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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Coast_jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Coast_jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>West Coast jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Coast_jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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title="Cool jazz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Jazz" title="Cool Jazz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cool Jazz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB_%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%B6" title="Κουλ τζαζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουλ τζαζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_(jazz)" title="Cool (jazz) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cool (jazz)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpasia_%C4%B5azo" title="Malpasia ĵazo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malpasia ĵazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%B2" title="کول جز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کول جز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A8_%EC%9E%AC%EC%A6%88" title="쿨 재즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿨 재즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96" title="קול ג'אז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קול ג'אז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D1%9F%D0%B5%D0%B7)" title="Kул (џез) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Kул (џез)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooljazz" title="Cooljazz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cooljazz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%BA" title="クール・ジャズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クール・ジャズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_(jazz)" title="Cool (jazz) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cool (jazz)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кул-джаз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кул-джаз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D1%9F%D0%B5%D0%B7)" title="Кул (џез) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кул (џез)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_caz" title="Cool caz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cool caz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кул-джаз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кул-джаз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cool jazz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cool jazz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dave_Brubeck_Quartet_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dave_Brubeck_Quartet_1962.jpg/220px-Dave_Brubeck_Quartet_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dave_Brubeck_Quartet_1962.jpg/330px-Dave_Brubeck_Quartet_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dave_Brubeck_Quartet_1962.jpg/440px-Dave_Brubeck_Quartet_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="659" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Brubeck Quartet">Dave Brubeck Quartet</a> in 1962</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">third stream</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1940s, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">straight-ahead jazz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Los Angeles</li><li>San Francisco</li><li>New York City</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast jazz</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cool jazz</b> is a style of modern <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music inspired by <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that arose in the United States after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It is characterized by relaxed <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempos</a> and a lighter tone than that used in the fast and complex <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> style. Cool jazz often employs formal arrangements and incorporates elements of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. Broadly, the genre refers to a number of post-war jazz styles employing a more subdued approach than that of contemporaneous jazz idioms.<sup id="cite_ref-gridley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gridley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tanner" title="Paul Tanner">Paul Tanner</a>, Maurice Gerow, and David Megill suggest, "the tonal sonorities of these conservative players could be compared to <a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">pastel</a> colors, while the solos of <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">[Dizzy] Gillespie</a> and his followers could be compared to fiery red colors."<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>cool</i> started being applied to this music around 1953, when <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> released the album <i>Classics in Jazz: Cool and Quiet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark C. Gridley, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_Jazz" title="All Music Guide to Jazz">All Music Guide to Jazz</a></i>, identifies four overlapping sub-categories of cool jazz:<sup id="cite_ref-gridley_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gridley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"Soft variants of bebop," including the <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> recordings that constitute <i><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_Cool" title="Birth of the Cool">Birth of the Cool</a></i>; the complete works of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Jazz_Quartet" title="Modern Jazz Quartet">Modern Jazz Quartet</a>; the output of <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Mulligan" title="Gerry Mulligan">Gerry Mulligan</a>, especially his work with <a href="/wiki/Chet_Baker" title="Chet Baker">Chet Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Brookmeyer" title="Bob Brookmeyer">Bob Brookmeyer</a>; the music of <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kenton" title="Stan Kenton">Stan Kenton</a>'s sidemen during the late 1940s through the 1950s; and the works of <a href="/wiki/George_Shearing" title="George Shearing">George Shearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Getz" title="Stan Getz">Stan Getz</a>.</li> <li>The output of modern players who eschewed bebop in favor of advanced <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a>-era developments, including <a href="/wiki/Lennie_Tristano" title="Lennie Tristano">Lennie Tristano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Konitz" title="Lee Konitz">Lee Konitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warne_Marsh" title="Warne Marsh">Warne Marsh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Desmond" title="Paul Desmond">Paul Desmond</a>; and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Giuffre" title="Jimmy Giuffre">Jimmy Giuffre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Pell" title="Dave Pell">Dave Pell</a> who were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lester_Young" title="Lester Young">Lester Young</a>'s small-group music.</li> <li>Musicians from either of the previous categories who were active in California from the 1940s through the 1960s, developing what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast jazz</a>.</li> <li>"Exploratory music with a subdued effect by <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Charles" title="Teddy Charles">Teddy Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chico_Hamilton" title="Chico Hamilton">Chico Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_LaPorta" title="John LaPorta">John LaPorta</a>, and their colleagues during the 1950s."</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cool jazz emerged as a reaction to bop, and is characterized by more moderate tempos and "a more reflective attitude".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gioia" title="Ted Gioia">Ted Gioia</a> and Lee Konitz have each identified <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornetist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bix_Beiderbecke" title="Bix Beiderbecke">Bix Beiderbecke</a> and saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Trumbauer" title="Frankie Trumbauer">Frankie Trumbauer</a> as early progenitors of the <a href="/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)" title="Cool (aesthetic)">cool aesthetic</a> in jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iverson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iverson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gioia cites Beiderbecke's softening of jazz's strong rhythmic impact in favor of maintaining melodic flow, while also employing complex techniques such as unusual harmonies and <a href="/wiki/Whole_tone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone scale">whole tone scales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trumbauer, through "his smooth and seemingly effortless saxophone work,"<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greatly affected <a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">tenor saxophonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lester_Young" title="Lester Young">Lester Young</a>, who prefigured – and influenced – cool jazz more than any other musician.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young's saxophone playing employed a light sound,<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wynn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 684–685">: 684–685 </span></sup> in contrast to the "full-bodied" approach of players such as <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young also had a tendency to play behind the beat, instead of driving it.<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wynn_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 684–685">: 684–685 </span></sup> He more strongly emphasized melodic development in his improvisation, rather than "hot" phrases or chord changes.<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wynn_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 684–685">: 684–685 </span></sup> While Young's style initially alienated some observers, the cool school embraced it.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wynn_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 684–685">: 684–685 </span></sup> (Young would also influence bebop through <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>'s emulation of Young's playing style.)<sup id="cite_ref-wynn_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 684–685">: 684–685 </span></sup> Tanner, Gerow, and Megill point out that "cool developed gradually, as did previous styles."<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Lester Young's approach, cool had other antecedents: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a> underplayed his attacks, <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Wilson" title="Teddy Wilson">Teddy Wilson</a> played the piano with a delicate touch, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> stopped using the thick <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Noone" title="Jimmie Noone">Jimmy Noone</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinetists</a>. Miles Davis's solo on Charlie Parker's "<a href="/wiki/Chasin%27_the_Bird_(song)" title="Chasin' the Bird (song)">Chasin' the Bird</a>" in 1947 and <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(pianist)" title="John Lewis (pianist)">John Lewis</a>'s piano solo on Dizzie Gillespie's record of "<a href="/wiki/%27Round_Midnight_(song)" title="'Round Midnight (song)">'Round Midnight</a>" in 1948 anticipated the Cool Era.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cool jazz emerged in the 1940s. Its stylistic origins can be traced to Claude Thornhill's big band, which utilized clarinets, French horns, and tubas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chet_Baker_(1929%E2%80%931988).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chet_Baker_%281929%E2%80%931988%29.jpg/170px-Chet_Baker_%281929%E2%80%931988%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chet_Baker_%281929%E2%80%931988%29.jpg/255px-Chet_Baker_%281929%E2%80%931988%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chet_Baker_%281929%E2%80%931988%29.jpg/340px-Chet_Baker_%281929%E2%80%931988%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chet_Baker" title="Chet Baker">Chet Baker</a>, known as the "Prince of Cool", 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a> formed a band that included tenor saxophonists <a href="/wiki/Stan_Getz" title="Stan Getz">Stan Getz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Sims" title="Zoot Sims">Zoot Sims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Steward" title="Herbie Steward">Herbie Steward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baritone_saxophone" title="Baritone saxophone">baritone saxophonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Serge_Chaloff" title="Serge Chaloff">Serge Chaloff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the "Four Brothers" sound, in which four strong improvisers could still perform well as a coordinated, blended section.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Jimmy Giuffre composed "<a href="/wiki/Four_Brothers_(jazz_standard)" title="Four Brothers (jazz standard)">Four Brothers</a>", which highlighted this group.)<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Herman band's recording of "<a href="/wiki/Early_Autumn_(song)" title="Early Autumn (song)">Early Autumn</a>" launched Getz's career.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, between 1946 and 1949, baritone saxophonist and arranger <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Mulligan" title="Gerry Mulligan">Gerry Mulligan</a>, arranger <a href="/wiki/Gil_Evans" title="Gil Evans">Gil Evans</a>, and alto saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Lee_Konitz" title="Lee Konitz">Lee Konitz</a> were all working for the <a href="/wiki/Claude_Thornhill" title="Claude Thornhill">Claude Thornhill</a> Orchestra, whose instrumentation included a <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Nonet_(music)" title="Nonet (music)">nonet</a> including Mulligan, Konitz, and Evans from Thornhill's orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wynn_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> recorded the group (at arranger <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rugolo" title="Pete Rugolo">Pete Rugolo</a>'s suggestion) in 1949 and 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-wynn_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> These recordings, originally issued as <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record#78_rpm_disc_developments" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">78 rpm records</a>, were later <a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">compiled</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_Cool" title="Birth of the Cool">Birth of the Cool</a></i> (1957). Gerry Mulligan explained that the idea behind Davis's Nonet was not to get away from bebop, but "just to try to get a good little rehearsal band together. Something to write for.... As far as the 'Cool Jazz' part of it, all of that comes <i>after</i> the fact of what it was designed to be."<sup id="cite_ref-feather_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feather-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for Davis, his concern at the time was simply to play with a lighter sound, which he believed to be more expressive.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also his choice of notes suggested deliberation rather than wild exuberance.<sup id="cite_ref-Gridley_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gridley-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Miles Davis Nonet's existence was brief, consisting only of a two-week September 1948 engagement at the Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Roost" title="Royal Roost">Royal Roost</a> and the three recording dates that make up <i>Birth of the Cool</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These recordings were not widely appreciated until some years later.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they prefigured the work of nonet members John Lewis and Gerry Mulligan.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(pianist)" title="John Lewis (pianist)">John Lewis</a> went on to co-found the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Jazz_Quartet" title="Modern Jazz Quartet">Modern Jazz Quartet</a>, who incorporated classical forms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>, in their music.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanner, Gerow, and Megill note that the Quartet "played classical forms quite precisely. For example, the fugues they played were truly <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a> in form except that the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(music)" title="Exposition (music)">exposition</a> parts were improvised."<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">third stream</a> music would combine classical elements with jazz, the Modern Jazz Quartet used these forms "just to play good, swinging, subtle jazz"<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in pursuit of "the joy of collective improvisation and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Mulligan" title="Gerry Mulligan">Gerry Mulligan</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Chet_Baker" title="Chet Baker">Chet Baker</a>, formed a pianoless quartet that was both innovative and successful.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Mulligan formed a <a href="/wiki/Decet_(music)" title="Decet (music)">"Tentette"</a> that further developed the ideas he had brought to the <i>Birth of the Cool</i> nonet.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Shearing" title="George Shearing">George Shearing</a>'s quintet, which used a more subtle bebop style, also influenced cool's development.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a> praised Shearing's approach.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Davis, Lewis, Mulligan, and Shearing's efforts were rooted in bebop, other musicians were less indebted to that style. In New York, pianist <a href="/wiki/Lennie_Tristano" title="Lennie Tristano">Lennie Tristano</a> and saxophonist Lee Konitz developed a "somewhat <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal</a> cerebral alternative to bop which concentrated on linear improvisation and interweaving rhythmic complexities".<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a> hired alto saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Desmond" title="Paul Desmond">Paul Desmond</a>, forming a quartet.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Konitz and Desmond used an approach that ran counter to bebop, in the sense that neither player employed a sound or style heavily indebted to <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a> (or Parker's blues elements).<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2013 interview, Konitz noted that "the blues never connected with me," and further explained "I knew and loved Charlie Parker and copied his bebop solos like everyone else. But I didn't want to sound like him. So I used almost no vibrato and played mostly in the higher register. That's the heart of my sound."<sup id="cite_ref-myers2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="West_Coast_jazz">West Coast jazz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: West Coast jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast jazz</a></div> <p>In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kenton" title="Stan Kenton">Stan Kenton</a> disbanded his <a href="/wiki/Innovations_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovations Orchestra">Innovations Orchestra</a> in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the musicians, some of whom had also played in Woody Herman's band, chose to remain in California.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Shorty_Rogers" title="Shorty Rogers">Shorty Rogers</a> and drummer <a href="/wiki/Shelly_Manne" title="Shelly Manne">Shelly Manne</a> were central figures among this group of musicians. Much of this activity centered on the <a href="/wiki/Hermosa_Beach,_California" title="Hermosa Beach, California">Hermosa Beach</a> <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Caf%C3%A9" title="Lighthouse Café">Lighthouse Café</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">bassist</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Rumsey" title="Howard Rumsey">Howard Rumsey</a> led a <a href="/wiki/House_band" title="House band">house band</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_All-Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouse All-Stars">Lighthouse All-Stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drummer <a href="/wiki/Chico_Hamilton" title="Chico Hamilton">Chico Hamilton</a> led an ensemble that – unusually for a jazz group – included a cellist, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Katz_(cellist)" title="Fred Katz (cellist)">Fred Katz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanner, Gerow, and Megill liken Hamilton's music to <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, and have noted that Hamilton's "subtle rhythmic control and use of different drum pitches and timbres" was well-suited for this style of music.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanner, Gerow, and Megill are largely dismissive of the term "West Coast jazz." As it often refers to <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Mulligan" title="Gerry Mulligan">Gerry Mulligan</a> and his associates in California, "west coast" merely becomes synonymous with "cool," although <a href="/wiki/Lester_Young" title="Lester Young">Lester Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Thornhill" title="Claude Thornhill">Claude Thornhill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> were based in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many musicians associated with West Coast jazz "were much more involved in a hotter approach to jazz. Communication being what it is, it is hardly likely that any style of jazz was fostered exclusively in one area."<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, <a href="/wiki/The_Dave_Brubeck_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dave Brubeck Quartet">The Dave Brubeck Quartet</a> recorded <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(album)" title="Time Out (album)">Time Out</a></i>, which reached No. 2 on the <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard magazine">Billboard</a></i> "Pop Albums" chart. The cool influence stretches into such later developments as <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">modal jazz</a> (especially in the form of Davis's <i><a href="/wiki/Kind_of_Blue" title="Kind of Blue">Kind of Blue</a></i> (1959)), and even <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> (in the form of Jimmy Giuffre's 1961–1962 trio). </p><p>Following their work on <i>Birth of the Cool</i>, Miles Davis and Gil Evans would again collaborate on albums such as <i><a href="/wiki/Miles_Ahead_(album)" title="Miles Ahead (album)">Miles Ahead</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(Miles_Davis_album)" title="Porgy and Bess (Miles Davis album)">Porgy and Bess</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sketches_of_Spain" title="Sketches of Spain">Sketches of Spain</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers saw the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">hard bop</a> style as a response to cool and West Coast jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-carr2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Rosenthal" title="David H. Rosenthal">David H. Rosenthal</a> sees the development of hard bop as a response to both a perceived decline in bebop and the rise of rhythm and blues.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenthal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenthal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelly Manne suggested that cool jazz and hard bop simply reflected their respective geographic environments: the relaxed cool jazz style reflected a more relaxed lifestyle in California, while driving bop typified the New York scene.<sup id="cite_ref-manne_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manne-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Ted Gioia has noted that some of the artists associated with the <a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM</a> label during the 1970s are direct stylistic heirs of cool jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these musicians may not sound similar to earlier cool artists, they share the same values:</p><blockquote><p>clarity of expression; subtlety of meaning; a willingness to depart from the standard rhythms of hot jazz and learn from other genres of music; a preference for emotion rather than mere emoting; progressive ambitions and a tendency to experiment; above all, a dislike for bombast.<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Gioia also identifies cool's influence upon other idioms, such as <a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">new-age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalism</a>, pop, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gioia_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cool also inspired <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">avant-garde jazz</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/27px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/40px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/53px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">List of jazz genres</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCalkinsBalabanKelleherLatham1975" class="citation book cs1">Calkins, Caroll C.; Balaban, Priscilla B.; Kelleher, Mary; Latham, Frank B.; Conefrey, Rosemarie; Huber, Robert V.; Pace, Georgea A.; Woodward, Robert J., eds. (1975). <i>The Story of America</i>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a>. pp. 398–399.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+America&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=398-399&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gridley-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gridley_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gridley_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGridley1994" class="citation cs2">Gridley, Mark C. (1994), "Styles", in <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wynn" title="Ron Wynn">Ron Wynn</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_Jazz" title="All Music Guide to Jazz">All Music Guide to Jazz</a></i>, M. Erlewine, V. Bogdanov, San Francisco: Miller Freeman, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetoj00wynn/page/11">11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-308-5"><bdi>0-87930-308-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Styles&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Jazz&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87930-308-5&rft.aulast=Gridley&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannerMaurice_GerowDavid_W._Megill1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tanner" title="Paul Tanner">Tanner, Paul O. W.</a>; Maurice Gerow; David W. Megill (1988) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jazz00tann/page/103">"Cool (1949–1955)"</a>. <i>Jazz</i> (6th ed.). Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown, College Division. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jazz00tann/page/103">103–111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-697-03663-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-697-03663-4"><bdi>0-697-03663-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cool+%281949%E2%80%931955%29&rft.btitle=Jazz&rft.place=Dubuque%2C+IA&rft.pages=103-111&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=William+C.+Brown%2C+College+Division&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-697-03663-4&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Paul+O.+W.&rft.au=Maurice+Gerow&rft.au=David+W.+Megill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjazz00tann%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Henry and Keith Waters, <i>Jazz: The First 100 Years</i>, 2nd ed. Boston: SCHIRMER CENGAGE Learning, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Schoenberg, Loren (2002). <i>The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Jazz</i>. Perigee Books. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NPR+Curious+Listener%27s+Guide+to+Jazz&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Perigee+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schoenberg&rft.aufirst=Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gioia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gioia_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioia2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gioia" title="Ted Gioia">Gioia, Ted</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIyO-dQwkDwC&pg=PA332">"Cool Jazz and West Coast Jazz"</a>. In Kirchner, Bill (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIyO-dQwkDwC"><i>The Oxford Companion to Jazz</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. pp. 332–342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518359-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518359-2"><bdi>0-19-518359-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cool+Jazz+and+West+Coast+Jazz&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Jazz&rft.pages=332-342&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-518359-2&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIyO-dQwkDwC%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iverson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iverson_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Iverson" title="Ethan Iverson">Iverson, Ethan</a> (2011-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jazztimes.com/articles/27721-lee-konitz-a-q-a-by-ethan-iverson">"Lee Konitz: A Q&A by Ethan Iverson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/JazzTimes" title="JazzTimes">JazzTimes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JazzTimes&rft.atitle=Lee+Konitz%3A+A+Q%26A+by+Ethan+Iverson&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjazztimes.com%2Farticles%2F27721-lee-konitz-a-q-a-by-ethan-iverson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wynn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynn1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wynn" title="Ron Wynn">Wynn, Ron</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wynn" title="Ron Wynn">Ron Wynn</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_Jazz" title="All Music Guide to Jazz">All Music Guide to Jazz</a></i>, M. Erlewine, V. Bogdanov, San Francisco: Miller Freeman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-308-5"><bdi>0-87930-308-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Jazz&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87930-308-5&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Schoenberg, Loren (2002). <i>The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Jazz</i>. Perigee Books. p. 54-55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NPR+Curious+Listener%27s+Guide+to+Jazz&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Perigee+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schoenberg&rft.aufirst=Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carr_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Carr" title="Roy Carr">Carr, Roy</a> (2006) [1997], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofjazz0000carr/page/92">"The Cool on the Coast"</a>, <i>A Century of Jazz: A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made</i>, London: Hamlyn, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofjazz0000carr/page/92">92–105</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-681-03179-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-681-03179-4"><bdi>0-681-03179-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cool+on+the+Coast&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Jazz%3A+A+Hundred+Years+of+the+Greatest+Music+Ever+Made&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92-105&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-681-03179-4&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturyofjazz0000carr%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feather-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-feather_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Feather" title="Leonard Feather">Feather, Leonard</a> (1950), "Cool," in <i>Jazz</i>, Los Angeles: Pacific Press. p. 26. Cited in Tanner <i>et al</i>. "Cool." <i>Jazz,</i> p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gridley-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gridley_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGridley2012" class="citation book cs1">Gridley, Mark C. (2012). <i>Concise Guide to Jazz</i>. Pearson College Div. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-93749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-93749-3"><bdi>978-0-205-93749-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Guide+to+Jazz&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Pearson+College+Div&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-205-93749-3&rft.aulast=Gridley&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myers2013-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myers2013_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2013" class="citation news cs1">Myers, Marc (2013-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324591204579037180026522224">"Jazz's King of Cool"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Jazz%27s+King+of+Cool&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887324591204579037180026522224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carr2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carr2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase2006" class="citation cs2">Case, Brian (2006) [1997], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofjazz0000carr/page/106">"The Harder They Come"</a>, in Roy Carr (ed.), <i>A Century of Jazz: A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made</i>, London: Hamlyn, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofjazz0000carr/page/106">106–121</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-681-03179-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-681-03179-4"><bdi>0-681-03179-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Harder+They+Come&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Jazz%3A+A+Hundred+Years+of+the+Greatest+Music+Ever+Made&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106-121&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-681-03179-4&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturyofjazz0000carr%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenthal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosenthal_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Rosenthal" title="David H. Rosenthal">Rosenthal, David H.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ddb72BGzgC"><i>Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music 1955–1965</i></a>, New York: Oxford Univ., p. 24, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505869-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505869-0"><bdi>0-19-505869-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Bop%3A+Jazz+and+Black+Music+1955%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-505869-0&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7ddb72BGzgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manne-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manne_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManne" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelly_Manne" title="Shelly Manne">Manne, Shelly</a>. "Jazz: American Classic" (Interview: video). Interviewed by Reginald Buckner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jazz%3A+American+Classic&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Shelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACool+jazz" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in Tanner <i>et al</i>. "Hard Bop – Funky." <i>Jazz</i>, p. 113.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_MacAdams" title="Lewis MacAdams">MacAdams, Lewis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LwpLjObHIYC">Birth of the Cool: Beat, Bebop, and the American Avant-Garde</a>, Simon and Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81354-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81354-8">0-684-81354-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_jazz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazz.com/features-and-interviews/2009/5/14/a-history-of-cool-jazz-in-100-tracks">A History of Cool Jazz in 100 Tracks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219020824/http://www.jazz.com/features-and-interviews/2009/5/14/a-history-of-cool-jazz-in-100-tracks">Archived</a> 2015-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, edited by Ted Gioia (Jazz.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/cool-ma0000002530">Cool jazz</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031727/https://live365.com/stations/gersch?play%2F">Forever Cool: Cool and West Coast Jazz on the Internet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512004707/http://redhotjazz.com/coolarticle.html">The Birth of the Cool 1927</a>, by Len Weinstock.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosaicrecords.com/cool-jazz/">Origins of Cool Jazz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Jazz_Records" title="Pacific Jazz Records">Pacific Jazz</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Records" title="Mosaic Records">Mosaic Records</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jazz" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_jazz" title="Outline of jazz">Outline of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(word)" title="Jazz (word)">Jazz (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">Jazz band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">Jam session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">Jazz drumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">Jazz guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn_in_jazz" title="French horn in jazz">French horn in jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_trombone" title="Jazz trombone">Jazz trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Women in jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-bop" title="Neo-bop">Neo-bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">Post-bop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cool jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Base" title="M-Base">M-Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_jazz" title="Mainstream jazz">Mainstream jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">Orchestral jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_jazz" title="Spiritual jazz">Spiritual jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz">Sacred jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Trad jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians" title="List of jazz musicians">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_bassists" title="List of jazz bassists">Bassists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet" title="List of jazz musicians">Clarinetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_drummers" title="List of jazz drummers">Drummers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_guitarists" title="List of jazz guitarists">Guitarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_organists" title="List of jazz organists">Organists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_percussionists" title="List of jazz percussionists">Percussionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_pianists" title="List of jazz pianists">Pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_saxophonists" title="List of jazz saxophonists">Saxophonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">Vibraphonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_violinists" title="List of jazz violinists">Violinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_vocalists" title="List of jazz vocalists">Vocalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Musicians by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bebop_musicians" title="List of bebop musicians">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians" title="List of chamber jazz musicians">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">Cool jazz and West Coast jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_bop_musicians" title="List of hard bop musicians">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians" title="List of jazz fusion musicians">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scat_singers" title="List of scat singers">Scat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians" title="List of smooth jazz musicians">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_jazz_musicians" title="List of soul jazz musicians">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">Swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1920s jazz standards">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1930s jazz standards">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1940s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1940s jazz standards">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-1950_jazz_standards" title="List of post-1950 jazz standards">post-1950</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Discographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Records" title="Bethlehem Records">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records_discography" title="Blue Note Records discography">Blue Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYG_Records" title="BYG Records">BYG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_Records" title="Cobblestone Records">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Records" title="Contemporary Records">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP-Disk" title="ESP-Disk">ESP-Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records" title="Flying Dutchman Records">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Records" title="Freedom Records">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Merchant" title="Groove Merchant">Groove Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records_discography" title="Impulse! Records discography">Impulse!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Navigation" title="India Navigation">India Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMT_Records" title="JMT Records">JMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Records" title="Landmark Records">Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Records" title="Mainstream Records">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Records_discography" title="Milestone Records discography">Milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records" title="MPS Records">MPS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records_discography" title="MPS Records discography">MPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Records" title="Muse Records">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records_discography" title="Prestige Records discography">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records_discography" title="Riverside Records discography">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-East_Records" title="Strata-East Records">Strata-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records_discography" title="Verve Records discography">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_%26_Winter_Records" title="Winter & Winter Records">Winter & Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Beaches International Jazz Festival">Beaches (Toronto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Cape Town International Jazz Festival">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Jazz_Festival" title="Chicago Jazz Festival">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival" title="Copenhagen Jazz Festival">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_Jazz" title="Pori Jazz">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucia Jazz Festival">Saint Lucia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">Contrafacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations" title="List of jazz institutions and organizations">Institutions and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_royalty" title="Jazz royalty">Jazz royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">Jazz theory</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz_theory" title="Template:Jazz theory">See Template: Jazz theory</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">Second line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_venues" title="List of jazz venues">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-jazz" title="Ethio-jazz">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz" title="Music of Malawi">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_jazz" title="Armenian jazz">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_jazz" title="Azerbaijani jazz">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_mugham" title="Jazz mugham">Jazz mugham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_jazz" title="Indo jazz">Indo jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_jazz" title="Sitar in jazz">Sitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_jazz" title="Balkan jazz">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_jazz" title="Bulgarian jazz">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_jazz" title="Belgian jazz">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Jazz in Czechoslovakia">Czech and Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_jazz" title="Danish jazz">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_jazz" title="Dutch jazz">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_free_jazz" title="European free jazz">European free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_jazz" title="German jazz">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_jazz" title="Polish jazz">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_jazz" title="Swedish jazz">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Cuban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz" title="Music of Baltimore">Baltimore jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago#Jazz" title="Music of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Blues_and_jazz" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C.#Jazz" title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Oceanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_jazz" title="Australian jazz">Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">South American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethno_jazz" title="Ethno jazz">Ethno jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_jazz" title="Bibliography of jazz">Bibliography of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">Straight-ahead jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_jazz" title="1920s in jazz">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s_in_jazz" title="1930s in jazz">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s_in_jazz" title="1940s in jazz">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_jazz" title="1950s in jazz">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_jazz" title="1960s in jazz">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_jazz" title="1970s in jazz">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_jazz" title="1980s in jazz">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_jazz" title="1990s in jazz">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_jazz" title="2000s in jazz">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_jazz" title="2010s in jazz">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_jazz" title="2020 in jazz">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_jazz" title="2021 in jazz">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_jazz" title="2022 in jazz">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotica" title="Exotica">Exotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_piano" title="Novelty piano">Novelty ragtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_covers_of_Blue_Note_Records" title="Album covers of Blue Note Records">Album covers of Blue Note Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(miniseries)" title="Jazz (miniseries)"><i>Jazz</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Round_Midnight_(film)" title="Round Midnight (film)">Round Midnight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/15px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/23px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/30px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </span><a 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