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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loaded_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loaded_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Loaded displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loaded_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Light displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normal_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Normal displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Standard displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Displacement (ship)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_(%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="إزاحة (سفينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إزاحة (سفينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subas%C4%B1m%C4%B1_(d%C9%99niz%C3%A7ilik)" title="Subasımı (dənizçilik) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Subasımı (dənizçilik)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Водазмяшчэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Водазмяшчэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Водазьмяшчэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Водазьмяшчэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Водоизместимост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водоизместимост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despla%C3%A7ament_(n%C3%A0utica)" title="Desplaçament (nàutica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desplaçament (nàutica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veev%C3%A4ljasurve" title="Veeväljasurve – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeväljasurve" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desplazamiento_(n%C3%A1utica)" title="Desplazamiento (náutica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desplazamiento (náutica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvodismeto" title="Akvodismeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvodismeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desplazamendu_(nautika)" title="Desplazamendu (nautika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Desplazamendu (nautika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9placement_(navire)" title="Déplacement (navire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déplacement (navire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desprazamento_(n%C3%A1utica)" title="Desprazamento (náutica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Desprazamento (náutica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%88%98%EB%9F%89" title="배수량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배수량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ջրատարողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրատարողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istisnina" title="Istisnina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istisnina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat_benaman" title="Berat benaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berat benaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocamento" title="Dislocamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dislocamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%97%D7%A7_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98)" title="הדחק (כלי שיט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדחק (כלי שיט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="წყალწყვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალწყვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD)" title="സ്ഥാനഭ്രംശ ടൺ അളവ് (കപ്പൽ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥാനഭ്രംശ ടൺ അളവ് (കപ്പൽ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesaran_kapal" title="Sesaran kapal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sesaran kapal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="排水量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="排水量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyporno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wyporność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyporność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deslocamento_(n%C3%A1utica)" title="Deslocamento (náutica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deslocamento (náutica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deplasament" title="Deplasament – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deplasament" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Водоизмещение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водоизмещение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Displacement (ship)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izpodriv" title="Izpodriv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izpodriv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deplasman" title="Deplasman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deplasman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deplacement_(sj%C3%B6fart)" title="Deplacement (sjöfart) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deplacement (sjöfart)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="இடப்பெயர்ச்சி (கப்பல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடப்பெயர்ச்சி (கப்பல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deplasman_(denizcilik)" title="Deplasman (denizcilik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deplasman (denizcilik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Водотоннажність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водотоннажність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="排水量 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="排水量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5636358#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_(PIC00110).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_%28PIC00110%29.jpg/290px-Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_%28PIC00110%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_%28PIC00110%29.jpg/435px-Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_%28PIC00110%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_%28PIC00110%29.jpg/580px-Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_%28PIC00110%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Draft_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft mark">Draft marks</a>, by showing how low a ship is sitting in the water, make it possible to determine displacement.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>displacement</b> or <b>displacement tonnage</b> of a ship is its <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a>. As the term indicates, it is measured indirectly, using <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle" title="Archimedes' principle">Archimedes' principle</a>, by first calculating the volume of water <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)" title="Displacement (fluid)">displaced</a> by the ship, then converting that value into weight. Traditionally, various measurement rules have been in use, giving various measures in <a href="/wiki/Long_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Long tons">long tons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> are more commonly used. </p><p>Ship displacement varies by a vessel's degree of load, from its empty weight as designed (known as "lightweight tonnage"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to its maximum load. Numerous specific terms are used to describe varying levels of load and trim, detailed below. </p><p>Ship displacement should not be confused with measurements of <b>volume</b> or <b>capacity</b> typically used for commercial vessels and measured by <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tonnage</a>: <a href="/wiki/Net_tonnage" title="Net tonnage">net tonnage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">gross tonnage</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculation">Calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USCoastGuardShipsStabilityProgram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/USCoastGuardShipsStabilityProgram.jpg/220px-USCoastGuardShipsStabilityProgram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/USCoastGuardShipsStabilityProgram.jpg/330px-USCoastGuardShipsStabilityProgram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/USCoastGuardShipsStabilityProgram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Shipboard stability computer programs can be used to calculate a vessel's displacement.</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of determining a vessel's displacement begins with measuring its <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is accomplished by means of its "draft marks". A merchant vessel has three matching sets: one mark each on the <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">port and starboard</a> sides forward, midships, and astern.<sup id="cite_ref-g5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These marks allow a ship's displacement to be determined to an accuracy of 0.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-g5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The draft observed at each set of marks is averaged to find a mean draft. The ship's hydrostatic tables show the corresponding volume displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-g465_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g465-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To calculate the weight of the displaced water, it is necessary to know its density. Seawater (1,025 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) is more dense than fresh water (1,000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>);<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so a ship will ride higher in salt water than in fresh. The density of water also varies with temperature. </p><p>Devices akin to <a href="/wiki/Slide_rule" title="Slide rule">slide rules</a> have been available since the 1950s to aid in these calculations. Presently, it is done with computers.<sup id="cite_ref-g262_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g262-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Displacement is usually measured in units of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Arrival_of_the_First_Flotilla_of_Destroyers_From_America_To_the_Royal_Navy,_Devonport,_September_1940_A724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Arrival_of_the_First_Flotilla_of_Destroyers_From_America_To_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Devonport%2C_September_1940_A724.jpg/220px-The_Arrival_of_the_First_Flotilla_of_Destroyers_From_America_To_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Devonport%2C_September_1940_A724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Arrival_of_the_First_Flotilla_of_Destroyers_From_America_To_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Devonport%2C_September_1940_A724.jpg/330px-The_Arrival_of_the_First_Flotilla_of_Destroyers_From_America_To_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Devonport%2C_September_1940_A724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Arrival_of_the_First_Flotilla_of_Destroyers_From_America_To_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Devonport%2C_September_1940_A724.jpg/440px-The_Arrival_of_the_First_Flotilla_of_Destroyers_From_America_To_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Devonport%2C_September_1940_A724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>In this 1940 photo, <a href="/wiki/USS_Aaron_Ward_(DD-132)" title="USS Aaron Ward (DD-132)">USS <i>Aaron Ward</i></a>, left, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Abel_P._Upshur" title="USS Abel P. Upshur">USS <i>Abel P. Upshur</i></a> are destroyers of comparable size, but because the latter is more heavily loaded, it sits lower, displacing more water.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are terms for the displacement of a vessel under specified conditions: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loaded_displacement"><span class="anchor" id="Loaded_displacement"></span>Loaded displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Loaded displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Loaded displacement</b> is the weight of the ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, <a href="/wiki/Dunnage" title="Dunnage">dunnage</a> and such other items necessary for use on a voyage. These bring the ship down to its "load draft".<sup id="cite_ref-msc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Full load</b> displacement and loaded displacement have almost identical definitions. Full load is defined as the displacement of a vessel when floating at its greatest allowable draft as approved by the load line assigning authority which is either the flag state (USCG etc) or a <a href="/wiki/Classification_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification society">classification society</a> (and designated by its "<a href="/wiki/Load_line_(watercraft)" title="Load line (watercraft)">load line</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-don42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-don42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warships have full load condition established through the Naval design process, and are exempt from commercial requirements laid out by flag state laws.<sup id="cite_ref-don42_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-don42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_displacement">Light displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Light displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Light displacement</b> (LDT) is defined as the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, crew, but with water in boilers to steaming level.<sup id="cite_ref-msc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_displacement">Normal displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Normal displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Normal displacement</b> is the ship's displacement "with all outfit, and two-thirds supply of stores, ammunition, etc., on board."<sup id="cite_ref-usni_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usni-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_displacement">Standard displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Standard displacement</b>, also known as "Washington displacement", is a specific term defined by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> of 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-usa1922_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa1922-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It is the displacement of the ship complete, fully manned, engined, and equipped ready for sea, including all armament and ammunition, equipment, outfit, provisions and fresh water for crew, miscellaneous stores, and implements of every description that are intended to be carried in war, but without fuel or reserve boiler feed water on board."<sup id="cite_ref-usa1922_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa1922-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archimedes_principle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A floating ship's displacement Fp and buoyancy Fb must be equal."><img alt="A floating ship's displacement Fp and buoyancy Fb must be equal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archimedes_principle.svg/259px-Archimedes_principle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archimedes_principle.svg/389px-Archimedes_principle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archimedes_principle.svg/518px-Archimedes_principle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A floating ship's displacement <i>F</i><sub><i>p</i></sub> and buoyancy <i>F</i><sub><i>b</i></sub> must be equal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archimedes_bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek philosopher Archimedes having his famous bath, the birth of the theory of displacement"><img alt="Greek philosopher Archimedes having his famous bath, the birth of the theory of displacement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Archimedes_bath.jpg/255px-Archimedes_bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Archimedes_bath.jpg/382px-Archimedes_bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Archimedes_bath.jpg/509px-Archimedes_bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> having his famous bath, the birth of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)" title="Displacement (fluid)">displacement</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CurvasCarenaDerecha.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="A ship's hydrostatic curves. Lines 4 and 5 are used to convert from mean draft in meters to displacement in tonnes (table in Spanish)."><img alt="A ship's hydrostatic curves. Lines 4 and 5 are used to convert from mean draft in meters to displacement in tonnes (table in Spanish)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CurvasCarenaDerecha.PNG/337px-CurvasCarenaDerecha.PNG" decoding="async" width="225" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CurvasCarenaDerecha.PNG/505px-CurvasCarenaDerecha.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CurvasCarenaDerecha.PNG/673px-CurvasCarenaDerecha.PNG 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ship's <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatics" title="Hydrostatics">hydrostatic</a> curves. Lines 4 and 5 are used to convert from mean draft in meters to displacement in tonnes (table in Spanish).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ggarchives.com/OceanTravel/ShipTonnage/1932-06-28-ShipTonnageExplained.html">"Ship Tonnage Explained - Displacement, Deadweight, Etc"</a>. <i>GG Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GG+Archives&rft.atitle=Ship+Tonnage+Explained+-+Displacement%2C+Deadweight%2C+Etc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggarchives.com%2FOceanTravel%2FShipTonnage%2F1932-06-28-ShipTonnageExplained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinsmore2011" class="citation web cs1">Dinsmore, Ben (16 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529003954/http://www.themaritimesite.com/a-guide-to-understanding-ship-weight-and-tonnage-measurements/">"A Guide to Understanding Ship Weight and Tonnage Measurements"</a>. <i>The Maritime Site</i>. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Maritime+Site&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Understanding+Ship+Weight+and+Tonnage+Measurements&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Dinsmore&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themaritimesite.com%2Fa-guide-to-understanding-ship-weight-and-tonnage-measurements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g5_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2005. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g465-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g465_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2005. p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turpin and McEwen, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g262-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g262_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, 2005. p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtmar_Schäuffelen2005" class="citation book cs1">Otmar Schäuffelen (2005). <i>Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World</i>. Hearst Books. p. xix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapman+Great+Sailing+Ships+of+the+World&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Hearst+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Otmar+Sch%C3%A4uffelen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msc_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msc_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Sealift Command.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-don42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-don42_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-don42_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of the Navy, 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usni-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usni_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Naval Institute, 1897. p 809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usa1922-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usa1922_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usa1922_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conference on the Limitation of Armament, 1922</i>. Ch II, Part 4.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displacement_(ship)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearKemp2006" class="citation book cs1">Dear, I.C.B.; Kemp, Peter (2006). <i>Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea</i> (Paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920568-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920568-X"><bdi>0-19-920568-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Ships+and+the+Sea&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-920568-X&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=I.C.B.&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge,_William_E.2005" class="citation book cs1">George, William E. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stabilitytrimfor0000unse"><i>Stability & Trim for the Ship's Officer</i></a></span>. Centreville, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87033-564-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87033-564-2"><bdi>0-87033-564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stability+%26+Trim+for+the+Ship%27s+Officer&rft.place=Centreville%2C+Md&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-87033-564-2&rft.au=George%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstabilitytrimfor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayler2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayler, William B. (2003). <i>American Merchant Seaman's Manual</i>. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87033-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87033-549-9"><bdi>0-87033-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Merchant+Seaman%27s+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Md&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87033-549-9&rft.aulast=Hayler&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpinMcEwen,_William_A.1980" class="citation book cs1">Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). <i>Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook</i> (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87033-056-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87033-056-X"><bdi>0-87033-056-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+Marine+Officers%27+Handbook&rft.place=Centreville%2C+MD&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-87033-056-X&rft.aulast=Turpin&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavy_Department1942" class="citation web cs1">Navy Department (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/nomenclature-naval-vessels.html#displacement">"Nomenclature of Naval Vessels"</a>. <i>history.navy.mil</i>. United States Navy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.navy.mil&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+of+Naval+Vessels&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Navy+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fn%2Fnomenclature-naval-vessels.html%23displacement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilitary_Sealift_Command" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command" title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205160650/http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/glossary.htm">"Definitions, Tonnages and Equivalents"</a>. <i>MSC Ship Inventory</i>. United States Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/glossary.htm">the original</a> on 2007-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSC+Ship+Inventory&rft.atitle=Definitions%2C+Tonnages+and+Equivalents&rft.au=Military+Sealift+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.navy.mil%2Finventory%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMLCPAC_Naval_Engineering_Division2005" class="citation web cs1">MLCPAC Naval Engineering Division (2005-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscg.mil/mlcpac/mlcp/Eng%20Support/mlcpv/trim_and_stability.htm">"Trim and Stability Information for Drydocking Calculations"</a>. United States Coast Guard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trim+and+Stability+Information+for+Drydocking+Calculations&rft.pub=United+States+Coast+Guard&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.au=MLCPAC+Naval+Engineering+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscg.mil%2Fmlcpac%2Fmlcp%2FEng%2520Support%2Fmlcpv%2Ftrim_and_stability.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_of_America1922" class="citation book cs1">United States of America (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/nav_lim.html">"Conference on the Limitation of Armament, 1922"</a>. <i>Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1922</i>. Vol. 1. pp. 247–266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conference+on+the+Limitation+of+Armament%2C+1922&rft.btitle=Papers+Relating+to+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+1922&rft.pages=247-266&rft.date=1922&rft.au=United+States+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpre-war%2F1922%2Fnav_lim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplacement+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Naval_Institute1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgwKAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Normal+Displacement%22+%2B%22two-thirds+supply%22&pg=PA809"><i>Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute</i></a>. United States Naval Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breadth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">Beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)#Metrics" title="Hull (watercraft)">Moulded depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(nautical)" title="Freeboard (nautical)">Freeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_line_(watercraft)" title="Load line (watercraft)">Load line (Plimsoll Line)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_keel_clearance" title="Under keel clearance">Under keel clearance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Height</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_draft" title="Air draft">Air draft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">Tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">Gross tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_gross_tonnage" title="Compensated gross tonnage">Compensated gross tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_tonnage" title="Net tonnage">Net tonnage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Measurement" title="Thames Measurement">Thames measurement tonnage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Archaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">Gross register tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_register_tonnage" title="Net register tonnage">Net register tonnage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capacity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">Deadweight tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent unit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">Intermodal containers</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Archaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">Builder's Old Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorsom_System" title="Moorsom System">Moorsom System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Displacement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Loaded_displacement">Loaded displacement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Standard_displacement">Standard displacement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Light_displacement">Light displacement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Normal_displacement">Normal displacement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclining_test" title="Inclining test">Inclining test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_list" title="Angle of list">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_loll" title="Angle of loll">Angle of loll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacentric_height" title="Metacentric height">Metacentric height (GM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship#Size_categories" title="Cargo ship">Limits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aframax" title="Aframax">Aframax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimax" title="Baltimax">Baltimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capesize" title="Capesize">Capesize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinamax" title="Chinamax">Chinamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handymax" title="Handymax">Handymax/Supramax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handysize" title="Handysize">Handysize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccamax" title="Malaccamax">Malaccamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panamax#Neopanamax" title="Panamax">§ Neopanamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9niche_(barge)" title="Péniche (barge)">Péniche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Max" title="Q-Max">Q-Max</a> (Qatar-max)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawaymax" title="Seawaymax">Seawaymax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suezmax" title="Suezmax">Suezmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker#Size_categories" title="Oil tanker">VLCC and ULCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalmax" title="Yamalmax">Yamalmax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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