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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Music industry</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Music_industry" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Music_industry" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> The music industry refers to the individuals and organizations that earn money by <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">writing</a> <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical compositions</a>, creating and selling <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recorded music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>, presenting <a href="/wiki/Live_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Live music">concerts</a>, as well as the organizations that aid, train, represent and supply <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> who write songs and musical compositions; the <a href="/wiki/Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer">singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">bandleaders</a> who perform the music; the <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record labels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">music publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">music producers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">retail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">digital music stores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performance_rights_organisation" title="Performance rights organisation">performance rights organizations</a> who create and sell recorded music and sheet music; and the <a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">booking agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">promoters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">music venues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">road crew</a>, and audio engineers who help organize and sell concerts. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg/220px-MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg/330px-MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg/440px-MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="497"></a><figcaption>Musicians working in a <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers,_Towersey_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg/220px-Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg/330px-Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg/440px-Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></a><figcaption>An audience watching a <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a></figcaption></figure> The industry also includes a range of professionals who assist singers and musicians with their music careers. These include <a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">talent managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">artists and repertoire</a> managers, <a href="/wiki/Business_manager" title="Business manager">business managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">entertainment lawyers</a>; those who broadcast audio or video music content (<a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">broadcast radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcaster" title="Television broadcaster">TV stations</a>); <a href="/wiki/Music_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music journalist">music journalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">music critics</a>; <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music educators and teachers</a>; manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> and music equipment; as well as many others. In addition to the businesses and artists there are organizations that also play an important role, including musician's unions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a>), not-for-profit performance-rights organizations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers" title="American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers">American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers</a>) and other associations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_for_Women_in_Music" title="International Alliance for Women in Music">International Alliance for Women in Music</a>, a non-profit organization that advocates for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">women composers and musicians</a>). The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">records</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, "the recording industry"—a reference to <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recording performances of songs and pieces</a> and selling the recordings–began to be used as a loose synonym for "the music industry". In the 2000s, a majority of the music market is controlled by three major corporate labels: the French-owned <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, the Japanese-owned <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sonybmg-1">[1]</a> and the US-owned <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>. Labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Independent_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent label">independent labels</a> (or "indies"). The largest portion of the live music market for concerts and tours is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a>, the largest promoter and <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">music venue</a> owner. <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a> is a former subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia Inc</a>, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In the first decades of the 2000s, the music industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (which includes both illegal <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> of songs and legal music purchases in <a href="/wiki/Online_music_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Online music store">online music stores</a>). A conspicuous indicator of these changes is total music sales: since the year 2000, sales of recorded music have dropped off substantially,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-3">[3]</a> while, in contrast, <a href="/wiki/Live_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Live music">live music</a> has increased in importance.<a href="#cite_note-Live_Nation-4">[4]</a> In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based platform operated by a computer company: <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s online <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Since 2011, the music industry has seen consistent sales growth with streaming now generating more revenue per year than digital downloads. <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a> are the largest streaming services by subscriber count.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Business_structure">1 Business structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Compositions">1.1 Compositions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Recordings">1.2 Recordings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Media">1.3 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Broadcast,_soundtrack_and_streaming">1.4 Broadcast, soundtrack and streaming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Live_music">1.5 Live music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Artist_management,_representation_and_staff">1.6 Artist management, representation and staff</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Emerging_business_models">1.7 Emerging business models</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History_of_printed_music_and_recorded_music">2 History of printed music and recorded music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Early_history:_Printed_music_in_Europe">2.1 Early history: Printed music in Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Advent_of_recorded_music_and_radio_broadcasting">2.2 Advent of recorded music and radio broadcasting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Rise_of_digital_online_distribution">2.3 Rise of digital online distribution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sales_statistics">3 Sales statistics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Digital_album_volume_sales_growth_in_2014">3.1 Digital album volume sales growth in 2014</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Consolidation">3.2 Consolidation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Albums_sales_and_market_value">3.3 Albums sales and market value</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Recorded_music_retail_sales">3.4 Recorded music retail sales</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#2000">3.4.1 2000</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#2005">3.4.2 2005</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#2003%E2%80%932007">3.4.3 2003–2007</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#2011">3.4.4 2011</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#2012">3.4.5 2012</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Total_revenue_by_year">3.5 Total revenue by year</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#By_region">4 By region</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Associations_and_organizations">5 Associations and organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Citations">7.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#General_and_cited_sources">7.2 General and cited sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Business_structure">Business structure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Business structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The main branches of the music industry are the <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live music</a> industry, the recording industry, and all the companies that train, support, supply and represent musicians. The recording industry produces three separate products: <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">compositions</a> (songs, pieces, lyrics), <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recordings</a> (audio and video) and <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">media</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a> or <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>). These are each a type of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>: typically, compositions are owned by composers, recordings by record companies, and media by consumers. There may be many recordings of a single composition and a single recording will typically be distributed via many media. For example, the song "<a href="/wiki/My_Way" title="My Way">My Way</a>" is owned by its composers, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Anka" title="Paul Anka">Paul Anka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Claude François">Claude François</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>'s recording of "My Way" is owned by <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sid_Vicious" title="Sid Vicious">Sid Vicious</a>'s recording of "My Way" is owned by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a>, and the millions of CDs and vinyl records that can play these recordings are owned by millions of individual consumers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositions">Compositions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compositions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Songs</a>, instrumental pieces and other musical compositions are created by <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> and are originally owned by the composer, although they may be sold or the rights may be otherwise assigned. For example, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a>, the composition is owned immediately by another party. Traditionally, the copyright owner <a href="/wiki/Licensed" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensed">licenses</a> or "assigns" some of their rights to <a href="/wiki/Publishing_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishing companies">publishing companies</a>, by means of a <a href="/wiki/Publishing_contract" title="Publishing contract">publishing contract</a>. The publishing company (or a collection society operating on behalf of many such publishers, songwriters and composers) collects fees (known as "<a href="/wiki/Music_royalties" title="Music royalties">publishing royalties</a>") when the composition is used. A portion of the royalties are paid by the publishing company to the copyright owner, depending on the terms of the contract. <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a> provides an income stream that is paid exclusively to the composers and their publishing company. Typically (although not universally), the publishing company will provide the owner with an <a href="/wiki/Advance_payment" title="Advance payment">advance</a> against future earnings when the publishing contract is signed. A publishing company will also promote the compositions, such as by acquiring song "placements" on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recordings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound_Gobo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sound_Gobo.jpg/200px-Sound_Gobo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sound_Gobo.jpg/200px-Sound_Gobo.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sound_Gobo.jpg/300px-Sound_Gobo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sound_Gobo.jpg/400px-Sound_Gobo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A musician in a recording studio</figcaption></figure> Recordings are created by <a href="/wiki/Recording_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording artist">recording artists</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer">singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensembles</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Backing_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Backing band">backing bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm sections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>, etc.) usually with the assistance and guidance from <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a>. They were traditionally made in <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a> (which are rented for a daily or hourly rate) in a <a href="/wiki/Recording_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording session">recording session</a>. In the 21st century, advances in <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> technology have allowed many producers and artists to create "<a href="/wiki/Home_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Home studio">home studios</a>" using high-end computers and digital recording programs like <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a>, bypassing the traditional role of the commercial recording studio. The <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a> oversees all aspects of the recording, making many of the logistic, financial and artistic decisions in cooperation with the artists. The record producer has a range of different responsibilities including choosing material and/or working with the composers, hiring session musicians, helping to <a href="/wiki/Musical_arrangement" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical arrangement">arrange</a> the songs, overseeing the musician performances, and directing the audio engineer during recording and mixing to get the best sound. <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineers</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Recording_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording engineer">recording</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">mixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastering_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastering engineer">mastering engineers</a>) are responsible for ensuring good audio quality during the recording. They select and set up microphones and use <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing consoles</a> to adjust the sound and level of the music. A recording session may also require the services of an <a href="/wiki/Arranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranger">arranger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrator">orchestrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Studio_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio musician">studio musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coaches</a>, or even a discreetly hired <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter to help with the lyrics or songwriting</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Feggans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feggans.jpg/200px-Ben_Feggans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="902"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feggans.jpg/200px-Ben_Feggans.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="113" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feggans.jpg/300px-Ben_Feggans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feggans.jpg/400px-Ben_Feggans.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A studio engineer working with an <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mixer">audio mixer</a> in a recording studio</figcaption></figure> Recordings are (traditionally) owned by <a href="/wiki/Record_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Record companies">record companies</a>. Some artists own their own record companies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ani_DiFranco" title="Ani DiFranco">Ani DiFranco</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Recording_contract" title="Recording contract">recording contract</a> specifies the business relationship between a recording artist and the record company. In a traditional contract, the company provides an advance to the artist who agrees to make a recording that will be owned by the company. The <a href="/wiki/A%26R" class="mw-redirect" title="A&R">A&R</a> department of a record company is responsible for finding new talent and overseeing the recording process. The company pays for the recording costs and the cost of <a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">promoting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> the record. For physical media (such as <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a>), the company also pays to <a href="/wiki/Manufacture" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacture">manufacture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distribute</a> the physical recordings. Smaller record companies (known as "<a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">indies</a>") will form business relationships with other companies to handle many of these tasks. The record company pays the recording artist a portion of the income from the sale of the recordings, also known as a "royalty", but this is distinct from the publishing royalties described above. This portion is similar to a percentage, but may be limited or expanded by a number of factors (such as free goods, recoupable expenses, bonuses, etc.) that are specified by the record contract. <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> members (as well as a few recording artists in special markets) are under contract to provide <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a>; they are typically only paid one-time fees or regular wages for their services, rather than ongoing royalties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Physical media (such as CDs or vinyl records) are sold by music <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retailers</a> and are owned by the consumers after they buy them. Buyers do not typically have the right to make digital copies from CDs or other media they buy, or rent or lease the CDs, because they do not own the recording on the CD, they only own the individual physical CD. A music distributor delivers crates of the packaged physical media from the manufacturer to the retailer and maintains commercial relationships with retailers and record companies. The music retailer pays the distributor, who in turn pays the <a href="/wiki/Record_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Record company">record company</a> for the recordings. The record company pays <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_royalties#Mechanical_royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical royalties">mechanical royalties</a> to the publisher and composer via a collection society. The record company then pays royalties, if contractually obligated, to the recording artist. When music is digitally downloaded or <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streamed</a>, there is no physical media other than the consumer's computer memory on his or her portable media player or laptop. For this reason, artists such as Taylor Swift, Paul McCartney, Kings of Leon, and others have called for legal changes that would deny social media the right to stream their music without paying them royalties.<a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7">[7]</a> In the digital and online music market of the 2000s, the distributor becomes optional. Large online shops may pay the labels directly, but digital distributors do exist to provide distribution services for vendors large and small. When purchasing digital downloads or listening to music streaming, the consumer may be required to agree to record company and vendor licensing terms beyond those which are inherent in <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>; for example, some services may allow consumers to freely share the recording, but others may restrict the user to storing the music on a specific number of hard drives or devices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast,_soundtrack_and_streaming">Broadcast, soundtrack and streaming</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Broadcast, soundtrack and streaming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When a recording is broadcast (either on radio or by a <a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">background music</a> service such as <a href="/wiki/Muzak_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzak Holdings">Muzak</a>), <a href="/wiki/Performance_rights_organisation" title="Performance rights organisation">performance rights organisations</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers" title="American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers">ASCAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">BMI</a> in the US, SOCAN in Canada, or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical-Copyright_Protection_Society" title="Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society">MCPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/PRS_for_Music" title="PRS for Music">PRS</a> in the UK), collect a third type of royalty known as a performance royalty, which is paid to songwriters, composers and recording artists. This royalty is typically much smaller than publishing or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_royalties#Mechanical_royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical royalties">mechanical royalties</a>. Within the past decade, more than "15 to 30 percent" of tracks on streaming services are unidentified with a specific artist. Jeff Price says "Audiam, an online music streaming service, has made over several hundred thousand dollars in the past year from collecting royalties from online streaming.<a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-8">[8]</a> According to Ken Levitan, manager from Kings of Leon, Cheap Trick and others, "Youtube has become radio for kids". Because of the overuse of YouTube and offline streaming, album sales have fallen by 60 percent in the past few years.<a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7">[7]</a> When recordings are used in <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, the composer and their publishing company are typically paid through a <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_rights" title="Synchronization rights">synchronization license</a>. In the 2000s, online subscription services (such as <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">Rhapsody</a>) also provide an income stream directly to record companies, and through them, to artists, contracts permitting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_music">Live music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Live music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg/300px-Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2926"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 232px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg/300px-Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="232" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg/450px-Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg/600px-Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A live musical performance at <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Pride" title="Cologne Pride">Cologne Pride</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">promoter</a> brings together a performing artist and a <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">venue</a> owner and arranges contracts. A <a href="/wiki/Booking_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Booking agency">booking agency</a> represents the artist to promoters, makes deals and books performances. Consumers usually buy tickets either from the venue or from a ticket distribution service such as <a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a>. In the US, <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a> is the dominant company in all of these roles: they own most of the large venues in the US, they are the largest promoter, and they own <a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a>. Choices about where and when to tour are decided by the <a href="/wiki/Artist_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist manager">artist's management</a> and the artist, sometimes in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Record_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Record company">record company</a>. Record companies may finance a tour in the hopes that it will help promote the sale of recordings. However, in the 21st century, it has become more common to release recordings to promote ticket sales for live shows, rather than book tours to promote the sales of recordings. Major, successful artists will usually employ a <a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">road crew</a>: a semi-permanent touring organization that travels with the artist during concert series. The road crew is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Tour_manager" title="Tour manager">tour manager</a>. Crew members provides <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">live sound reinforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar technician">musical instrument maintenance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucking">transportation</a>. On large tours, the road crew may also include an accountant, stage manager, bodyguard, hairdressers, makeup artists and <a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">catering</a> staff. Local crews are typically hired to help move equipment on and off stage. On a small tour with less financial backing, all of these jobs may be handled by just a few roadies or by the musicians themselves. Bands signed with small "indie" labels and bands in genres such as <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> are more likely to do tours without a road crew, or with minimal support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist_management,_representation_and_staff">Artist management, representation and staff</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artist management, representation and staff" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Artists such as singers and musicians may hire several people from other fields to assist them with their career. The <a href="/wiki/Artist_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist manager">artist manager</a> oversees all aspects of an artist's career in exchange for a percentage of the artist's income. An <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">entertainment lawyer</a> assists them with the details of their contracts with record companies and other deals. A <a href="/wiki/Business_manager" title="Business manager">business manager</a> handles financial transactions, taxes, and bookkeeping. Unions, such as <a href="/wiki/AFTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="AFTRA">AFTRA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> in the U.S. provide <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> and instrument insurance for musicians. A successful artist functions in the market as a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> and, as such, they may derive income from many other streams, such as <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a>, personal endorsements, appearances (without performing) at events or Internet-based services.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> These are typically overseen by the artist's <a href="/wiki/Artist_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist manager">manager</a> and take the form of relationships between the artist and companies that specialize in these products. Singers may also hire a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance teacher">dance instructor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama teacher">acting coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_trainer" title="Personal trainer">personal trainer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Life_coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Life coach">life coach</a> to help them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_business_models">Emerging business models</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emerging business models" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 2000s, traditional lines that once divided singers, instrumentalists, publishers, record companies, distributors, retail and consumer electronics have become blurred or erased. Artists may record in a <a href="/wiki/Home_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Home studio">home studio</a> using a high-end <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> and a digital recording program such as <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a> or use <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> to raise money for an expensive studio recording session without involving a record company. Artists may choose to exclusively promote and market themselves using only free online video sharing services such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> or using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites, bypassing traditional promotion and marketing by a record company. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> companies such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> have become <a href="/wiki/Online_music_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Online music store">digital music retailers</a>. New digital music distribution technologies and the trends towards using <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> of older songs in new songs or blending different songs to create <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">"mashup"</a> recordings have also forced both governments and the music industry to re-examine the definitions of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> and the rights of all the parties involved. Also compounding the issue of defining copyright boundaries is the fact that the definition of "royalty" and "copyright" varies from country to country and region to region, which changes the terms of some of these business relationships. After 15 or so years of the Internet economy, the digital music industry platforms like <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play</a> are major improvements over the early illegal file sharing days. However, the multitude of service offerings and revenue models make it difficult to understand the true value of each and what they can deliver for musicians and music companies. As well, there are major transparency problems throughout the music industry caused by outdated technology. With the emerging of new business models as streaming platforms, and online music services, a large amount of data is processed.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> may increase transparency in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History_of_printed_music_and_recorded_music">History of printed music and recorded music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History of printed music and recorded music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history:_Printed_music_in_Europe">Early history: Printed music in Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early history: Printed music in Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CordierColor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/260px-CordierColor.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="644"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/260px-CordierColor.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="332" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/390px-CordierColor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/CordierColor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prior to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, the only way to copy <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> was by hand, a costly and time-consuming process. Pictured is the hand-written music manuscript for a French <a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a> chanson (song) from the late 1300s about love, entitled Belle, bonne, sage, by Baude Cordier. The <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a> is unusual in that it is written in a heart shape, with red notes indicating rhythmic <a href="#Notational_characteristics">alterations</a>.</figcaption></figure> Music publishing using machine-printed <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> developed during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> era in the mid-15th century. The development of music publication followed the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> technologies that were first developed for printing regular <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing sheet music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of liturgical chants, dates from about 1465, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg Bible</a> was printed. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand. To copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive, and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of secular (non-religious) music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Squarcialupi_Codex" title="Squarcialupi Codex">Squarcialupi Codex</a> of Italian <a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> music and the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Codex" title="Chantilly Codex">Chantilly Codex</a> of French <a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a> music. The use of printing enabled sheet music to be reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to other cities and countries more quickly, and it also enabled music to be spread to more distant areas. Before the invention of music printing, a composer's music might only be known in the city she lived in and its surrounding towns, because only wealthy aristocrats would be able to afford to have hand copies made of her music. With music printing, though, a composer's music could be printed and sold at a relatively low cost to purchasers from a wide geographic area. As sheet music of major composer's pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and an Italian composer could buy pieces written by Dutch composers and learn how they wrote music. This led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. The pioneer of modern music printing was <a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a> (born in Fossombrone in 1466 – died in 1539 in Venice), a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> was one of the major business and music centers during this period. His Harmonice Musices Odhecaton, a collection of chansons printed in 1501, is commonly misidentified as the first book of sheet music printed from movable type. That distinction belongs to the Roman printer Ulrich Han's Missale Romanum of 1476. Nevertheless, Petrucci's later work was extraordinary for the complexity of his white mensural notation and the smallness of his font. He printed the first book of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> (music with two or more independent melodic lines) using movable type. He also published numerous works by the most highly regarded composers of the Renaissance, including <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a>. He flourished by focusing on Flemish works, rather than Italian, as they were very popular throughout Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> era. His printing shop used the triple-impression method, in which a sheet of paper was pressed three times. The first impression was the staff lines, the second the words, and the third the notes. This method produced very clean and readable results, although it was time-consuming and expensive. Until the 18th century, the processes of formal composition and of the printing of music took place for the most part with the support of <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">churches</a>. In the mid-to-late 18th century, performers and composers such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> began to seek more commercial opportunities to market their music and performances to the general public. After Mozart's death, his wife (<a href="/wiki/Constanze_Weber" class="mw-redirect" title="Constanze Weber">Constanze Weber</a>) continued the process of commercialization of his music through an unprecedented series of memorial concerts, selling his manuscripts, and collaborating with her second husband, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Nissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Nissen">Georg Nissen</a>, on a biography of Mozart.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png/200px-AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="1030"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 96px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png/200px-AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png" data-width="200" data-height="96" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png/300px-AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png/400px-AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An example of mechanically printed sheet music</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet-music</a> publishers dominated the music industry. Before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a> technologies, the main way for music lovers to hear new symphonies and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> arias (songs) was to buy the sheet music (often arranged for piano or for a small chamber music group) and perform the music in a living room, using friends who were amateur musicians and singers. In the United States, the music industry arose in tandem with the rise of "<a href="/wiki/Black_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Black face">black face</a>" <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrelsy</a>. Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by non-black performers to represent a <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black person</a>. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the spread of negative <a href="/wiki/Racial_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial stereotype">racial stereotypes</a> of African-American people.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the late part of the century the group of music publishers and songwriters which dominated <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> in the United States became known as <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a>. The name originally referred to a specific place: West 28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, and a plaque (see <a href="#plaque">below</a>) on the sidewalk on 28th Street between Broadway and Sixth commemorates it. The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when several music publishers set up shop in the same district of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear-cut. Some date it to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s when the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> and radio supplanted <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> as the driving force of American popular music, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to have continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Rock_%26_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock & roll">rock & roll</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advent_of_recorded_music_and_radio_broadcasting">Advent of recorded music and radio broadcasting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advent of recorded music and radio broadcasting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/130px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3724"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/130px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="162" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/195px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/260px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frances_Densmore" title="Frances Densmore">Frances Densmore</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in 1916 where she was recording <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Chief" title="Mountain Chief">Mountain Chief</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a>. In this picture, Mountain Chief is listening to a recording.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/160px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 121px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/160px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="121" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/240px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/320px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A radio broadcasting system from 1906</figcaption></figure> At the dawn of the early 20th century, the development of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a> began to function as a <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive technology">disruptive technology</a> to the commercial interests which published sheet music. During the sheet music era, if a regular person wanted to hear popular new songs, he or she would buy the sheet music and play it at home on a piano, or learn the song at home while playing the <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> part on piano or guitar. Commercially released <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> records of musical performances, which became available starting in the late 1880s, and later the onset of widespread <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>, starting in the 1920s, forever changed the way music was heard and listened to. Opera houses, concert halls, and clubs continued to produce music and musicians and singers continued to perform live, but the power of radio allowed bands, ensembles and singers who had previously performed only in one region to become popular on a nationwide and sometimes even a worldwide scale. Moreover, whereas attendance at the top symphony and opera concerts was formerly restricted to high-income people in a pre-radio world, with <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast radio">broadcast radio</a>, a much larger wider range of people, including lower and middle-income people could hear the best <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>, popular singers and opera shows. The "record industry" eventually replaced the sheet music publishers as the music industry's largest force. A multitude of record labels came and went. Some noteworthy labels of the earlier decades include the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, Crystalate, <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a>, Edison Bell, <a href="/wiki/The_Gramophone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gramophone Company">The Gramophone Company</a>, Invicta, Kalliope, <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Many record companies died out as quickly as they had formed, and by the end of the 1980s, the "Big six" — <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a>, <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">WEA</a> and <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA</a> — dominated the industry. <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> bought <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS Records</a> in 1987 and changed its name to Sony Music in 1991. In mid-1998, <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram Music Group</a> merged with MCA Music Entertainment creating what we now know as <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>. Since then, Sony and BMG merged in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and Universal took over the majority of EMI's recorded music interests in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a>, also once part of the now defunct British conglomerate, is now co-owned by Sony as a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As in other industries, the record industry is characterised by many mergers and/or acquisitions, for the major companies as well as for middle sized business (recent example is given by the Belgium group <a href="/wiki/PIAS_Recordings" title="PIAS Recordings">PIAS</a> and French group <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_Mundi" title="Harmonia Mundi">Harmonia Mundi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Genre-wise, music entrepreneurs expanded their industry models into areas like <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, in which composition and performance had continued for centuries on an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> self-supporting basis. Forming an <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent record label</a>, or "indie" label, or signing to such a label continues to be a popular choice for up-and-coming musicians, especially in genres like <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a>, even though indies cannot offer the same financial backing of major labels. Some bands prefer to sign with an indie label, because these labels typically give performers more artistic freedom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_digital_online_distribution">Rise of digital online distribution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rise of digital online distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_the_music_industry" title="2000s in the music industry">2000s in the music industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_the_music_industry" title="2010s in the music industry">2010s in the music industry</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 250px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-style: italic"><a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> U.S. Recorded Music Sales Charts (Interactive); Revenue and Volumes by Format. (1973 – )</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.tableau.com/views/U_S_RecordedMusicRevenuesbyFormat_0/RevenuesbyFormat?:embed=y&:embed_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=0&:display_count=yes&:origin=viz_share_link">Sales Reveneus by Format</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a 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data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.tableau.com/views/U_S_RecordedMusicSalesVolumesbyFormat_0/SalesVolumebyFormat?:embed=y&:embed_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=1&:display_count=yes&:origin=viz_share_link">Sales Volumes by Format</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.tableau.com/views/U_S_RecordedMusicSalesVolumesbyFormat_0/SalesVolumeSingleYear?:embed=y&:embed_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=1&:display_count=yes&:origin=viz_share_link">Sales Volumes breakdown 2018</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITunes_Store_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ITunes_Store_logo.svg/200px-ITunes_Store_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="41" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 41px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ITunes_Store_logo.svg/200px-ITunes_Store_logo.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="41" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ITunes_Store_logo.svg/300px-ITunes_Store_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ITunes_Store_logo.svg/400px-ITunes_Store_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The logo for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s online <a href="/wiki/ITunes_store" class="mw-redirect" title="ITunes store">iTunes store</a>, which sells digital files of songs and musical pieces–along with a range of other content, such as digital files of <a href="/wiki/TV_show" class="mw-redirect" title="TV show">TV shows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie">movies</a></figcaption></figure> In the first decade of the 2000s, digitally downloaded and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streamed music</a> became more popular than buying physical recordings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" title="Compact Cassette">tapes</a>). This gave consumers almost "friction-less" access to a wider variety of music than ever before, across multiple devices. At the same time, consumers spent less money on recorded music (both physically and digitally distributed) than they had in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Total "music-business" revenues in the U.S. dropped by half, from a high of $14.6 billion in 1999 to $6.3 billion in 2009, according to <a href="/wiki/Forrester_Research" title="Forrester Research">Forrester Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Worldwide revenues for CDs, <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl</a>, cassettes and <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">digital downloads</a> fell from $36.9 billion in 2000<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> to $15.9 billion in 2010<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> according to IFPI. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that the downward trend was expected to continue for the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2008-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist2008-24">[24]</a> This dramatic decline in revenue has caused large-scale layoffs inside the industry, driven some more venerable retailers (such as <a href="/wiki/Tower_Records_(music_retailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Records (music retailer)">Tower Records</a>) out of business and forced record companies, record producers, studios, recording engineers and musicians to seek new <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7">[7]</a> In response to the rise of widespread illegal <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> of digital music-recordings, the record industry took aggressive legal action. In 2001 it succeeded in shutting down the popular music-website <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, and threatened legal action against thousands of individuals who participated in sharing music-song sound-files.<a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7">[7]</a> However, this failed to slow the decline in music-recording revenue and proved a <a href="/wiki/Public-relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-relations">public-relations</a> disaster for the music industry.<a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7">[7]</a> Some academic studies have even suggested that downloads did not cause the decline in sales of recordings.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The 2008 British Music Rights survey<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> showed that 80% of people in Britain wanted a legal <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) file-sharing service, however only half of the respondents thought that the music's creators should be paid. The survey was consistent with the results of earlier research conducted in the United States, upon which the <a href="/wiki/Open_Music_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Music Model">Open Music Model</a> was based.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Legal digital downloads became widely available with the debut of the Apple <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The popularity of music distribution over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> has increased,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and by 2011 digital music sales topped physical sales of music.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2008, Atlantic Records reports that digital sales have surpassed physical sales.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2008-23">[23]</a> However, as The Economist reported, "paid digital downloads grew rapidly, but did not begin to make up for the loss of revenue from CDs".<a href="#cite_note-Economist2008-24">[24]</a> After 2010, Internet-based services such as <a href="/wiki/Deezer" title="Deezer">Deezer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora Radio">Pandora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">Apple's iTunes Radio</a> began to offer subscription-based "<a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">pay to stream</a>" services over the Internet. With streaming services, the user pays a subscription to a company for the right to listen to songs and other media from a library. Whereas with legal digital download services, the purchaser owns a digital copy of the song (which they can keep on their computer or on a digital media player), with streaming services, the user never downloads the song file or owns the song file. The subscriber can only listen to the song for as long as they continue to pay the streaming subscription. Once the user stops paying the subscription, they cannot listen to audio from the company's repositories anymore. Streaming services began to have a serious impact on the industry in 2014. <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Music streaming">music-streaming</a> industry in general, faces some criticism from artists claiming they are not being fairly compensated for their work as downloaded-music sales decline and music-streaming increases. Unlike physical or download sales, which pay a fixed price per song or album, Spotify pays artists based on their "market share" (the number of streams for their songs as a proportion of total songs streamed on the service).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Spotify distributes approximately 70% to rights-holders, who will then pay artists based on their agreements. The variable, and (some say) inadequate nature of this compensation,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> has led to criticism. Spotify reports paying on average US$0.006 to US$0.008 per stream. In response to concerns, Spotify claims that they are benefiting the music business by migrating "them away from piracy and less monetized platforms and allowing them to generate far greater royalties than before" by encouraging users to use their paid service.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) revealed in its 2015 earnings report that streaming services were responsible for 34.3 percent of the year's U.S. recorded-music-industry revenue, growing 29 percent from the previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $2.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $1.6 billion in the first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This contrasts with the $14.6 billion in revenue that was received in 1999 by the U.S. music industry from the sale of CDs. The turmoil in the recorded-music industry in the 2000s altered the twentieth-century balance between artists, record companies, promoters, retail music-stores and consumers. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big-box stores</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> sell more records than music-only CD stores, which have ceased to function as a major player in the music industry. Music-performing artists now rely on <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a> sales (T-shirts, sweatshirts, etc.) for the majority of their income, which in turn has made them more dependent – like pre-20th-century musicians – on patrons, now exemplified by music promoters such as <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_(events_promoter)" title="Live Nation (events promoter)">Live Nation</a> (which dominates tour promotion and owns or manages a large number of <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">music venues</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Live_Nation-4">[4]</a> In order to benefit from all of an artist's income streams, record companies increasingly rely on the "<a href="/wiki/360_deal" title="360 deal">360 deal</a>", a new business-relationship pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a> and EMI in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> At the other extreme, record companies can offer a simple manufacturing- and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_deal" title="Distribution deal">distribution-deal</a>, which gives a higher percentage to the artist, but does not cover the expenses of marketing and promotion. Companies like <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> help independent musicians produce their albums through <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">fans funding bands</a> they want to listen to.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Many newer artists no longer see a <a href="/wiki/Record_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Record deal">record deal</a> as an integral part of their <a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">business plan</a> at all. Inexpensive recording-hardware and -software make it possible to record reasonable-quality music on a laptop in a bedroom and to distribute it over the Internet to a worldwide audience.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This, in turn, has caused problems for recording studios, record producers and <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reports that as many as half of the recording facilities in that city have failed.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Changes in the music industry have given consumers access to a wider variety of music than ever before, at a price that gradually approaches zero.<a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7">[7]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> on music-related software and hardware increased dramatically over the last decade,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] providing a valuable new income-stream for <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">technology companies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora Radio">Pandora Radio</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Sales_statistics">Sales statistics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sales statistics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">List of largest recorded music markets</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_album_volume_sales_growth_in_2014">Digital album volume sales growth in 2014</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital album volume sales growth in 2014" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to IFPI,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> the global digital album sales grew by 6.9% in 2014. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>US</td> <td>+2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK</td> <td>−2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>−3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Global (est.)</td> <td>+6.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> Source: Nielsen SoundScan, Official Charts Company/BPI, GfK and IFPI estimate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consolidation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1277954990">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li .l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: min-content;flex-direction: column-reverse;"> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">World music market sales shares, according to IFPI (2005)</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li>EMI 13.4 (13.4%)</li> <li>WMG 11.3 (11.3%)</li> <li>Sony BMG 21.5 (21.5%)</li> <li>UMG 25.5 (25.5%)</li> <li>Independent 28.4 (28.4%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:black;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Independent 28.4 (28.4%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:green;color:#000" title="EMI 13.4 (13.4%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.009turn)" title="EMI 13.4 (13.4%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.134turn)" title="WMG 11.3 (11.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.177turn)" title="WMG 11.3 (11.3%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.247turn)" title="Sony BMG 21.5 (21.5%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.337turn)" title="Sony BMG 21.5 (21.5%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.462turn)" title="UMG 25.5 (25.5%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.466turn)" title="UMG 25.5 (25.5%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> Prior to December 1998, the industry was dominated by the "Big Six": Sony Music and BMG had not yet merged, and <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a> had not yet been absorbed into Universal Music Group. After the PolyGram-Universal merger, the 1998 market shares reflected a "Big Five", commanding 77.4% of the market, as follows, according to MEI World Report 2000: <ul><li>Universal Music Group — 21.1%</li> <li>Sony Music Entertainment — 17.4%</li> <li>EMI — 14.1%</li> <li>Warner Music Group — 13.4%</li> <li>BMG — 11.4%</li> <li>Independent labels combined — 22.6%</li></ul> In 2004, the joint venture of Sony and BMG created the 'Big Four' at a time the global market was estimated at $30–40 billion.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Total annual unit sales (CDs, music videos, <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3s</a>) in 2004 were 3 billion. Additionally, according to an <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI</a> report published in August 2005,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> the big four accounted for 71.7% of retail music sales: <ul><li>Universal Music Group—25.5%</li> <li>Sony BMG Music Entertainment—21.5%</li> <li>EMI Group—13.4%</li> <li>Warner Music Group—11.3%</li> <li>Independent labels combined—28.3%</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1277954990"> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: min-content;flex-direction: column-reverse;"> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">US music market shares, according to Nielsen SoundScan (2011)</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li>EMI (9.62%)</li> <li>WMG (19.13%)</li> <li>SME (29.29%)</li> <li>UMG (29.85%)</li> <li>Independent (12.11%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:black;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Independent (12.11%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie7" style="background:green;color:#000" title="EMI (9.62%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.026turn)" title="EMI (9.62%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.096turn)" title="WMG (19.13%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.163turn)" title="WMG (19.13%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.287turn)" title="SME (29.29%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.330turn)" title="SME (29.29%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.580turn)" title="UMG (29.85%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.629turn)" title="UMG (29.85%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Nielson_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielson SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a> in their 2011 report noted that the "big four" controlled about 88% of the market:<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (US based) — 29.85%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a> (US based) — 29.29%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> (US based) — 19.13%</li> <li>EMI Group — 9.62%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Independent_record_labels" title="Category:Independent record labels">Independent labels</a> — 12.11%</li></ul> After the absorption of EMI by Sony Music Entertainment and Universal Music Group in December 2011 the "big three" were created and on January 8, 2013, after the merger there were layoffs of forty workers from EMI. European regulators forced Universal Music to spin off EMI assets which became the Parlophone Label Group which was acquired by Warner Music Group.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nielson_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielson SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a> issued a report in 2012, noting that these labels controlled 88.5% of the market, and further noted:<a href="#cite_note-NielsenReport2012-47">[47]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (US based) which owns <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Music">EMI Music</a> — 32.41% + 6.78% of EMI Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a> (US based) which owns publishing arm of <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI Group</a> — 30.25%</li> <li>Warner Music Group— 19.15%</li> <li>Independent labels— 11.42%</li></ul> Note: the IFPI and Nielsen Soundscan use different methodologies, which makes their figures difficult to compare casually, and impossible to compare scientifically.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Market shares as of September 2018 are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-IBISWorld_report_51221-49">[49]</a> <ul><li>Warner Music Group — 25.1%</li> <li>Universal Music Group — 24.3%</li> <li>Sony Corporation — 22.1%</li> <li>Other — 28.5%</li></ul> The largest players in this industry own more than 100 subsidiary record labels or sublabels, each specializing in a certain market niche. Only the industry's most popular artists are signed directly to the major label. These companies account for more than half of US market share. However, this has fallen somewhat in recent years, as the new digital environment allows smaller labels to compete more effectively.<a href="#cite_note-IBISWorld_report_51221-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albums_sales_and_market_value">Albums sales and market value</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Albums sales and market value" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Total album sales have declined in the early decades of the 21st century, leading some music critics to declare the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of the album">death of the album</a>. (For instance, the only albums that went platinum in the US in 2014 were the <a href="/wiki/Frozen_(soundtrack)" title="Frozen (soundtrack)">soundtrack to the Disney animated film Frozen</a> and <a href="/wiki/1989_(Taylor_Swift_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 (Taylor Swift album)">Taylor Swift's 1989</a>, whereas several artists did in 2013.)<a href="#cite_note-noplat-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The following table shows album sales and market value in the world in 2014. <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Music markets, with total retail value, and share of Physical, Digital records, 2014 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ranking </th> <th>Market </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Retail value US $ (millions) </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">% Change </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Physical </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Digital </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Performance rights </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Synchronization </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </th> <td>4,898.3 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>71% </td> <td>0% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </th> <td>2,627.9 </td> <td>−5.5% </td> <td>78% </td> <td>17% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td>1,404.8 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>70% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </th> <td>1,334.6 </td> <td>−2.8% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </th> <td>842.8 </td> <td>−3.4% </td> <td>57% </td> <td>27% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td> 376.1 </td> <td>−6.8% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>56% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </th> <td>342.5 </td> <td>−11.3% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>53% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </th> <td>265.8 </td> <td>19.2% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>58% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </th> <td>246.5 </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </th> <td>235.2 </td> <td>4.1% </td> <td>51% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </th> <td>204.8 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>16 </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </th> <td>189.4 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>15% </td> <td>73% </td> <td>10% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </th> <td>181.1 </td> <td>15.2% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>17% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </th> <td>130.3 </td> <td>−1.4% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>53% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </th> <td>119.9 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>72% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </th> <td>114.9 </td> <td>−2.7% </td> <td>65% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </th> <td>111.2 </td> <td>−5.8% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </th> <td>108.2 </td> <td>−8.1% </td> <td>52% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th> <td>105.2 </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>87% </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <td>100.2 </td> <td>−10.1% </td> <td>31% </td> <td>58% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>3% </td></tr></tbody></table> Source: IFPI 2014 annual report.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recorded_music_retail_sales">Recorded music retail sales</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recorded music retail sales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000">2000</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2000" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In its June 30, 2000 annual report filed with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>, Seagram reported that Universal Music Group made 40% of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> sales over the preceding year.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005">2005</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2005" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Interim physical retail sales in 2005. All figures in millions. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Country info </th> <th colspan="4">Units </th> <th colspan="2">Value </th> <th colspan="2">Change (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ranking </th> <th>Country name </th> <th>Singles </th> <th>CD </th> <th>DVD </th> <th>Total Units </th> <th>$ (in USD) </th> <th>Local Currency </th> <th>Units </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>US </td> <td>14.7 </td> <td>300.5 </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>326.8 </td> <td>4783.2 </td> <td>4783.2 </td> <td>−5.70% </td> <td>−5.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td>93.7 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>113.5 </td> <td>2258.2 </td> <td>239759 </td> <td>−6.90% </td> <td>−9.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>UK </td> <td>24.3 </td> <td>66.8 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>74.8 </td> <td>1248.5 </td> <td>666.7 </td> <td>−1.70% </td> <td>−4.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>58.7 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>887.7 </td> <td>689.7 </td> <td>−7.70% </td> <td>−5.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>France </td> <td>11.5 </td> <td>47.3 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>56.9 </td> <td>861.1 </td> <td>669.1 </td> <td>7.50% </td> <td>−2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>14.7 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>278 </td> <td>216 </td> <td>−8.40% </td> <td>−12.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>20.8 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>22.3 </td> <td>262.9 </td> <td>325 </td> <td>0.70% </td> <td>−4.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>14.5 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>17.2 </td> <td>259.6 </td> <td>335.9 </td> <td>−22.90% </td> <td>−11.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>India </td> <td>– </td> <td>10.9 </td> <td>– </td> <td>55.3 </td> <td>239.6 </td> <td>11500 </td> <td>−19.20% </td> <td>−2.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Spain </td> <td>1 </td> <td>17.5 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>19.1 </td> <td>231.6 </td> <td>180 </td> <td>−13.40% </td> <td>−15.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>8.7 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>190.3 </td> <td>147.9 </td> <td>−31.30% </td> <td>−19.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>– </td> <td>25.5 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>42.7 </td> <td>187.9 </td> <td>5234.7 </td> <td>−9.40% </td> <td>21.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>33.4 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>34.6 </td> <td>187.9 </td> <td>2082.3 </td> <td>44.00% </td> <td>21.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>17.6 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>151.7 </td> <td>390.3 </td> <td>−20.40% </td> <td>−16.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Austria </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>120.5 </td> <td>93.6 </td> <td>−1.50% </td> <td>−9.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Switzerland ** </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>115.8 </td> <td>139.2 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Belgium </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>115.4 </td> <td>89.7 </td> <td>−13.80% </td> <td>−8.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Norway </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>103.4 </td> <td>655.6 </td> <td>−19.70% </td> <td>−10.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>98.5 </td> <td>701.1 </td> <td>−29.00% </td> <td>−20.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>73.1 </td> <td>423.5 </td> <td>3.70% </td> <td>−4.20% </td></tr> <tr style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ccc"> <td> </td> <td>Top 20 </td> <td>74.5 </td> <td>757.1 </td> <td>42.8 </td> <td>915.2 </td> <td>12378.7 </td> <td> </td> <td>−6.60% </td> <td>−6.30% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003–2007">2003–2007</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2003–2007" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Approximately 21% of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross revenue">gross CD revenue</a> numbers in 2003 can be attributed to used CD sales.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This number grew to approximately 27% in 2007.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The growth is attributed to increasing on-line sales of used product by outlets such as Amazon.com, the growth of used music media is expected to continue to grow as the cost of digital downloads continues to rise.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The sale of used goods financially benefits the vendors and online marketplaces, but in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a> prevents copyright owners (record labels and publishers, generally) from "double dipping" through a levy on the sale of used music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011">2011</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2011" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In mid-2011, the RIAA trumpeted a sales increase of 5% over 2010, stating that "there's probably no one single reason" for the bump.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2012" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2012 Industry Report shows overall music sales increased 3.1% over 2011. Digital sales caused this increase, with a Digital Album sales growth of 14.1% and Digital Track sales growth of 5.1%, whereas Physical Music sales decreased by 12.8% versus 2011. Despite the decrease, physical albums were still the dominant album format. Vinyl Record sales increased by 17.7% and Holiday Season Album sales decreased by 7.1%.<a href="#cite_note-NielsenReport2012-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_revenue_by_year">Total revenue by year</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Total revenue by year" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Global trade revenue according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Revenue </th> <th>Change </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>$20.7 billion </td> <td>−3% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>$19.6 billion </td> <td>−5% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>$18.8 billion </td> <td>−4% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>$18.4 billion </td> <td>−2% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>$17.4 billion </td> <td>−5% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>$16.8 billion </td> <td>−3.4% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>$16.2 billion </td> <td>−4% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60">[60]</a> (Includes sync revenues) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>$16.5 billion </td> <td>+2% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>$15 billion </td> <td>−9% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>$14.97 billion </td> <td>−0.2% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>$15 billion </td> <td>+3.2% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>$15.7 billion </td> <td>+5% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>$17.4 billion </td> <td>+10.8% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>$19.1 billion </td> <td>+9.7% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>$20.2 billion </td> <td>+8.2% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>$21.6 billion </td> <td>+7.4% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>$25.9 billion </td> <td>+18.5% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>$26.2 billion </td> <td>+9% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: By region" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_Asia" title="Music industry of Asia">Music industry of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_East_Asia" title="Music industry of East Asia">Music industry of East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_popular_music" title="Nordic popular music">Music industry of Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_music_industry" title="Category:British music industry">Music industry of the U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music industry of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Music industry of Nigeria</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Associations_and_organizations">Associations and organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Associations and organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_associations_and_organizations" title="List of music associations and organizations">List of music associations and organizations</a> covers examples from around the world, ranging from huge international bodies to smaller national-level bodies. 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class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">History of music publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of record labels">List of record labels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Record_labels" title="Category:Record labels">Category:Record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">List of best-selling music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDEM" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDEM">MIDEM</a>-World's largest music trade fair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label_record" title="White label record">White 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sonybmg-1"><a href="#cite_ref-sonybmg_1-0">^</a> Sony Corporation announced October 1, 2008, that it had completed the acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG, which was originally announced on August 5, 2008. Ref: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003004815/http://www.sony.com/SCA/press/081001.shtml">"Sony's acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% Stake in Sony BMG complete"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved March 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ubergizmo&rft.atitle=Spotify+Was+The+Largest+Music+Streaming+Service+For+2019&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft.au=PDT%2C+on+4+May+2020+15%3A51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubergizmo.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fspotify-largest-music-streaming-service-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Knopper2009-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnopper2009" class="citation book cs1">Knopper, Steve (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0">Appetite for Self-Destruction: the Spectacular Crash of the Record Industry in the Digital Age</a>. 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Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFPI+2012+Report%3A+Global+Music+Revenue+Down+3%25%3B+Sync%2C+PRO%2C+Digital+Income+Up&rft.pub=Billboard&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbiz%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fglobal%2F1098245%2Fifpi-2012-report-global-music-revenue-down-3-sync-pro-digital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909143108/http://info.dcc-studios.com/blog/why-branding-is-important-for-djs-and-producers/">"Why Branding is Important for DJS and Producers"</a>. 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July 14, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004311/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/6627418/what-a-mess-new-report-from-berklee-college-of-music-looks-to-fix-an-aging">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+a+Mess%3A+New+Report+From+Berklee+College+of+Music+Looks+to+Fix+an+Aging%2C+Fractured+Business&rft.pub=Billboard&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbiz%2Farticles%2F6627418%2Fwhat-a-mess-new-report-from-berklee-college-of-music-looks-to-fix-an-aging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2015/08/transparency-in-the-music-industry.html">"Creating Transparency In The Music Industry"</a>. Hypebot.com. August 4, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015914/http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2015/08/transparency-in-the-music-industry.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hypebot.com&rft.atitle=Creating+Transparency+In+The+Music+Industry&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hypebot.com%2Fhypebot%2F2015%2F08%2Ftransparency-in-the-music-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover" class="citation news cs1">Glover, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/sep/02/classicalmusicandopera">"Dear Constanze | Music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216162406/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/sep/02/classicalmusicandopera">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dear+Constanze+%26%23124%3B+Music&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2005%2Fsep%2F02%2Fclassicalmusicandopera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> For the "darky"/"coon" distinction see, for example, note 34 on p. 167 of Edward Marx and Laura E. Franey's annotated edition of Yone Noguchi, The American Diary of a Japanese Girl, Temple University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-555-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59213-555-2">1-59213-555-2</a>. See also Lewis A. Erenberg (1984), Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930, University of Chicago Press, p. 73, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-21515-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-21515-6">0-226-21515-6</a>. For more on the "darky" stereotype, see J. Ronald Green (2000), Straight Lick: The Cinema of Oscar Micheaux, Indiana University Press, pp. 134, 206, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33753-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33753-4">0-253-33753-4</a>; p. 151 of the same work also alludes to the specific "coon" archetype. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/band/vintage78rpm/great78/Early_Record_Labels.htm">"Early Record Label History"</a>. Angelfire.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218021718/http://www.angelfire.com/band/vintage78rpm/great78/Early_Record_Labels.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2013. 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(eds)The Music Industry in the New Economy, Report of the Asia-Europe Seminar (Lyon 2001) IEP de Lyon/Asia-Europe Foundation/Eurical, 2002, pp.53–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCardle2010" class="citation journal cs1">McCardle, Megan (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/05/the-freeloaders/8027/">"The Freeloaders"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221072424/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/05/the-freeloaders/8027/">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2010. 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C Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201233506/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1027_3-5181562.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+sharing+doesn%27t+kill+CD+sales%2C+study+says&rft.pub=C+Net&rft.date=2004-03-29&rft.aulast=Borland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F2100-1027_3-5181562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski" title="Andrew Orlowski">Andrew Orlowski</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/16/bmr_music_survey/">80% want legal P2P – survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810135747/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/16/bmr_music_survey/">Archived</a> August 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuman_Ghosemajumder" title="Shuman Ghosemajumder">Shuman Ghosemajumder</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8438">Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013004555/http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8438">Archived</a> October 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFX._Chen2010" class="citation magazine cs1">X. 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Retrieved November 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=April+28%2C+2003%3A+Apple+Opens+iTunes+Store&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.aulast=X.+Chen&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F04%2F0428itunes-music-store-opens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriggs2013" class="citation news cs1">Griggs, Brandon (April 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/26/tech/web/itunes-10th-anniversary/index.html">"How iTunes changed music, and the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418145454/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/26/tech/web/itunes-10th-anniversary/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2019. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105230729/https://money.cnn.com/2012/01/05/technology/digital_music_sales/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2012. <q>According to a Nielsen and Billboard report, digital music purchases accounted for 50.3% of music sales in 2011.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Digital+music+sales+top+physical+sales&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.aulast=Segall&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2012%2F01%2F05%2Ftechnology%2Fdigital_music_sales%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Lee (July 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/lets-keep-music-special-f-spotify(e268a666-8395-4160-9d07-4754052dff5d).html">"'Let's keep music special. 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Creative Industries Journal. 8 (2): 177–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17510694.2015.1096618">10.1080/17510694.2015.1096618</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Fe268a666-8395-4160-9d07-4754052dff5d">1983/e268a666-8395-4160-9d07-4754052dff5d</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-0694">1751-0694</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143176746">143176746</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164422/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/lets-keep-music-special-f-spotify-on-demand-streaming-and-the-con">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2023. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102024626/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/03/how-much-musicians-make-spotify-itunes-youtube">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+much+do+musicians+really+make+from+Spotify%2C+iTunes+and+YouTube%3F&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Dredge&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2015%2Fapr%2F03%2Fhow-much-musicians-make-spotify-itunes-youtube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillman2014" class="citation web cs1">Willman, Chris (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/exclusive--taylor-swift-on-being-pop-s-instantly-platinum-wonder----and-why-she-s-paddling-against-the-streams-085041907.html">"Exclusive: Taylor Swift on Being Pop's Instantly Platinum Wonder... 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Retrieved August 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Taylor+Swift+on+Being+Pop%27s+Instantly+Platinum+Wonder...+And+Why+She%27s+Paddling+Against+the+Streams&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Willman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fmusic%2Fbp%2Fexclusive--taylor-swift-on-being-pop-s-instantly-platinum-wonder----and-why-she-s-paddling-against-the-streams-085041907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrow2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Grow, Kory (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swift-shuns-grand-experiment-of-streaming-music-20141106">"Taylor Swift Shuns 'Grand Experiment' of Streaming Music"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827214527/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swift-shuns-grand-experiment-of-streaming-music-20141106">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Taylor+Swift+Shuns+%27Grand+Experiment%27+of+Streaming+Music&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Grow&rft.aufirst=Kory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Ftaylor-swift-shuns-grand-experiment-of-streaming-music-20141106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander" class="citation web cs1">Friedlander, Joshua P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RIAA-2015-Year-End-shipments-memo.pdf">"News and Notes on 2015 RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved December 1, 2018. <q>Combining all categories of streaming music (subscription, ad-supported on-demand, and SoundExchange distributions), revenues grew 29% to $2.4 billion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+Notes+on+2015+RIAA+Shipment+and+Revenue+Statistics&rft.pub=RIAA&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Joshua+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FRIAA-2015-Year-End-shipments-memo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2016" class="citation web cs1">Blake, Andrew (March 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/mar/23/streaming-made-more-revenue-for-music-industry-in-/">"Streaming made more revenue for music industry in 2015 than digital downloads, physical sales"</a>. 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November 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917125218/https://www.thestreet.com/story/12096110/1/startups-not-apple-lead-music-industrys-rebirth.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thestreet.com&rft.atitle=Startups%2C+Not+Apple%2C+Lead+Music+Industry%27s+Rebirth&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestreet.com%2Fstory%2F12096110%2F1%2Fstartups-not-apple-lead-music-industrys-rebirth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2009" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Jefferson (October 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-10-13-apogee-gio-music_N.htm">"Musicians ditch studios for tech such as GiO for Macs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S.A._Today" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.A. Today">U.S.A. Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232058/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-10-13-apogee-gio-music_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.A.+Today&rft.atitle=Musicians+ditch+studios+for+tech+such+as+GiO+for+Macs&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2009-10-13-apogee-gio-music_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Olivarez-Giles2009" class="citation news cs1">Nathan Olivarez-Giles (October 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-smallbiz-studios13-2009oct13,0,3516140.story">"Recording studios are being left out of the mix"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018093607/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-smallbiz-studios13-2009oct13,0,3516140.story">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Recording+studios+are+being+left+out+of+the+mix&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.au=Nathan+Olivarez-Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-smallbiz-studios13-2009oct13%2C0%2C3516140.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626030458/http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music-Report-2014.pdf">"Digital Music Report 2014"</a> (PDF). p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music-Report-2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 26, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Music+Report+2014&rft.pages=9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fdownloads%2FDigital-Music-Report-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> According to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/news/marketingdata/default.asp">RIAA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521233108/http://www.riaa.com/News/marketingdata/default.asp">Archived</a> May 21, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> the world music market is estimated at $40 billion, but according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/">IFPI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107002416/http://www.ifpi.org/">Archived</a> November 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2004) it is estimated at $32 billion. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183024/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20050802.html">"IFPI releases definitive statistics on global market for recorded music"</a>. Ifpi.org. August 2, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20050802.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFPI+releases+definitive+statistics+on+global+market+for+recorded+music&rft.pub=Ifpi.org&rft.date=2005-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fcontent%2Fsection_news%2F20050802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report">"The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022151240/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report">Archived</a> October 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Business Wire (January 5, 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Tom Pakinkis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/emi-lay-offs-reported-in-the-us/053075">"EMI lay-offs reported in the US,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211022344/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/emi-lay-offs-reported-in-the-us/053075">Archived</a> February 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Music Week (January 8, 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-NielsenReport2012-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NielsenReport2012_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NielsenReport2012_47-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130104005149/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2012-Music-Industry-Report">"The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2012 Music Industry Report,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112121109/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130104005149/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2012-Music-Industry-Report">Archived</a> January 12, 2013, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Business Wire (January 4, 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clicknoise.net/digital-music-futures-and-the-independent-music-industry/">"Digital Music Futures and the Independent Music Industry"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723044641/http://clicknoise.net/digital-music-futures-and-the-independent-music-industry/">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Clicknoise.net, February 1, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-IBISWorld_report_51221-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBISWorld_report_51221_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBISWorld_report_51221_49-1">b</a> IBISWorld report 51221 </li> <li id="cite_note-noplat-50"><a href="#cite_ref-noplat_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2014" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Hugh (October 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2014/10/16/not-one-artists-album-has-gone-platinum-in-2014/">"Not One Artist's Album Has Gone Platinum In 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018132306/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2014/10/16/not-one-artists-album-has-gone-platinum-in-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Not+One+Artist%27s+Album+Has+Gone+Platinum+In+2014&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fhughmcintyre%2F2014%2F10%2F16%2Fnot-one-artists-album-has-gone-platinum-in-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2014/11/05/361577726/taylor-swift-platinum-party-of-one">"Taylor Swift, Platinum Party of One"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105200106/https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2014/11/05/361577726/taylor-swift-platinum-party-of-one">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Taylor+Swift%2C+Platinum+Party+of+One&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Ftherecord%2F2014%2F11%2F05%2F361577726%2Ftaylor-swift-platinum-party-of-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2015E.pdf">"RIAJ Yearbook 2015: IFPI 2013, 2014. Global Sales of Recorded Music"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan" title="Recording Industry Association of Japan">Recording Industry Association of Japan</a>. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042954/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2015E.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIAJ+Yearbook+2015%3A+IFPI+2013%2C+2014.+Global+Sales+of+Recorded+Music&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaj.or.jp%2Fe%2Fissue%2Fpdf%2FRIAJ2015E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.58n4.htm#445">"Seagram Co Ltd – '10-K405' for 6/30/00"</a>. SEC Info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060856/http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.58n4.htm#445">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seagram+Co+Ltd+%E2%80%93+%2710-K405%27+for+6%2F30%2F00&rft.pub=SEC+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secinfo.com%2Fdsvr4.58n4.htm%23445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021050119/http://www.riaa.com/blog.php?content_selector=riaa-news-blog&blog_selector=Midyear-Digital-Music-Milestones&news_month_filter=7&news_year_filter=2011&searchterms=Music%20sales&terminclude=&termexact=">"Midyear Digital Music Milestones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>. July 11, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/blog.php?content_selector=riaa-news-blog&blog_selector=Midyear-Digital-Music-Milestones&news_month_filter=7&news_year_filter=2011&searchterms=Music%20sales&terminclude=&termexact=">the original</a> on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2012. <q>There's probably no one single reason, but we'd like to think that enhanced marketing efforts – like the sale of music at nontraditional outlets – and anti-piracy successes like the closure of LimeWire have helped.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft.atitle=Midyear+Digital+Music+Milestones&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fblog.php%3Fcontent_selector%3Driaa-news-blog%26blog_selector%3DMidyear-Digital-Music-Milestones%26news_month_filter%3D7%26news_year_filter%3D2011%26searchterms%3DMusic%2520sales%26terminclude%3D%26termexact%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_55-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/03/news.musicnews">Downloads fail to stem fall in global music sales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709020829/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/03/news.musicnews">Archived</a> July 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Press Release: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2005.pdf">"Digital Formats continue to drive the Global Music Market,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027121816/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2005.pdf">Archived</a> October 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IFPI (London, March 31, 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musically.com/2008/05/15/ifpi-reveals-2007-recorded-music-revenues-decline/">"IFPI reveals 2007 recorded music revenues decline"</a>. Music Ally. May 15, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060738/http://musically.com/2008/05/15/ifpi-reveals-2007-recorded-music-revenues-decline/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFPI+reveals+2007+recorded+music+revenues+decline&rft.pub=Music+Ally&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusically.com%2F2008%2F05%2F15%2Fifpi-reveals-2007-recorded-music-revenues-decline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sales-idUSTRE53K5VY20090421">"Global music sales down 8 percent in 2008: IFPI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. April 21, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018201305/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-sales-idUSTRE53K5VY20090421">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+music+sales+down+8+percent+in+2008%3A+IFPI&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-sales-idUSTRE53K5VY20090421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1178545/ifpi-2011-report-global-recorded-music-sales-fall-84-eminem-lady">"IFPI 2011 Report: Global Recorded Music Sales Fall 8.4%; Eminem, Lady Gaga Top Int'l Sellers"</a>. Billboard. March 30, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105102842/https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1178545/ifpi-2011-report-global-recorded-music-sales-fall-84-eminem-lady">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFPI+2011+Report%3A+Global+Recorded+Music+Sales+Fall+8.4%25%3B+Eminem%2C+Lady+Gaga+Top+Int%27l+Sellers&rft.pub=Billboard&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbiz%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fglobal%2F1178545%2Fifpi-2011-report-global-recorded-music-sales-fall-84-eminem-lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1549915/ifpi-digital-music-report-2013-global-recorded-music">IFPI Digital Music Report 2013: Global Recorded Music Revenues Climb for First Time Since 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516211549/https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1549915/ifpi-digital-music-report-2013-global-recorded-music">Archived</a> May 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Billboard </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/5937645/ifpi-music-report-2014-global-recorded-music-revenues-fall-4">IFPI Digital Music Report 2014: Global Recorded Music Revenues Down 4%</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022052205/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/5937645/ifpi-music-report-2014-global-recorded-music-revenues-fall-4">Archived</a> October 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Billboard </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmirke2015" class="citation web cs1">Smirke, Richard (April 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6531734/ifpi-report-2015-us-recording-industry-up-2-percent-global-drop">"Global Record Business Dips Slightly, U.S. Ticks Upwards In IFPI's 2015 Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard.com">billboard.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070323/http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6531734/ifpi-report-2015-us-recording-industry-up-2-percent-global-drop">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=billboard.com&rft.atitle=Global+Record+Business+Dips+Slightly%2C+U.S.+Ticks+Upwards+In+IFPI%27s+2015+Report&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Smirke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F6531734%2Fifpi-report-2015-us-recording-industry-up-2-percent-global-drop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7332929/ifpi-global-digital-music-services-revenue-growth-report">"IFPI Global Report: Digital Revenues Surpass Physical for the First Time as Streaming Explodes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>. April 12, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709010815/http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7332929/ifpi-global-digital-music-services-revenue-growth-report">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=IFPI+Global+Report%3A+Digital+Revenues+Surpass+Physical+for+the+First+Time+as+Streaming+Explodes&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7332929%2Fifpi-global-digital-music-services-revenue-growth-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322173813/https://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2016.pdf">"IFPI Global Music Report 2016: State of the Industry"</a> (PDF). Ifpi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ifpi.org&rft.atitle=IFPI+Global+Music+Report+2016%3A+State+of+the+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fdownloads%2FGMR2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/02/streaming-accounted-for-nearly-half-of-music-revenues-worldwide-in-2018/">"Streaming accounted for nearly half of music revenues worldwide in 2018"</a>. TechCrunch. April 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164418/https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/02/streaming-accounted-for-nearly-half-of-music-revenues-worldwide-in-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Streaming+accounted+for+nearly+half+of+music+revenues+worldwide+in+2018&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2019%2F04%2F02%2Fstreaming-accounted-for-nearly-half-of-music-revenues-worldwide-in-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/our-industry/industry-data/">"GLOBAL MUSIC REPORT"</a>. IFPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804000222/https://www.ifpi.org/our-industry/industry-data/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=GLOBAL+MUSIC+REPORT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Four-industry%2Findustry-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021/">"GLOBAL MUSIC REPORT"</a>. IFPI. March 23, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325201021/https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=GLOBAL+MUSIC+REPORT&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-18-5-in-2021/">"GLOBAL MUSIC REPORT"</a>. IFPI. March 22, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322182622/https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-18-5-in-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=GLOBAL+MUSIC+REPORT&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-18-5-in-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatton2023" class="citation web cs1">Hatton, Carl (March 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-9-in-2022/">"IFPI Global Music Report: Global Recorded Music Revenues Grew 9% In 2022"</a>. IFPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927042300/https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-9-in-2022/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=IFPI+Global+Music+Report%3A+Global+Recorded+Music+Revenues+Grew+9%25+In+2022&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-9-in-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General and cited sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasilovsky_et_al._2007" class="citation cs2">Krasilovsky, M. William; Shemel, Sidney; Gross, John M.; Feinstein, Jonathan (2007), This Business of Music (10th ed.), Billboard Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7729-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-7729-2"><bdi>0-8230-7729-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Business+of+Music&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-8230-7729-2&rft.aulast=Krasilovsky&rft.aufirst=M.+William&rft.au=Shemel%2C+Sidney&rft.au=Gross%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section may need cleanup. Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section. (May 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Beeching, Angela. Beyond Talent: Creating a Successful Career in Music, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2020</li> <li>Cutler, David. The Savvy Musician. Helius Press, 2009</li> <li>Gerd Leonhard: Music Like Water – the inevitable music ecosystem</li> <li>Klickstein, Gerald. The Musician's Way: a Guide to Practice, Performance, and Wellness. Oxford University Press, 2009</li> <li>Lebrecht, Norman: When the Music Stops: Managers, Maestros and the Corporate Murder of Classical Music, Simon & Schuster 1996</li> <li>Imhorst, Christian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imhorst.net/?page_id=21">The 'Lost Generation' of the Music Industry</a>, published under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> 2004</li> <li>The Methods Reporter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112051509/http://www.methodsreporter.com/2007/01/07/recording-industry-music-download-lawsuit/">Music Industry Misses Mark with Wrongful Suits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/main.html">Music CD Industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626004356/http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/main.html">Archived</a> June 26, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a mid-2000 overview put together by Duke University undergraduate students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_d%27Angelo" title="Mario d'Angelo">Mario d'Angelo</a>: "Does globalisation mean ineluctable concentration ?" in Roche F., Marcq B., Colomé D. (eds)The Music Industry in the New Economy, Report of the Asia-Europe Seminar (Lyon 2001) IEP de Lyon/Asia-Europe Foundation/Eurical, 2002, pp. 53–60.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_d%27Angelo" title="Mario d'Angelo">Mario d'Angelo</a>: Perspectives de gestion des institutions musicales en Europe (Management Perspectives for Musical Institutions in Europe), OMF Series, Paris-Sorbonne University, Ed. Musicales Aug. Zurfluh, Bourg-la-Reine, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84591-130-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-84591-130-0">2-84591-130-0</a></li> <li>Hill, Dave: Designer Boys and Material Girls: Manufacturing the [19]80s Pop Dream. Poole, Eng.: Blandford Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1857-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1857-9">0-7137-1857-9</a></li> <li>Rachlin, Harvey. The Encyclopedia of the Music Business. First ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1981. xix, 524 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014913-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-014913-2">0-06-014913-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328163133/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1994/356recordedmusic.htm#full">The supply of recorded music</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>: A report on the supply in the UK of prerecorded compact discs, vinyl discs and tapes containing music. Competition Commission, 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillett,_A._G.,_&_Smith,_G.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gillett, A. G., & Smith, G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fartv.2015.0000">"Creativities, innovation, and networks in garage punk rock: A case study of the Eruptörs"</a>. Artivate: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts. 4 (1): 9–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fartv.2015.0000">10.1353/artv.2015.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2164-7747">2164-7747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54907273">54907273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artivate%3A+A+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+in+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Creativities%2C+innovation%2C+and+networks+in+garage+punk+rock%3A+A+case+study+of+the+Erupt%C3%B6rs&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54907273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2164-7747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fartv.2015.0000&rft.au=Gillett%2C+A.+G.%2C+%26+Smith%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fartv.2015.0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li>Tschmuck, Peter: Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry, Springer 2006.</li> <li>Knopper, S., 2011. The New Economics of the Music Industry. Rolling Stone, 25.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (May 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/">Salon article on Courtney Love's criticism of record industry business practices</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/06/3tenors.htm">Federal Trade Commission press release regarding price fixing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305165248/http://ag.state.nv.us/agpress/2002/02_0930b.pdf">Antitrust settlement in Nevada price-fixing case</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bipc.bl.uk/music-industry-guide">The British Library – Music Industry Guide (sources of information)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025152024/http://bipc.bl.uk/music-industry-guide">Archived</a> October 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thembj.org">Academic articles about the music industry</a> The Music Business Journal</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 3 February 2025, at 07:16 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89" title="صناعة الموسيقى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صناعة الموسيقى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="সঙ্গীত শিল্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সঙ্গীত শিল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriya_kan_musika" title="Industriya kan musika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Industriya kan musika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Музикална индустрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Музикална индустрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_musical" title="Indústria musical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indústria musical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikindustrie" title="Musikindustrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikindustrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikat%C3%B6%C3%B6stus" title="Muusikatööstus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikatööstus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μουσική βιομηχανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσική βιομηχανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_musical" title="Industria musical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industria musical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_industrio" title="Muzika industrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzika industrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="صنعت موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صنعت موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie_musicale" title="Industrie musicale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrie musicale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85_%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85" title="음악 산업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음악 산업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="संगीत उद्योग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संगीत उद्योग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_musik" title="Industri musik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Industri musik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_musicale" title="Industria musicale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Industria musicale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="תעשיית המוזיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעשיית המוזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnia_ya_muziki" title="Tasnia ya muziki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tasnia ya muziki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeneipar" title="Zeneipar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zeneipar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Музичка индустрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Музичка индустрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_muzik" title="Industri muzik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Industri muzik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziekindustrie" title="Muziekindustrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muziekindustrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD" title="音楽産業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音楽産業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkbransjen" title="Musikkbransjen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikkbransjen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkindustri" title="Musikkindustri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Musikkindustri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8D_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د موسیقۍ سوداګري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د موسیقۍ سوداګري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_muzyczny" title="Przemysł muzyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemysł muzyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_da_m%C3%BAsica" title="Indústria da música – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indústria da música" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Музыкальный бизнес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальный бизнес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Music industry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudobn%C3%BD_priemysel" title="Hudobný priemysel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hudobný priemysel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="پیشەسازیی مۆسیقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیشەسازیی مۆسیقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dka_industrija" title="Muzička industrija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Muzička industrija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkiteollisuus" title="Musiikkiteollisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musiikkiteollisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikbranschen" title="Musikbranschen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikbranschen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_end%C3%BCstrisi" title="Müzik endüstrisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzik endüstrisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Музична індустрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музична індустрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p_%C3%A2m_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Công nghiệp âm nhạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghiệp âm nhạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="音樂工業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音樂工業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="音樂產業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音樂產業" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was 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