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menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Harvard" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Harvard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harvard (disambiguation)">Harvard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Harvard University is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, United States. Founded October 28, 1636, and named for its first benefactor, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America" title="History of the Puritans in North America">Puritan</a> clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)">John Harvard</a>, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Harvard University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg/150px-Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg/225px-Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg/300px-Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="293"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Harvard_University#Harvard_University_coat_of_arms" title="Heraldry of Harvard University">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Harvardiana<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veritas#Mottos" title="Veritas">Veritas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"Truth"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1636; 388 years ago (1636)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education" title="New England Commission of Higher Education">NECHE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="Consortium on Financing Higher Education">COFHE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">NAICU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arctic" title="University of the Arctic">UArctic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$50.7 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-BGendow-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HFRendow-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garber" title="Alan Garber">Alan Garber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning">John F. Manning</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)<a href="#cite_note-glance-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">21,613 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-B-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,240 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-B-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,373 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-B-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harvard_University&params=42_22_28_N_71_07_01_W_region:US-MA_type:edu">42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W / 42.37444°N 71.11694°W / 42.37444; -71.11694</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Midsize city<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>, 209 acres (85 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Crimson, white, and black<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Crimson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey" title="ECAC Hockey">ECAC Hockey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association" title="New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association">NEISA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association" title="Collegiate Water Polo Association">CWPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges">EAWRC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">EARC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Ski_Association" title="Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association">EISA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)">John Harvard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvard.edu">harvard.edu</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13371#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_University_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logotype of Harvard University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Harvard_University_logo.svg/220px-Harvard_University_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Harvard_University_logo.svg/330px-Harvard_University_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Harvard_University_logo.svg/440px-Harvard_University_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="165"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Harvard was founded and authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a>, the governing legislature of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> While never formally affiliated with any <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a>, Harvard trained <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregational</a> clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston elite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, under <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">Harvard president</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a>'s long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a>. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AAU-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a> led the university through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and liberalized admissions after the war. The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute" title="Harvard Radcliffe Institute">Harvard Radcliffe Institute</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a> offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic disciplines</a>, and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> the main campus, a 209-acre (85 ha) in Cambridge centered on <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a>; an adjoining campus immediately across <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>; and the medical campus in Boston's <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campus-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_endowment" title="Harvard University endowment">Harvard's endowment</a>, valued at $50.7 billion, makes it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment" title="List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment">wealthiest academic institution</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-BGendow-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HFRendow-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a>, with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">academic library</a>. Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">188 living billionaires</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of presidents of the United States by education">eight U.S. presidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_politicians" title="List of Harvard University politicians">24 heads of state and 31 heads of government</a>, founders of notable companies, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">Nobel laureates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">members of Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award Recipients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> recipients, and <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Scholars</a>; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.<a href="#cite_note-laureates-19">[Notes 1]</a> Harvard students and alumni have also collectively won 10 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medalist_students_and_alumni" title="List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni">110 Olympic medals</a>, including 46 gold. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Colonial_era">1.1 Colonial era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#19th_century">1.2 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#20th_century">1.3 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#21st_century">1.4 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Campuses">2 Campuses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Cambridge">2.1 Cambridge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Allston">2.2 Allston</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Longwood">2.3 Longwood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other">2.4 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Organization_and_administration">3 Organization and administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Governance">3.1 Governance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Endowment">3.2 Endowment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Divestment">3.2.1 Divestment</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Academics">4 Academics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Teaching_and_learning">4.1 Teaching and learning</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Professional_schools">4.2 Professional schools</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Research">4.3 Research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Libraries">4.4 Libraries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Museums">4.5 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Reputation_and_rankings">4.6 Reputation and rankings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Student_activities">5 Student activities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Student_government">5.1 Student government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Student_media">5.2 Student media</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Athletics">6 Athletics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#National_championships">6.1 National championships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Rivalries">6.2 Rivalries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Notable_people">7 Notable people</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Alumni">7.1 Alumni</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Faculty">7.2 Faculty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#In_popular_culture">8 In popular culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Literature">8.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Films">8.2 Films</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Bibliography">12 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Harvard_University" title="History of Harvard University">History of Harvard University</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)">John Harvard (clergyman)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eaton" title="Nathaniel Eaton">Nathaniel Eaton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/220px-A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/220px-A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/330px-A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/440px-A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1767 engraving of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a></figcaption></figure> Harvard was founded in 1636 during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial</a>, pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolutionary era</a> by vote of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Great and General Court</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, one of the original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>. Its first headmaster, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eaton" title="Nathaniel Eaton">Nathaniel Eaton</a>, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>'s first known <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The same year, on his deathbed, <a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)">John Harvard</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> clergyman who emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging college £780 and his library of some 320 volumes;<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> the following year, it was named <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>. In 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose: "advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In its early years, the college trained many Puritan ministers<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and offered a <a href="/wiki/Classical_education_in_the_Western_world" title="Classical education in the Western world">classical curriculum</a> based on the English university model many colonial-era Massachusetts leaders experienced at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where many of them studied prior to immigrating to <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>. Harvard never formally affiliated with any particular <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In 1650, the charter for <a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College">Harvard Corporation</a>, the college's governing body, was granted. From 1681 to 1701, <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a>, a Puritan clergyman, served as Harvard's sixth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">president</a>. In 1708, <a href="/wiki/John_Leverett_the_Younger" title="John Leverett the Younger">John Leverett</a> became Harvard's seventh president and the first president who was not also a clergyman.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Harvard faculty and students largely supported the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> cause during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Webber" title="Samuel Webber">Samuel Webber</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg/200px-John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="1835"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg/200px-John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg/300px-John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg/400px-John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvard statue">John Harvard statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a></figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment Age</a> ideas, including reason and free will, which were widespread among <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregational</a> ministers and which placed these ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinist</a> pastors and clergies.<a href="#cite_note-Dorrien-28">[27]</a>: 1–4 Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Hollis_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Hollis Professor of Divinity">Hollis Professor of Divinity</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Tappan" title="David Tappan">David Tappan</a> in 1803 and that of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willard" title="Joseph Willard">Joseph Willard</a>, Harvard's eleventh president, the following year, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ware_(Unitarian)" title="Henry Ware (Unitarian)">Henry Ware</a> was elected to replace Tappan as Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Webber" title="Samuel Webber">Samuel Webber</a> was appointed as Harvard's 13th president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Dorrien-28">[27]</a>: 4–5 <a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a>: 24 In 1816, Harvard University launched new language programs in the study of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Ticknor" title="George Ticknor">George Ticknor</a> the university's first professor for these language programs. From 1869 to 1909, <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a>, Harvard University's 21st president, decreased the historically favored position of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> convictions influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, and others, rather than secularism. In the late 19th century, Harvard University's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rummell,_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg/220px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="1637"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg/220px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg/330px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg/440px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1906 aerial watercolor portrait of Harvard University<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AAU-16">[16]</a> For the first few decades of the 20th century, the Harvard student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>," according to sociologist and author <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karabel" title="Jerome Karabel">Jerome Karabel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Over the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">undergraduate college</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a> emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in the nation for women. In 1923, a year after the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> students at Harvard reached 20%, <a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a>, the university's 22nd president, unsuccessfully proposed capping the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories" title="List of Harvard College freshman dormitories">freshman dormitories</a>, writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by <a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a>, the university's 23rd president, who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, under Conant's leadership, an influential 268-page report, <a href="/wiki/General_Education_in_a_Free_Society" title="General Education in a Free Society">General Education in a Free Society</a>, was published by Harvard faculty, which remains one of the most important works in <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">curriculum studies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and women were first admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">medical school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students. Following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, for example, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> No longer drawing mostly from prestigious <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">prep schools</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but still few Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians versus the representation of these groups in the general U.S. population.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Over the second half of the 20th century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe's women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust">Drew Gilpin Faust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bacow" title="Lawrence Bacow">Lawrence Bacow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Gay" title="Claudine Gay">Claudine Gay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garber" title="Alan Garber">Alan Garber</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg/220px-Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5366" data-file-height="3582"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg/220px-Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg/330px-Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg/440px-Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An aerial view of Harvard University at night in 2017</figcaption></figure> On July 1, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust">Drew Gilpin Faust</a>, dean of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute" title="Harvard Radcliffe Institute">Harvard Radcliffe Institute</a>, was appointed Harvard's 28th and the university's first female president.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> On July 1, 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bacow" title="Lawrence Bacow">Lawrence Bacow</a> became Harvard's <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">29th president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Bacow retired in June 2023, and on July 1 <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Gay" title="Claudine Gay">Claudine Gay</a>, a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a>, became Harvard's 30th president. In January 2024, just six months into her presidency, Gay resigned following <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Gay#Congressional_hearing_on_antisemitism" title="Claudine Gay">allegations of antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Gay#Plagiarism_investigations" title="Claudine Gay">plagiarism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Gay was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garber" title="Alan Garber">Alan Garber</a>, the university's provost, who was appointed interim president. In August 2024, the university announced that Garber would be appointed Harvard's 31st president through the end of the 2026–27 academic year. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Campuses">Campuses</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambridge">Cambridge</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Harvard Graduate School of Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education">Harvard Graduate School of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute" title="Harvard Radcliffe Institute">Harvard Radcliffe Institute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Hall,_Harvard_University.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG/220px-Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG/220px-Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG/330px-Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG/440px-Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall</a>, Harvard's oldest building, constructed in 1720<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG/220px-Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="2084"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG/220px-Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG/330px-Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG/440px-Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Memorial Hall (Harvard University)">Memorial Hall</a>, built on the main Cambridge campus in 1870</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG/220px-Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 331px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG/220px-Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="331" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG/330px-Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG/440px-Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University" title="Memorial Church of Harvard University">Memorial Church</a>, dedicated and opened in 1932 on <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarvardYard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HarvardYard.jpg/220px-HarvardYard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="623"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HarvardYard.jpg/220px-HarvardYard.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HarvardYard.jpg/330px-HarvardYard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HarvardYard.jpg/440px-HarvardYard.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a> at the center of Harvard's main campus in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></figcaption></figure> The 209-acre (85 ha) main campus of Harvard University is centered on <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a>, colloquially known as "the Yard," in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of downtown <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and extending to the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a> neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including four of the university's libraries, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamont_Library" title="Lamont Library">Lamont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pusey_Library" title="Pusey Library">Pusey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Widener_Library" title="Widener Library">Widener</a>. Also on Harvard Yard are <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall</a>, built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still standing building, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University" title="Memorial Church of Harvard University">Memorial Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="University Hall (Harvard University)">University Hall</a> Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sever_Hall" title="Sever Hall">Sever Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Hall" title="Harvard Hall">Harvard Hall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories" title="List of Harvard College freshman dormitories">freshman dormitories</a>. Upperclassmen live in the twelve <a href="/wiki/Harvard_House_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard House system">residential houses</a>, located south of Harvard Yard near the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Quadrangle_(Harvard)" title="Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)">Radcliffe Quadrangle</a>, which formerly housed <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a> students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Also on the main campus in Cambridge are the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Divinity</a> (theology), <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Engineering and Applied Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Design</a> (architecture), <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Kennedy</a> (public policy), and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Extension</a> schools, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute" title="Harvard Radcliffe Institute">Harvard Radcliffe Institute</a> in Radcliffe Yard.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allston">Allston</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University%27s_expansion_in_Allston,_Massachusetts" title="Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts">Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Innovation_Labs" title="Harvard Innovation Labs">Harvard Innovation Labs</a>, and many athletics facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a>, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in the <a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> across the <a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks_Bridge" title="John W. Weeks Bridge">John W. Weeks Bridge</a>, which crosses the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</a> expanded into the new Allston-based Science and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is more than 500,000 square feet in size.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups and collaborations with mature companies.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longwood">Longwood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical and Academic Area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/220px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="2569"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/220px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/330px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/440px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical and Academic Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></figcaption></figure> The university's schools of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">Dental Medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Public Health</a> are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical and Academic Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.<a href="#cite_note-Campus-18">[18]</a> Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including <a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Boston Children's Hospital">Boston Children's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute" title="Dana–Farber Cancer Institute">Dana–Farber Cancer Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center" title="Joslin Diabetes Center">Joslin Diabetes Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering" title="Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering">Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering</a>. Additional affiliates, including <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>, are located throughout <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> Harvard owns <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>, a research library in Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Forest" title="Harvard Forest">Harvard Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petersham,_Massachusetts" title="Petersham, Massachusetts">Petersham, Massachusetts</a>, Concord Field Station in <a href="/wiki/Estabrook_Woods" title="Estabrook Woods">Estabrook Woods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti" title="Villa I Tatti">Villa I Tatti</a> research center in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> and the Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece. The Harvard Shanghai Center in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum" title="Arnold Arboretum">Arnold Arboretum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain" title="Jamaica Plain">Jamaica Plain</a> neighborhood of Boston. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Organization_and_administration">Organization and administration</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers" title="Harvard Board of Overseers">Harvard Board of Overseers</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College">President and Fellows of Harvard College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">President of Harvard University</a></div> Harvard is governed by a combination of its <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers" title="Harvard Board of Overseers">Board of Overseers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College">President and Fellows of Harvard College</a>, which is also known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, appoint the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">President of Harvard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endowment">Endowment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_endowment" title="Harvard University endowment">Harvard University endowment</a></div> Harvard has the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment" title="List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment">university endowment</a> in the world, valued at about $50.7 billion as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-BGendow-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HFRendow-6">[6]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">recession of 2007–2009</a>, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The endowment has since recovered.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divestment">Divestment</h4></div> Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated <a href="/wiki/Divestment" title="Divestment">divesting</a> Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> during <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">private prison</a> industries.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In the late 1980s, during the <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> movement, student activists erected a symbolic <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">shanty town</a> on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.<a href="#cite_note-GeorgeKaufman2012-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million, out of a total of $400 million, in response to the pressure.<a href="#cite_note-GeorgeKaufman2012-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_and_learning">Teaching and learning</h3></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>School</td> <td>Founded </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a></td> <td>1636 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Medicine</a></td> <td>1782 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Divinity</a></td> <td>1816 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Law</a></td> <td>1817 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Engineering and Applied Sciences</a></td> <td>1847 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">Dental Medicine</a></td> <td>1867 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Arts and Sciences</a></td> <td>1872 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Business</a></td> <td>1908 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Extension</a></td> <td>1910 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Design</a></td> <td>1936 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education">Education</a></td> <td>1920 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Public Health</a></td> <td>1913 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Government</a></td> <td>1936 </td></tr></tbody></table> Harvard is a large, highly residential research university<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-76">[75]</a> offering 50 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">undergraduate</a> majors,<a href="#cite_note-liberal-77">[76]</a> 134 graduate degrees,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> and 32 professional degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Degrees-79">[78]</a> During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Degrees-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts and sciences</a> focus.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberal-77">[76]</a> To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a>, with an academic staff of 1,211 as of 2019, is the largest Harvard faculty, and has primary responsibility for instruction in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Continuing_Education" title="Harvard Division of Continuing Education">Division of Continuing Education</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School" title="Harvard Summer School">Harvard Summer School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Harvard Extension School</a>. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties and a faculty attacked to the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute" title="Harvard Radcliffe Institute">Harvard Radcliffe Institute</a>. There are four Harvard joint programs with <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology">Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity" title="The Observatory of Economic Complexity">The Observatory of Economic Complexity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">edX</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_schools">Professional schools</h3></div> The university maintains 12 schools, which include: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>School </th> <th>Founded </th> <th>Enrollment<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Harvard University </td> <td>1636 </td> <td>31,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Medicine</a> </td> <td>1782 </td> <td>660 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Divinity</a> </td> <td>1816 </td> <td>377 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Law</a> </td> <td>1817 </td> <td>1,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">Dental Medicine</a> </td> <td>1867 </td> <td>280 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Arts and Sciences</a> </td> <td>1872 </td> <td>4,824 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Business</a> </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>2,011 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Extension</a> </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>3,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Design</a> </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>878 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education">Education</a> </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>876 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Public Health</a> </td> <td>1922 </td> <td>1,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Government</a> </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Engineering</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>1,750 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> Harvard is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine, according to the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">Carnegie Classification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-76">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">medical school</a> consistently ranks first among medical schools for research,<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> and biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school and its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In 2019, the medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, more than twice that of any other university.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widener_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/220px-Widener_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1002"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/220px-Widener_Library.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/330px-Widener_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/440px-Widener_Library.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Widener_Library" title="Widener Library">Widener Library</a>, the anchor of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">academic library</a> in the world with more than 20 million holdings</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">academic library</a> in the world with 20.4 million holdings, is centered in <a href="/wiki/Widener_Library" title="Widener Library">Widener Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a>. It includes 25 individual Harvard libraries around the world with a combined staff of more than 800 librarians and personnel.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. The nation's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in <a href="/wiki/Pusey_Library" title="Pusey Library">Pusey Library</a> on <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a>, which is open to the public. The largest collection of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East-Asian</a> language material outside of East Asia is held in <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Library">Harvard-Yenching Library</a>. Other major libraries in the Harvard Library system include <a href="/wiki/Baker_Library/Bloomberg_Center" title="Baker Library/Bloomberg Center">Baker Library/Bloomberg Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Science_Library" title="Cabot Science Library">Cabot Science Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center" title="Harvard Science Center">Harvard Science Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_C._Gutman_Library" title="Monroe C. Gutman Library">Gutman Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education">Harvard Graduate School of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Film_Archive" title="Harvard Film Archive">Harvard Film Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" title="Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts">Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lamont_Library" title="Lamont Library">Lamont Library</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Harvard Art Museums</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Harvard Art Museums</a> includes three museums, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Sackler Museum">Arthur M. Sackler Museum</a> covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art; the <a href="/wiki/Busch%E2%80%93Reisinger_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Busch–Reisinger Museum">Busch–Reisinger Museum</a> (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art; and the <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a> covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian <a href="/wiki/Early_Renaissance_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Renaissance painting">early Renaissance</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">pre-Raphaelite</a>, and 19th-century French art. Harvard Museums of Science and Culture include the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Harvard Museum of Natural History">Harvard Museum of Natural History</a>, which itself includes the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mineralogical_Museum" title="Harvard Mineralogical Museum">Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a> featuring the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_and_Rudolf_Blaschka" title="Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka">Blaschka</a> <a href="/wiki/Glass_Flowers" title="Glass Flowers">Glass Flowers</a> exhibit, and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology" title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">Museum of Comparative Zoology</a>. Others include the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Collection_of_Historical_Scientific_Instruments" title="Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments">Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center" title="Harvard Science Center">Harvard Science Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East">Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East</a> featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East, and the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</a>, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" title="Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts">Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> and housing the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Film_Archive" title="Harvard Film Archive">Harvard Film Archive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum" title="Warren Anatomical Museum">Warren Anatomical Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_History_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the History of Medicine">Center for the History of Medicine</a>, and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the <a href="/wiki/Hutchins_Center_for_African_and_African_American_Research" title="Hutchins Center for African and African American Research">Hutchins Center for African and African American Research</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_and_rankings">Reputation and rankings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-89">[88]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-90">[89]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-91">[90]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-92">[91]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU-93">[92]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-94">[93]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-95">[94]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-96">[95]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">1</td></tr></tbody></table>Harvard University is <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">accredited</a> by the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education" title="New England Commission of Higher Education">New England Commission of Higher Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Since its founding in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> has ranked Harvard first in each of its annual rankings of the world's colleges and universities. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education%E2%80%93QS_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings">Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings</a>, which was published from 2004 to 2009, ranked Harvard first in the world in each of its annual rankings. Since then, Harvard has been ranked first in the world each year since 2011 by its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Measuring_University_Performance" title="Center for Measuring University Performance">Center for Measuring University Performance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a> in 2019–20 and <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech:_Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities">Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities</a> in 2011, which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> companies.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> According to annual polls done by <a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a>, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States for both students and their parents<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 2019, Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">engineering school</a> was ranked the third-best school in the world for engineering and technology by <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the <a href="/wiki/Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" title="Walsh School of Foreign Service">Walsh School of Foreign Service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">36% </td> <td align="left">36<div style="width:72px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">21% </td> <td align="left">21<div style="width:42px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">12% </td> <td align="left">12<div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">11% </td> <td align="left">11<div style="width:22px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">11% </td> <td align="left">11<div style="width:22px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-108">[Notes 2]</a> </td> <td align="right">9% </td> <td align="left">9<div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[Notes 3]</a> </td> <td align="right">18% </td> <td align="left">18<div style="width:36px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[Notes 4]</a> </td> <td align="right">82% </td> <td align="left">82<div style="width:164px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Student_activities">Student activities</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_government">Student government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Council" title="Harvard Graduate Council">Harvard Graduate Council</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Undergraduate_Council" title="Harvard Undergraduate Council">Undergraduate Council</a> represented Harvard College undergraduate students until it was dissolved in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Council" title="Harvard Graduate Council">Graduate Council</a> represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_media">Student media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></div> <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>, founded in 1873 and run entirely by Harvard undergraduate students, is the university's primary <a href="/wiki/Student_publication" title="Student publication">student newspaper</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Harvard_Crimson_people" title="List of The Harvard Crimson people">notable alumni</a> have worked at the Crimson, including two <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. presidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (AB, 1903) and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (AB 1940). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Harvard football</a> (right) taking on <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_football" title="Cornell Big Red football">Cornell</a> (left) at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a> in October 2019</figcaption></figure> Harvard College competes in the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I (NCAA)">Division I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Harvard and the other seven <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> universities are prohibited from offering <a href="/wiki/Athletic_scholarship" title="Athletic scholarship">athletic scholarships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> The school color is <a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">crimson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_championships">National championships</h3></div> In the NCAA Division I era, which began in 1973, Harvard Crimson teams have won five NCAA Division I championships as of 2024: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey">men's ice hockey</a> in 1989, women's lacrosse in 1990, women's rowing in 2003, and men's fencing in 2006 and 2024. Including the pre-NCAA era, Harvard has won 159 national championships across all sports. Its <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_squash" title="Harvard Crimson men's squash">men's squash team</a> holds the record for the most national collegiate championships in the sport. Harvard's first national championship came in 1880, when its track and field team won the national championship.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalries">Rivalries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry" title="Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry">Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yale_football_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yale football rivalry">Harvard-Yale football rivalry</a></div> Harvard's athletic programs maintain a long-standing rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale</a> in all sports, especially in <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football" title="Yale Bulldogs football">Yale</a> compete in an <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry" title="Harvard–Yale football rivalry">annual football rivalry</a>, which has played 139 times as of 2024, dating back to its first meeting in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> Every two years, Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey">men's ice hockey</a>, Harvard maintains a <a href="/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry" title="Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry">historic rivalry</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey">Cornell</a>, which dates back to their first meeting in 1910. The two teams play twice annually. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people" title="List of Harvard University people">List of Harvard University people</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_non-graduate_alumni" title="List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni">List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation</a></div> Since its founding nearly four centuries ago, Harvard alumni have distinguished themselves in academia, activism, arts, athletics, business, entrepreneurship, government, international affairs, journalism, media, music, non-profit organizations, politics, public policy, science, technology, writing, and other industries and fields. Among the world's universities and colleges, Harvard has the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of presidents of the United States by education">U.S. presidents</a> (eight), <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">living billionaires</a> (188), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">Nobel</a> laureates (162), <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winners (48), <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> recipients (seven), <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall scholars</a> (252), and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a> (369) among its alumni. Harvard alumni also include nine <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> laureates, ten <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> winners, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medalist_students_and_alumni" title="List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni">108 Olympic medalists</a>, including 46 gold medal winners.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable Harvard alumni include:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_(1735-1826),_2nd_president_of_the_United_States,_by_Asher_B._Durand_(1767-1845)-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[121]"><noscript><img alt="2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[121]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg/95px-US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1993"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 95px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg/95px-US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg" data-alt="2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[121]" data-width="95" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg/143px-US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg/191px-US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%281735-1826%29%2C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%2C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%281767-1845%29-crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2nd President of the United States <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Quincy_Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[122][123]"><noscript><img alt="6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[122][123]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Quincy_Adams.jpg/98px-John_Quincy_Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="284"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Quincy_Adams.jpg/98px-John_Quincy_Adams.jpg" data-alt="6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[122][123]" data-width="98" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Quincy_Adams.jpg/148px-John_Quincy_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Quincy_Adams.jpg/197px-John_Quincy_Adams.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">6th President of the United States <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821)"><noscript><img alt="Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg/75px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="723"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg/75px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg" data-alt="Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821)" data-width="75" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg/112px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg/150px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857_retouched.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> (AB, 1821)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837)"><noscript><img alt="Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/83px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="3027"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/83px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg" data-alt="Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837)" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/124px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/165px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (AB, 1837)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)[124]"><noscript><img alt="19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)[124]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/99px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/99px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" data-alt="19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)[124]" data-width="99" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/148px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/197px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (LLB, 1845)<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (AB, 1861, LLB)"><noscript><img alt="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (AB, 1861, LLB)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/82px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1491"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/82px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg" data-alt="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (AB, 1861, LLB)" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/123px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/164px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> (AB, 1861, LLB)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863)"><noscript><img alt="Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg/89px-Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="582"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg/89px-Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg" data-alt="Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863)" data-width="89" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg/134px-Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg/179px-Charles_Sanders_Peirce.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Philosopher, logician, and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> (AB, 1862, SB 1863)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[125]"><noscript><img alt="26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[125]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/91px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3751"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/91px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg" data-alt="26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[125]" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/136px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/182px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (AB, 1880)<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sociologist and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895)"><noscript><img alt="Sociologist and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg/92px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="4725"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg/92px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg" data-alt="Sociologist and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895)" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg/138px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg/184px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sociologist and civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> (PhD, 1895)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poet Robert Frost (no degree)"><noscript><img alt="Poet Robert Frost (no degree)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg/92px-Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg/92px-Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg" data-alt="Poet Robert Frost (no degree)" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg/138px-Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg/184px-Robert_Frost_NYWTS_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> (no degree)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FRoosevelt.png" class="mw-file-description" title="32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[126]"><noscript><img alt="32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[126]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/FRoosevelt.png/96px-FRoosevelt.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2914"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/FRoosevelt.png/96px-FRoosevelt.png" data-alt="32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[126]" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/FRoosevelt.png/144px-FRoosevelt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/FRoosevelt.png/193px-FRoosevelt.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">32nd President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (AB, 1903)<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)"><noscript><img alt="Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg/94px-Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="3892"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg/94px-Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg" data-alt="Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg/141px-Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg/187px-Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Author, political activist, and lecturer <a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a> (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_(1934).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)"><noscript><img alt="Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/104px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/104px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg" data-alt="Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)" data-width="104" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/155px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/207px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poet and Nobel laureate in literature <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)"><noscript><img alt="Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg/87px-JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="721"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg/87px-JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg" data-alt="Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg/131px-JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg/174px-JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Physicist and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> (AB, 1925)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Samuelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Economist and Nobel laureate in economics recipient Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)"><noscript><img alt="Economist and Nobel laureate in economics recipient Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paul_Samuelson.jpg/93px-Paul_Samuelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="364"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paul_Samuelson.jpg/93px-Paul_Samuelson.jpg" data-alt="Economist and Nobel laureate in economics recipient Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paul_Samuelson.jpg/139px-Paul_Samuelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paul_Samuelson.jpg/185px-Paul_Samuelson.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Economist and Nobel laureate in economics recipient <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939)"><noscript><img alt="Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/93px-Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/93px-Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg" data-alt="Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939)" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/140px-Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/187px-Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Musician and composer <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (AB, 1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[127]"><noscript><img alt="35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[127]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/92px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/92px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" data-alt="35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[127]" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/139px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/185px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">35th President of the United States <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (AB, 1940)<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Trudeau_(1975).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="15th prime minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)"><noscript><img alt="15th prime minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/86px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1509"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/86px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg" data-alt="15th prime minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/130px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/173px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">15th prime minister of Canada <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> (MA, 1947)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson_(2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)"><noscript><img alt="7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg/90px-Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg/90px-Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg" data-alt="7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg/135px-Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg/180px-Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (LLM, 1968)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Gore,_Vice_President_of_the_United_States,_official_portrait_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969)"><noscript><img alt="45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg/96px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg/96px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg" data-alt="45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969)" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg/144px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg/192px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (AB, 1969)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf,_April_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[128]"><noscript><img alt="24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[128]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg/90px-Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg/90px-Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg" data-alt="24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[128]" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg/135px-Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg/180px-Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> (MPA, 1971)<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Benazir_Bhutto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)"><noscript><img alt="11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg/90px-Benazir_Bhutto.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg/90px-Benazir_Bhutto.jpg" data-alt="11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg/135px-Benazir_Bhutto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg/180px-Benazir_Bhutto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)"><noscript><img alt="14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg/96px-Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg/96px-Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg" data-alt="14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg/144px-Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg/192px-Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[129]"><noscript><img alt="43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[129]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/91px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/91px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" data-alt="43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[129]" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/136px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/181px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">43rd President of the United States <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (MBA, 1975)<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)"><noscript><img alt="17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/96px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/96px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" data-alt="17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/144px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/192px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th Chief Justice of the United States <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates (College, 1977;[a 1] LLD hc, 2007)"><noscript><img alt="Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates (College, 1977;[a 1] LLD hc, 2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg/85px-Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1408"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg/85px-Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg" data-alt="Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates (College, 1977;[a 1] LLD hc, 2007)" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg/127px-Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg/170px-Bill_Gates_June_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Microsoft founder and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> (College, 1977;<a href="#cite_note-nodegree-134">[a 1]</a> LLD <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">hc</a>, 2007)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)"><noscript><img alt="8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg/108px-Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="2707"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 108px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg/108px-Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg" data-alt="8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)" data-width="108" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg/162px-Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg/216px-Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">8th Secretary-General of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> (MPA, 1984)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)[130]"><noscript><img alt="Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)[130]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/80px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/80px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg" data-alt="Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)[130]" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/120px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/160px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (PhD, 1989)<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[131][132]"><noscript><img alt="44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[131][132]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/96px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/96px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" data-alt="44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[131][132]" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/144px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/192px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (JD, 1991)<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_(32830578717)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg (College, 2004;[a 1] LLD hc, 2017)"><noscript><img alt="Founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg (College, 2004;[a 1] LLD hc, 2017)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/96px-Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="2767"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/96px-Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg (College, 2004;[a 1] LLD hc, 2017)" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/193px-Mark_Zuckerberg_F8_2019_Keynote_%2832830578717%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Founder of Facebook <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (College, 2004;<a href="#cite_note-nodegree-134">[a 1]</a> LLD <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">hc</a>, 2017)</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nodegree-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nodegree_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nodegree_134-1">b</a> Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty">Faculty</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis Agassiz"><noscript><img alt="Louis Agassiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg/93px-Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="5080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg/93px-Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg" data-alt="Louis Agassiz" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg/140px-Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg/187px-Louis_Agassiz_H6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Danielle Allen"><noscript><img alt="Danielle Allen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg/80px-Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1797"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg/80px-Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg" data-alt="Danielle Allen" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg/120px-Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg/160px-Danielle_Allen_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Allen" title="Danielle Allen">Danielle Allen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lawrence Lessig"><noscript><img alt="Lawrence Lessig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg/92px-Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="3020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg/92px-Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg" data-alt="Lawrence Lessig" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg/138px-Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg/185px-Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Farmer"><noscript><img alt="Paul Farmer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg/86px-Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1226"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg/86px-Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg" data-alt="Paul Farmer" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg/129px-Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg/172px-Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Farmer" title="Paul Farmer">Paul Farmer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jason Furman"><noscript><img alt="Jason Furman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/80px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="4096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/80px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg" data-alt="Jason Furman" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/120px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/160px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Kenneth Galbraith"><noscript><img alt="John Kenneth Galbraith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg/89px-John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg/89px-John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg" data-alt="John Kenneth Galbraith" data-width="89" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg/134px-John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg/178px-John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Louis Gates Jr."><noscript><img alt="Henry Louis Gates Jr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/69px-Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1837"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 69px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/69px-Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Henry Louis Gates Jr." data-width="69" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/104px-Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-Henry_Louis_Gates_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asa Gray"><noscript><img alt="Asa Gray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg/91px-Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="972"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg/91px-Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg" data-alt="Asa Gray" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg/137px-Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg/182px-Asa_Gray_1870s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seamus Heaney"><noscript><img alt="Seamus Heaney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg/85px-Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1163"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg/85px-Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg" data-alt="Seamus Heaney" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg/128px-Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg/170px-Seamus_Heaney_Photograph_Edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr."><noscript><img alt="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg/95px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4944" data-file-height="6240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 95px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg/95px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg" data-alt="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr." data-width="95" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg/143px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg/190px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_c1879.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:William_James_b1842c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William James"><noscript><img alt="William James" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/94px-William_James_b1842c.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/94px-William_James_b1842c.jpg" data-alt="William James" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/140px-William_James_b1842c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/187px-William_James_b1842c.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timothy Leary"><noscript><img alt="Timothy Leary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg/93px-Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="221"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg/93px-Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg" data-alt="Timothy Leary" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg/140px-Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow,_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow"><noscript><img alt="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg/87px-Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="4354"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg/87px-Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg" data-alt="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg/130px-Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg/174px-Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow%2C_photographed_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron_in_1868.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Russell Lowell"><noscript><img alt="James Russell Lowell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg/92px-James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="3400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg/92px-James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg" data-alt="James Russell Lowell" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg/139px-James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg/185px-James_Russell_Lowell_-_1855.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GregoryMankiw.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greg Mankiw"><noscript><img alt="Greg Mankiw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/GregoryMankiw.jpg/79px-GregoryMankiw.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="149"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 79px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/GregoryMankiw.jpg/79px-GregoryMankiw.jpg" data-alt="Greg Mankiw" data-width="79" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/GregoryMankiw.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Greg Mankiw</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:102111_Pinker_344.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steven Pinker"><noscript><img alt="Steven Pinker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/102111_Pinker_344.jpg/100px-102111_Pinker_344.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/102111_Pinker_344.jpg/100px-102111_Pinker_344.jpg" data-alt="Steven Pinker" data-width="100" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/102111_Pinker_344.jpg/151px-102111_Pinker_344.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/102111_Pinker_344.jpg/201px-102111_Pinker_344.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Reich"><noscript><img alt="Robert Reich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg/95px-Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 95px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg/95px-Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg" data-alt="Robert Reich" data-width="95" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg/142px-Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg/190px-Sec._Robert_Reich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Jr._1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr."><noscript><img alt="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg/90px-Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1028"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg/90px-Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg" data-alt="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg/135px-Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg/180px-Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr._1961.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amartya_Sen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amartya Sen"><noscript><img alt="Amartya Sen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amartya_Sen.jpg/94px-Amartya_Sen.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amartya_Sen.jpg/94px-Amartya_Sen.jpg" data-alt="Amartya Sen" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amartya_Sen.jpg/142px-Amartya_Sen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amartya_Sen.jpg/189px-Amartya_Sen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="B. F. Skinner"><noscript><img alt="B. F. Skinner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="B. F. Skinner" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/137px-B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lawrence Summers"><noscript><img alt="Lawrence Summers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg/86px-Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg/86px-Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg" data-alt="Lawrence Summers" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg/128px-Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg/171px-Lawrence_Summers_2012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cass_Sunstein_(2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cass Sunstein"><noscript><img alt="Cass Sunstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg/120px-Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg/120px-Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg" data-alt="Cass Sunstein" data-width="120" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg/180px-Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg/240px-Cass_Sunstein_%282008%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth Warren"><noscript><img alt="Elizabeth Warren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg/82px-Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="1490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg/82px-Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg" data-alt="Elizabeth Warren" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg/123px-Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg/164px-Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cornel West"><noscript><img alt="Cornel West" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/80px-Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/80px-Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" data-alt="Cornel West" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/120px-Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/160px-Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plos_wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E. O. Wilson"><noscript><img alt="E. O. Wilson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/120px-Plos_wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1054"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 102px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/120px-Plos_wilson.jpg" data-alt="E. O. Wilson" data-width="120" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/180px-Plos_wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/240px-Plos_wilson.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shing-Tung Yau"><noscript><img alt="Shing-Tung Yau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png/112px-Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="668"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png/112px-Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png" data-alt="Shing-Tung Yau" data-width="112" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png/167px-Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png/223px-Shing-Tung_Yau_Screenshot_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg/220px-Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="3020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg/220px-Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg/330px-Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg/440px-Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tower at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a>, showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, Lima (left), the oldest in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></figcaption></figure> Harvard's reputation as a center of elite achievement or elitist privilege has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> In contemporary literature, Harvard University features prominently in multiple novels, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929) and <a href="/wiki/Absalom,_Absalom!" title="Absalom, Absalom!">Absalom, Absalom!</a> (1936), two novels by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, both of which depict Harvard student life.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Time_and_the_River" title="Of Time and the River">Of Time and the River</a> (1935) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>, a fictionalized autobiography, depicting Wolfe's <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">alter ego</a>, Eugene Gant, a Harvard student.<a href="#cite_note-Vaughan_Bail-1958-140">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley" title="The Late George Apley">The Late George Apley</a> (1937), by 1915 Harvard alumnus <a href="/wiki/John_P._Marquand" title="John P. Marquand">John P. Marquand</a>, a novel presenting a satirical view of Harvard men in the early 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-Vaughan_Bail-1958-140">[135]</a> which was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a></li> <li>The Second Happiest Day (1953), by John P. Marquand, portrays Harvard during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> generation.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> Harvard University features prominently in the plots of multiple major films, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_Story_(1970_film)" title="Love Story (1970 film)">Love Story</a> (1970), a romance between a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey">Harvard ice hockey</a> player, played by <a href="/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal" title="Ryan O'Neal">Ryan O'Neal</a>, and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by <a href="/wiki/Ali_MacGraw" title="Ali MacGraw">Ali MacGraw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_(film)" title="The Paper Chase (film)">The Paper Chase</a> (1973),<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> a drama based on the 1971 <a href="/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_(Osborn_novel)" title="The Paper Chase (Osborn novel)">novel of the same name</a> by Harvard alumnus <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Osborn_Jr." title="John Jay Osborn Jr.">John Jay Osborn Jr.</a>, about a first year <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> student facing a demanding <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a> course and professor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Small_Circle_of_Friends" title="A Small Circle of Friends">A Small Circle of Friends</a> (1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the 1960s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prozac_Nation_(film)" title="Prozac Nation (film)">Prozac Nation</a> (1994), a psychological drama starring <a href="/wiki/Christina_Ricci" title="Christina Ricci">Christina Ricci</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Prozac_Nation" title="Prozac Nation">novel of the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wurtzel" title="Elizabeth Wurtzel">Elizabeth Wurtzel</a>, which documents her real life story as a 19-year-old Harvard freshman struggling with <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">clinical depression</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_to_Harvard:_The_Liz_Murray_Story" title="Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story">Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story</a> (2003), a <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_channel)" title="Lifetime (TV channel)">Lifetime</a> biographical <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a>, which chronicles the real life story of <a href="/wiki/Liz_Murray" title="Liz Murray">Liz Murray</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Thora_Birch" title="Thora Birch">Thora Birch</a>), who overcomes homelessness and a dysfunctional family to gain entry and a scholarship to Harvard after winning a <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>-sponsored essay competition.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/48px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/64px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University" title="Academic regalia of Harvard University">Academic regalia of Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Hall" title="Gore Hall">Gore Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_social_clubs" title="Harvard College social clubs">Harvard College social clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Police_Department" title="Harvard University Police Department">Harvard University Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard/MIT_Cooperative_Society" title="Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society">Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Too,_Am_Harvard" title="I, Too, Am Harvard">I, Too, Am Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_named_chairs" title="List of Harvard University named chairs">List of Harvard University named chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University">List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">List of oldest universities in continuous operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Harvard_University" title="Outline of Harvard University">Outline of Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Court_of_1920" title="Secret Court of 1920">Secret Court of 1920</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-laureates-19"><a href="#cite_ref-laureates_19-0">^</a> Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/">"The official Harvard count, which is 49, only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to some 160 Nobel affiliates, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/">the original</a> on March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+official+Harvard+count%2C+which+is+49%2C+only+includes+academicians+affiliated+at+the+time+of+winning+the+prize.+Yet%2C+the+figure+can+be+up+to+some+160+Nobel+affiliates%2C+the+most+worldwide%2C+if+visitors+and+professors+of+various+ranks+are+all+included+%28the+most+generous+criterium%29%2C+as+what+some+other+universities+do.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvard.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fnobel-laureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Sugar2015" class="citation web cs1">Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5">"Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College"</a>. businessinsider.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112191545/https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=businessinsider.com&rft.atitle=Where+MacArthur+%27Geniuses%27+Went+to+College&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft.au=Rachel+Sugar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwhere-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/">"Top Producers"</a>. us.fulbrightonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121132/https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=us.fulbrightonline.org&rft.atitle=Top+Producers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopproducing.fulbrightonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics">"Statistics"</a>. www.marshallscholarship.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marshallscholarship.org&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallscholarship.org%2Fabout%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/">"US Rhodes Scholars Over Time"</a>. www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=US+Rhodes+Scholars+Over+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk%2Foffice-of-the-american-secretary%2Fus-winners%2Fcolleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress">"Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125611/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard%2C+Stanford%2C+Yale+Graduate+Most+Members+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2010%2F10%2F28%2Fharvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm">"The complete list of Fields Medal winners"</a>. areppim AG. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=areppim+AG&rft.atitle=The+complete+list+of+Fields+Medal+winners&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.areppim.com%2Flistes%2Flist_fieldsxmedal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> and those who prefer not to say. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> or wealthier. </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hodges_Figgis" title="Hodges Figgis">Hodges, Figgis & Co.</a> 1894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781355361602" title="Special:BookSources/9781355361602"><bdi>9781355361602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+The+Tercentenary+Festival+of+Dublin+University&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Figgis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=9781355361602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Anderson" title="Peter John Anderson">Anderson, Peter John</a> (1907). Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Aberdeen University Press (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001PK7B5G">B001PK7B5G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781363625079" title="Special:BookSources/9781363625079"><bdi>9781363625079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Celebration+of+the+Quatercentenary+of+the+University+of+Aberdeen%3A+From+25th+to+28th+September%2C+1906&rft.place=Aberdeen%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press+%28University+of+Aberdeen%29&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781363625079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001PK7B5G%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Eliot_Morison1968" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329">The Founding of Harvard College</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31450-4"><bdi>978-0-674-31450-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154250/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+Harvard+College&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-674-31450-4&rft.au=Samuel+Eliot+Morison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkQWZaZqZfUC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though its 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuincy1860" class="citation book cs1">Quincy, Josiah (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024126/https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11636583&id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=RA1-PA586&lpg=RA1-PA586">The History of Harvard University</a>. Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Company. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10016-1"><bdi>978-0-405-10016-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=PA586">the original</a> on September 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Harvard+University&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Crosby%2C+Nichols%2C+Lee+%26+Company&rft.date=1860&rft.isbn=978-0-405-10016-1&rft.aulast=Quincy&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKynqxH_4lGUC%26pg%3DPA586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988">, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205054221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0%2C8816%2C756722%2C00.html">"Cambridge Birthday"</a>. Time. September 28, 1936. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,756722,00.html">the original</a> on December 5, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Birthday&rft.date=1936-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C756722%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988">: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>." Bicentennial date: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Hightower2003" class="citation web cs1">Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908144409/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html">"Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History"</a>. Harvard University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html">the original</a> on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard+Gazette%3A+This+Month+in+Harvard+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.au=Marvin+Hightower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F2003%2F10.02%2F02-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988">, "Sept. 8, 1836 – Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836." </li> <li id="cite_note-BGendow-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGendow_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGendow_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGendow_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/">"Harvard posts investment gain in fiscal 2023, endowment stands at $50.7 billion"</a>. Reuters.com. October 20, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020010333/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters.com&rft.atitle=Harvard+posts+investment+gain+in+fiscal+2023%2C+endowment+stands+at+%2450.7+billion&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fharvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFRendow-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HFRendow_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFRendow_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFRendow_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf">Financial Report Fiscal Year 2023</a> (PDF) (Report). Harvard University. October 19, 2023. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023205617/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Financial+Report+Fiscal+Year+2023&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffad%2Ffiles%2Ffy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidarKettles2024" class="citation web cs1">Haidar, Emma H.; Kettles, Cam E. (March 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/2/john-manning-harvard-provost/">"Harvard Law School Dean John Manning '82 Named Interim Provost by Garber"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>. Retrieved March 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Harvard+Law+School+Dean+John+Manning+%2782+Named+Interim+Provost+by+Garber&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.aulast=Haidar&rft.aufirst=Emma+H.&rft.au=Kettles%2C+Cam+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2024%2F3%2F2%2Fjohn-manning-harvard-provost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glance-8"><a href="#cite_ref-glance_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf">"Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual"</a> (PDF). July 14, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035117/https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard+University+Graphic+Identity+Standards+Manual&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhwpi.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fguidelines%2Ffiles%2F2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDS-B-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720173229/https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2023/06/harvard_cds_2022-2023.pdf">"Common Data Set 2022–2023"</a> (PDF). Office of Institutional Research. Harvard University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2023/06/harvard_cds_2022-2023.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 20, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Institutional+Research&rft.atitle=Common+Data+Set+2022%E2%80%932023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com%2Fsites.harvard.edu%2Fdist%2F6%2F210%2Ffiles%2F2023%2F06%2Fharvard_cds_2022-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027">"IPEDS – Harvard University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028192553/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPEDS+%E2%80%93+Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fcollegenavigator%2F%3Fq%3DHarvard%26s%3Dall%26id%3D166027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/gocrimson.com/documents/2021/7/27/Harvard_Athletics_Brand_Identity_Guide.pdf#page=7">"Color Scheme"</a> (PDF). Harvard Athletics Brand Identity Guide. July 27, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Athletics+Brand+Identity+Guide&rft.atitle=Color+Scheme&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fgocrimson.com%2Fdocuments%2F2021%2F7%2F27%2FHarvard_Athletics_Brand_Identity_Guide.pdf%23page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Examples include: <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerKeller2001" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell">Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463">463</a>–481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514457-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514457-0"><bdi>0-19-514457-0</bdi></a>. <q>Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Harvard+Modern%3A+The+Rise+of+America%27s+University&rft.pages=463-481&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-514457-0&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft.au=Keller%2C+Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingharvardmod0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaulding1989" class="citation book cs1">Spaulding, Christina (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326">"Sexual Shakedown"</a>. In Trumpbour, John (ed.). How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. South End Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326">326–336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-284-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-284-9"><bdi>0-89608-284-9</bdi></a>. <q>... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexual+Shakedown&rft.btitle=How+Harvard+Rules%3A+Reason+in+the+Service+of+Empire&rft.pages=326-336&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-89608-284-9&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowharvardrulesr00trum%2Fpage%2F326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Altaner2011" class="citation web cs1">David Altaner (March 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html">"Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314002025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard%2C+MIT+Ranked+Most+Prestigious+Universities%2C+Study+Reports&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.au=David+Altaner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-03-10%2Fharvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Collier's Encyclopedia. Macmillan Educational Co. 1986. <q>Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Macmillan+Educational+Co.&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2003" class="citation web cs1">Newport, Frank (August 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx">"Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place"</a>. Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172644/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard+Number+One+University+in+Eyes+of+Public+Stanford+and+Yale+in+second+place&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F9109%2Fharvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2006" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html">"Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020. <q>The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ending+Early+Admissions%3A+Guess+Who+Wins%3F&rft.date=2006-09-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F17%2Fweekinreview%2F17leonhardt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoerr1997" class="citation book cs1">Hoerr, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer">We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard</a>. Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-535-9"><bdi>978-1-56639-535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Can%27t+Eat+Prestige%3A+The+Women+Who+Organized+Harvard&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-535-9&rft.aulast=Hoerr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwecanteatprestig00hoer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Wong, Alia (September 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/">"At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2020. <q>Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=At+Private+Colleges%2C+Students+Pay+for+Prestige&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2018%2F09%2Famerica-private-college-tuition%2F569812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li></ol> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323072#">"Harvard Charter of 1650"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory1975" class="citation journal cs1">Story, Ronald (1975). "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865". Journal of Social History. 8 (3): 94–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F8.3.94">10.1353/jsh/8.3.94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529">0022-4529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147208647">147208647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Harvard+and+the+Boston+Brahmins%3A+A+Study+in+Institutional+and+Class+Development%2C+1800%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=94-121&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147208647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-4529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F8.3.94&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell1993" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, Betty G. 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State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1593-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1593-7"><bdi>0-7914-1593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elite+Families%3A+Class+and+Power+in+Nineteenth-Century+Boston&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1593-7&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Betty+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAU-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAU_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAU_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476">"Member Institutions and years of Admission"</a>. aau.edu. Association of American Universities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aau.edu&rft.atitle=Member+Institutions+and+years+of+Admission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aau.edu%2Fabout%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D5476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf">"Faculties and Allied Institutions"</a> (PDF). harvard.edu. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hull.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Rowley+and+Ezekiel+Rogers%2C+The+First+North+American+Printing+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hull.ac.uk%2Fmhsc%2FFarHorizons%2FDocuments%2FEzekielRogers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard" class="citation web cs1">Harvard, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx">"John Harvard Facts, Information"</a>. encyclopedia.com. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715230532/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009. <q>He bequeathed £780 (half his estate) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge, Mass., which was named in his honor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=John+Harvard+Facts%2C+Information.&rft.aulast=Harvard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FJohn_Harvard.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Louis B. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47">British Colonial America: People and Perspectives</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-025-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-025-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-025-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2017. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-77355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-77355-8"><bdi>978-0-618-77355-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2016. 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Retrieved March 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=Harvard+Fiction%3A+Some+critical+and+Bibliographical+Notes&rft.pages=346-347&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Vaughan+Bail&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807?d=%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100052807">"Late George Apley"</a>. Oxford Reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401214630/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807?d=/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Late+George+Apley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100052807%3Fd%3D%252F10.1093%252Foi%252Fauthority.20110803100052807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2002" class="citation book cs1">King, Michael (2002). Wrestling with the Angel. p. 371. <q>...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrestling+with+the+Angel&rft.pages=371&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1953" class="citation news cs1">Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/">"White Shoe and Weak Will"</a>. Harvard Crimson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126180414/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2015. <q>The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=White+Shoe+and+Weak+Will&rft.date=1953-02-18&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1953%2F2%2F18%2Fwhite-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Yardley" title="Jonathan Yardley">Yardley, Jonathan</a> (December 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html">"Second Reading"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209173651/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2015. <q> '...a balanced and impressive novel...' [is] a judgment with which I [agree].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Second+Reading&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F12%2F22%2FAR2009122203456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1953" class="citation news cs1">Du Bois, William (February 1, 1953). "Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World". The New York Times. p. BR5. <q>exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Out+of+a+Jitter-and-Fritter+World&rft.pages=BR5&rft.date=1953-02-01&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day". Southwest Review. Vol. 38. p. 267. <q>So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Review&rft.atitle=John+Phillips%2C+The+Second+Happiest+Day&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/">"Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years..."</a> Harvard Crimson. June 3, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717001127/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Never+Having+To+Say+You%27re+Sorry+for+25+Years...&rft.date=1996-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1996%2F6%2F3%2Fnever-having-to-say-youre-sorry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinciguerra2010" class="citation news cs1">Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html">"The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310224906/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Disease%3A+Fatal.+The+Treatment%3A+Mockery&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft.aulast=Vinciguerra&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F22%2Fmovies%2F22love.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'". Harvard University Gazette. February 8, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+Many-Splendored+%27Love+Story%27.&rft.date=1996-02-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2012" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Colleen (October 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/">"The Paper Chase at 40"</a>. Harvard Gazette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203171406/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Paper+Chase+at+40&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2012%2F10%2Fthe-paper-chase-at-40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Abelmann, Walter H., ed. The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970–1995 (2004). 346 pp.</li> <li>Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years (1977). 569 pp.</li> <li>Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries (2d ed.1982). 499 pp.</li> <li>Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. Harvard A to Z (2004). 396 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674012887">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Bethell, John T. Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century, Harvard University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-37733-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-37733-8">0-674-37733-8</a></li> <li>Bunting, Bainbridge. Harvard: An Architectural History (1985). 350 pp.</li> <li>Carpenter, Kenneth E. The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition (1986). 216 pp.</li> <li>Cuno, James et al. Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting (1996). 364 pp.</li> <li>Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives (1992). 380 pp.</li> <li>Hall, Max. Harvard University Press: A History (1986). 257 pp.</li> <li>Hay, Ida. Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum (1995). 349 pp.</li> <li>Hoerr, John, We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard; <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-535-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-535-6">1-56639-535-6</a></li> <li>Howells, Dorothy Elia. A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979 (1978). 152 pp.</li> <li>Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702220422/https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3a%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University">"online edition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3a%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University">the original</a> on July 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=online+edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F106186126%3Ftitle%3DMaking%2520Harvard%2520Modern%253a%2520%2520The%2520Rise%2520of%2520America%2527s%2520University&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_R._Lewis" title="Harry R. Lewis">Lewis, Harry R.</a> Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-393-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-393-5">1-58648-393-5</a></li> <li>Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936 (1986) 512pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUUf7ssp1u4C">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Powell, Arthur G. The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority (1980). 341 pp.</li> <li>Reid, Robert. Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School (1994). 331 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rosovsky" title="Henry Rosovsky">Rosovsky, Henry</a>. The University: An Owner's Manual (1991). 312 pp.</li> <li>Rosovsky, Nitza. The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1986). 108 pp.</li> <li>Seligman, Joel. The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School (1978). 262 pp.</li> <li>Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1993). 548 pp.</li> <li>Trumpbour, John, ed., How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire, Boston: South End Press, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-283-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-283-0">0-89608-283-0</a></li> <li>Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4662764">Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History</a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, 2004. 337 pp.</li> <li>Winsor, Mary P. Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum (1991). 324 pp.</li> <li>Wright, Conrad Edick. Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence (2005). 298 pp.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 39px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="39" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has an organization profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/organization/Q13371" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/organization/Q13371">Harvard University</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvard.edu">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13371#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=166027">Harvard University</a> at <a href="/wiki/College_Navigator" title="College Navigator">College Navigator</a>, a tool from the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University&oldid=1261910945">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University&oldid=1261910945</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 December 2024, at 16:46 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-universiteit" title="Harvard-universiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Harvard-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Universit%C3%A4t" title="Harvard-Universität – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Harvard-Universität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%92%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%89%B2" title="ሃርቨርድ ዩኒቨርሲቲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃርቨርድ ዩኒቨርሲቲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جامعة هارفارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة هارفارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հարվըրտի համալսարան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հարվըրտի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Harvard" title="Universidá de Harvard – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Harvard" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo%27ehaorusu_Harvard" title="Mbo'ehaorusu Harvard – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbo'ehaorusu Harvard" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universiteti" title="Harvard Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harvard Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="هاروارد بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاروارد بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Harvard" title="Univérsitas Harvard – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Univérsitas Harvard" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="হার্ভার্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হার্ভার্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Harvard Tāi-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Harvard Tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Гарвард университеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гарвард университеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Гарвардскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарвардскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Гарвардзкі ўнівэрсытэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гарвардзкі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Харвардски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харвардски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Harvard" title="Univerzitet Harvard – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet Harvard" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skol-veur_Harvard" title="Skol-veur Harvard – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skol-veur Harvard" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_Harvard" title="Universitat Harvard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat Harvard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95" title="Харвăрт Университечĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Харвăрт Университечĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardova_univerzita" title="Harvardova univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harvardova univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Harvard" title="Prifysgol Harvard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Harvard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لجامعة د هارڤارد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لجامعة د هارڤارد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardi_%C3%BClikool" title="Harvardi ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harvardi ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Πανεπιστήμιο Χάρβαρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο Χάρβαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Harvard" title="Universidad Harvard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad Harvard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Harvard" title="Universitato Harvard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Harvard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Unibertsitatea" title="Harvard Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harvard Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="دانشگاه هاروارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه هاروارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Harvard" title="Université Harvard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Harvard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_fan_Harvard" title="Universiteit fan Harvard – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Universiteit fan Harvard" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Harvard" title="Ollscoil Harvard – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil Harvard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Harvard" title="Oilthigh Harvard – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Harvard" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Harvard" title="Universidade Harvard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade Harvard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Harvard Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Harvard Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="하버드 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하버드 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հարվարդի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարվարդի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हार्वर्ड विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हार्वर्ड विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardovo_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te" title="Harvardovo sveučilište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Harvardovo sveučilište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_di_Harvard" title="Universitato di Harvard – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universitato di Harvard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvard" title="Universitas Harvard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Harvard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Harvard-háskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harvard-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Harvard" title="Università Harvard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università Harvard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="אוניברסיטת הרווארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת הרווארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvard" title="Universitas Harvard – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universitas Harvard" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_sukul%C9%A9_k%C9%A9t%C9%9Bz%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Harvard sukulɩ kɩtɛzʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Harvard sukulɩ kɩtɛzʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ಹಾರ್ವರ್ಡ್ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾರ್ವರ್ಡ್ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гарвард университет – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гарвард университет" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰარვარდის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰარვარდის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99niwersytet_Harvarda" title="Ùniwersytet Harvarda – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùniwersytet Harvarda" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Гарвард университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гарвард университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Harvard" title="Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C3%AEngeha_Harvard%C3%AA" title="Zanîngeha Harvardê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zanîngeha Harvardê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລຮາວາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລຮາວາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvardiana" title="Universitas Harvardiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Harvardiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81rvarda_Universit%C4%81te" title="Hārvarda Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hārvarda Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universit%C3%A9it" title="Harvard Universitéit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Harvard Universitéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardo_universitetas" title="Harvardo universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Harvardo universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universia_Harvard" title="Universia Harvard – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Universia Harvard" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Egyetem" title="Harvard Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harvard Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Харвард – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Харвард" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="ഹാർവാർഡ് സർവകലാശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാർവാർഡ് സർവകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0" title="हार्वर्ड विद्यापीठ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हार्वर्ड विद्यापीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰარვარდიშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰარვარდიშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جامعة هارفارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة هارفارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Harvard" title="Universiti Harvard – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Harvard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Харвардын их сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харвардын их сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ဟားဗတ် တက္ကသိုလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟားဗတ် တက္ကသိုလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-universiteit" title="Harvard-universiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harvard-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="ハーバード大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーバード大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Harvard" title="Universitat de Harvard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Universitat de Harvard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_universiteti" title="Harvard universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harvard universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਹਾਰਵਰਡ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਰਵਰਡ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_di_Harvard" title="Universidat di Harvard – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat di Harvard" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8A" title="សាកលវិទ្យាល័យហាវើដ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាកលវិទ្យាល័យហាវើដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_Harvard" title="Università ëd Harvard – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Università ëd Harvard" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Harvarda" title="Uniwersytet Harvarda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Harvarda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Harvard" title="Universidade Harvard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade Harvard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Harvard" title="Universitatea Harvard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Harvard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yachay_Suntur" title="Harvard Yachay Suntur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Harvard Yachay Suntur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гарвардский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарвардский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Һарвард Үниверситета – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Һарвард Үниверситета" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="हार्वर्ड् विश्वविद्यालयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हार्वर्ड् विश्वविद्यालयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Varsity" title="Harvard Varsity – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Harvard Varsity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Harvardit" title="Universiteti i Harvardit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Harvardit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univirsitati_di_Harvard" title="Univirsitati di Harvard – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Univirsitati di Harvard" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="හාවඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හාවඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Harvard" title="Univerza Harvard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Harvard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="زانکۆی ھارڤارد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی ھارڤارد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Универзитет Харвард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет Харвард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Harvard" title="Univerzitet Harvard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet Harvard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardin_yliopisto" title="Harvardin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harvardin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harvard University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Harvard" title="Pamantasang Harvard – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasang Harvard" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்வர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்வர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_universitet%C4%B1" title="Harvard universitetı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Harvard universitetı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="హార్వర్డ్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హార్వర్డ్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="มหาวิทยาลัยฮาร์วาร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยฮาร์วาร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Донишгоҳи Ҳарвард – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Ҳарвард" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Harvard Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harvard Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гарвардський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарвардський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="خارۋارد ئۇنىۋېرسىتېتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خارۋارد ئۇنىۋېرسىتېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_de_Harvard" title="Università de Harvard – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Università de Harvard" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Harvard" title="Đại học Harvard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Harvard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="哈佛大學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哈佛大學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_Harvard" title="Unibersidad Harvard – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad Harvard" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哈佛大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈佛大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="הארווארד אוניווערסיטעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הארווארד אוניווערסיטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunif%C3%A1s%C3%ADt%C3%AC_Harvard" title="Yunifásítì Harvard – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yunifásítì Harvard" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="哈佛大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈佛大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%B1tey_Harvardi" title="Universıtey Harvardi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Universıtey Harvardi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哈佛大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈佛大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersit%C3%A8t_Harwat" title="Uniwersitèt Harwat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Uniwersitèt Harwat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Harvard" title="Universiti Harvard – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Universiti Harvard" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 December 2024, at 16:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About 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