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style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Lee Altenberg</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lee Altenberg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Biological_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sciences">Biological sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz_Institute_for_Evolution_and_Cognition_Research" title="Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research">Konrad Lorenz Institute</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ronin_Institute" title="Ronin Institute">Ronin Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/303425436">A Generalization of Theory on the Evolution of Modifier Genes</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1984)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Feldman" title="Marcus Feldman">Marcus W. Feldman</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data">Glenys Thomson</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dynamics.org/Altenberg/">dynamics<wbr />.org<wbr />/Altenberg<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lee Altenberg</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">theoretical biologist</a>. He is on the faculty of the Departments of Information and Computer Sciences and of Mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>. He is best known for his work that helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_evolvability" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of evolvability">evolution of evolvability</a> and modularity in the <a href="/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype_map" title="Genotype–phenotype map">genotype–phenotype map</a> as areas of investigation in evolutionary biology,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for moving theoretical concepts between the fields of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for his mathematical unification and generalization of <a href="/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">modifier gene models</a> for the evolution of biological information transmission, putting under a single mathematical framework the evolution of mutation rates, recombination rates, sexual reproduction rates, and dispersal rates.<sup id="cite_ref-KLIFellow_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLIFellow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEEbio_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEbio-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altenberg is an associate editor of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/BioSystems" title="BioSystems">BioSystems</a></i>, and serves on the editorial boards of the journals <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_Programming_and_Evolvable_Machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines (page does not exist)">Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Life_(journal)" title="Artificial Life (journal)">Artificial Life</a></i>, and on the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computational_Intelligence_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Computational Intelligence Society">IEEE Computational Intelligence Society</a> Task Force on Artificial Life and Complex Adaptive Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altenberg received his B.A. in genetics in 1980 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> with an honors thesis advised by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenys_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenys Thomson (page does not exist)">Glenys Thomson</a> on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selection" title="Frequency-dependent selection">frequency-dependent selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his Ph.D. in biological sciences in 1985 at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> with advisor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Feldman" title="Marcus Feldman">Marcus W. Feldman</a> with a dissertation that unified models of modifier gene evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altenberg held postdoctoral fellowships at Stanford University, North Carolina State University, and Duke University. While a postdoctoral fellow at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, Altenberg offered the first course on <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a> to be given there. When his father became ill with <a href="/wiki/Cold_sensitive_antibodies#Cryoglobulins_antibodies" title="Cold sensitive antibodies">cryoglobulinemia</a>, he moved with him to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> for the warm temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 Altenberg was appointed associate professor of Information and Computer Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>. He again offered the first courses in evolutionary computation to be given there. In 2013 Altenberg was a Long-Term Visitor at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Biosciences_Institute" title="Mathematical Biosciences Institute">Mathematical Biosciences Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> and in 2014-2016 was a Senior Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz_Institute_for_Evolution_and_Cognition_Research" title="Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research">Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi#Board_of_regents" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi Board of Regents</a> approved his promotion to Full Professor in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2013, Altenberg has been a Research Scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Ronin_Institute" title="Ronin Institute">Ronin Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altenberg's research focuses on uncovering the mathematical relationships within the dynamics of biological evolution, and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary algorithms">evolutionary algorithms</a>. He is particularly interested in higher order phenomena such as the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">evolvability</a>, the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a> transmission, and the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype_map" title="Genotype–phenotype map">genotype–phenotype map</a>. His chief accomplishments have been (1) to unify the theory for the evolution of genetic systems (recombination and mutation rates) by embedding them in the space of inclusive inheritance, which includes spatial as well as cultural information, and (2) to develop the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Variational_properties" title="Variational properties">variational properties</a> of organisms as phenomena subject to evolutionary dynamics. This includes the discovery of mechanisms that lead to the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">evolvability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modularity" title="Modularity">modularity</a> in the genotype–phenotype map.<sup id="cite_ref-EEGP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEGP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KLIFellow_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLIFellow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mathematical inclusiveness of his theoretical work has made it applicable to problems in evolutionary computation.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEEbio_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEbio-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work on the evolution of biological information transmission has required development of new <a href="/wiki/Spectral_theory" title="Spectral theory">spectral theorems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Linear_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear operators">linear operators</a>, including a unification of reaction-diffusion theory predicting the evolution of slow dispersal with the Reduction Principle predictions for models of mutation, recombination and migration rate evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Resolvent_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resolvent-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has applied spectral theory to understand the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Robustness_(evolution)" title="Robustness (evolution)">mutational robustness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altenberg introduced a number of concepts which have been adopted in several fields: </p> <ul><li>introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Price_equation" title="Price equation">Price equation</a> into evolutionary computation theory<sup id="cite_ref-EEGP_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEGP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schema_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schema-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>mechanisms for the evolution of evolvability and modularity<sup id="cite_ref-EEGP_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEGP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBR_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBR-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GGEGPM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGEGPM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the conceptual distinction of generative and <a href="/wiki/Variational_properties" title="Variational properties">variational properties</a> of the genotype–phenotype map<sup id="cite_ref-GGEGPM_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGEGPM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>brood selection in evolutionary algorithms<sup id="cite_ref-EEGP_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEGP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>generalization of <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NK_model" title="NK model">NK Landscapes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EBR_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBR-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> applied to technological evolution<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>generalization of the Reduction Principle to infinite dimensional spaces, which unified reaction-diffusion models for the evolution of dispersal,<sup id="cite_ref-Resolvent_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resolvent-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been applied to epidemic models.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_and_societal_work">Environmental and societal work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental and societal work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A history of <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Leland Stanford</a>'s forgotten advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker cooperatives">worker cooperatives</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Light pollution ordinance for Maui, Hawai`i<sup id="cite_ref-MauiLights_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MauiLights-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Preservation of lowland dry native forest on Maui, Hawai`i<sup id="cite_ref-Wailea670_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wailea670-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> pandemic he has served with the Hawai`i Pandemic Applied Modeling Workgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>California delegate to the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Science_Camp" title="National Youth Science Camp">National Youth Science Camp</a> in 1975<sup id="cite_ref-AltenbergCV_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AltenbergCV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Regents">University of California Regents</a> Scholar 1975-1979<sup id="cite_ref-AltenbergCV_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AltenbergCV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-AltenbergCV_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AltenbergCV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bachelor of Arts with Distinction in General Scholarship, University of California, Berkeley, 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Stanford University School of Medicine">Stanford University School of Medicine</a> Dean's Postdoctoral Fellow 1985-1986<sup id="cite_ref-AltenbergCV_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AltenbergCV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chair of the Native Hawaiian Plant Society on Maui 2005-2007</li> <li>Onipa`a Award in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conferred by the Hawai`i Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>, for his work in getting legislation passed to prevent <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> on <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MauiLights_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MauiLights-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to preserve an endangered Hawaiian lowland dry forest habitat on Maui in perpetuity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wailea670_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wailea670-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Senior Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz_Institute_for_Evolution_and_Cognition_Research" title="Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research">Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research</a> 2014-2016<sup id="cite_ref-KLIFellow_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLIFellow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computational_Intelligence_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Computational Intelligence Society">IEEE Computational Intelligence Society</a> Oral History Project interview in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Foundational_Questions_Institute" title="Foundational Questions Institute">Foundational Questions Institute</a> (FQXi) in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_societies">Professional societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Professional societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altenberg is a lifetime member of the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Linear_Algebra_Society" title="International Linear Algebra Society">International Linear Algebra Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Mathematical_Biology" title="Society for Mathematical Biology">Society for Mathematical Biology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dynamics.org/Altenberg/">Lee Altenberg's homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=e6zMVywAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&pagesize=100">Google scholar profile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Altenberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=36563">Lee Altenberg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68124266#P549" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Elsevier. pp. 40–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128000496" title="Special:BookSources/9780128000496"><bdi>9780128000496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.pages=40-47&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780128000496&rft.au=Lee+Altenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fencyclopedia-of-evolutionary-biology%2Fkliman%2F978-0-12-800049-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_SeisingLee_Altenberg2018" class="citation web cs1">Rudolf Seising; Lee Altenberg (6 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeetv.ieee.org/history/interview-with-lee-altenberg-2017-cis-oral-history-project">"Interview with Lee Altenberg, 2017: CIS Oral History Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i>IEEE Computational Intelligence Society</i>. Honolulu, Hawai`i: IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>An interview with CIS member Lee Altenberg, recorded at the 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (IEEE SSCI 2017). Interview by Rudolf Seising.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computational+Intelligence+Society&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Lee+Altenberg%2C+2017%3A+CIS+Oral+History+Project&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.au=Rudolf+Seising&rft.au=Lee+Altenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeetv.ieee.org%2Fhistory%2Finterview-with-lee-altenberg-2017-cis-oral-history-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KLIFellow-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KLIFellow_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KLIFellow_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KLIFellow_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kli.ac.at/en/people/all_fellows/view/110">"Fellows Lee Altenberg"</a>. <i>Konrad Lorenz Institute</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Task+Force+on+Artificial+Life+and+Complex+Adaptive+Systems&rft.pub=binghamton.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvey.binghamton.edu%2F~sayama%2FIEEE-ALIFE-TF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenberg1991" class="citation journal cs1">Altenberg, Lee (1991). "Chaos from Linear Frequency-Dependent Selection". <i>American Naturalist</i>. <b>138</b> (1): 51–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F285204">10.1086/285204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84389673">84389673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Chaos+from+Linear+Frequency-Dependent+Selection&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-68&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F285204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84389673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Altenberg&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenberg1984" class="citation book cs1">Altenberg, Lee (1984). <i>A Generalization of Theory on the Evolution of Modifier Genes</i>. Stanford University: University Microfilms. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.187.5507">10.1.1.187.5507</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Generalization+of+Theory+on+the+Evolution+of+Modifier+Genes&rft.place=Stanford+University&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=University+Microfilms&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.187.5507%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Altenberg&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDike2013" class="citation web cs1">Dike, Dr. Diane (22 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blogtalkradio.com/dr-diane-dike/2013/02/22/dads-journey-with-cryoglobulinemia-dr-lee-altenberg">"Dad's Journey with Cryoglobulinemia, Dr. Lee Altenberg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i>Blog Talk Radio</i>. Eagle, CO 81631<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog+Talk+Radio&rft.atitle=Dad%27s+Journey+with+Cryoglobulinemia%2C+Dr.+Lee+Altenberg&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=Dike&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blogtalkradio.com%2Fdr-diane-dike%2F2013%2F02%2F22%2Fdads-journey-with-cryoglobulinemia-dr-lee-altenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2020/06/22/uh-2020-tenure-and-promotion-list/">"UH 2020 tenure and promotion list"</a>. <i>University of Hawaiʻi News</i>. University of Hawaiʻi. June 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+News&rft.atitle=UH+2020+tenure+and+promotion+list&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2F22%2Fuh-2020-tenure-and-promotion-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dynamics.org/">"Lee Altenberg's Web Home Page"</a>. <i>dynamics.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dynamics.org&rft.atitle=Lee+Altenberg%27s+Web+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdynamics.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ronininstitute.org/research-scholars/lee-altenberg/">"Research Scholar profile at the Ronin Institute"</a>. <i>Ronin Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ronin+Institute&rft.atitle=Research+Scholar+profile+at+the+Ronin+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fronininstitute.org%2Fresearch-scholars%2Flee-altenberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEGP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EEGP_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEGP_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEGP_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEGP_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Altenberg1994" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lee Altenberg</a> (1994). Kinnear, Kenneth (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.santafe.edu/research/results/working-papers/the-evolution-of-evolvability-in-genetic-programmi"><i>The Evolution of Evolvability in Genetic Programming</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 47–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262515535" title="Special:BookSources/9780262515535"><bdi>9780262515535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Evolvability+in+Genetic+Programming&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=47-74&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780262515535&rft.au=Lee+Altenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafe.edu%2Fresearch%2Fresults%2Fworking-papers%2Fthe-evolution-of-evolvability-in-genetic-programmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resolvent-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Resolvent_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Resolvent_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Altenberg, Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309728">"Resolvent Positive Linear Operators Exhibit the Reduction Phenomenon"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (10): 3705–3710. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4546">1108.4546</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109.3705A">2012PNAS..109.3705A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1113833109">10.1073/pnas.1113833109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309728">3309728</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22357763">22357763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Resolvent+Positive+Linear+Operators+Exhibit+the+Reduction+Phenomenon&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3705-3710&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3309728%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109.3705A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1108.4546&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22357763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1113833109&rft.aulast=Altenberg&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3309728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenberg2015" class="citation arxiv cs1">Altenberg, Lee (2015). "Fundamental Properties of the Evolution of Mutational Robustness". p. 1508.07866. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07866">1508.07866</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/q-bio.PE">q-bio.PE</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Fundamental+Properties+of+the+Evolution+of+Mutational+Robustness&rft.pages=1508.07866&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1508.07866&rft.aulast=Altenberg&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALee+Altenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schema-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schema_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Altenberg, Lee (1995). Whitley, Darrell L.; Vose, Michael D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781558603561500066"><i>The Schema Theorem and Price's Theorem</i></a>. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 23–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-356-1"><bdi>978-1-55860-356-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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