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Traité sur le mercure : Dernière occasion de s’attaquer aux effets de cette substance sur la santé | Human Rights Watch

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href="/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/01/10/traite-sur-le-mercure-derniere-occasion-de-s-attaquer-aux-effets-de-cette-substance-" title="Traité sur le mercure : Dernière occasion de s’attaquer aux effets de cette substance sur la santé ">Traité sur le mercure : Dernière occasion de s’attaquer aux effets de cette substance sur la santé </a> </h6> </div> <h6 class="node-subtitle">Lors des négociations finales, les gouvernements occidentaux devraient accepter d’inclure des dispositions relatives à la prévention et au traitement</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">10 janvier 2013</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a 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field-field-related-images"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Tanzania_mercury.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Une fillette tanzanienne âgée de quatre ans joue dans le bassin d’une mine d’or artisanale contaminée par du mercure, à proximité d’adultes pratiquant l’orpaillage.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Tanzania_mercury.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Tanzania_mercury.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>Une fillette tanzanienne âgée de quatre ans joue dans le bassin d’une mine d’or artisanale contaminée par du mercure, à proximité d’adultes pratiquant l’orpaillage.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2012 Zama Coursen-Neff/Human Rights Watch</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-filefield field-field-upload-file"> <div class="field-label">Downloadable Resources:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="icône application/pdf" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/2012-Mercure-Traite-mondial_1.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=742442" title="2012-Mercure-Traite-mondial.pdf">Mercure: Une question de santé et de droits humains</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"> <div class="field-label">Related Materials:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-reference-views-formatter view-id-reference_views_formatter view-display-id-reference_field_1 news-related-materials view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/reports/2011/12/06/un-melange-toxique">Un mélange toxique</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">6 décembre 2011</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> </li> <li class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2012/06/25/trait-sur-le-mercure-il-faut-interdire-lutilisation-du-mercure-par-les-enfants-trava">Traité sur le mercure : Il faut interdire l&#039;utilisation du mercure par les enfants travaillant dans l’orpaillage</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">25 juin 2012</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content">Communiqué de presse</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-link field-field-news-link"> <div class="field-label">More Coverage:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://multimedia.hrw.org/distribute/djxwzlrfse">Mercury Treaty: Last chance to Address Health Effects</a> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/dangers-of-mercury">Les dangers du mercure (en anglais)</a> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://cms.unige.ch/isdd/spip.php?article343">Cms.unige.ch 11.01.13</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> « Les délégués présents aux négociations du traité sur le mercure devraient saisir cette dernière occasion d’élaborer des stratégies efficaces en matière de santé afin de prévenir et de traiter l’empoisonnement au mercure. » </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Juliane Kippenberg, chercheuse senior à Human Rights Watch </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Gen&egrave;ve, le 10 janvier 2013) - La proposition de trait&eacute; international visant &agrave; s&rsquo;attaquer aux effets n&eacute;fastes du mercure devrait inclure des dispositions sp&eacute;cifiques relatives &agrave; la protection des enfants et autres populations vuln&eacute;rables, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Human Rights Watch aujourd&rsquo;hui. Les gouvernements doivent se r&eacute;unir &agrave; Gen&egrave;ve &agrave; partir du 13 janvier 2013 pour un cinqui&egrave;me et dernier cycle de pourparlers en vue de la finalisation du trait&eacute;. Le mercure est un m&eacute;tal toxique qui s&rsquo;attaque au syst&egrave;me nerveux central et se r&eacute;v&egrave;le particuli&egrave;rement nocif pour les enfants.&nbsp;<br/> <br/> Jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; pr&eacute;sent, le projet de trait&eacute; s&rsquo;est focalis&eacute; sur l&rsquo;environnement et a n&eacute;glig&eacute; le r&ocirc;le important que le secteur de la sant&eacute; doit jouer en faisant face aux probl&egrave;mes occasionn&eacute;s par le mercure, a fait remarquer Human Rights Watch. Les gouvernements occidentaux se sont oppos&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;inclusion de dispositions plus fermes relatives &agrave; la sant&eacute;.<br/> <br/> <strong>&laquo;&nbsp;</strong><em>Les d&eacute;l&eacute;gu&eacute;s pr&eacute;sents aux n&eacute;gociations du trait&eacute; sur le mercure devraient saisir cette derni&egrave;re occasion d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer des strat&eacute;gies efficaces en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute; afin de pr&eacute;venir et de traiter l&rsquo;empoisonnement au mercure</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a soulign&eacute; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/bios/juliane-kippenberg-0">Juliane Kippenberg</a>, chercheuse <em>senior</em> &agrave; Human Rights Watch. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Des millions de personnes &agrave; travers le monde sont expos&eacute;es quotidiennement au mercure, dans l&rsquo;extraction mini&egrave;re artisanale et ailleurs. Des mesures plus fermes de pr&eacute;vention et de traitement de l&rsquo;empoisonnement au mercure s&rsquo;av&egrave;rent absolument n&eacute;cessaires</em>&nbsp;&raquo;.<br/> <br/> Les recherches de Human Rights Watch ont permis de recueillir des informations d&eacute;taill&eacute;es sur la fa&ccedil;on dont les orpailleurs utilisent le mercure pour extraire l&rsquo;or du minerai, courant ainsi le risque d&rsquo;un empoisonnement au mercure. Au moins 13 millions de personnes travaillent dans l&rsquo;extraction artisanale de l&rsquo;or &agrave; travers le monde, dont beaucoup d&rsquo;enfants. Rares sont ceux qui sont conscients des incidences n&eacute;fastes que peut avoir le mercure.<br/> <br/> Au <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/africa/mali">Mali</a>, Human Rights Watch a interrog&eacute; des enfants qui n&rsquo;avaient pas plus de 11 ans &agrave; propos du travail qu&rsquo;ils effectuent au quotidien avec le mercure. En Papouasie-Nouvelle- Guin&eacute;e, un m&eacute;decin a d&eacute;crit aux chercheurs de Human Rights Watch l&rsquo;impact du mercure sur les orpailleurs&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Nous avons des dizaines de cas d&rsquo;empoisonnement au mercure. &hellip; Ils regardent fixement le mur. Vous ne pouvez pas leur parler&nbsp;; ils ne comprennent rien. Ils sont comme des zombies. Et nous avons eu plusieurs cas de patients qui n&rsquo;ont pas gu&eacute;ri.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;<br/> <br/> Bon nombre de syst&egrave;mes de sant&eacute; sont mal &eacute;quip&eacute;s pour faire face &agrave; l&rsquo;empoisonnement au mercure. Lors d&rsquo;une enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par Human Rights Watch en Tanzanie, un m&eacute;decin du travail exer&ccedil;ant dans une zone mini&egrave;re s&rsquo;est inqui&eacute;t&eacute; du fait que les travailleurs de la sant&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;<em>passaient&nbsp;&agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; du diagnostic</em>&nbsp;&raquo; d&rsquo;intoxication au mercure en raison de leur manque de formation. &nbsp;<br/> <br/> La proposition formul&eacute;e par les gouvernements latino-am&eacute;ricains d&rsquo;inclure dans le trait&eacute; sur le mercure un article distinct relatif &agrave; la sant&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; une d&eacute;marche positive, a estim&eacute; Human Rights Watch. L&rsquo;article devrait exiger davantage d&rsquo;informations en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute; publique, de recherche, de surveillance, de tests, de traitement, ainsi qu&rsquo;un renforcement des capacit&eacute;s des syst&egrave;mes de sant&eacute; afin de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; l&rsquo;exposition au mercure. Dans un document de conclusions adress&eacute; aux gouvernements, Human Rights Watch a propos&eacute; un texte pr&eacute;cis en vue de l&rsquo;inclusion d&rsquo;un article sur la sant&eacute;.<br/> <br/> Human Rights Watch juge positif le fait que l&rsquo;article du trait&eacute; actuel sur l&rsquo;extraction mini&egrave;re artisanale exige que les parties mettent en place des activit&eacute;s de sant&eacute; publique pour les communaut&eacute;s d&rsquo;orpailleurs, mais l&rsquo;organisation estime que cela ne suffit pas pour rem&eacute;dier au probl&egrave;me. Le mercure est utilis&eacute; dans une vari&eacute;t&eacute; de domaines, et il affecte d&egrave;s lors une multitude de populations diff&eacute;rentes. Il est notamment utilis&eacute; dans la production de chlore, de chlorure de polyvinyle (PVC), un type de plastique, et de piles, ainsi que dans la m&eacute;decine dentaire. L&rsquo;utilisation de combustibles fossiles, principalement de charbon, contribue aussi consid&eacute;rablement aux &eacute;missions de mercure.<br/> <br/> Lors du dernier cycle de n&eacute;gociations qui s&rsquo;est tenu en juillet 2012, les gouvernements occidentaux &ndash; en particulier le <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/americas/canada">Canada</a>, les <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/united-states">&Eacute;tats-Unis</a>&nbsp;et <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/fr/special_focus/list/876">l&#39;Union europ&eacute;enne</a>&ndash; se sont oppos&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;inclusion d&rsquo;un article distinct sur la sant&eacute;, faisant valoir que le trait&eacute; portait principalement sur l&rsquo;environnement.<br/> <br/> Ils ont indiqu&eacute; que l&rsquo;inclusion de strat&eacute;gies en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute; risquait d&rsquo;affecter le secteur de la sant&eacute; et d&rsquo;entra&icirc;ner une hausse du co&ucirc;t de mise en &oelig;uvre du trait&eacute;. Ils ont &eacute;galement d&eacute;clar&eacute; que les r&eacute;f&eacute;rences actuelles aux strat&eacute;gies en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute; dans le projet de texte &eacute;taient suffisantes. Leur position a provoqu&eacute; un d&eacute;bat houleux avec les gouvernements latino-am&eacute;ricains et africains, dont les repr&eacute;sentants r&eacute;clamaient un article plus ferme sur la question de la sant&eacute;.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>La position des &Eacute;tats-Unis, du Canada et de l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne est d&eacute;cevante</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a d&eacute;plor&eacute; Juliane Kippenberg. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Les pays les plus riches devraient reconna&icirc;tre que les strat&eacute;gies environnementales et sanitaires sur le mercure sont indissociables et ils devraient fournir un soutien financier sur les deux plans.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;<br/> <br/> Le trait&eacute; devrait &ecirc;tre adopt&eacute; vers la fin de l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2013 au Japon, sous la d&eacute;nomination de &laquo;&nbsp;Convention de Minamata&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans les ann&eacute;es 1950, la ville de Minamata au <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/asia/japan">Japon</a>&nbsp;a &eacute;t&eacute; le th&eacute;&acirc;tre de l&rsquo;une des pires catastrophes de l&rsquo;histoire sur le plan de l&rsquo;empoisonnement au mercure, plus de 1 700 personnes ayant perdu la vie et beaucoup d&rsquo;autres ayant souffert de maladies et de handicaps tout au long de leur vie. Le Japon est toutefois demeur&eacute; en retrait du d&eacute;bat sur l&rsquo;inclusion, dans le trait&eacute;, de strat&eacute;gies en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute;.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Aujourd&rsquo;hui, le Japon a une occasion de dire &lsquo;Plus jamais&rsquo;&nbsp;&raquo;, </em>a expliqu&eacute; Juliane Kippenberg. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Il devrait tirer des enseignements de Minamata et faire activement pression pour inclure des strat&eacute;gies en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute; dans le trait&eacute; sur le mercure.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;<br/> <br/> Dans le monde entier, la d&eacute;gradation de l&rsquo;environnement &ndash; entre autres la contamination par le mercure &ndash; conduit &agrave; la n&eacute;gation des droits, notamment du droit &agrave; la sant&eacute;, a relev&eacute; Human Rights Watch. Les gouvernements devraient reconna&icirc;tre le droit international des droits humains dans le pr&eacute;ambule du trait&eacute; et int&eacute;grer les droits humains dans le droit de l&rsquo;environnement.<br/> <br/> L&rsquo;empoisonnement au mercure peut causer une vaste palette de probl&egrave;mes de sant&eacute;. Le mercure peut s&rsquo;attaquer au syst&egrave;me cardiovasculaire, aux reins, &agrave; l&rsquo;appareil gastro-intestinal, au syst&egrave;me immunitaire et aux poumons. Les tremblements, les convulsions, les troubles de la vue, les maux de t&ecirc;te, les pertes de m&eacute;moire et de concentration sont autant de sympt&ocirc;mes d&rsquo;une exposition au mercure. Des niveaux plus &eacute;lev&eacute;s d&rsquo;exposition au mercure peuvent entra&icirc;ner une insuffisance r&eacute;nale, une insuffisance respiratoire, voire la mort.<br/> <br/> Le mercure est particuli&egrave;rement nocif pour les f&oelig;tus et les nourrissons, et il peut &ecirc;tre transmis de la m&egrave;re &agrave; l&rsquo;enfant pendant la grossesse ou par le lait maternel. Il peut causer des dommages irr&eacute;versibles sur le plan du d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;enfant. Des chercheurs ont qualifi&eacute; l&rsquo;intoxication au mercure d&rsquo; &laquo;&nbsp;<em>&eacute;pid&eacute;mie invisible</em>&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br/> <br/> <br/> &nbsp;</p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2013/01/10" title="معاهدة الزئبق – الفرصة الأخيرة للتصدي للمشكلات الصحية للزئبق" class="translation-link">العربية</a></li> <li class="node_translation_en"><a href="/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/10/mercury-treaty-last-chance-address-health-effects" title="Mercury Treaty: Last Chance to Address Health Effects" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_de"><a href="/web/20130512061448/http://www.hrw.org/de/news/2013/01/10/quecksilbervertrag-letzte-gelegenheit-fuer-gesundheitsschutz" title="Quecksilbervertrag: Letzte Gelegenheit für Gesundheitsschutz" 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