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id="toc-Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Charter_of_1838" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Charter_of_1838"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>People's Charter of 1838</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Charter_of_1838-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="cdx-button 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href="#Mid-1840s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mid-1840s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1840s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1848_petition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1848_petition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1848 petition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1848_petition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_after_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_after_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decline after 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_after_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eventual_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eventual_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Eventual reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eventual_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enabling_political_progressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enabling_political_progressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Enabling political progressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enabling_political_progressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_working_class_confidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_working_class_confidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Development of working class confidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_working_class_confidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chartism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ميثاقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميثاقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87artizm" title="Çartizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çartizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чартызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чартызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Чартистко движение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чартистко движение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartisme" title="Cartisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartist%C3%A9" title="Chartisté – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chartisté" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siartiaeth" title="Siartiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siartiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartisten" title="Chartisten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chartisten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χαρτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismo" title="Cartismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88artismo" title="Ĉartismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉartismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartismo" title="Kartismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="منشورگرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منشورگرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartisme" title="Chartisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chartisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismo" title="Cartismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="차티스트 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차티스트 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Չարտիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարտիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्टर आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्टर आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cartizam" title="Čartizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čartizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartisme" title="Chartisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chartisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismo" title="Cartismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התנועה הצ'רטיסטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנועה הצ'רטיסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чартизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чартизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чартизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чартизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cartizmas" title="Čartizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čartizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ചാർട്ടിസ്റ്റ് പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാർട്ടിസ്റ്റ് പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartisme" title="Chartisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chartisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="チャーティズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャーティズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartistbevegelsen" title="Chartistbevegelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chartistbevegelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartisme" title="Cartisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cartisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="چارتېزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چارتېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czartyzm" title="Czartyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czartyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismo" title="Cartismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чартизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чартизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartist" title="Chartist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chartist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cartizem" title="Čartizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čartizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Чартизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чартизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cartizam" title="Čartizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čartizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartismi" title="Chartismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chartismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chartism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87artizm" title="Çartizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çartizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чартизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чартизм" 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searchaux" style="display:none">British working-class movement (1838–1857)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses of "Chartist", see <a href="/wiki/Chartist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chartist (disambiguation)">Chartist (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartist_meeting_on_Kennington_Common_by_William_Edward_Kilburn_1848_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chartist_meeting_on_Kennington_Common_by_William_Edward_Kilburn_1848_-_restoration1.jpg/300px-Chartist_meeting_on_Kennington_Common_by_William_Edward_Kilburn_1848_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chartist_meeting_on_Kennington_Common_by_William_Edward_Kilburn_1848_-_restoration1.jpg/450px-Chartist_meeting_on_Kennington_Common_by_William_Edward_Kilburn_1848_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chartist_meeting_on_Kennington_Common_by_William_Edward_Kilburn_1848_-_restoration1.jpg/600px-Chartist_meeting_on_Kennington_Common_by_William_Edward_Kilburn_1848_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of the Great Chartist Meeting on <a href="/wiki/Kennington_Common" title="Kennington Common">Kennington Common</a>, London, 1848</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #2E8B57; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Radicalism_(historical)" title="Category:Radicalism (historical)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radicalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">Laicité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_N._Alem" title="Leandro N. Alem">Alem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">Cobbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mossadegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou" title="Alexandros Papanastasiou">Papanastasiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras" title="Nikolaos Plastiras">Plastiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Rosselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Virchow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Action Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1853)" title="Action Party (Italy, 1853)">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">1942</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfarista_Radical_Front" title="Alfarista Radical Front">Alfarista Radical Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_Progress_Party" title="Alsatian Progress Party">Alsatian Progress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Radicals_for_the_United_States_of_Europe" title="Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe">Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentic_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Authentic Radical Liberal Party">Authentic Radical Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Party_(Dominican_Republic)" title="Blue Party (Dominican Republic)">Blue Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Union" title="Centre Union">Centre Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Union_%E2%80%93_New_Forces" title="Centre Union – New Forces">Centre Union – New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Greece)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Greece)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Workers%27_Party" title="Civic Workers' Party">Civic Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgents" title="Indulgents">Dantonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Social_Party" title="Czech National Social Party">Czech National Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Realist_Party" title="Czech Realist Party">Czech Realist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Constitutionalist_Progressive_Party" title="Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party">Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Left of Catalonia">Democratic Left of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_of_Greece" title="Democratic Socialist Party of Greece">Democratic Socialist Party of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgios Papandreou Party">Georgios Papandreou Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Greece)" title="Democratic Union (Greece)">Democratic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Labour_Party" title="Agricultural and Labour Party">Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party">Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Radical_Alliance" title="European Radical Alliance">European Radical Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Republicans_Movement" title="European Republicans Movement">European Republicans Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> (elements)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">German Free-minded Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(1868)" title="German People's Party (1868)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">FDP.The Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-Left_(Hungary)" title="Far-Left (Hungary)">Far Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republican_Party" title="Federal Democratic Republican Party">Federal Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)">Free-minded People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Union" title="Free-minded Union">Free-minded Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-thinking Democratic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxite" title="Foxite">Foxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">Historical Far Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Entente_of_Radical_and_Similar_Democratic_Parties" title="International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties">International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Democratic Liberal Party">Italian Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">The Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Centre" title="Left Centre">Left Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Liberals" title="Left Liberals">Left Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberals,_Democrats_and_Radicals" title="Liberals, Democrats and Radicals">Liberals, Democrats and Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reformers" title="Liberal Reformers">Liberal Reformers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Swedish_Party" title="Liberal Swedish Party">Liberal Swedish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhood_Suffrage_League" title="Manhood Suffrage League">Manhood Suffrage League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Liberal_Party" title="Mexican Liberal Party">Mexican Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Constitutional_Freedoms" title="Movement for Constitutional Freedoms">Movement for Constitutional Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_Social_Liberation" title="National and Social Liberation">National and Social Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Greece)" title="National Democratic Party (Greece)">National Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Center_Union" title="National Progressive Center Union">National Progressive Center Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reform_Union" title="National Reform Union">National Reform Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Peru)" title="National Union (Peru)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Liberals_(Germany)" title="New Liberals (Germany)">New Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist Republicans">Opportunist Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Ecologista_Radical_Intransigente" title="Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente">Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Greece)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Greece)">Party of Democratic Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_%2748" title="Party of Independence and '48">Party of Independence and '48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Montenegro,_1906)" title="People's Party (Montenegro, 1906)">People's Party</a></li> <li>People's Radical Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_People%27s_Radical_Party" title="Serb People's Radical Party">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party_(1990)" title="People's Radical Party (1990)">1990</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Party_of_Radicals" title="Political Party of Radicals">Political Party of Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Councils">Popular Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Republican_Party" title="Portuguese Republican Party">Portuguese Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Democratic Party (Portugal)">Democratic Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Party_of_the_North" title="Progressive Democratic Party of the North">Progressive Democratic Party of the North</a></li> <li>Progressive Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Belgium)" title="Progressive Party (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Korea,_2017)" title="Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Cause" title="Radical Cause">Radical Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Change" title="Radical Change">Radical Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radicales_K" title="Radicales K">Radicales K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_(Chile)" title="Radical Democracy (Chile)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li> <li>Radical Democratic Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Bulgaria)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Radical_Democratic_Party" title="Estonian Radical Democratic Party">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(India)" title="Radical Democratic Party (India)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Spain)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Spain)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Democratic_Party_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Federative_Movement" title="Radical Federative Movement">Radical Federative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_League" title="Radical League">Radical League</a></li> <li>Radical Liberal Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Liberal_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Liberal Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Liberal_Party_(Paraguay)" title="Radical Liberal Party (Paraguay)">Paraguay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Chilean Social Democracy Party">Radical Left Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Radical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement" title="Radical Movement">Radical Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement_of_Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance">Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li>Radical Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Bolivia)" title="Radical Party (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Radical_Party" title="Hungarian Radical Party">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical Party of Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile" title="Radical Party of Chile">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile_(2018)" title="Radical Party of Chile (2018)">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a></li> <li>Radical People's Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Finland)" title="Radical People's Party (Finland)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Radical People's Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li>Radical Socialist Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Socialist Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Radical_Socialist_Party" title="Estonian Radical Socialist Party">Estonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical Socialist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a></li> <li>Radicals of the Left</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_League" title="Reform League">Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Republican Democratic Concentration</a></li> <li>Republican Left <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Spain (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain,_1977)" title="Republican Left (Spain, 1977)">Spain (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Italy)" title="Republican Left (Italy)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">Republican Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_Party" title="Resolution Party">Resolution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_in_the_Fist" title="Rose in the Fist">Rose in the Fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Street_Club" title="Rose Street Club">Rose Street Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSSEM" title="ROSSEM">ROSSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Social Democratic Party (Iran)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Radical_Party_(Chile)" title="Socialist Radical Party (Chile)">Socialist Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Dialectical_and_Radical_Club" title="Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club">Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party" title="Transnational Radical Party">Transnational Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Ultra-radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracy" title="Union, Progress and Democracy">Union, Progress and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_League_for_the_Material_Elevation_of_the_Industrious_Classes" title="Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes">Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Radicalism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Liberalism in Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Template:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Liberalism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism#Green_Liberal_Democrats" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chartism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammond" title="Barbara Hammond">Hammond (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond (John Lawrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan (George Macaulay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_UK" title="Template:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_UK" title="Template talk:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chartism</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> movement for political reform in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> that erupted from 1838 to 1857 and was strongest in 1839, 1842 and 1848. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Potteries" title="Staffordshire Potteries">Staffordshire Potteries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a>, where working people depended on single industries and were subject to wild swings in economic activity. Chartism was less strong in places, such as <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, that had more diversified economies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was fiercely opposed by government authorities, who finally suppressed it. </p><p>Support for the movement was at its highest when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede male suffrage. Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though some became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in South Wales and in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no sources cited for entire opening paragraph (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic: </p> <ul><li>A vote for every man aged twenty-one years and above, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for a crime.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote.</li> <li>No property qualification for <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs), to allow the constituencies to return the man of their choice.</li> <li>Payment of Members, enabling tradesmen, working men, or other persons of modest means to leave or interrupt their livelihood to attend to the interests of the nation.</li> <li>Equal constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing less populous constituencies to have as much or more weight than larger ones.</li> <li>Annual parliamentary elections, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since no purse could buy a constituency under a system of <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a> in every twelve months.</li></ul> <p>Eventually, after Chartism died out, Britain adopted the first five reforms. Chartists saw themselves fighting against political corruption and for democracy in an industrial society, but attracted support beyond the radical political groups for economic reasons, such as opposing wage cuts and unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>The meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Political_Union" title="Birmingham Political Union">Birmingham Political Union</a> on 16 May 1832, attended by 200,000</figcaption></figure> <p>After the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>, which failed to extend the vote beyond those owning property, the political leaders of the working class made speeches claiming that there had been a great act of betrayal. This sense that the working class had been betrayed by the middle class was strengthened by the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> governments of the 1830s. Notably, the hated new <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment</a> was passed in 1834, depriving working people of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a> and driving the poor into workhouses, where families were separated.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1984-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p><p>The massive wave of opposition to this measure in the north of England in the late 1830s made Chartism a mass movement. It seemed that only securing the vote for working men would change things. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson_(historian)" title="Dorothy Thompson (historian)">Dorothy Thompson</a>, the preeminent historian of Chartism, defines the movement as the time when "thousands of working people considered that their problems could be solved by the political organization of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1984-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> In 1836, the <a href="/wiki/London_Working_Men%27s_Association" title="London Working Men's Association">London Working Men's Association</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Lovett" title="William Lovett">William Lovett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hetherington" title="Henry Hetherington">Henry Hetherington</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing a platform for Chartists in the southeast. The origins of <a href="/wiki/Chartism_in_Wales" title="Chartism in Wales">Chartism in Wales</a> can be traced to the foundation in the autumn of 1836 of Carmarthen Working Men's Association.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press">Press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both nationally and locally a Chartist press thrived in the form of periodicals, which were important to the movement for their news, editorials, poetry and especially in 1848, reports on international developments. They reached a huge audience.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poor_Man%27s_Guardian" title="The Poor Man's Guardian">The Poor Man's Guardian</a></i> in the 1830s, edited by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hetherington" title="Henry Hetherington">Henry Hetherington</a>, dealt with questions of class solidarity, manhood suffrage, property, and temperance, and condemned the Reform Act of 1832. The paper explored the rhetoric of violence versus nonviolence, or what its writers called moral versus physical force.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was succeeded as the voice of radicalism by an even more famous paper: the <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Star_(chartist_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Star (chartist newspaper)">Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser</a></i>. The <i>Star</i> was published between 1837 and 1852, and in 1839 was the best-selling provincial newspaper in Britain, with a circulation of 50,000. Like other Chartist papers, it was often read aloud in coffeehouses, workplaces and the open air.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Chartist periodicals included the <i>Northern Liberator</i> (1837–40), <i>English Chartist Circular</i> (1841–43), and the <i>Midland Counties' Illuminator</i> (1841). The papers gave justifications for the demands of the People's Charter, accounts of local meetings, commentaries on education and temperance and a great deal of poetry. They also advertised upcoming meetings, typically organised by local grassroots branches, held either in public houses or their halls.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research of the distribution of Chartist meetings in London that were advertised in the <i>Northern Star</i> shows that the movement was not uniformly spread across the metropolis but clustered in the West End, where a group of Chartist tailors had shops, as well as in Shoreditch in the east, and relied heavily on pubs that also supported local friendly societies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Readers also found denunciations of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>—the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42) was condemned—and of the arguments of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free traders</a> about the civilizing and pacifying influences of free trade.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Charter_of_1838"><span id="People.27s_Charter_of_1838"></span>People's Charter of 1838</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: People's Charter of 1838"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1837, six <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) and six working men, including <a href="/wiki/William_Lovett" title="William Lovett">William Lovett</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/London_Working_Men%27s_Association" title="London Working Men's Association">London Working Men's Association</a>, set up in 1836, formed a committee. In 1838, they published the <i>People's Charter</i>. This set out the movement's six main aims.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The achievement of these aims would give working men a say in lawmaking: they would be able to vote, their vote would be protected by a secret ballot, and they would be able to stand for election to the House of Commons as a result of the removal of property qualifications and the introduction of payment for MPs. None of these demands were new, but the People's Charter became one of the most famous political manifestos of 19th-century Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChartistRiot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ChartistRiot.jpg/260px-ChartistRiot.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ChartistRiot.jpg/390px-ChartistRiot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ChartistRiot.jpg/520px-ChartistRiot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Chartists' riots</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February,_1839,_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg/260px-The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg/390px-The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg/520px-The_national_convention._As_it_met_on_Monday_the_4th_of_February%2C_1839%2C_at_the_British_Coffee_House_ca._1839_LCCN2004669356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7590" data-file-height="5662" /></a><figcaption>The national convention, meeting on Monday 4 February 1839, at the <a href="/wiki/British_Coffee_House" title="British Coffee House">British Coffee House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chartism was launched in 1838 by a series of large-scale meetings in Birmingham, Glasgow and the north of England. A huge mass meeting was held on <a href="/wiki/Kersal_Moor" title="Kersal Moor">Kersal Moor</a> near <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, on 24 September 1838 with speakers from all over the country. Speaking in favour of manhood suffrage, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rayner_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rayner Stephens">Joseph Rayner Stephens</a> declared that Chartism was a "knife and fork, a bread and cheese question".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words indicate the importance of economic factors in the launch of Chartism. If, as the movement came together, there were different priorities amongst local leaders, the Charter and the Star soon created a national, and largely united, campaign of national protest. John Bates, an activist, recalled: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There were [radical] associations all over the county, but there was a great lack of cohesion. One wanted the ballot, another manhood suffrage and so on ... The radicals were without unity of aim and method, and there was but little hope of accomplishing anything. When, however, the People's Charter was drawn up ... clearly defining the urgent demands of the working class, we felt we had a real bond of union; and so transformed our Radical Association into local Chartist centres ...<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1984-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The movement organised a National Convention in London in early 1839 to facilitate the presentation of the first petition. Delegates used the term MC, Member of Convention, to identify themselves; the convention undoubtedly saw itself as an alternative parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlton1997_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> In June 1839, the petition, signed by 1.3 million working people, was presented to the House of Commons, but MPs voted, by a large majority, not to hear the petitioners. At the Convention, there was talk of a general <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> or "sacred month". In the West Riding of Yorkshire and <a href="/wiki/Chartism_in_Wales" title="Chartism in Wales">in south Wales</a>, anger went even deeper, and underground preparations for a rising were undoubtedly made.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newport_Rising">Newport Rising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Newport Rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport Rising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/220px--Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="245" data-mwtitle="Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall,_Monmouth,_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall,_Monmouth,_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="852" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1066" data-height="600" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv/Dramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADramatisation_of_the_trial_of_the_Chartists_at_Shire_Hall%2C_Monmouth%2C_including_background_information_1_of_7.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Dramatisation of the trial of the Chartists at <a href="/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Monmouth" title="Shire Hall, Monmouth">Shire Hall, Monmouth</a>, including background information</figcaption></figure> <p>Several outbreaks of violence ensued, leading to arrests and trials. One of the leaders of the movement, <a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(Chartist)" title="John Frost (Chartist)">John Frost</a>, on trial for treason, claimed in his defence that he had toured his territory of industrial Wales urging people not to break the law, although he was himself guilty of using language that some might interpret as a call to arms. <a href="/wiki/William_Price_(physician)" title="William Price (physician)">William Price</a> of <a href="/wiki/Llantrisant" title="Llantrisant">Llantrisant</a>—more of a maverick than a mainstream Chartist—described Frost as putting "a sword in my hand and a rope around my neck".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsurprisingly, there are no surviving letters outlining plans for insurrection, but Chartists had undoubtedly started organising physical force. By early autumn men were being drilled and armed in south Wales and the West Riding. Secret cells were set up, covert meetings were held in the Chartist Caves at <a href="/wiki/Llangynidr" title="Llangynidr">Llangynidr</a> and weapons were manufactured as the Chartists armed themselves. Behind closed doors and in pub back rooms, plans were drawn up for a mass protest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the night of 3–4 November 1839 Frost led several thousand marchers through South Wales to the <a href="/wiki/Westgate_Hotel" title="Westgate Hotel">Westgate Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, where there was a confrontation. It seems that Frost and other local leaders were expecting to seize the town and trigger a national uprising. The result of the Newport Rising was a disaster for Chartism. The hotel was occupied by armed soldiers. A brief, violent, and bloody battle ensued. Shots were fired by both sides, although most contemporaries agree that the soldiers holding the building had vastly superior firepower. The Chartists were forced to retreat in disarray: more than twenty were killed, at least another fifty wounded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Testimonies exist from contemporaries, such as the Yorkshire Chartist Ben Wilson, that Newport was to have been the signal for a national uprising. Despite this significant setback the movement remained remarkably buoyant and remained so until late 1842. While the majority of Chartists, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Feargus_O%27Connor" title="Feargus O'Connor">Feargus O'Connor</a>, concentrated on petitioning for Frost, Williams and <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(Chartist)" title="William Jones (Chartist)">William Jones</a> to be pardoned, significant minorities in Sheffield and Bradford planned their risings in response.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135–138, 152–157">: 135–138, 152–157 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holberry" title="Samuel Holberry">Samuel Holberry</a> led an abortive rising in Sheffield on 12 January, and on 26 January Robert Peddie attempted similar action in Bradford. In both Sheffield and Bradford spies had kept magistrates aware of the conspirators' plans, and these attempted risings were easily quashed. Frost and two other Newport leaders, Jones and Williams, were <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported</a>. Holberry and Peddie received long prison sentences with hard labour; Holberry died in prison and became a Chartist martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135–138, 152–157">: 135–138, 152–157 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1842">1842</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1842"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg/260px-Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg/390px-Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg/520px-Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>19th century <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">British Republican</a> Flag proposal<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Dorothy Thompson, "1842 was the year in which more energy was hurled against the authorities than in any other of the 19th century".<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1984-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 295">: 295 </span></sup> </p><p>In early May 1842, a second petition, of over three million signatures, was submitted, and was yet again rejected by Parliament. The <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Star_(chartist_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Star (chartist newspaper)">Northern Star</a></i> commented on the rejection: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Three and a half million have quietly, orderly, soberly, peaceably but firmly asked of their rulers to do justice; and their rulers have turned a deaf ear to that protest. Three and a half millions of people have asked permission to detail their wrongs, and enforce their claims for RIGHT, and the 'House' has resolved they should not be heard! Three and a half millions of the slave-class have holden out the olive branch of peace to the enfranchised and privileged classes and sought for a firm and compact union, on the principle of EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW; and the enfranchised and privileged have refused to enter into a treaty! The same class is to be a slave class still. The mark and brand of inferiority are not to be removed. The assumption of inferiority is still to be maintained. The people are not to be free.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlton1997_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The depression of 1842 led to <a href="/wiki/1842_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1842 General Strike">a wave of strikes</a>, as workers responded to the wage cuts imposed by employers. Calls for the implementation of the Charter were soon included alongside demands for the restoration of wages to previous levels. Working people went on strike in 14 English and 8 Scottish counties, principally in the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, Yorkshire, and the Strathclyde region of Scotland. Typically, strikers resolved to cease work until wages were increased "until the People's charter becomes the Law of the Land". How far these strikes were directly Chartist in inspiration "was then, as now, a subject of much controversy".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Leeds Mercury</i> headlined them "The Chartist Insurrection", but suspicion also hung over the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> that manufacturers among its members deliberately closed mills to stir-up unrest. At the time, these disputes were collectively known as the <i>Plug Plot</i> as, in many cases, protesters removed the plugs from steam boilers powering industry to prevent their use. Amongst historians writing in the 20th century, the term General Strike was increasingly used.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins1980_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1980-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern historians prefer the description "strike wave".<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charlton1997_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, Mick Jenkins in his <i>The General Strike of 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins1980_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1980-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers a <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> interpretation, showing the strikes as highly organized with sophisticated political intentions. The unrest began in the Potteries of Staffordshire in early August, spreading north to Cheshire and Lancashire, where at Manchester a meeting of the Chartist national executive endorsed the strikes on the 16th. The strikes had begun spreading in Scotland and West Yorkshire from the 13th.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223">: 223 </span></sup> </p><p>There were outbreaks of serious violence, including property destruction and the ambushing of police convoys, in the Potteries and the West Riding. Though the government deployed soldiers to suppress violence, it was the practical problems in sustaining an indefinite stoppage that ultimately defeated the strikers. The drift back to work began on 19 August. Only Lancashire and Cheshire were still strike-bound by September, the Manchester power loom weavers being the last to return to work on 26 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223">: 223 </span></sup> </p><p>The state hit back. Several Chartist leaders were arrested, including O'Connor, <a href="/wiki/George_Julian_Harney" title="George Julian Harney">George Julian Harney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_(poet)" title="Thomas Cooper (poet)">Thomas Cooper</a>. During the late summer of 1842, hundreds were incarcerated. In the <a href="/wiki/1842_Pottery_Riots" title="1842 Pottery Riots">Pottery Riots</a> alone, 116 men and women went to prison. A smaller number, but still amounting to many dozens—such as William Ellis, who was convicted on perjured evidence—were <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported</a>. One protester, Josiah Heapy, 19 years old, was shot dead. The government's most ambitious prosecution, personally led by the Attorney General, of O'Connor and 57 others, including almost all Chartism's national executive failed: none was convicted of the serious charges, and those found guilty of minor offences were never sentenced. Cooper alone of the national Chartist leadership was convicted at a different trial, having spoken at strike meetings in the Potteries. He wrote a long poem in prison called " ‘The Purgatory of Suicides’.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1842 the Chartists held a joint national delegate conference with the National Complete Suffrage Union in Birmingham. Tensions with the NCSU soon surfaced and came to a head over their proposals both for a union with the Anti-Corn Law League, which was also broadly middle class, and for rewriting the People's Charter as a legislative Bill of Rights. In both, O'Connor perceived a threat to his leadership, and unable to find agreement the NCSU leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sturge" title="Joseph Sturge">Joseph Sturge</a> withdrew. In May 1843 <a href="/wiki/William_Sharman_Crawford" title="William Sharman Crawford">William Sharman Crawford</a> introduced the NCSU approved bill to "a small and bored" House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid-1840s">Mid-1840s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mid-1840s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite this second set of arrests, Chartist activity continued. Beginning in 1843, O'Connor suggested that the land contained the solution to workers' problems. This idea evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Chartist_Co-operative_Land_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartist Co-operative Land Company">Chartist Co-operative Land Company</a>, later called the <a href="/wiki/National_Land_Company" title="National Land Company">National Land Company</a>. Workers would buy shares in the company, and the company would use those funds to purchase estates that would be subdivided into 2, 3, and 4 acres (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6  hectare) lots. Between 1844 and 1848, five estates were purchased, subdivided, and built on, and then settled by lucky shareholders, who were chosen by lot.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848 a Select Committee was appointed by Parliament to investigate the financial viability of the scheme, and it was ordered that it be shut down. Cottages built by the Chartist Land Company are still standing and inhabited today in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the outskirts of London. <a href="/wiki/Rosedene,_Chartist_cottage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosedene, Chartist cottage">Rosedene</a>, a Chartist cottage in <a href="/wiki/Dodford,_Worcestershire" title="Dodford, Worcestershire">Dodford, Worcestershire</a>, is owned and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, and is open to visitors by appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Candidates embracing Chartism also stood on numerous occasions in <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general elections</a>. There were concerted campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">election of 1841</a> and <a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">election of 1847</a>, when O'Connor was elected for Nottingham. O'Connor became the only Chartist to be elected an MP; it was a remarkable victory for the movement. More commonly, Chartist candidates participated in the open meetings, called hustings, that were the first stage of an election. They frequently won the show of hands at the hustings, but then withdrew from the poll to expose the deeply undemocratic nature of the electoral system. This is what Harney did in a widely reported challenge against Lord <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon" title="Tiverton, Devon">Tiverton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, in 1847. The last Chartist challenge at a parliamentary poll took place at Ripon in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178–183, 279–286, 339–340">: 178–183, 279–286, 339–340 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1848_petition">1848 petition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1848 petition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartist_Demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chartist_Demonstration.jpg/220px-Chartist_Demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chartist_Demonstration.jpg/330px-Chartist_Demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chartist_Demonstration.jpg/440px-Chartist_Demonstration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>An 1848 poster advertising the Great Chartist Meeting</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1848, following the arrival of news of a <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">revolution in Paris</a>, Chartist activity increased. In March there were protests or bread riots in Manchester, Glasgow, and Dublin, and a new demonstration was announced for 10 April 1848, to be held on <a href="/wiki/Kennington_Common" title="Kennington Common">Kennington Common</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. After the meeting, a planned procession would carry a third petition to Parliament. Marches and demonstrations were also planned for April 10 in Manchester and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In anticipation of the announced march, Parliament revived a statute dating to the time of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> that forbade more than 10 persons from presenting a petition in person. That was followed on April 7 by new legislation making certain seditious acts "proposing to make war against the Queen, or seeking to intimidate or overawe both Houses of Parliament" or openly speaking or writing "to that effect" felonies in Great Britain and Ireland, punishable by death or transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authorities knew that the Chartists were planning a peaceful demonstration, but still wanted a large-scale display of force to counter the challenge, so 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Special_constable" title="Special constable">special constables</a> were recruited to bolster the police force.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor, seeing that any form of resistance to authorities would be impossible, cancelled the planned procession to Parliament to present the petition. The meeting was peaceful and finished without incident, after which the petition with its many signatures was sent to Parliament in three cabs accompanied by a small group of Chartist leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodway1982_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodway1982-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliament's repressive measures strengthened an already-present impulse to violent resistance. In June there was widespread drilling and arming in the West Riding and the devising of plots in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodway1982_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodway1982-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116–122">: 116–122 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bingley" title="Bingley">Bingley</a>, Yorkshire, a group of "physical force" Chartists led by Isaac Ickeringill were involved in a huge fracas at the local <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">magistrates' court</a> and later were prosecuted for rescuing two of their compatriots from the police.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Cuffay" title="William Cuffay">William Cuffay</a>, a London labour activist and one of the organisers of the Kennington Common rally, was convicted of "conspiring to levy war" against the Queen and transported to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_after_1848">Decline after 1848</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline after 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chartism as an organized movement declined rapidly after 1848. Throughout the 1850s, pockets of strong support for Chartism could still be found in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2007_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 312–347">: 312–347 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the final National Convention, held in 1858, was attended by only a handful of delegates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_George_Gammage" title="Robert George Gammage">Robert George Gammage</a>, a veteran chartist and later historian of the movement, blamed Chartism's decline on O'Connor's egotism and vanity,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more recent historians (notably <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson_(historian)" title="Dorothy Thompson (historian)">Dorothy Thompson</a>) have tended to see the process as too complex to be attributed to the personality of a single individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1984-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Jones" title="Ernest Charles Jones">Ernest Charles Jones</a> became a leading figure in the National Charter Association during its decline, together with <a href="/wiki/George_Julian_Harney" title="George Julian Harney">George Julian Harney</a>, and helped to give the movement a clearer socialist direction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jones and Harney knew <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> personally. Marx and Engels at the same time commented on the Chartist movement and Jones' work in their letters and articles.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kennington, the <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Estate" title="Brandon Estate">Brandon Estate</a> featured<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large mural by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hollaway" title="Tony Hollaway">Tony Hollaway</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hollamby" title="Edward Hollamby">Edward Hollamby</a> in the early 1960s, commemorating the Chartists' meeting on 10 April 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-Pereira_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pereira-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period, some Christian churches in Britain held "that it was 'wrong for a Christian to meddle in political matters ... All of the denominations were particularly careful to disavow any political affiliation and he who was the least concerned with the 'affairs of this world' was considered the most saintly and worthy of emulation."<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkner1916-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> This was at odds with many Christian Chartists for whom Christianity was "above all practical, something that must be carried into every walk of life. Furthermore, there was no possibility of divorcing it from political science."<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkner1916-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p><p>William Hill, a <a href="/wiki/The_New_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Church">Swedenborgian</a> minister, wrote in the <i>Northern Star</i>: "We are commanded ... to love our neighbours as ourselves ... this command is universal in its application, whether as a friend, Christian or citizen. A man may be devout as a Christian ... but if as a citizen he claims rights for himself he refuses to confer upon others, he fails to fulfil the precept of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkner1916-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> The conflicts between these two views led many like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barker_(minister)" title="Joseph Barker (minister)">Joseph Barker</a> to see Britain's churches as pointless. "I have no faith in church organisations," he explained. "I believe it my duty to be a man; to live and move in the world at large; to battle with evil wherever I see it, and to aim at the annihilation of all corrupt institutions and the establishment of all good, and generous, and useful institutions in their places."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To further this idea, some Christian Chartist churches were formed where Christianity and radical politics were combined and considered inseparable. More than 20 Chartist churches existed in Scotland by 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamphlets made the point and vast audiences came to hear lectures on the same themes by the likes of J. R. Stephens, who was highly influential in the movement. Political preachers thus came into prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkner1916-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–28">: 27–28 </span></sup> </p><p>Between late 1844 and November 1845, subscriptions were raised for the publication of a <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was printed as a 64-page pamphlet and distributed for a nominal fee, although no known copy is thought to remain. In 2011, a previously unknown and uncatalogued smaller pamphlet of 16 hymns was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a> Library in the North of England.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is believed to be the only Chartist Hymnal in existence. Heavily influenced by dissenting Christians, the hymns are about social justice, "striking down evildoers", and blessing Chartist enterprises, rather than the conventional themes of crucifixion, heaven, and family. </p><p>Some of the hymns protest the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. One proclaims, "Men of wealth and men of power/ Like locusts all thy gifts devour". Two celebrate the martyrs of the movement. "Great God! Is this the Patriot's Doom?" was composed for the funeral of Samuel Holberry, the Sheffield Chartist leader, who died in prison in 1843, while another honours John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, and William Jones, the Chartist leaders transported to <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport rising of 1839</a>. </p><p>The Chartists were especially critical of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> for unequal distribution of the state funds it received, resulting in some bishops and higher dignitaries having grossly larger incomes than other clergymen. This state of affairs led some Chartists to question the very idea of a state-sponsored church, leading them to call for absolute <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkner1916-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> </p><p>Facing severe persecution in 1839, Chartists took to attending services at churches they held in contempt to display their numerical strength and express their dissatisfaction. Often they forewarned the preacher and demanded that he preach from texts they believed supported their cause, such as 2 Thessalonians 3:10, 2 Timothy 2:6, Matthew 19:23<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and James 5:1–6.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the set-upon ministers often preached the need to focus on things spiritual and not material, and of meekness and obedience to authority, citing such passages as Romans 13:1–7 and 1 Peter 2:13–17.<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkner1916-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson_(historian)" title="Dorothy Thompson (historian)">Dorothy Thompson</a> argues that, "Chartism was a movement whose members, supporters, and most of its leaders, were working men. A few were shopkeepers, innkeepers or marginal members of lesser professions." <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Jones" title="Ernest Charles Jones">Ernest Jones</a> (1819–1869), was born into the landed gentry, became a barrister, and left a large documentary record. "He is the best-remembered of the Chartist leaders, among the pioneers of the modern Labour movement, and a friend of both Marx and Engels."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Thompson, <a href="/wiki/Feargus_O%27Connor" title="Feargus O'Connor">Feargus O'Connor</a> the proprietor of the <i>Northern Star</i> was the "most well-loved man" of the movement: </p><blockquote><p>For the Chartists ... O'Connor was the acknowledged leader of the movement. Abler men among the leadership there certainly were and men with a clearer sense of direction in which a working-class movement should go, but none of them had the appeal which O'Connor had nor his ability to win the confidence and support of the great crowds who made up the Chartist meetings in their heyday. Over 6 ft (183 cm) tall—he was almost the tallest man in the House of Commons—and with a voice which could easily carry an open-air meetings of tens of thousands, with a handsome appearance, a quick wit and a rich vein of scurrility when it came to abusing his opponents, Connor possessed all the qualities of the first rate popular orator.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Many of the early historians of Chartism attributed the failure of Chartism at least in part to O'Connor. He was accused of egotism and of being quarrelsome. In recent years, however, there has been a trend to reassess him in a more favourable light.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Thompson, <a href="/wiki/George_Julian_Harney" title="George Julian Harney">George Julian Harney</a>: </p><blockquote><p> is a particularly good figure to take as central to the study of Chartism. For five years (1845–50) he was the editor of the <i>Northern Star.</i> He was one of the few leading figures who entered the movement in its earliest days—coming in straight from an active part in the dramatic and principled fight against the stamp duties on newspapers which is one of the highlights of 19th century radical action—and remained active throughout the years of its mass influence. <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p> According to Tristram Hunt:</p><blockquote><p>George Julian Harney, Chartism's enfant terrible ... was firmly on the radical side of the movement, advocating the use of physical force and enjoying riling his conservative comrades by flaunting the red cap of liberty at public meetings. In and out of jail, endlessly feuding with fellow Chartists, and ultimately expelled from the party, the Robespierre-admiring Harney remained convinced that insurrection was the surest route to achieve the demands of the charter.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holberry2068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Holberry2068.jpg/220px-Holberry2068.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Holberry2068.jpg/330px-Holberry2068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Holberry2068.jpg/440px-Holberry2068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A plaque commemorating <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holberry" title="Samuel Holberry">Samuel Holberry</a> in Sheffield's Peace Gardens, by <a href="/wiki/Ieuan_Rees" title="Ieuan Rees">Ieuan Rees</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newportx1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Newportx1.JPG/220px-Newportx1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Newportx1.JPG/330px-Newportx1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Newportx1.JPG/440px-Newportx1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Chartist_Mural" title="Chartist Mural">Chartist Mural</a> in Newport commemorating the uprising</figcaption></figure> <p>Malcolm Chase argues that Chartism was not, "a movement that failed but a movement characterized by multiplicity of small victories." Moreover, eventually "Chartism collapsed, but <i>Chartists</i> did not."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eventual_reforms">Eventual reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eventual reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chartism did not directly generate any reforms. However after 1848, as the movement faded, its demands appeared less threatening and were gradually enacted by other reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle-class <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">parliamentary Radicals</a> continued to press for an extension of the franchise in such organisations as the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association and the Reform Union. By the late 1850s, the celebrated <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> was agitating in the country for franchise reform. But working-class radicals had not gone away. The Reform League campaigned for manhood suffrage in the 1860s and included former Chartists in its ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867 part of the urban working men was admitted to the franchise under the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a>, and in 1918 full manhood suffrage was achieved. Other points of the People's Charter were granted: secret voting was introduced in 1872 and the payment of MPs in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual elections remain the only Chartist demand not to be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enabling_political_progressions">Enabling political progressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Enabling political progressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political elites<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (June 2021)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> feared the Chartists in the 1830s and 1840s as a dangerous threat to national stability.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Chartist stronghold of Manchester, the movement undermined the political power of the old Tory-Anglican elite that had controlled civic affairs. But the reformers of Manchester were themselves factionalised.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chartism has also been seen as a forerunner to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">UK Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_working_class_confidence">Development of working class confidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Development of working class confidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participation in the Chartist Movement filled some working men with self-confidence: they learned to speak publicly, to send their poems and other writings off for publication—to be able, in short, to confidently articulate the feelings of working people. Many former Chartists went on to become journalists, poets, ministers, and councillors.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonies">Colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">This article is part of a series on the </span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Eureka Rebellion</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Flag" title="Eureka Flag"><img alt="Eureka Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eureka_Flag.svg/60px-Eureka_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eureka_Flag.svg/90px-Eureka_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eureka_Flag.svg/120px-Eureka_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack"><img alt="Union Jack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/102px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/136px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg/200px-Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg/300px-Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg/400px-Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Eureka Stockade Riot</i> by John Black Henderson (1854)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Eureka_Rebellion" title="Timeline of the Eureka Rebellion">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eureka_Stockade#British_army_commanders" title="Battle of the Eureka Stockade">Military leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eureka_Stockade" title="Battle of the Eureka Stockade">Siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion#Origins" title="Eureka Rebellion"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Origins</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chartism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hiscock" title="Thomas Hiscock">Thomas Hiscock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion#The_Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">The Eureka Rebellion</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Gold_Licence_Association" title="Anti-Gold Licence Association">Anti-Gold Licence Association</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Reform_League" title="Ballarat Reform League">Ballarat Reform League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo_Petition" title="Bendigo Petition">Bendigo Petition</a></li><li>British army in the Eureka Rebellion</li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_La_Trobe" title="Charles La Trobe">Charles La Trobe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasley_(engineer)" title="Charles Pasley (engineer)">Charles Pasley (engineer)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thonen" title="Edward Thonen">Edward Thonen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Flag" title="Eureka Flag">Eureka Flag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_(fortification)" title="Eureka Stockade (fortification)">Eureka Stockade (fortification)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Creek_Monster_Meeting" title="Forest Creek Monster Meeting">Forest Creek Monster Meeting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrick_Vern" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredrick Vern">Fredrick Vern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(Australian_politician)" title="John Foster (Australian politician)">John Foster (Australian politician)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Christopher_Wise_(born_1829)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Christopher Wise (born 1829)">Henry Christopher Wise</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Richard_Nicholls" title="Henry Richard Nicholls">Henry Richard Nicholls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ross" title="Henry Ross">Henry Ross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seekamp" title="Henry Seekamp">Henry Seekamp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Scobie" title="James Scobie">James Scobie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Basson_Humffray" title="John Basson Humffray">John Basson Humffray</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_King_(police_officer)" title="John King (police officer)">John King (police officer)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eureka_Stockade_defenders" title="List of Eureka Stockade defenders">List of Eureka Stockade defenders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_licence" title="Miner's licence">Miner's licence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lalor" title="Peter Lalor">Peter Lalor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pikeman%27s_dog" title="Pikeman's dog">Pikeman's dog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nickle_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Nickle (British Army officer)">Robert Nickle (British Army officer)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Rede" title="Robert William Rede">Robert William Rede</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Hotham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Hotham">Sir Charles Hotham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment" title="Suffolk Regiment">Suffolk Regiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology_of_the_Eureka_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vexillology of the Eureka Rebellion">Vexillology of the Eureka Rebellion</a></li><li>Victorian police in the Eureka Rebellion</li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Atherden" title="William Edward Atherden">William Edward Atherden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(Australian_politician)" title="William Wright (Australian politician)">William Wright (Australian politician)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/40th_(the_2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot">40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion#High_treason_trials" title="Eureka Rebellion"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">High treason trials</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Michie" title="Archibald Michie">Archibald Michie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Cole_Aspinall" title="Butler Cole Aspinall">Butler Cole Aspinall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Samuel_Chapman" title="Henry Samuel Chapman">Henry Samuel Chapman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seekamp" title="Henry Seekamp">Henry Seekamp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_(rebel)" title="John Joseph (rebel)">John Joseph (rebel)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Manning_(journalist)" title="John Manning (journalist)">John Manning (journalist)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Carboni" title="Raffaello Carboni">Raffaello Carboni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Redmond_Barry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Redmond Barry">Sir Redmond Barry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_%C3%A0_Beckett" title="William à Beckett">William à Beckett</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Stawell" title="William Stawell">William Stawell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1855_Victorian_high_treason_trials" title="1855 Victorian high treason trials">1855 Victorian high treason trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion#Legacy" title="Eureka Rebellion"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Legacy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Jack_Mystery" title="Eureka Jack Mystery">Eureka Jack Mystery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion_in_popular_culture" title="Eureka Rebellion in popular culture">Eureka Rebellion in popular culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_Memorial_Park" title="Eureka Stockade Memorial Park">Eureka Stockade Memorial Park</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_Monument" title="Eureka Stockade Monument">Eureka Stockade Monument</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eureka_Stockade_(1855_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eureka Stockade (1855 novel)">The Eureka Stockade (1855 novel)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_(1907_film)" title="Eureka Stockade (1907 film)">Eureka Stockade (1907 film)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_(1949_film)" title="Eureka Stockade (1949 film)">Eureka Stockade (1949 film)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_(miniseries)" title="Eureka Stockade (miniseries)">Eureka Stockade (miniseries)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doudiet" title="Charles Doudiet">Charles Doudiet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bramwell_Withers" title="William Bramwell Withers">William Bramwell Withers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Len_Fox" title="Len Fox">Len Fox</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eureka_Rebellion_sidebar" title="Template:Eureka Rebellion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eureka_Rebellion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eureka Rebellion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eureka_Rebellion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eureka Rebellion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chartism was also an important influence in some British colonies. Some leaders were punished by transportation to Australia, where they spread their beliefs. In 1854, Chartist demands were put forward by the miners at the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Eureka Stockade">Eureka Stockade</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> fields at <a href="/wiki/Ballarat,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat, Victoria">Ballarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Within two years of the military suppression of the Eureka revolt, the first elections of the Victoria parliament were held, with near-universal male suffrage and by secret ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and with the successful use of secret voting in Australia, it spread to the UK and Canada in the 1870s, and later gradually to the U.S.)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that Chartist influence in Australia led to other reforms in the late 19th century and well into the 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, relatively short three-year parliamentary terms, <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">preferential voting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a>), <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the African colonies after 1920, there were occasional appearances of a "colonial Chartism" that called for improved welfare, upgraded education, freedom of speech, and greater political representation for native people.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condition_of_England_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Condition of England question">Condition of England question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom">Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(Chartist)" title="John Frost (Chartist)">John Frost (Chartist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Bills">Reform Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Representation of the People Act 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Spurr" title="Richard Spurr">Richard Spurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism_in_Wales" title="Chartism in Wales">Chartism in Wales</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/get-involved1/2015-banners-exhibition/ross-sinclair/1838-peoples-charter-gallery/">"1838 People's Charter - UK Parliament"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1838+People%27s+Charter+-+UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2F2015-parliament-in-the-making%2Fget-involved1%2F2015-banners-exhibition%2Fross-sinclair%2F1838-peoples-charter-gallery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bha010">John Cannon, <i>The Chartists in Bristol</i> (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 10, 1964), 18 pp.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2007_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcolm Chase, <i>Chartism: A New History</i> (Manchester UP, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd Hilton, <i>A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846</i> (2006) pp 612–621</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1984-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1984_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Thompson, <i>The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution</i> (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/minute-book">Minute Book of the London Working Men’s Association.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170127/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/minute-book">Archived</a> 28 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1939" class="citation book cs1">Williams, David (1939). <i>John Frost: A Study in Chartism</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board. pp. 100, 104, 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Frost%3A+A+Study+in+Chartism&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=100%2C+104%2C+107&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press+Board&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, Joan Allen and Owen R. Ashton, <i>Papers for the People: A Study of the Chartist Press</i> (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Breton, "Violence and the Radical Imagination", <i>Victorian Periodicals Review</i>, Spring 2011, 44#1 pp. 24–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cris Yelland, "Speech and Writing in the Northern Star", <i>Labour History Review</i>, Spring 2000, 65#1 pp. 22–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavickas2015" class="citation book cs1">Navickas, Katrina (2015). <i>Protest and the Politics of Space and Place, 1789–1848</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protest+and+the+Politics+of+Space+and+Place%2C+1789%E2%80%931848&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Navickas&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavickasCrymble2017" class="citation journal cs1">Navickas, Katrina; Crymble, Adam (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13555502.2017.1301179">"From Chartist Newspaper to Digital Map of Grass-roots Meetings, 1841–44: Documenting Workflows"</a>. <i>The Journal of Victorian Culture</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 232–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13555502.2017.1301179">10.1080/13555502.2017.1301179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F18336">2299/18336</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Victorian+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Chartist+Newspaper+to+Digital+Map+of+Grass-roots+Meetings%2C+1841%E2%80%9344%3A+Documenting+Workflows&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=232-247&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2299%2F18336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13555502.2017.1301179&rft.aulast=Navickas&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft.au=Crymble%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13555502.2017.1301179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shijie Guan, "Chartism and the First Opium War", <i>History Workshop</i> (October 1987), Issue 24, pp. 17–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartistancestors.co.uk/six-points/">"The six points | chartist ancestors"</a>. <i>chartist ancestors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=chartist+ancestors&rft.atitle=The+six+points+%7C+chartist+ancestors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chartistancestors.co.uk%2Fsix-points%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosanvallon2013" class="citation book cs1">Rosanvallon, Pierre (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=geewAAAAQBAJ&q=People's+Charter+became+one+of+the+most+famous+political+manifestos+of+19th-century+Britain&pg=PA82"><i>The Society of Equals</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72644-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72644-4"><bdi>978-0-674-72644-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Equals&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72644-4&rft.aulast=Rosanvallon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgeewAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DPeople%27s%2BCharter%2Bbecame%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bfamous%2Bpolitical%2Bmanifestos%2Bof%2B19th-century%2BBritain%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloy" class="citation web cs1">Bloy, Marjie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219044548/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chartism.html">"Chartism"</a>. <i>VictorianWeb.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chartism.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VictorianWeb.org&rft.atitle=Chartism&rft.aulast=Bloy&rft.aufirst=Marjie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fchartism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlton1997-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton1997_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton1997_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton1997_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton, John, <i>The Chartists: The First National Workers' Movement</i> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Williams, <i>John Frost: a study in Chartism</i> (1969) p 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205210/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb%7Drep.html">"British republican flag"</a>. 20 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb}rep.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+republican+flag&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fgb%7Drep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Royle, <i>Chartism</i> (1996), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins1980-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins1980_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins1980_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1980" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Mick (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalstrikeof10000jenk"><i>The General Strike of 1842</i></a></span>. London: Lawrence and Wishart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853155300" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853155300"><bdi>978-0853155300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Strike+of+1842&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lawrence+and+Wishart&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0853155300&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralstrikeof10000jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.C. Mather, "The General Strike of 1842", in John Stevenson R. Quinault (eds), <i>Popular Protest and Public Order</i> (1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuduk2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kuduk, Stephanie (1 June 2001). "Sedition, Chartism, and Epic Poetry in Thomas Cooper's The Purgatory of Suicides". <i>Victorian Poetry</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 165–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fvp.2001.0012">10.1353/vp.2001.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154360800">154360800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Poetry&rft.atitle=Sedition%2C+Chartism%2C+and+Epic+Poetry+in+Thomas+Cooper%27s+The+Purgatory+of+Suicides&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-186&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fvp.2001.0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154360800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuduk&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1920" class="citation book cs1">West, Julius (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorvictorianwriters.org.uk/hovell/c_history_3.htm"><i>A History of Chartism, III</i></a>. London: Constable and Company. pp. 194–196, 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chartism%2C+III&rft.place=London&rft.pages=194-196%2C+198&rft.pub=Constable+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorvictorianwriters.org.uk%2Fhovell%2Fc_history_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartists.net/Chartist-Land-Plan-1845-50.htm">"Welcome to Chartist Ancestors"</a>. <i>chartist ancestors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chartist+ancestors&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Chartist+Ancestors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chartists.net%2FChartist-Land-Plan-1845-50.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/rosedene">"Rosedene"</a>. <i>National Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust&rft.atitle=Rosedene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Frosedene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slosson, Preston William, <i>The Decline of the Chartist Movement</i>, pp 95ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slosson, Preston William, <i>The Decline of the Chartist Movement</i>, pp 98ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapport2005" class="citation cs2">Rapport, Michael (2005), <i>Nineteenth Century Europe</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-65246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-65246-6"><bdi>978-0-333-65246-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+Century+Europe&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-333-65246-6&rft.aulast=Rapport&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodway1982-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway1982_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway1982_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Goodway, <i><a href="/wiki/London_Chartism,_1838%E2%80%931848" title="London Chartism, 1838–1848">London Chartism, 1838–1848</a></i> (1982).<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129–142">: 129–142 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The estimate of the number of attendees at the meeting varies by source; O'Connor said 300,000, the government 15,000, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> 50,000. Historians say 150,000. The Chartists declared that their petition was signed by 6 million people, but House of Commons clerks announced that it was 1.9 million. In truth, the clerks could not have done their work in the time allocated to them, but their figure was widely reported, along with some of the pseudonyms appended to the petition such as "Punch" and "<a href="/wiki/Charles_Sibthorp" title="Charles Sibthorp">Sibthorp</a>" (an <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">ultra-Tory</a> MP), and Chartism's credibility was undermined. See Slosson, Preston William, <i>The Decline of the Chartist Movement</i>, pp 101 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Saville, <i>1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement</i> (1987), pp. 130–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030140458/http://www.chartists.net/Chartists-arrested-in-1848.htm">"Chartists arrested in 1848"</a>. <i>Chartists.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartists.net/Chartists-arrested-in-1848.htm">the original</a> on 30 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chartists.net&rft.atitle=Chartists+arrested+in+1848&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chartists.net%2FChartists-arrested-in-1848.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith A. P. Sandiford, <i>A Black Studies Primer: Heroes and Heroines of the African Diaspora</i>, Hansib Publications, 2008, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Flett, <i>Chartism after 1848</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.G. Gammage, <i>History of the Chartist movement</i> (1854); J.T. Ward, <i>Chartism</i> (1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also James Epstein, <i>Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement</i> (1982); Malcolm Chase, <i>Chartism: A New History</i> (2007); Paul Pickering, <i>Feargus O'Connor: A Political Life</i> (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Douglas Howard Cole: <i>Ernest Jones</i>, in G. D. H. Cole: <i>Chartist portraits</i>, Macmillan, London 1941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are 52 letters from Jones to Marx between 1851 and 1868 kept.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are eight letters from Jones to Engels between 1852 and 1867 kept.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Marx-Engels-Werke</i>, Berlin (DDR) 1960/61, vol. 8, 9, 10, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingolf Neunübel: <i>Zu einigen ausgewählten Fragen und Problemen der Zusammenarbeit von Marx und Engels mit dem Führer der revolutionären Chartisten, Ernest Jones, im Jahre 1854</i>, in Beiträge Zur Marx-Engels-Forschung 22. 1987, pp. 208–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2024" class="citation web cs1">Lloyd, Tom (26 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brandontra.co.uk/murals-and-public-art-on-the-brandon/">"Murals and Public Art on the Brandon | BrandonTRA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Murals+and+Public+Art+on+the+Brandon+%26%23124%3B+BrandonTRA&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrandontra.co.uk%2Fmurals-and-public-art-on-the-brandon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pereira-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pereira_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira2015" class="citation news cs1">Pereira, Dawn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/henry-moore/dawn-pereira-henry-moore-and-the-welfare-state-r1151315">"Henry Moore and the Welfare State"</a>. <i>Henry Moore: Sculptural Process and Public Identity</i>. Tate Research Publication<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Henry+Moore%3A+Sculptural+Process+and+Public+Identity&rft.atitle=Henry+Moore+and+the+Welfare+State&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fresearch-publications%2Fhenry-moore%2Fdawn-pereira-henry-moore-and-the-welfare-state-r1151315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faulkner1916-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkner1916_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Underwood Faulkner, <i>Chartism and the churches: a study in democracy</i> (1916)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hempton, <i>Methodism and politics in British society, 1750–1850</i> (1984) p 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine2000" class="citation book cs1">Devine, T.M. (2000). <i>The Scottish Nation 1700–2000</i>. Penguin. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140230048" title="Special:BookSources/9780140230048"><bdi>9780140230048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Nation+1700%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780140230048&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=T.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richardjohnbr.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/hymns-and-chartists-revisited.html">"Hymns and the Chartists revisited"</a>. <i>richardjohnbr.blogspot.co.uk</i>. 20 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=richardjohnbr.blogspot.co.uk&rft.atitle=Hymns+and+the+Chartists+revisited&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichardjohnbr.blogspot.co.uk%2F2013%2F02%2Fhymns-and-chartists-revisited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderdale_Libraries2009" class="citation web cs1">Calderdale Libraries, Northgate (15 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/wtw/search/controlservlet?PageId=Detail&DocId=102253&PageNo=1">"National Chartist Hymn Book: From Weaver to Web"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Chartist+Hymn+Book%3A+From+Weaver+to+Web&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.aulast=Calderdale+Libraries&rft.aufirst=Northgate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calderdale.gov.uk%2Fwtw%2Fsearch%2Fcontrolservlet%3FPageId%3DDetail%26DocId%3D102253%26PageNo%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Stanley, 1839, "A Sermon Preached in Norwich Cathedral, on Sunday, August 18th, 1839, by the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Norwich, before an assemblage of a body of mechanics termed Chartists"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manchester and Salford Advertiser, 17/8/1839</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Dorothy Thompson, <i>The Dignity of Chartism</i> (2015) chapter 9 p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Dorothy Thompson, <i>The Dignity of Chartism</i> (2015) chapter 9 p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Thompson: <i>The Chartists</i>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Dorothy Thompson, <i>The Dignity of Chartism</i> (2015) chapter 9 p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tristram Hunt, <i>Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels</i> (2009), p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/sites/default/files/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Chartism%20Study%20Guide%20v1-1.pdf">"Sources for the Study of Chartism in Sheffield"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sheffield City Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+Study+of+Chartism+in+Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2Flibraries-and-archives%2Farchives-and-local-studies%2Fresearch%2FChartism%2520Study%2520Guide%2520v1-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcolm Chase, <i>The Chartists: perspectives and legacies</i> (2015) pp 1–2, 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margot C. Finn, <i>After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Tortella2010" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel Tortella (2010). <i>The Origins of the Twenty-First Century</i>. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Gabriel+Tortella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/faqs/house-of-commons-faqs/members-faq-page2/#jump-link-15">"Frequently Asked Questions: MPs - UK Parliament"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+MPs+-+UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Ffaqs%2Fhouse-of-commons-faqs%2Fmembers-faq-page2%2F%23jump-link-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/case-study/the-right-to-vote/the-chartists-and-birmingham/the-chartist-legacy/"><i>The Chartist Legacy</i>, Parliament.UK<i></i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Saunders, "Chartism from above: British elites and the interpretation of Chartism", <i>Historical Research</i>, (2008) 81#213 pp 463–484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Turner, "Local Politics and the Nature of Chartism: The Case of Manchester", <i>Northern History</i>, (2008), 45#2 pp 323–345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles_Fraser2012" class="citation news cs1">Giles Fraser (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/05/occupy-movement-legacy-chartism">"Before we decide to write off the Occupy movement, let's consider the legacy of the Chartists"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Before+we+decide+to+write+off+the+Occupy+movement%2C+let%27s+consider+the+legacy+of+the+Chartists&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.au=Giles+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2012%2Foct%2F05%2Foccupy-movement-legacy-chartism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Griffin, "The making of the Chartists: popular politics and working-class autobiography in early Victorian Britain," English Historical Review, 538, June 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/05/23/ehr.ceu078">in EHR</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Serle, <i>The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria</i> (1963) ch 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2223/120FranchiseActSymposium">"120th Anniversary of the 1902 Franchise and Electoral Acts: Proceedings of a Parliamentary Library Symposium"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=120th+Anniversary+of+the+1902+Franchise+and+Electoral+Acts%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Parliamentary+Library+Symposium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp2223%2F120FranchiseActSymposium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2019" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Judith (2019). <i>From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting</i>. Text Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1925603842" title="Special:BookSources/978-1925603842"><bdi>978-1925603842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Secret+Ballot+to+Democracy+Sausage%3A+How+Australia+Got+Compulsory+Voting&rft.pub=Text+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1925603842&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Bush, <i>Imperialism, race, and resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919–1945</i> (1999) p. 261</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, J and Ashton, R.O. <i>Papers For the People.</i> Merlin Press. London. (2005)</li> <li>Archer, J.E. <i>Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England 1780–1840.</i> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. (1996)</li> <li>Ashton, Owen, Fyson, Robert, and Roberts, Stephen, <i>The Chartist Legacy</i> (1999) Essays</li> <li>Belchem, J <i>Radical Language, Meaning and Identity in the Age of the Chartists.</i> Journal of Victorian Culture. (2005)</li> <li>Briggs, Asa. <i>Chartist Studies</i> (1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chartism0000brig/page/n2/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Briggs, Asa. <i>The Age of Improvement 1783–1867</i> (1979), pp 302–312 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofimprovement0000brig_s1k3">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Browne, Harry. <i>Chartism</i> (1999), short textbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chartism0000brow">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Carlyle1840" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (1840), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chartism" class="extiw" title="s:Chartism">Chartism</a></i> (1st ed.), London, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107600591" class="extiw" title="d:Q107600591">Q107600591</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chartism&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Thomas+Carlyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carver, Stephen, <i>Shark Alley: The Memoirs of a Penny-a-Liner</i> (2016), a creative non-fiction account of the life of a Chartist journalist.</li> <li>Chase, Malcolm. <i>Chartism: A New History</i> (<a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, 2007), A standard scholarly history of the entire movement <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Chartism-new-history-Malcolm-Chase/dp/0719060877/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Chase, Malcolm. "'Labour's Candidates': Chartist Challenges at the Parliamentary Polls, 1839–1860." <i>Labour History Review</i> 74#1 (April 2009): 64–89.</li> <li>Epstein, James and Thompson, Dorothy, <i>The Chartist Experience</i> (1982) Essays</li> <li>Evans, Eric J. <i>Chartism</i> (2000) short textbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chartism0000evan/page/n1/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Fraser, W. Hamish, <i>Chartism in Scotland</i> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_George_Gammage" title="Robert George Gammage">Gammage, R. G.</a> <i>History of the Chartist Movement 1837–1854</i></li> <li>Gibson, Josh. "The Chartists and the constitution: revisiting British popular constitutionalism." <i>Journal of British Studies</i> 56.1 (2017): 70–90.</li> <li>Gibson, Josh. "Natural right and the intellectual context of early Chartist thought." <i>History Workshop Journal</i> Vol. 84. (2017).</li> <li>Griffin, Emma. "The Making of the Chartists: Popular Politics and Working-Class Autobiography in Early Victorian Britain." <i>English Historical Review</i> 129#538, (2014), pp. 578–605, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24474188">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hadfield, Alice Mary, <i>The Chartist Land Company</i>, (1970)</li> <li>Hall, Robert, <i>Voices of the People: Democracy and Chartist Political Identity</i> (The Merlin Press, 2007) stresses the importance of regional loyalties and associations.</li> <li>Jones, David J. V., <i>Chartism and the Chartists</i> (1975).</li> <li>Jones, David J., <i>The Last Rising; The Newport Insurrection 1839</i> (1985)</li> <li>O'Brien, Mark, <i>"Perish the Privileged Orders": A Socialist history of the Chartist movement</i> (1995)</li></ul> <ul><li>Pickering, Paul, <i>Chartism and the Chartists in Manchester and Salford</i> (1995)</li> <li>Read, Donald and Glasgow, Eric, <i>Feargus O'Connor: Irishman and Chartist</i> (London 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feargusoconner0000read">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Roberts, Stephen, <i>Radical Politicians and Poets in Early Victorian Britain: The Voices of Six Chartist Leaders</i> (1993)</li> <li>Roberts, Stephen and Thompson, Dorothy. 'Images of Chartism' (1998) Contemporary illustrations</li> <li>Roberts, Stephen, 'The People's Charter: Democratic Agitation in Early Victorian Britain' (2003) Essays</li> <li>Roberts, Stephen, <i>The Chartist Prisoners: The Radical Lives of Thomas Cooper and Arthur O'Neill</i> (2008)</li> <li>Royle, E, <i>Chartism</i> Longman (1996)</li> <li>Sanders, Mike. <i>The poetry of Chartism: aesthetics, politics, history</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Schwarzkopf, Jutta, <i>Women in the Chartist Movement</i> (1991)</li> <li>Taylor, Miles, <i>Ernest Jones, Chartism and the Romance of Politics</i> (2003)</li> <li>Thompson, Dorothy. <i>The Chartists: popular politics in the Industrial Revolution</i> (1984) by a leading expert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chartistspopular00thom">online</a></li> <li>Thompson, Dorothy. <i>The early Chartists</i> (1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychartists0000thom">online</a></li> <li>Thompson, Dorothy, ed. <i>The Dignity of Chartism</i> (Verso Books, 2015), Essays by leading specialists.</li> <li>Vargo, Gregory. <i>An Underground History of Early Victorian Fiction: Chartism, Radical Print Culture, and the Social Problem Novel</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2018).</li> <li>Walton, John K. <i>Chartism</i> (1999), short textbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chartism0000walt/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Claeys, Gregory. "The Triumph of Class-Conscious Reformism in British Radicalism, 1790–1860" <i>Historical Journal</i> (1983) 26#4 pp. 969–985 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639294">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Griffin, Emma. "The Making of the Chartists: Popular Politics and Working-class Autobiography in Early Victorian Britain." <i>English Historical Review</i> 129.538 (2014): 578–605.</li> <li>Hilton, Boyd. <i>A mad, bad, and dangerous people?: England 1783–1846</i> Oxford University Press, 2008) pp 612–629, 681.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kovalev, Yuri V. "The Literature of Chartism." <i>Victorian Studies</i> (1958): 117–138. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4618857">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saunders, Robert. "Chartism from Above: British Elites and the Interpretation of Chartism", <i>Historical Research</i> 81:213 (August 2008): 463–484 (<a href="//doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00421.x" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00421.x">DOI</a>).</li> <li>Taylor, Miles. "Rethinking the chartists: Searching for synthesis in the historiography of chartism", <i>Historical Journal</i>, (1996), 39#2 pp 479–495 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2640191">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Finn, Joe, ed. <i>Chartists and Chartism</i> (Hodder and Stoughton, 1992), 124pp.</li> <li>The Chartist Movement in Britain, ed. Gregory Claeys (6 vols, Pickering and Chatto, 2001)</li> <li>Frost, Thomas, ed. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fortyyearsrecoll00frosuoft"><i>Forty Years' Recollections: Literary and Political</i></a>, Samson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington</li> <li>Mather, Frederick C. ed. (1980) <i>Chartism and society: an anthology of documents</i> 319pp</li> <li>Scheckner, Peter, ed. (1989). <i>An Anthology of Chartist Poetry. The poetry of the British Working Class, the 1830s–1850s</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3345-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3345-5">0-8386-3345-5</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hl_Ta-bYMOkC">online preview</a>)</li> <li>Kovalev, Yu. V. ed. (1956). "Antologiya Chartistskoy Literatury" [Anthology of Chartist Literature], Izd. Lit. na Inostr. Yazykakh, Moscow, 413 pp. (Russian introduction, with original Chartist texts in English).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Chartism" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Chartism">Chartism</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources">Resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartists.net">Chartist Ancestors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeoplescharter.co.uk">The People's Charter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/chartists1/historicalsources/source4/peoplescharter.html">British Library page including an image of the original charter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john-leech-archive.org.uk/keyword/chartist-movement.htm">Punch Series on "Great Chartist Demonstrations"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/chartism.htm">Spartacus index on Chartism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist3.html">Victorian Web – The Chartists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chartism.com/index.html">Ursula Stange: Annotated Bibliography on Chartism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bham.ac.uk/1848/document/april10.htm">Illustrated London News, 15 April 1848</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050414182251/http://www.bham.ac.uk/1848/document/april10.htm">Archived</a> 14 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr235/knight.htm">Left-wing article about the Chartist armed uprising in Newport in 1839</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320132419/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr235/knight.htm">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192806/http://www.mytimemachine.co.uk/chartistrising.htm">How the police foiled a planned armed Chartist uprising, 1848</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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