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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_United_States_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early United States era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_United_States_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хоўма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хоўма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хоама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хоама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma_(pobl)" title="Houma (pobl) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Houma (pobl)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma" title="Houma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Houma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma_(Volk)" title="Houma (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Houma (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma" title="Houma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Houma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humaoj" title="Humaoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Humaoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmas_(peuple)" title="Houmas (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Houmas (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma" title="Houma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Houma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma" title="Houma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Houma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma_Nation" title="Houma Nation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Houma Nation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povo_houma" title="Povo houma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Povo houma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma" title="Houma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Houma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma" title="Houma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Houma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American tribe located in Louisiana, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former sports team, see <a href="/wiki/Houma_Indians" title="Houma Indians">Houma Indians</a>. For the state-recognized tribe, see <a href="/wiki/United_Houma_Nation" title="United Houma Nation">United Houma Nation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Houma_people" title="Special:EditPage/Houma people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Houma+people%22">"Houma people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Houma+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Houma+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Houma+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Houma+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Houma+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Houma</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">over 17,000 registered with the <a href="/wiki/United_Houma_Nation" title="United Houma Nation">United Houma Nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-unitedhoumanation.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unitedhoumanation.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño Spanish</a>; formerly <a href="/wiki/Houma_language" title="Houma language">Houma language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw people">Choctaw</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee Creek people">Muscogeean peoples</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Houma</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are a historic <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River of the South</a>. The <b><a href="/wiki/United_Houma_Nation_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="United Houma Nation Inc.">United Houma Nation Inc.</a></b>, who identify as descendants of the Houma people, have been <a href="/wiki/State_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="State recognized tribe">recognized by the state as a tribe</a> since 1972, but are not recognized by the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Affairs1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Affairs1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the United Houma Nation Inc., as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> they have more than 17,000 enrolled tribal members<sup id="cite_ref-unitedhoumanation.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unitedhoumanation.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> residing within a six-<a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> area that encompasses 4,750 square miles (12,300 km<sup>2</sup>). The parishes are <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Mary Parish, Louisiana">St. Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana">Terrebonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafourche Parish, Louisiana">Lafourche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a> (meaning "red"), and the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> were both named after this people. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma#Etymology" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> shares a similar <a href="/wiki/Placename_etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Placename etymology">etymology</a>, as the root <i>humma</i> means "red" in <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Western_Muskogean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Muskogean languages">Western Muskogean languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Houma_language" title="Houma language">Houma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Houma people take a <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">decoction</a> of dried <i><a href="/wiki/Gamochaeta_purpurea" title="Gamochaeta purpurea">Gamochaeta purpurea</a></i> for colds and <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-speck_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They make an infusion of the leaves and root of <i><a href="/wiki/Cirsium_horridulum" title="Cirsium horridulum">Cirsium horridulum</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>, and use it as an astringent, as well as drink it to clear phlegm from lungs and throat. They also eat the plant's tender, white heart raw.<sup id="cite_ref-speck_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decoction of the aerial parts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Berchemia_scandens" title="Berchemia scandens">Berchemia scandens</a></i> vine was used for impotency by the Houma people.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_S%C3%BCdosten-Houma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USA_S%C3%BCdosten-Houma.png/220px-USA_S%C3%BCdosten-Houma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USA_S%C3%BCdosten-Houma.png/330px-USA_S%C3%BCdosten-Houma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USA_S%C3%BCdosten-Houma.png/440px-USA_S%C3%BCdosten-Houma.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Tribal territory of Houma during the 18th century highlighted</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Houma tribe, thought to be <a href="/wiki/Muskogean" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskogean">Muskogean</a>-speaking like other Choctaw tribes, was recorded by the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Robert Cavelier">René-Robert Cavelier</a>, Sieur de La Salle, in 1682 as living along the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> on the west side of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because their war emblem is the <i>saktce-ho'ma</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">Red Crawfish</a>, the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">John R. Swanton</a> speculated that the Houma are an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo River</a> region's <a href="/wiki/Chakchiuma" title="Chakchiuma">Chakchiuma</a> tribe, whose name derives from <i>saktce-ho'ma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the tribe maintained contact with other Choctaw communities after settling in present-day lower Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Houma_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houma-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used the waterways to harvest fish and crawfish, and to supply their water needs and for traveling. It is not certain how the Houma settled near the mouth of the Red River (formerly called the River of the Houma). By the time of French exploration, the Houma were settled at the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Angola,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Angola, Louisiana">Angola, Louisiana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_era">French era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1682, the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_la_Salle" title="Nicolas de la Salle">Nicolas de la Salle</a> noted in his journal that he had passed near the village of the <i>Oumas</i>. This brief mention marks the entry of the Houma into written recorded history. Later explorers, such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Tonti" title="Henri de Tonti">Henri de Tonti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>, give a fuller description of the early Houma. Iberville reported the Houma village to be six to eight miles inland from the east bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Red River.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Europeans arrived in greater number in the area, they struggled with the language differences among the Native Americans. They thought each Native American settlement represented a different tribe and made errors in their designations of the peoples as a result. The <a href="/wiki/Bayogoula" title="Bayogoula">Bayogoula people</a> were, like the Houma, thought to be related to the Choctaw people of Mississippi. In historic times, several bands of Choctaw people migrated into the Louisiana area. Those descendants today are known as the Jena, Clifton, and Bayou Lacombe bands. Though, the Houma people, Bayougoula people, and Acolapissa people, were documented as separate tribes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1699–1700, the Houma tribe and the Bayougoula tribe had established a border for their hunting grounds by placing a tall red pole marked by sacred animal carcasses and feathers in the ground. Named <i>Istrouma</i> or <i>Ete' Uma</i> by those tribes and <i>Baton Rouge</i> by French colonizer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>, this marker was at a site five miles above <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Manchac" title="Bayou Manchac">Bayou Manchac</a> on the Mississippi's east bank. The area developed as a trading post and the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1706, the Houma migrated south from the Red River region to other areas. One account said they wanted to move closer to their new French allies, concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> area, and away from British-allied tribes to the north. From the 1730s to the <a href="/wiki/French-Indian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Indian war">French-Indian war</a> (1754–1763) (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>), European wars played out in North America. Numerous Native American tribes formed protective alliances with Europeans to deal with the conflicts. As early as 1739, the French reported that the Houma, Bayougoula, and Acolapissa were merging into one tribe. Though the tribe remained predominantly Houma, the last remnants of many tribal nations joined them for refuge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of increasing conflicts among the British, French, and Spanish, the Houma migrated south by the beginning of the 19th century to their current locations in Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes. The modern city of <a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma, Louisiana</a>, was later developed at this site. The tribe moved further south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_United_States_era">Early United States era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early United States era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having lost <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> with the success of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">slave revolt</a> establishing <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> ended his North American ambitions and agreed to sell the Louisiana colony to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. This doubled the land area of the new republic. On April 30, 1803, the two nations signed a treaty confirming the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. With respect to native inhabitants, article six of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> Treaty states </p> <blockquote><p>The United States promise to execute such treaties and articles as may have been agreed between Spain and the tribes and nations of Indians, until, by mutual consent of the United States and the said tribes of nations, other suitable articles shall have been agreed upon.</p></blockquote> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> signed the treaty, they failed to uphold the policy. Dr. John Sibley was appointed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> as US Indian agent for the region. He acknowledged 60 Houma people in the Opelousa area<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The link is to a page with the text "You step in the stream, but the water has moved on." And nothing else. (September 2021)">irrelevant citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to their dispersion and lack of organization, many Houma people living in other regions were not counted, and thus the people were considered extinct by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Houma_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houma-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Houma_people" title="Special:EditPage/Houma people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the end of the 19th century, the Houma had developed a creole language based on the French language of the former colony. The Houma-French language which the Houma people speak today is a mix between the French spoken by early explorers and Houma words, such as <i>shaui</i> ("raccoon"). Yet, Houma-French language is still a French language, because it can be understood by French speakers from Canada, France, Rwanda or Louisiana. There are some differences in vocabulary, for example, <i>chevrette</i> to say <i>crevette</i> (shrimp). The accent of the Houma Nation French-speaker is comparable to the difference between an English-speaker from the United States and an English-speaker from England; every linguistic group develops many different accents. </p><p>As southern Louisiana became more urban and industrialized, the Houma remained relatively isolated in their <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayou</a> settlements. The population of the Houma at this time was divided among six other Native American settlements. Travel between settlements was made by <i><a href="/wiki/Pirogue" title="Pirogue">pirogues</a></i> and the waterways; the state did not build roads connecting the settlements until the 1940s. Like the other Native American populations, the Houma were often subjected to discrimination and isolation. </p><p>In 1907, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">John R. Swanton</a>, an anthropologist from the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, visited the Houma. The Houma continue to have a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> type economy, which he documented, depending on the bayous and swamps for fish and game. They also cultivate small subsistence gardens. Houma members R.J. Molinere Jr. and his son Jay Paul Molinere are featured hunting alligators on the television program, <i><a href="/wiki/Swamp_People" title="Swamp People">Swamp People</a></i>. </p><p>After white Democrats regained power in Louisiana following the Reconstruction era, they passed laws establishing racial segregation. They had previously classified the Houma and other Native Americans as <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> and required them to send their children to schools established for the children of freedmen, when available. The state was slow to construct any public schools in Houma settlements. It was not until 1964 after the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a> was passed and ended segregation that Houma children were allowed to attend public schools. Before this time, Houma children attended only <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> schools established by religious groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Houma Nation Inc. established a governing body that includes a council consisting of elected representatives for each tribal district and elect a principal chief as well as a vice principal chief. The current position of principal chief is held by Lora Ann Chaisson.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_recognition">Federal recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Federal recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Houma were granted land by the 1790s on Bayou Terrebonne under the Spanish colonial administration, which had prohibited Indian slavery in 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-summary_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were never removed to a reservation and, as a small tribe, were overlooked by the federal government during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">Indian Removal</a> period of the 1830s. As a people without recognized communal land, in the 20th century, they were considered to have lost their tribal status.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition, since 1808, following United States purchase of Louisiana, state policy required classification of all residents according to a binary system of white and non-white: all Indians in Louisiana were to be classified as <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> in state records.<sup id="cite_ref-summary_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was related to the approach of United States slavery states to classify all children born to slave mothers as slaves (and therefore black) regardless of paternity and proportion of other ancestry. During the French colonial period in Louisiana, the term <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> had applied primarily to people of African-European descent. After US annexation of the territory, its administrators applied this term to all non-whites, including those who identified as Indian.<sup id="cite_ref-summary_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, the state adopted a "<a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>" that was even more stringent, classifying anyone with any known African ancestry as black. Many Houma people may have mixed ancestry but identify culturally and ethnically as Houma rather than African American.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Records of these people are among regular civil parish and church records, and reflect differing jurisdictional designations, rather than lack of stability as a people in this area. Since the mid-20th century, the people identifying as Houma have organized politically, created an organization, and have sought federal recognition as a tribe. In 1979 the United Houma Nation filed its letter of intent to petition with the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>. In 1994, their petition for recognition was rejected, on the basis that the tribe had lived in disparate settlements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The tribe submitted a response in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Houma Nation waits for their application to be reviewed again for final determination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Houma have been highly decentralized, with communities scattered over a wide area. The Pointe-Au-Chien Indian Tribe in southern Louisiana and the Biloxi-Chitimacha Confederation of Muskogee have organized and left the United Houma Nation because of feeling too separated from other peoples. They have each achieved state recognition and are independently seeking federal recognition as tribes but have not succeeded as of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 the United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> offered proposed rule changes as it was facing continued criticism of its tribal recognition process as being too stringent in view of US historical issues. Tribes would be required to demonstrate historical continuity since 1934, when Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a>, granting tribes more power as sovereign nations. Earlier they had been required to demonstrate political continuity as a community from the colonial or settlement period of European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous tribes seeking federal recognition had protested that disruption by European-American colonists and settlers were the very factors that caused losses of historic lands and continuity, but that their people could demonstrate continued identification as tribal peoples. In 2014, the United Houma Nation Inc. were informed by the BIA that their review was in active status under these new guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state of Louisiana officially recognized the United Houma Nation in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Affairs1990_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Affairs1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastal_erosion">Coastal erosion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coastal erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Houma_people" title="Special:EditPage/Houma people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As many of tribal communities are in coastal areas and depend on the swamps and bayous as a source of food and economic resource, they have been severely and adversely affected by the continuing <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> and loss of wetlands. Different factors associated with industrialization have contributed to such losses, including dredging of navigation canals by shipping and oil companies, which increased water movement and erosion, increasing salt water intrusion and causing loss of wetlands plants. In addition, oil companies have buried piping under the ground but not covered it sufficiently. </p><p>The community of <a href="/wiki/Isle_de_Jean_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle de Jean Charles">Isle de Jean Charles</a> has suffered severe erosion; scientists estimate that the island will be lost by 2030 if no restoration takes place. The Houma tribe is looking for land in the area to buy in order to resettle all of the community together. Coastal erosion has adversely affected the quality of fishing. The tribe has suffered from a decrease in fish, as <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a> has destroyed many of the old fishing holes. The introduction of the nutria, a South American rodent, caused massive erosion of the wetlands. The muskrat would feed on plants but leave the roots. The nutria eats the vegetation and the roots allowing the soil to be washed away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_names">Family names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Houma_people" title="Special:EditPage/Houma people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Houma people, like many other Native American tribes within the state and surrounding states, spent many years migrating and shifting. This has left a scattering of ethnic Houma people among many other Native American populations and considerable intermarriage. Over time, the Houma were encouraged to adopt European-style names; in addition, there was considerable marriage by European men and native women. Today most Houma have surnames of European origin, such as Billiot, Verdin, Dardar, Naquin, Gregoire, Parfait, Chaisson, Courteau, Solet, Verret, Fitch, Creppel, etc. </p><p>In the beginning days of the organization of the tribe, many Native people of other ethnicities thought they had to enroll with the Houma in order to be classified by the state as Indian. Houma means red in Choctaw, Choctaw being the language from which Mobile Trade Jargon derived. The research necessary for federal recognition has helped many find their ancestral tribal identity. The process of documentation of ancestors has given honor to those Houma and other Native Americans who faced much discrimination in the generations before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unitedhoumanation.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unitedhoumanation.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitedhoumanation.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unitedhoumanation.org/citizen-enrollment/">"Our Citizen Enrollment Process and Services"</a>. <i>The United Houma Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Houma+Nation&rft.atitle=Our+Citizen+Enrollment+Process+and+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitedhoumanation.org%2Fcitizen-enrollment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Affairs1990-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Affairs1990_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Affairs1990_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress._Senate._Select_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs1990" class="citation book cs1">United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnRH74WP2-8C"><i>Houma Recognition Act: Hearing Before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session on S. 2423 ... August 7, 1990, Washington, DC</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houma+Recognition+Act%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Select+Committee+on+Indian+Affairs%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+One+Hundred+First+Congress%2C+Second+Session+on+S.+2423+...+August+7%2C+1990%2C+Washington%2C+DC.&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft.au=United+States.+Congress.+Senate.+Select+Committee+on+Indian+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnRH74WP2-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unitedhoumanation.org/about/">"About Our Tribe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Our+Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitedhoumanation.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington1915" class="citation book cs1">Byington, Cyrus (1915-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168751"><i>A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168751/page/n194">170</a>. <q>huma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Choctaw+Language&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1915-01-01&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.168751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speck-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speck_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speck_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Speck, Frank G., 1941, "A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana", <i>Primitive Man</i> 14:49-75, page 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Moerman, Daniel (2009). <i>Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary</i>. Timber Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Medicinal+Plants%3A+An+Ethnobotanical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Moerman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanton, John R. <i>Indians of the Southeastern United States</i> (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946) p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, Barry M. <i>Native American: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Peoples,</i> Vol. 2, p. 550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houma-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houma_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houma_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickshovel.com/hou.html">"Houma"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dickshovel.com%2Fhou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisiane.cheminsdelafrancophonie.org/en/baton-rouge-a-name-with-multiple-origins/">"A Name with Multiple Origins"</a>. 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Name+with+Multiple+Origins&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisiane.cheminsdelafrancophonie.org%2Fen%2Fbaton-rouge-a-name-with-multiple-origins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickshovel.com/hou.html">"Untitled Document"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981205135609/http://www.dickshovel.com/hou.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untitled+Document&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dickshovel.com%2Fhou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630065659/https://unitedhoumanation.org/2022/06/06/lora-ann-chaisson-certified-as-principal-chief-elect/">"Election Board Certifies New Chief"</a>. 7 June 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unitedhoumanation.org/2022/06/06/lora-ann-chaisson-certified-as-principal-chief-elect/">the original</a> on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Board+Certifies+New+Chief&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitedhoumanation.org%2F2022%2F06%2F06%2Flora-ann-chaisson-certified-as-principal-chief-elect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-summary-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summary_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-summary_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-summary_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louisiana101.com/hotlinks_wayback_houmahistory.html">"Summary of Evidence"</a>, <i>HISTORICAL REPORT ON THE UNITED HOUMA NATION, INC.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedhoumanation.org/about/federal-recognition">"Federal Recognition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140731195224/http://www.unitedhoumanation.org/about/federal-recognition">Archived</a> 2014-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>United Houma Nation.</i> 5 Oct 2008 (retrieved 19 Jun 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Louisiana <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crt.la.gov/archaeology/NatAmContactsNew.doc">"List of state and federally recognized tribes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719011126/http://www.crt.la.gov/archaeology/NatAmContactsNew.doc">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100324/http://theadvocate.com/news/6913537-123/la-tribes-looks-to-change">Jordan Blum, "La. tribes look to change in federal recognition rules"</a>, <i>The Advocate,</i> 1 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/tribes-seek-speedier-federal-recognition-1405037402?KEYWORDS=louisiana">Dan Frosch, "Tribes Seek Speedier Federal Recognition Proposed Changes May Benefit Native Groups Denied Health, Other Benefits"</a>, <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, 10 July 2014, accessed 19 October 2014</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Cecil H.; & Hardy, Heather K. (2000). What is Houma?. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>66</i> (4), 521–548.</li> <li>Dardar, T. Mayheart (2000). <i>Women-Chiefs and Crawfish Warriors: A Brief History of the Houma People</i>, Translated by Clint Bruce. New Orleans: United Houma Nation and <a href="/wiki/Centenary_College_of_Louisiana" title="Centenary College of Louisiana">Centenary College of Louisiana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives_Goddard" title="Ives Goddard">Goddard, Ives</a>. (2005). "The indigenous languages of the Southeast", <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>, <i>47</i> (1), 1-60.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuevin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Guevin, Bryan L (1987). "Grand Houmas Village: An Historic Houma Indian Site (16AN35) Ascension Parish, Louisiana". <i>Louisiana Archaeology</i>. <b>11</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Grand+Houmas+Village%3A+An+Historic+Houma+Indian+Site+%2816AN35%29+Ascension+Parish%2C+Louisiana&rft.volume=11&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Guevin&rft.aufirst=Bryan+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouma+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miller, Mark Edwin. "A Matter of Visibility: The United Houma Nation's Struggle for Federal Acknowledgment," in <i>Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process.</i> Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.wgbh.org/video/2303037533/Sharon">Linezo Hong, director and co-writer, "My Louisiana Love" (2012)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, episode of <i>America Reframed,</i> PBS-WGBH, features a current look at the Houma and issues of environmental damage to their habitat.</li> <li><i>Hidden Nation</i> (1994), a one-hour documentary video on the Houma by Barbara Sillery & Oak Lea, Keepsake Productions (New Orleans).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houma_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedhoumanation.org">United Houma Nation</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theadvocate.com/home/9695401-125/proposal-may-allow-houma-tribe">"Proposal may allow Houma tribe to win federal recognition"</a>, <i>The Advocate</i>, 19 July 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickshovel.com/hou.html">Lee Sultzman, "Houma History"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louisiana101.com/hotlinks_wayback_houmahistory.html">Greg English, "History of the United Houma Nation"</a>, Louisiana 101</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity in Louisiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity_in_Louisiana52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Louisiana" title="Demographics of Louisiana">Ethnicity in Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Louisiana">Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Colored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Louisiana">Hispanics and Latinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondurans_in_New_Orleans" title="Hondurans in New Orleans">Hondurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño (Louisiana)">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_Orleans" title="Italians in New Orleans">Italians</a></li> <li>Native Americans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha" title="Chitimacha">Chitimacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Jena Band of Choctaw Indians">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw-Apache_Tribe_of_Ebarb" title="Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb">Choctaw-Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_Tribe_of_Louisiana" title="Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana">Coushatta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica-Biloxi" title="Tunica-Biloxi">Tunica-Biloxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans#Louisiana" title="Romani Americans">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_New_Orleans" title="Vietnamese in New Orleans">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">White Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State-recognized_tribes85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State-recognized_tribes" title="Template:State-recognized tribes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State-recognized_tribes" title="Template talk:State-recognized tribes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State-recognized_tribes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State-recognized tribes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State-recognized_tribes85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alabama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Tribe_of_Northeast_Alabama" title="Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama">Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echota_Cherokee_Tribe_of_Alabama" title="Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama">Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOWA_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians">MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Connecticut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pequot_Tribal_Nation" title="Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation">Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hill_Paugussett_Indian_Nation" title="Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation">Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaghticoke_people" title="Schaghticoke people">Schaghticoke Tribal Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Muskogee_Creek_Tribe_(East_of_the_Mississippi)" title="Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe (East of the Mississippi)">Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adai_Caddo_Indians_of_Louisiana" title="Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana">Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw-Apache_Tribe_of_Ebarb" title="Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb">Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-au-Chien_Tribe" title="Pointe-au-Chien Tribe">Pointe-au-Chien Tribe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Houma Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maryland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accohannock_Indian_Tribe" title="Accohannock Indian Tribe">Accohannock Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_Conoy_Tribe_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland">Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_Indian_Nation_and_Tayac_Territory" title="Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory">Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassanamisco_Nipmuc" title="Hassanamisco Nipmuc">Hassanamisco Nipmuc</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Jersey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_Lenni-Lenape_Tribal_Nation" title="Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation">Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramapough_Mountain_Indians" title="Ramapough Mountain Indians">Ramapough Mountain Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan Renape Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poospatuck_Reservation" title="Poospatuck Reservation">Unkechague Poosepatuck Tribe</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Carolina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coharie_Intra-tribal_Council,_Inc." title="Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc.">Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliwa-Saponi_Indian_Tribe" title="Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe">Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee_Tribe_of_North_Carolina" title="Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina">Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meherrin_Indian_Tribe" title="Meherrin Indian Tribe">Meherrin Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occaneechi_Band_of_the_Saponi_Nation" title="Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation">Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappony" title="Sappony">Sappony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waccamaw_Siouan_Indians" title="Waccamaw Siouan Indians">Waccamaw Siouan Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Carolina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Creek_Indian_Tribe" title="Beaver Creek Indian Tribe">Beaver Creek Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santee_Indian_Organization" title="Santee Indian Organization">Santee Indian Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waccamaw_Indian_People" title="Waccamaw Indian People">Waccamaw Indian People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassamasaw_Tribe_of_Varnertown_Indians" title="Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians">Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vermont <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elnu_Abenaki_Tribe" title="Elnu Abenaki Tribe">Elnu Abenaki Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nulhegan_Band_of_the_Coosuk_Abenaki_Nation" title="Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation">Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasek_Abenaki_Tribe" title="Koasek Abenaki Tribe">Koasek Abenaki Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missisquoi_Abenaki_Tribe" title="Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe">Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheroenhaka_(Nottoway)_Indian_Tribe" title="Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe">Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_Indian_Tribe_of_Virginia" title="Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia">Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patawomeck_Indian_Tribe_of_Virginia" title="Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia">Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_that_self-identify_as_Native_American_tribes" title="List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes">List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Template:Cite_web"," 14.21% 100.246 11 Template:Fix"," 12.00% 84.668 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.81% 83.330 1 Template:Ethnicity_in_Louisiana"," 10.34% 72.958 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 9.85% 69.470 4 Template:Ambox"," 9.83% 69.313 8 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.75% 68.800 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.387","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7938579,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-df84d6886-8ghqv","timestamp":"20250212222623","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Houma people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houma_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51716","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51716","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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