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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{short description|Waste product of fires}} {{hatnote group|{{about-distinguish|the residue of burning a material|Volcanic ash|Ash (plant)}}{{other uses}}}} {{Expand French|Cendre|date=June 2023}} {{refimprove|date=January 2016}} [[File:Wood ash.jpg|thumb|Wood ash]] {{Pollution sidebar|Air}} '''Ash''' or '''ashes''' are the solid remnants of [[fire]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ash|title=the definition of ash|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref> Specifically, ''ash'' refers to all non-[[aqueous]], non-[[gas]]eous residues that remain after something [[combustion|burns]]. In [[analytical chemistry]], to analyse the mineral and metal content of [[chemical sample]]s, [[ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]] is the non-[[gas]]eous, non-[[liquid]] residue after complete combustion. Ashes as the end product of [[incomplete combustion]] are mostly [[mineral]], but usually still contain an amount of [[combustible]] [[organic compound|organic]] or other [[Redox|oxidizable]] residues. The best-known type of ash is [[wood ash]], as a product of wood combustion in [[campfire]]s, [[fireplace]]s, etc. The darker the wood ashes, the higher the content of remaining [[charcoal]] from incomplete combustion. The ashes are of different types. Some ashes contain [[natural compound]]s that make [[soil]] [[Soil fertility|fertile]]. Others have [[chemical compound]]s that can be [[toxic]] but may break up in soil from chemical changes and [[microorganism]] activity. Like [[soap]], ash is also a [[disinfecting]] agent ([[alkaline]]).<ref>Howard et al. 2002: Healthy Villages A guide for communities and community health workers. CHAPTER 8 Personal, domestic and community hygiene. WHO. Accessed Oct. 2014. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/settings/hvchap8.pdf</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] recommends ash or sand as alternative for handwashing when soap is not available.<ref>WHO 2014: Water Sanitation Health. How can personal hygiene be maintained in difficult circumstances? Accessed Oct. 2014 [https://web.archive.org/web/20050214144405/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/emergencies/qa/emergencies_qa17/en/]</ref> ==Natural occurrence== Ash occurs naturally from any [[fire]] that burns [[vegetation]], and may disperse in the soil to [[Soil fertility|fertilise it]], or clump under it for long enough to [[Carbonisation|carbonise]] into [[coal]]. ==Composition== {{seealso|Ash (chemistry)|Plasma ashing}} {{expand section|date=May 2024}} The composition of the ash varies depending on the product burned and its origin. The "ash content" or "mineral content" of a product is derived its incineration under temperatures ranging from {{convert|150|C|F}} to {{convert|900|C|F}}.<ref name="ash-content"></ref> ===Wood and plant matter=== {{main|Wood ash}} The composition of ash derived from wood and other plant matter varies based on plant species, parts of the plants (such as bark, trunk, or young branches with foliage), type of soil, and time of year. The composition of these ashes also differ greatly depending on mode of combustion. [[Wood ash]]es, in addition to residual [[carbonaceous]] materials (unconsumed embers, activated carbons impregnated with carbonaceous particles, tars, various gases, etc.), contain a between 20% and 50% [[calcium]] in the form of [[calcium oxide]] and are generally rich in [[potassium carbonate]]. Ashes derived from grasses, and the [[Gramineae]] family in particular, are rich in [[silica]].<ref name="pepin-2013">{{cite book |last1=Pépin |first1=Denis |title=Composts et paillis: pour un jardin sain, facile et productif |publisher= Terre vivante |year=2013 |page=54 |isbn=978-2360980918 }}</ref> The color of the ash comes from small proportions of inorganic minerals such as [[iron oxides]] and [[manganese]]. The oxidized metal elements that constitute wood ash are mostly considered [[alkaline]]. For example, ash collected from wood boilers is composed of<ref name="adame-report">{{cite web |url=http://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/20140523_fiche-cendre-agriculture-petite-chaufferie.pdf |title=Gestion et valorisation de cendres de chaufferies bois |language=French |trans-title=Management and recovery of wood boiler ashes |last1=Couturier |first1=Christian |last2=Brasset |first2=Thierry |publisher=Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrse de l'Energie |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115192130/http://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/20140523_fiche-cendre-agriculture-petite-chaufferie.pdf#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archivedate=2015-01-15 |access-date=2024-06-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 17–33% [[calcium]] in the form of [[calcium oxide]] ({{chem2|CaO}}) * 2–6% [[potassium]] in the form of [[potassium oxide]] ({{chem2|K2O}}) * 2.5–4.6% [[magnesium]] in the form of [[magnesium oxide]] ({{chem2|MgO}}) * 1–6% [[phosphorus]] in the form of [[phosphorus pentoxide]] ({{chem2|P2O5}}) * 3% in total of [[oxides]] such as [[iron oxide]], [[manganese oxide]], and [[sodium oxide]] The [[pH]] of the ash is between 10 and 13, mostly due to the fact that the oxides of calcium, potassium, and sodium are strong [[base (chemistry)|bases]]. [[Acidic]] components such as [[carbon dioxide]], [[phosphoric acid]], [[silicic acid]], and [[sulfuric acid]] are rarely present and, in the presence of the previously mentioned bases, are generally found in the form of [[salts]], respectively [[carbonates]], [[phosphates]], [[silicates]] and [[sulphates]]. Strictly speaking, calcium and potassium salts produce the aforementioned calcium oxide (also known as quicklime) and potassium during the combustion of organic matter. But, in practice, quicklime is only obtained via [[lime-kiln]], and [[potash]] (from potassium carbonate) or [[baking soda]] (from sodium carbonate) is extracted from the ashes. Other substances such as [[sulfur]], [[chlorine]], [[iron]] or [[sodium]] only appear in small quantities. Still others are rarely found in wood, such as [[aluminum]], [[zinc]], and [[boron]]. (depending on the [[trace elements]] drawn from the soil by the incinerated plants). Mineral content in ash depends on the species of tree burned, even in the same soil conditions. More chloride is found in [[conifer|conifer trees]] than [[broadleaf trees]], with seven times as much found in [[spruces]] than in [[oak trees]]. There is twice as much [[phosphoric acid]] in the [[European aspen]] than in [[Oak|oaks]] and twice as much [[magnesium]] in [[elm|elm trees]] than in the [[Scotch pine]]. Ash composition also varies by which part of the tree was burnt. Silicon and calcium salts are more abundant in bark than in wood, while potassium salts are primarily found in wood. Compositional variation also occurred based on the season in which the tree died. ==Specific types== [[File:HK Sheung Wan Wing Lok Street fire burning offering papers Chinese style December 2018 IX2 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Joss paper]] ash. With wind and dispersion, the size of [[particulates]] decreases, while the number of particles increases.]] === Cremation ashes === Cremation ashes, also called cremated remains or "cremains," are the bodily remains left from [[cremation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are Cremains? (& What to Do with Them) » Urns {{!}} Online |url=https://www.usurnsonline.com/cremation/cremains/ |website=www.usurnsonline.com|date=31 May 2022 }}</ref> They often take the form of a grey powder resembling coarse [[sand]]. While often referred to as ''ashes'', the remains primarily consist of powdered bone fragments due to the cremation process, which eliminates the body's organic materials.<ref>{{cite web |title=All About Cremation Ashes {{!}} What Are Human Ashes Made of {{!}} Scattering Ashes |url=https://www.cremationsolutions.com/information/scattering-ashes/all-about-cremation-ashes |website=www.cremationsolutions.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Education {{!}} Cremation ashes |url=https://www.lonite.ca/education/cremation-ashes.html |website=www.lonite.ca}}</ref> People often store these ashes in containers like [[urn]]s, although they are also sometimes buried or scattered in specific locations.<ref>{{cite web |title=What To Do With Cremated Remains |url=https://www.cremation.com/cremation-memorialization/10-things-to-do-with-cremated-remains/ |website=cremation.com |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> ===Food ashes=== In food processing, mineral and ash content is used to characterize the presence of organic and inorganic components in food for monitoring quality, nutritional quantification and labeling, analyzing microbiological stability, and more.<ref name="ash-content">{{cite web |url=https://people.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Ash&Minerals.html |title=Analysis of Ash and Minerals |last=McClements |first=D. Julian |work=Analysis of Food Products Lectures |accessdate=2024-06-15 }}</ref> This process can be used to measure minerals like [[calcium]], [[sodium]], [[potassium]], and [[phosphorus]] as well as metal content such as [[lead]], [[mercury (chemistry)|mercury]], [[cadmium]], and [[aluminum]]. === Joss paper ash === Metal contents analysis of ash samples shows that [[joss paper]] burning emits a lot of toxic components causing ... There is a significant amount of [[heavy metals]] in the dust fume and bottom ash, e.g., [[aluminium]], [[iron]], [[manganese]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[zinc]] and [[cadmium]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.686 | title=Heavy metals emissions from joss paper burning rituals and the air quality around a specific incinerator | year=2021 | last1=Giang | first1=Lam Van | last2=Thanh | first2=Tran | last3=Hien | first3=Truong Thanh | last4=Tan | first4=Lam Van | last5=Thi Bich Phuong | first5=Tran | last6=Huu Loc | first6=Ho | journal=Materials Today: Proceedings | volume=38 | pages=2751–2757 | s2cid=226353498 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280221481 |doi=10.1039/C5EM00312A |title=Annual air pollution caused by the Hungry Ghost Festival |year=2015 |last1=Khezri |first1=B. |last2=Chan |first2=Y. Y. |last3=Tiong |first3=L. Y. D. |last4=Webster |first4=R. D. |journal=Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=1578–1586 |pmid=26220212 |hdl=10356/82684 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> “Burning of joss paper accounted for up to 42% of the atmospheric rBC [refractory black carbon] mass, higher than traffic (14-17%), crop residue (10-17%), coal (18-20%) during the Hanyi festival in northwest China", according to a 2022 study, "the overall air quality can be worsened due to the practice of uncontrolled burning of joss paper during the festival, which is not just confined to the people who do the burning,” and “burning joss paper during worship activities is common in China and most Asian countries with similar traditions.”<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin C, Huang RJ, Duan J, Zhong H, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhang R |title=Large contribution from worship activities to the atmospheric soot particles in northwest China |journal=Environ Pollut |volume=299 |issue= |pages=118907 |date=April 2022 |pmid=35091017 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118907 |bibcode=2022EPoll.29918907L |url=}}</ref> === Slash-and-burn ash === {{main|Slash-and-burn}} {{expand section|date=August 2024}} === Wildfire ash === High levels of [[heavy metals]], including [[lead]], [[arsenic]], [[cadmium]], and copper were found in the ash debris following the 2007 Californian [[wildfire]]s. A [[national clean-up campaign]] was organised ...<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Finlay SE, Moffat A, Gazzard R, Baker D, Murray V |title=Health impacts of wildfires |journal= PLOS Currents|volume=4 |issue= |pages=e4f959951cce2c |date=November 2012 |pmid=23145351 |pmc=3492003 |doi=10.1371/4f959951cce2c |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the devastating California [[Camp Fire (2018)]] that killed 85 people, lead levels increased by around 50 times in the hours following the fire at a site nearby ([[Chico, California|Chico]]). [[Zinc]] concentration also increased significantly in Modesto, 150 miles away. Heavy metals such as [[manganese]] and calcium were found in numerous California fires as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/wildfire-smoke-air-hazardous-toxic-metals-study-california |title=Wildfire smoke can increase hazardous toxic metals in air, study finds &#124; Climate crisis &#124; The Guardian|date=21 July 2021 }}</ref> ===Others=== * Ashes from ** [[Stubble burning]] ** [[Open burning of waste]] * Cigarette or [[cigar ash]] * [[Incinerator bottom ash]], a form of ash produced in incinerators * Products of coal combustion ** [[Bottom ash]] ** [[Fly ash]] * [[Volcanic ash]], ash that consists of fragmented [[volcanic glass|glass]], rock, and [[mineral|minerals]] that appears during an [[Types of volcanic eruptions|eruption]]. * [[Wood ash]] ==Other Properties== {{seealso|Particulates}} {{expand section|date=August 2024}} ===Shape=== ===Size=== ===Hardness=== ===Incomplete combustion=== ==Aging process== {{seealso|Particle number|Surface-area-to-volume ratio}} {{expand section|date=May 2024}} ===Global distillation=== {{main|Global distillation}} {{expand section|date=May 2024}} ==Health effects== {{main|Particulates#Health effects}} {{Further|Wildfire#Airborne hazards|Joss paper#Health impact|Brain health and pollution|Heavy metals}} {{seealso|Cough|Lead poisoning|Health impacts of sawdust}} {{expand section|date=May 2024}} ===Mechanism=== ====Oxidative stress==== ====Inflammation==== ====Others==== ===Health conditions=== == Effect on precipitation == {{main|Cloud condensation nuclei}} {{expand section|date=August 2024}} “Particles of dust or smoke in the atmosphere are essential for precipitation. These particles, called ‘condensation nuclei,’ provide a surface for water vapor to condense upon. This helps water droplets gather together and become large enough to fall to the earth”<ref name="nationalgeographic">{{cite web | title=Precipitation | website=National Geographic | date=19 Oct 2023 | url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/precipitation/ | access-date=19 Aug 2024}}</ref> == Effect on climate change == {{seealso|Wildfire#Carbon_dioxide and other emissions from fires}} {{expand section|date=May 2024}} ==See also== * [[Aerosol]] * [[Ash (analytical chemistry)]] * [[Black carbon]] * [[Carbon]], basic component of ashes * [[Carbon black]] * [[Charcoal]], carbon residue after heating wood mainly used as traditional fuel * [[Cinereous]], consisting of ashes, ash-colored or ash-like * [[Coal]], consisting of carbon as ash, and ash can be converted into coal * [[Construction waste]] * [[Dust]] | [[Fugitive dust]] * [[Potash]], a term for many useful potassium salts that traditionally derived from plant ashes, but today are typically mined from underground 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