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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Algal+bloom&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> (Redirected from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton_bloom&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoplankton bloom">Phytoplankton bloom</a>) </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algae">algae</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fresh_water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ocean">marine</a> water systems. It is often recognized by the discoloration in the water from the algae's pigments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The term algae encompasses many types of aquatic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photosynthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> organisms, both macroscopic multicellular organisms like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seaweed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> and microscopic unicellular organisms like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyanobacteria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>  Algal bloom commonly refers to the rapid growth of microscopic unicellular algae, not macroscopic algae.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Smayda1997-3">[3]</a> An example of a macroscopic algal bloom is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelp_forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelp forest">kelp forest</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg/300px-Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg/450px-Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg/600px-Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000"></a> <figcaption> A very large algae bloom in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Erie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, North America, which can be seen from space. </figcaption> </figure> Algal blooms are the result of a nutrient, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> from various sources (for example <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrient pollution">fertilizer runoff</a> or other forms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>), entering the aquatic system and causing excessive growth of algae. An algal bloom affects the whole <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecosystem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. Consequences range from the benign feeding of higher trophic levels to more harmful effects like blocking sunlight from reaching other organisms, causing a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">depletion of oxygen</a> levels in the water, and, depending on the organism, secreting toxins into the water. Blooms that can injure animals or the ecology, especially those blooms where toxins are secreted by the algae, are usually called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a>" (HAB), and can lead to fish die-offs, cities cutting off water to residents, or states having to close fisheries. The process of the oversupply of nutrients leading to algae growth and oxygen depletion is called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutrophication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>. Algal and bacterial blooms have persistently contributed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mass_extinction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a> driven by global warming in the geologic past, such as during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/End-Permian_extinction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="End-Permian extinction">end-Permian extinction</a> driven by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siberian_Traps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a> volcanism and the biotic recovery following the mass extinction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Characterization">1 Characterization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Freshwater_algal_blooms">2 Freshwater algal blooms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natural_causes_of_algal_blooms">2.1 Natural causes of algal blooms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nutrient_uptake_and_cyanobacteria">2.1.1 Nutrient uptake and cyanobacteria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Upwelling_of_nutrients">2.1.2 Upwelling of nutrients</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marine_algal_blooms">3 Marine algal blooms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Harmful_algal_blooms">4 Harmful algal blooms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bioluminescence">4.1 Bioluminescence</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Management">5 Management</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Environmental_Impacts">6 Environmental Impacts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Characterization">Characterization</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Characterization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The term algal bloom is defined inconsistently depending on the scientific field and can range from a "minibloom"[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">when defined as?</a>] of harmless algae to a large, harmful bloom event.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-5">[5]</a> Since algae is a broad term including organisms of widely varying sizes, growth rates, and nutrient requirements, there is no officially recognized threshold level as to what is defined as a bloom. Because there is no scientific consensus, blooms can be characterized and quantified in several ways: measurements of new algal biomass, the concentration of photosynthetic pigment, quantification of the bloom's negative effect, or relative concentration of the algae compared to the rest of the microbial community.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-5">[5]</a> For example, definitions of blooms have included when the concentration of chlorophyll exceeds 100 ug/L,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> when the concentration of chlorophyll exceeds 5 ug/L,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> when the species considered to be blooming exceeds concentrations of 1000 cells/mL,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and when the algae species concentration simply deviates from its normal growth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> Blooms are the result of a nutrient needed by the particular algae being introduced to the local aquatic system. This growth-limiting nutrient is typically nitrogen or phosphorus, but can also be iron, vitamins, or amino acids.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> There are several mechanisms for the addition of these nutrients in water. In the open ocean and along coastlines, upwelling from both winds and topographical ocean floor features can draw nutrients to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photic_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photic zone">photic</a>, or sunlit zone of the ocean.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Along coastal regions and in freshwater systems, agricultural, city, and sewage runoff can cause algal blooms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Algal blooms, especially large algal bloom events, can reduce the transparency of the water and can discolor the water.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The photosynthetic pigments in the algal cells, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlorophyll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and photoprotective pigments, determine the color of the algal bloom. Depending on the organism, its pigments, and the depth in the water column, algal blooms can be green, red, brown, golden, and purple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Bright green blooms in freshwater systems are frequently a result of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyanobacteria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> (colloquially known as "blue-green algae") such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microcystis_aeruginosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microcystis aeruginosa">Microcystis</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Blooms may also consist of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macroalgal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroalgal">macroalgal</a> (non-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplanktonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoplanktonic">phytoplanktonic</a>) species. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up onto the shoreline.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Once the nutrient is present in the water, the algae begin to grow at a much faster rate than usual. In a mini bloom, this fast growth benefits the whole ecosystem by providing food and nutrients for other organisms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> Of particular note are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a> (HABs), which are algal bloom events involving toxic or otherwise harmful phytoplankton. Many species can cause harmful algal blooms. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gymnodinium_nagasakiense&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gymnodinium nagasakiense (page does not exist)">Gymnodinium nagasakiense</a> can cause harmful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_tide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tides</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinoflagellate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gonyaulax_polygramma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gonyaulax polygramma (page does not exist)">Gonyaulax polygramma</a> can cause oxygen depletion and result in large fish kills, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyanobacteria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microcystis_aeruginosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microcystis aeruginosa">Microcystis aeruginosa</a> can make poisonous toxins, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diatom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diatom">diatom</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chaetoceros_convolutus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chaetoceros convolutus (page does not exist)">Chaetoceros convolutus</a> can damage fish gills.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="float:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Rivers, such as the Amazon, deposit nutrients from land into South America's tropical ocean waters, leading to thick blooms along the coastline. [16]"> <noscript> <img alt="Rivers, such as the Amazon, deposit nutrients from land into South America's tropical ocean waters, leading to thick blooms along the coastline " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg/454px-Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 303px;height: 170px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg/454px-Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg" data-alt="Rivers, such as the Amazon, deposit nutrients from land into South America's tropical ocean waters, leading to thick blooms along the coastline " data-width="303" data-height="170" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg/681px-Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg/907px-Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Rivers, such as the Amazon, deposit nutrients from land into South America's tropical ocean waters, leading to thick blooms along the coastline. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NASA2012-16">[16]</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Blooms flourish in a dark plume of nutrient-rich water pouring from the mouth of the Amazon River, as seen by NASA's Aqua satellite.[16]"> <noscript> <img alt="Blooms flourish in a dark plume of nutrient-rich water pouring from the mouth of the Amazon River, as seen by NASA's Aqua satellite.[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg/454px-Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 303px;height: 170px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg/454px-Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg" data-alt="Blooms flourish in a dark plume of nutrient-rich water pouring from the mouth of the Amazon River, as seen by NASA's Aqua satellite.[16]" data-width="303" data-height="170" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg/681px-Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg/907px-Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Blooms flourish in a dark plume of nutrient-rich water pouring from the mouth of the Amazon River, as seen by NASA's Aqua satellite.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NASA2012-16">[16]</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal phytoplankton bloom change 2003–2020[17][18]"> <noscript> <img alt="Coastal phytoplankton bloom change 2003–2020[17][18]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg/430px-Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="1833"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 287px;height: 170px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg/430px-Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg" data-alt="Coastal phytoplankton bloom change 2003–2020[17][18]" data-width="287" data-height="170" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg/645px-Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg/859px-Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003%E2%80%932020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Coastal phytoplankton bloom change 2003–2020<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Freshwater_algal_blooms">Freshwater algal blooms</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Freshwater algal blooms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutrophication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Freshwater_systems" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication § Freshwater systems</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg/220px-Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg/220px-Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg/330px-Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg/440px-Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cyanobacteria activity turns <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coatepeque_Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coatepeque Caldera">Coatepeque Caldera</a> lake into a turquoise color. </figcaption> </figure> Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrient pollution">excess of nutrients</a>, particularly some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Phytoplankton_Blooms:_The_Basics-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lake_Scientist-20">[20]</a> Excess nutrients may originate from fertilizers that are applied to land for agricultural or recreational purposes and may also originate from household cleaning products containing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid249679-21">[21]</a> The reduction of phosphorus inputs is required to mitigate blooms that contain cyanobacteria.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In lakes that are stratified in the summer, autumn turnover can release substantial quantities of bio-available phosphorus potentially triggering algal blooms as soon as sufficient photosynthetic light is available.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Excess nutrients can enter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drainage_basin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> through water runoff.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-phosphorus-24">[24]</a> Excess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> have also been suspected as causes. Presence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Residual_Sodium_Carbonate_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual Sodium Carbonate Index">residual sodium carbonate</a> acts as catalyst for the algae to bloom by providing dissolved carbon dioxide for enhanced photosynthesis in the presence of nutrients.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When phosphates are introduced into water systems, higher concentrations cause increased growth of algae and plants. Algae tend to grow very quickly under high nutrient availability, but each alga is short-lived, and the result is a high concentration of dead organic matter which starts to decompose. Natural decomposers present in the water begin decomposing the dead algae, consuming dissolved oxygen present in the water during the process. This can result in a sharp decrease in available dissolved oxygen for other aquatic life. Without sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water, animals and plants may die off in large numbers. This may also be known as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zone</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Blooms may be observed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freshwater aquarium">freshwater aquariums</a> when fish are overfed and excess nutrients are not absorbed by plants. These are generally harmful for fish, and the situation can be corrected by changing the water in the tank and then reducing the amount of food given.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Natural_causes_of_algal_blooms">Natural causes of algal blooms</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Natural causes of algal blooms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Algal blooms in freshwater systems are not always caused by human contamination and have been observed to occur naturally in both eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes. Eutrophic lakes contain an abundance of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphates which increase the likelihood for blooms. Oligotrophic lakes don't contain much of these nutrients. Oligotrophic lakes are defined by various degrees of scarcity. The trophic state index (TSI) measures nutrients in freshwater systems and a TSI under 30 defines oligotrophic waters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, algal blooms in oligotrophic bodies of water have also been observed. This is a result of cyanobacteria which cause blooms in eutrophic lakes and oligotrophic lakes despite the latter containing a lack of natural and man-made nutrients. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Nutrient_uptake_and_cyanobacteria">Nutrient uptake and cyanobacteria</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Nutrient uptake and cyanobacteria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A cause for algal blooms in nutrient-lacking environments come in the form of nutrient uptake. Cyanobacteria have evolved to have better nutrient uptake in oligotrophic waters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Cyanobacteria utilize nitrogen and phosphates in their biological processes. Because of this, cyanobacteria are known to be important in the nitrogen and phosphate fixing cycle in oligotrophic waters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen by accessing atmospheric nitrogen (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>N2) that has been dissolved into water and transforming it into nitrogen accessible to other organisms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> This higher amount of nitrogen is then able to sustain large algae blooms in oligotrophic waters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> Cyanobacteria are able to retain high phosphorus uptake in the absence of nutrients which help their success in oligotrophic environments. Cyanobacteria species such as D. lemmermannii are able to move between the hypolimnion which is rich in nutrients such as phosphates and the nutrient-poor metalimnion which lacks phosphates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> This causes phosphates to be brought up to the metalimnion and give organisms an abundance of phosphates, exacerbating the likelihood for algal blooms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Upwelling_of_nutrients">Upwelling of nutrients</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Upwelling of nutrients" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Upwelling events happen when nutrients such as phosphates and nitrogen are moved from the nutrient dense hypolimnion to the nutrient poor metalimnion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> This happens as result of geological processes such as seasonal overturn when lake surfaces freeze or melt, prompting mixing due to changing water densities mixing up the composition of limnion layers and mixing nutrients around the system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This overabundance in nutrients leads to blooms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Marine_algal_blooms">Marine algal blooms</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Marine algal blooms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutrophication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coastal_waters" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication § Coastal waters</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Competing_scientific_hypothesis_of_plankton_variability.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Competing_scientific_hypothesis_of_plankton_variability.png/300px-Competing_scientific_hypothesis_of_plankton_variability.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 350px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Competing_scientific_hypothesis_of_plankton_variability.png/300px-Competing_scientific_hypothesis_of_plankton_variability.png" data-alt="" data-width="300" data-height="350" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Competing_scientific_hypothesis_of_plankton_variability.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Competing hypothesis of plankton variability<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Behrenfeld2018-29">[29]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Turbulent storms churn the ocean in summer, adding nutrients to sunlit waters near the surface. This sparks a feeding frenzy each spring that gives rise to massive blooms of phytoplankton. Tiny molecules found inside these microscopic plants harvest vital energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. The natural pigments, called chlorophyll, allow phytoplankton to thrive in Earth's oceans and enable scientists to monitor blooms from space. Satellites reveal the location and abundance of phytoplankton by detecting the amount of chlorophyll present in coastal and open waters—the higher the concentration, the larger the bloom. Observations show blooms typically last until late spring or early summer, when nutrient stocks are in decline and predatory zooplankton start to graze. The visualization on the left immediately below uses NASA SeaWiFS data to map bloom populations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NASA2012-16">[16]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAAMES_study?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAAMES study">NAAMES study</a> conducted between 2015 and 2019 investigated aspects of phytoplankton dynamics in ocean ecosystems, and how such dynamics influence <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_aerosol_particles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric aerosol particles">atmospheric aerosols</a>, clouds, and climate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Behrenfeld2019-30">[30]</a> In France, citizens are requested to report coloured waters through the project PHENOMER.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> This helps to understand the occurrence of marine blooms.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wildfire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a> can cause phytoplankton blooms via oceanic deposition of wildfire aerosols.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Harmful_algal_blooms">Harmful algal blooms</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Harmful algal blooms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harmful_algal_blooms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmful algal blooms">Harmful algal blooms</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg/220px-Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7152" data-file-height="7116"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg/220px-Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg/330px-Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg/440px-Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Satellite image of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> swirling around the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltic_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, in 2005 </figcaption> </figure> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal bloom</a> (HAB) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. The diversity of these HABs make them even harder to manage, and present many issues, especially to threatened coastal areas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated with various types of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shellfish poisoning">shellfish poisonings</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Due to their negative economic and health impacts, HABs are often carefully monitored.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> HAB has been proved to be harmful to humans. Humans may be exposed to toxic algae by direct consuming seafood containing toxins, swimming or other activities in water, and breathing tiny droplets in the air that contain toxins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Because human exposure can take place by consuming seafood products that contain the toxins expelled by HAB algae, food-borne diseases are present and can affect the nervous, digestive, respiratory, hepatic, dermatological, and cardiac systems in the body.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Beach users have often experienced upper respiratory diseases, eye and nose irritation, fever, and have often needed medical care in order to be treated. Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is very common from the exposure of algal blooms. Water-borne diseases are also present as our drinking waters can be contaminated by cyanotoxins. If the HAB event results in a high enough concentration of algae the water may become discoloured or murky, varying in colour from purple to almost pink, normally being red or green. Not all algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discolouration.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bioluminescence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dinoflagellates are microbial eukaryotes that link bioluminesce and toxin production in algal blooms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> They use a luciferin-luciferase reaction to create a blue light emission glow.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> There are seventeen major types of dinoflagellate toxins, in which the strains, Saxitoxin and Yessotoxin, are both bioluminescent and toxic. These two strains are found to have similar niches in coastal areas. A surplus of Dinoflagellates in the night time creates a blue-green glow, however, in the day, it presents as a red brown color which names algal blooms, Red Tides. Dinoflagellates have been reported to be the cause of seafood poisoning from the neurotoxins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Management">Management</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Management" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> There are three major categories for management of algal blooms consisting of mitigation, prevention, and control.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Within mitigation, routine monitoring programs are implemented for toxins in shellfish and an overall surveillance of the area. The HAB levels of the shellfish will be determined and can manage restrictions to keep contaminated shellfish off the food market. Moving fish pens away from algal blooms is also another form of mitigation. Within prevention, this category is less known but policy changes are implemented to control sewage and waste. Within control, there are mechanical, biological, chemical, genetic and environmental controls. Mechanical control involves dispersing clay into the water to aggregate with the HAB leading to less of these HAB to go through the process of sedimentation. Biological control varies largely and can be used through pheromones or releasing sterile males to reduce reproduction. Chemical control uses toxic chemical release. However, it may cause problems of mortality of other non targeted organisms. Genetic control involves genetically engineering species in their environmental tolerances and reproduction processes. However, there are problems of harming indigenous organisms. For environmental control, it can use water circulation and aeration. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Environmental_Impacts">Environmental Impacts</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Environmental Impacts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harmful algal bloom">Harmful algae blooms</a> have a large effect on the Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Basin. Invasive zebra and quagga mussels are positively correlated with their impact on the environment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> These mussels increase the cycling of phosphorus which therefore increases harmful algae blooms in areas they are present. Harmful algae blooms continue to infect water supplies at the Binational Great Lakes Basin and due to the world’s recovery from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic">Covid-19 Pandemic</a>, solving the issue has become a low priority. This economical problem has become part of politics in the United States, whereas in allied countries such as Canada there is low concern, as well. The impact of harmful algae blooms on the environment have a substantial effect on marine life. For example, in August 2024 the growth of the toxic algae, Pseudo-nitzschia, along California coasts were making sea lions sick and aggressive to beach goers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Scientists claim this is a seasonal occurrence. The growth of Pseudo-nitzschia leads to the production of a dominic acid which accumulates in fishes such as sardines, anchovies, and squids.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a> This directly affects the food web and the primary food source of sea lions. Once the toxins are transferred via consumption, they can cause seizures, brain damage, and death to the animal. During this surge, people reported bites and unpredictable, aggressive behavior from the infected sea lions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In this sickened state, the sea lions are scared and act out of fear in order to protect themselves. Pregnant sea lions are most vulnerable to toxic algae poisoning and are more likely to die from the effects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic shellfish poisoning</a> – Syndrome of shellfish poisoning</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatoxin-a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a> – chemical compoundPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chironomus_annularius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chironomus annularius">Chironomus annularius</a> – A species of nonbiting midges that act as a natural algae control.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciguatera_fish_poisoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ciguatera fish poisoning">Ciguatera fish poisoning</a> – Foodborne illness</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinocyst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinocyst">Dinocyst</a> – dormant cell type of dinoflagellates, often found as fossilsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinoflagellate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellate</a> – Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domoic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a> – chemical compoundPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a> – Unicellular algae responsible for the formation of chalkPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milky_seas_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milky seas effect">Milky seas effect</a> – Luminous phenomenon in the ocean</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning</a> – Syndrome of shellfish poisoning</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic shellfish poisoning</a> – Syndrome of shellfish poisoning</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfiesteria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfiesteria">Pfiesteria</a> – Genus of single-celled organisms</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudo-nitzschia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudo-nitzschia">Pseudi-nitzschia</a> – Genus of marine planktonic diatoms</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raphidophyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raphidophyte">Raphidophyte</a> – Group of aquatic algae</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxitoxin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> – Paralytic shellfish toxin</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spring_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spring bloom">Spring bloom</a> – Strong increase in phytoplankton abundance that typically occurs in the early spring</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thin_layers_(oceanography)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thin layers (oceanography)">Thin layers (oceanography)</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerris2016" class="citation news cs1">Ferris, Robert (26 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/26/why-are-there-so-many-toxic-algae-blooms-this-year.html">"Why are there so many toxic algae blooms this year"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CNBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Why+are+there+so+many+toxic+algae+blooms+this+year&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2Fwhy-are-there-so-many-toxic-algae-blooms-this-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsantiGualtieri2014" class="citation book cs1">Barsanti, Laura; Gualtieri, Paolo (2014). Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, And Biotechnology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6733-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6733-4"><bdi>978-1-4398-6733-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algae%3A+Anatomy%2C+Biochemistry%2C+And+Biotechnology&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-6733-4&rft.aulast=Barsanti&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Gualtieri%2C+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Smayda1997-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Smayda1997_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmayda1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodore_J._Smayda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodore J. Smayda">Smayda, Theodore J.</a> (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4319%252Flo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132">"What is a bloom? A commentary"</a>. Limnology and Oceanography. 42 (5part2): 1132–1136. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997LimOc..42.1132S">1997LimOc..42.1132S</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4319%252Flo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132">10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=What+is+a+bloom%3F+A+commentary&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5part2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1132-%3C%2Fspan%3E1136&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997LimOc..42.1132S&rft.aulast=Smayda&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4319%252Flo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaysMcLoughlinFrankFielding2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mays, Chris; McLoughlin, Stephen; Frank, Tracy D.; Fielding, Christopher R.; Slater, Sam M.; Vajda, Vivi (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448769">"Lethal microbial blooms delayed freshwater ecosystem recovery following the end-Permian extinction"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_Communications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 12 (1): 5511. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.5511M">2021NatCo..12.5511M</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41467-021-25711-3">10.1038/s41467-021-25711-3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448769">8448769</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34535650">34535650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Lethal+microbial+blooms+delayed+freshwater+ecosystem+recovery+following+the+end-Permian+extinction&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5511&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448769%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34535650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-25711-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCo..12.5511M&rft.aulast=Mays&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=McLoughlin%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Frank%2C+Tracy+D.&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=Slater%2C+Sam+M.&rft.au=Vajda%2C+Vivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmayda1997" class="citation journal cs1">Smayda, Theodore J. 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Limnology and Oceanography. 42 (5part2): 1132–1136. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997LimOc..42.1132S">1997LimOc..42.1132S</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4319%252Flo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132">10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-5590">1939-5590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=What+is+a+bloom%3F+A+commentary&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5part2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1132-%3C%2Fspan%3E1136&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1939-5590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997LimOc..42.1132S&rft.aulast=Smayda&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4319%252Flo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTett1987" class="citation journal cs1">Tett, P (1987). 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Canada United States Law Journal. 45: 126–143 – via Case Western Reserve University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada+United+States+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=%22Harmful+Algal+Blooms+in+the+Great+Lakes+St.+Lawrence+River+Basin%3A+Is+It+Time+fro+a+Binational+Sub-Federal+Approach%3F%22&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Creed%2C+Irena&rft.aufirst=Friedman%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.case.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2704%26context%3Dcuslj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisheries2024" class="citation web cs1">Fisheries, NOAA (11 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/toxic-algal-bloom-spreads-along-california-coast-poisoning-sea-lions">"Toxic Algal Bloom Spreads Along California Coast, Poisoning Sea Lions | NOAA Fisheries"</a>. NOAA. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA&rft.atitle=Toxic+Algal+Bloom+Spreads+Along+California+Coast%2C+Poisoning+Sea+Lions+%7C+NOAA+Fisheries&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft.aulast=Fisheries&rft.aufirst=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov%2Ffeature-story%2Ftoxic-algal-bloom-spreads-along-california-coast-poisoning-sea-lions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/04/1185922760/a-toxic-algal-bloom-off-southern-california-is-blamed-for-making-sea-lions-sick">"A toxic algal bloom off Southern California is blamed for making sea lions sick"</a>. npr. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npr&rft.atitle=A+toxic+algal+bloom+off+Southern+California+is+blamed+for+making+sea+lions+sick&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F07%2F04%2F1185922760%2Fa-toxic-algal-bloom-off-southern-california-is-blamed-for-making-sea-lions-sick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton_bloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/animal-news/sea-lions-aggressive-algae-bloom-california-rcna91912">"Sea lions aren't acting like themselves — they're more aggressive because of algae bloom in California"</a>. NBC News. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Sea+lions+aren%27t+acting+like+themselves+%E2%80%94+they%27re+more+aggressive+because+of+algae+bloom+in+California&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fanimal-news%2Fsea-lions-aggressive-algae-bloom-california-rcna91912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgal+bloom" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DAlgal_bloom%26oldid%3D1270891474">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&oldid=1270891474</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 January 2025, at 19:08 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebloei" title="Algebloei – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Algebloei" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8" title="انتشار الطحالب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتشار الطحالب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Цвіценне вады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цвіценне вады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BE%25B2%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཆུ་བལ་དྲག་མཆེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ་བལ་དྲག་མཆེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetanje_algi" title="Cvjetanje algi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cvjetanje algi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor_d%2527aigua" title="Flor d'aigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flor d'aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%25C3%25AD_kv%25C4%259Bt" title="Vodní květ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodní květ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeopblomstring" title="Algeopblomstring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Algeopblomstring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algenbl%25C3%25BCte" title="Algenblüte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Algenblüte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vee%25C3%25B5itseng" title="Veeõitseng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeõitseng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2586%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7_%25CF%2586%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2580%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BA%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D" title="Άνθιση φυτοπλαγκτού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθιση φυτοπλαγκτού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferaci%25C3%25B3n_de_algas" title="Proliferación de algas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proliferación de algas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoflorado" title="Algoflorado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Algoflorado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga_loraldi" title="Alga loraldi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alga loraldi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C" title="شکوفایی جلبکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکوفایی جلبکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflorescence_algale" title="Efflorescence algale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Efflorescence algale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%25C3%25A1s_algach" title="Blás algach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Blás algach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floraci%25C3%25B3n_de_algas" title="Floración de algas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Floración de algas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A1%25B0%25EB%25A5%2598_%25EB%258C%2580%25EC%25A6%259D%25EC%258B%259D" title="조류 대증식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조류 대증식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258B%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25AE%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B2%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B4" title="Ջրի ծաղկում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրի ծաղկում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="शैवाल फुल्लिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैवाल फुल्लिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetanje_mora" title="Cvjetanje mora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cvjetanje mora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledakan_populasi_alga" title="Ledakan populasi alga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ledakan populasi alga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C3%25B6rungabl%25C3%25B3mi" title="Þörungablómi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þörungablómi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fioritura_algale" title="Fioritura algale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fioritura algale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2597%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2590%25D7%25A6%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="פריחת אצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריחת אצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D2%25A3_%25D0%25B3%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%2596" title="Судың гүлденуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Судың гүлденуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandens_%25C5%25BEyd%25C4%2597jimas" title="Vandens žydėjimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandens žydėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%25BD" title="പായൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പായൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledakan_alga" title="Ledakan alga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ledakan alga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algenbloei" title="Algenbloei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algenbloei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E3%2581%25AE%25E8%258F%25AF" title="水の華 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水の華" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannblomst" title="Vannblomst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannblomst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakwit" title="Zakwit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakwit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efloresc%25C3%25AAncia_algal" title="Eflorescência algal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eflorescência algal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Цветение воды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветение воды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Algal bloom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvetenje_voda" title="Cvetenje voda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cvetenje voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvetanje_mora" title="Cvetanje mora – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Cvetanje mora" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvetanje_mora" title="Cvetanje mora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cvetanje mora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%25C3%25A4kukinta" title="Leväkukinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leväkukinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algblomning" title="Algblomning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Algblomning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பாசித்திரள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாசித்திரள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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