-11-128059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-11-128059-5"><bdi>978-2-11-128059-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+for%C3%AAt+fran%C3%A7aise+-+Les+r%C3%A9sultats+pour+la+r%C3%A9gion+Basse-Normandie&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-11-128059-5&rft.au=Inventaire+Forestier+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finventaire-forestier.ign.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FIFN_Publi_2010_Basse-Normandie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/IMG/pdf/IFN_Publi_2010_Basse-Normandie.pdf">"Profil environnemental de Basse-Normandie"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2015. pp. 42, 86<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profil+environnemental+de+Basse-Normandie&rft.pages=42%2C+86&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finventaire-forestier.ign.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FIFN_Publi_2010_Basse-Normandie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parc-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parc_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parc-naturel-perche.fr/en/discover/true-nature-perche">"The true nature of Perche"</a>. Parc naturel régional du Perche. 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+true+nature+of+Perche&rft.pub=Parc+naturel+r%C3%A9gional+du+Perche&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parc-naturel-perche.fr%2Fen%2Fdiscover%2Ftrue-nature-perche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Eure_department" title="Communes of the Eure department">Communes of the Eure department</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche_(r%C3%A9gion_naturelle)" class="extiw" title="fr:Perche (région naturelle)">FR:Perche (région naturelle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharie_Cloutier" title="Zacharie Cloutier">Zacharie Cloutier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironensian_Order" title="Tironensian Order">Tironensian Order</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perche&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perche-canada.net/">Association Perche-Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orne-perche.org/">Centre Généalogique de l'Orne et du Perche</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parc-naturel-perche.fr/en/">Parc naturel régional du Perche</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perche-quebec.com/files/perche/lieux/perche-en.htm">perche-quebec.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossant2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colette_Rossant" title="Colette Rossant">Rossant, Colette</a> (25 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/travel/tmagazine/03well.perche.t.html">"France's Le Perche Is the Last Terroir"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=France%27s+Le+Perche+Is+the+Last+Terroir&rft.date=2007-03-25&rft.aulast=Rossant&rft.aufirst=Colette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F25%2Ftravel%2Ftmagazine%2F03well.perche.t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerche" class="Z3988"></span></ref></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vt-fcgs.org/leperche.html">Vermont French-Canadian Genealogical Society</a>: Le Perche</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template talk:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kingdom_of_France&#124;link=Kingdom_of_France_Historical_provinces_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">Historical provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alsace" title="Province of Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou#Province_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franche-Comté (province)">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="History of Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_La_Marche" title="County of La Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivernais" title="Nivernais">Nivernais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Trois-Évêchés</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_France_(numered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces of France before the revolution"><img alt="Provinces of France before the revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/80px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/120px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/160px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Armagnac" title="County of Armagnac">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Cambrésis">Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comminges" title="Comminges">Comminges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couserans" title="Couserans">Couserans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2tinais" title="Gâtinais">Gâtinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Gex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays de Gex">Gex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valromey" class="mw-redirect" title="Valromey">Valromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velay" title="Velay">Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarais" title="Vivarais">Vivarais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign territories in 1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kriechingen" title="County of Kriechingen">Créhange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg" title="County of Dagsburg">Dabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cities_of_Menton_and_Roquebrune" title="Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune">Menton and Roquebrune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Salm" title="Salm-Salm">Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saarwerden" title="County of Saarwerden">Sarrewerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tende</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Tende" class="extiw" title="fr:Comté de Tende">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perche&oldid=1241621593">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perche&oldid=1241621593</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Perche" title="Category:Perche">Perche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_provinces_of_France" title="Category:Former provinces of France">Former provinces of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Eure" title="Category:Geography of Eure">Geography of Eure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Eure-et-Loir" title="Category:Geography of Eure-et-Loir">Geography of Eure-et-Loir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Loir-et-Cher" title="Category:Geography of Loir-et-Cher">Geography of Loir-et-Cher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Orne" title="Category:Geography of Orne">Geography of Orne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Sarthe" title="Category:Geography of Sarthe">Geography of Sarthe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Normandy" title="Category:History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Category:History of Centre-Val de Loire">History of Centre-Val de Loire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Pays_de_la_Loire" 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