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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian bodybuilder and yoga practitioner (1903–1970)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">B. C. Ghosh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh.jpg/220px-Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-06-24</span>)</span>24 June 1903<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 1970<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1970-07-10</span>)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Indian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> (brother)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bishnu Charan Ghosh</b> (24 June 1903 – 9 July 1970) was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodybuilder">bodybuilder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga">Hathayogi</a>. He was the younger brother of yogi <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>, who wrote the 1946 book <i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i>. In 1923, he founded the <b>College of Physical Education, Calcutta</b>. His writings influenced the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> <a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> based on his teachings. </p><p>Annual yoga championships in Los Angeles are named the <b>Bishnu Charan Ghosh Cup</b> in his honour. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishnu Charan Ghosh was born in a well to do <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, the youngest of eight children of Bhagabati Charan Ghosh (1853–1942) and brother of Mukunda Lal Ghosh, better known by his spiritual name, <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents' guru was <a href="/wiki/Lahiri_Mahasaya" title="Lahiri Mahasaya">Lahiri Mahasaya</a>, who taught <a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yogananda introduced Ghosh to <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> at his Ranchi School for Boys in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, where he was one of the first seven pupils. As well as Yogananda's set of 84 "Yogoda" asanas gathered from different sources, his brother taught him the abdominal muscle isolation exercise traditionally used in hatha yoga as the purification (<a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">shatkarma</a>) known as <a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">nauli</a>; Yogananda had used the exercise to impress Western audiences with his muscle control. In 1923, at the age of twenty, Ghosh opened the College of Physical Education in Calcutta, today run by his granddaughter Muktamala Ghosh under the name Ghosh's Yoga College. In 1925, he trained in physical education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, taught according to India's traditional (medieval) physical culture of training, diet, and lifestyle. The equipment consisted of rough "nal" stones with a hole for use as a handle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newcombe2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newcombe2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vancouver_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vancouver-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, he published his book <i>Muscle Control</i>, which relied heavily on the German bodybuilder Maxick (<a href="/wiki/Max_Sick" title="Max Sick">Max Sick</a>)'s 1913 book of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxick1913_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxick1913-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book features his adoptive nephew, Buddha Bose, demonstrating nauli and uddiyana bandha; Bose wrote a manuscript on <i>84 Asanas</i>, not published until the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939 Ghosh went to America and taught at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. In 1968, he went on a lecture tour of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishnu's muscle control was strongly influenced by Yogananda's Method <i>Yogoda</i>, as described in his 1925 book on that subject,.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "Body Perfection by Will" relied on the use of weights and special apparatus for musclebuilding. Added to this was the weaving in of traditional <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a>; he became well known in India as a Hathayogi, teaching a yoga that was "a fusion of asanas, <a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a>, and the muscle manipulation techniques that Ghosh had first learned from his brother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh1980249_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh1980249-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yoga researcher <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Mark Singleton</a> has argued that Ghosh's method contributed significantly to the development of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">modern postural yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been stated that Ghosh also influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a>'s sequence of 12 basic asanas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010135_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010135-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghosh's Yoga College in North Kolkata continues to offer training in therapeutic yoga in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a>, creator of <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a>, claimed to have been taught by Ghosh from the age of five. However, he did not become a regular student at Bishnu's gymnasium until 1962 at the age of 18. At that time Bikram was a bodybuilder. His system of yoga was based on Ghosh's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schickel_2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schickel_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choudhury named the Bishnu Charan Ghosh Cup, awarded annually at the International Yoga Asana Championships in Los Angeles, in Ghosh's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitworth_2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitworth_2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pupils">Pupils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pupils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reba_Rakshit" title="Reba Rakshit">Reba Rakshit</a> (1933–2010), who could withstand the weight of cars and elephants driven over her chest.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotosh_Roy" title="Monotosh Roy">Monotosh Roy</a> (1917–2005), who in 1951 became the first Indian bodybuilder to win the title of <a href="/wiki/Universe_Championships" title="Universe Championships">Mr. Universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ie03072005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie03072005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sandow_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ibbf_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibbf-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>B.C. Ghosh and K.C. Sen Gupta: <i><a href="//archive.org/details/217858632-muscle-control-and-barbell-exercise" class="extiw" title="iarchive:217858632-muscle-control-and-barbell-exercise">Muscle Control and Barbell Exercise</a></i>. College of Physical Education, Calcutta, 1930.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010132–135_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, pp. 132–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight_2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2014_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnight2014" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Bonnie (11 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224754/http://lmuits.wpengine.com/historyofmodernyoga/bishnu-charan-ghosh/">"Bishnu Charan Ghosh and His Influence on Modern Postural Yoga"</a>. <i>History of Modern Yoga</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lmuits.wpengine.com/historyofmodernyoga/bishnu-charan-ghosh/">the original</a> on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.atitle=Bishnu+Charan+Ghosh+and+His+Influence+on+Modern+Postural+Yoga&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flmuits.wpengine.com%2Fhistoryofmodernyoga%2Fbishnu-charan-ghosh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newcombe2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newcombe2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewcombe2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Newcombe" title="Suzanne Newcombe">Newcombe, Suzanne</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/48147/1/April_Yoga_Revival_Newcombe.pdf">"The Revival of Yoga in Contemporary India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Religion</i>. <b>1</b>. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.253">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Yoga+in+Contemporary+India&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.253&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Newcombe&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foro.open.ac.uk%2F48147%2F1%2FApril_Yoga_Revival_Newcombe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vancouver-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vancouver_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903043715/http://www.bikramyogavancouver.com/history-of-yoga/bishnu-ghosh-biography/">"Bishnu Ghosh Biography"</a>. Bikram Yoga Vancouver. 8 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikramyogavancouver.com/history-of-yoga/bishnu-ghosh-biography/">the original</a> on 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishnu+Ghosh+Biography&rft.pub=Bikram+Yoga+Vancouver&rft.date=2012-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bikramyogavancouver.com%2Fhistory-of-yoga%2Fbishnu-ghosh-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxick1913-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxick1913_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxick1913">Maxick 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Armstrong" title="Jerome Armstrong">Armstrong, Jerome</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhabose.com/about-buddha.html">"Buddha Bose | 84 Asanas"</a>. <i>Buddha Bose</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604122711/http://www.buddhabose.com/about-buddha.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddha+Bose&rft.atitle=Buddha+Bose+%7C+84+Asanas&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhabose.com%2Fabout-buddha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>: <i>General Principles and Merits of Yogoda or Tissue-Will System of Body and Mind Perfection, Originated and Taught by Swami Yogananda.</i> Los Angeles 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh1980249-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh1980249_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhosh1980">Ghosh 1980</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010135-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010135_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghoshyogatraining.com/">"Ghosh's Yoga College Teacher Training"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghosh%27s+Yoga+College+Teacher+Training&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghoshyogatraining.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2020" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Jerome (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvjCDwAAQBAJ&dq=bikram+yoga-bayam&pg=PP320"><i>Calcutta Yoga</i></a>. Pan Macmillan. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5290-4811-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5290-4811-7"><bdi>978-1-5290-4811-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+Yoga&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-5290-4811-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvjCDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbikram%2Byoga-bayam%26pg%3DPP320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schickel_2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schickel_2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchickel2003" class="citation news cs1">Schickel, Erica (25 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laweekly.com/body-work/">"Body Work"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="L.A. Weekly">L.A. Weekly</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/LA_Weekly" title="LA Weekly">LA Weekly</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L.A.+Weekly&rft.atitle=Body+Work&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.aulast=Schickel&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2Fbody-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2018" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Henderson, Julia L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://30for30podcasts.com/bikram/"><i>Bikram. </i>30for30<i>, season 3, episodes 4&5</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bikram.+30for30%2C+season+3%2C+episodes+4%265&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Julia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F30for30podcasts.com%2Fbikram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2012/06/11/sports/SPTSYOGA0611.html">"International Yoga Asana Championship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 12 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=International+Yoga+Asana+Championship&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fslideshow%2F2012%2F06%2F11%2Fsports%2FSPTSYOGA0611.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation news cs1">Beck, Sara (11 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/world-yoga-tournament-displays-real-athleticism.html">"Yoga Is Not Just Posing as Sport at World Event"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>Silence prevailed during the yoga asana routines of the ninth annual Bishnu Charan Ghosh Cup ... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Atlas&rft.date=2005-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2FoldStory%2F73754%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandow-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sandow_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021227004108/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm">"Monotosh Roy"</a>. <i>Sandow and the Golden Age of Iron Men: The Online Physical Culture Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sandow+and+the+Golden+Age+of+Iron+Men%3A+The+Online+Physical+Culture+Museum&rft.atitle=Monotosh+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandowplus.co.uk%2FIndia%2FMonotosh%2Froy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibbf-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibbf_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321210118/http://www.worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php">"Monotosh Roy: The first Asian to be crowned Mr. Universe (1917–2005)"</a>. <i>Mr. Universe 2011</i>. Indian Bodybuilding and Fitness Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php">the original</a> on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mr.+Universe+2011&rft.atitle=Monotosh+Roy%3A+The+first+Asian+to+be+crowned+Mr.+Universe+%281917%E2%80%932005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldchampion2011.in%2Fmonotosh_roy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_teacher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Singleton (yoga teacher)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2010). <i>Yoga body : the origins of modern posture practice</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539534-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318191988">318191988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+body+%3A+the+origins+of+modern+posture+practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318191988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539534-1&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaxick1913" class="citation book cs1">Maxick (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MuscleControl/Muscle_Control#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Muscle Control, or Body Development by Will-Power</i></a>. Ewart, Seymour & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muscle+Control%2C+or+Body+Development+by+Will-Power&rft.pub=Ewart%2C+Seymour+%26+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Maxick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMuscleControl%2FMuscle_Control%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1980" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, S. L. (1980). <i>Mejda, the Family and Early Life of Paramahansa Yogananda</i>. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mejda%2C+the+Family+and+Early+Life+of+Paramahansa+Yogananda&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Self-Realization+Fellowship&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishnu+Charan+Ghosh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template talk:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujjayi" title="Ujjayi">Ujjayi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fox_(yoga_teacher)" title="Paul Fox (yoga teacher)">Paul Fox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga (Theo Wildcroft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_culture170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_culture" title="Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_culture" title="Template talk:Physical culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_culture170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths">Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Krebs" title="Johann Baptist Krebs">Johann Baptist Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling" title="Pehr Henrik Ling">Pehr Henrik Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nachtegall" title="Franz Nachtegall">Franz Nachtegall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Amor%C3%B3s_y_Ondeano" title="Francisco Amorós y Ondeano">Francisco Amorós y Ondeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Spiess" title="Adolf Spiess">Adolf Spiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Topham" title="Thomas Topham">Thomas Topham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Assirati" title="Bert Assirati">Bert Assirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bankier" title="William Bankier">William Bankier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zishe_Breitbart" title="Zishe Breitbart">Zishe Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bukh" title="Niels Bukh">Niels Bukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Dane" title="Victor Dane">Victor Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Desbonnet" title="Edmond Desbonnet">Edmond Desbonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston_Elliot" title="Launceston Elliot">Launceston Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Emmott" title="Tony Emmott">Tony Emmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ferrero" title="Juan Ferrero">Juan Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Fowler" title="Eileen Fowler">Eileen Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fri%C5%A1tensk%C3%BD" title="Gustav Frištenský">Gustav Frištenský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6rner" title="Hermann Görner">Hermann Görner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_H%C3%A9bert" title="Georges Hébert">Georges Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Heidenstam" title="Oscar Heidenstam">Oscar Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hornibrook" title="F. A. Hornibrook">F. A. Hornibrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inch" title="Thomas Inch">Thomas Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lees_(bodybuilder)" title="John Lees (bodybuilder)">John Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)" title="Dan McLeod (wrestler)">Dan McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Jørgen Peter Müller">Jørgen Peter Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartvig_Nissen_(gymnast)" title="Hartvig Nissen (gymnast)">Hartvig Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Park" title="Reg Park">Reg Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pullum" title="William Pullum">William Pullum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rhodes" title="Joan Rhodes">Joan Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Saxon" title="Arthur Saxon">Arthur Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schlaffhorst" title="Clara Schlaffhorst">Clara Schlaffhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol (sport organization)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Strongfort" title="Lionel Strongfort">Lionel Strongfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxalding" title="Maxalding">Maxalding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sick" title="Max Sick">Maxick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Saldo" title="Monte Saldo">Monte Saldo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcana" title="Vulcana">Vulcana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(weightlifter)" title="Ronald Walker (weightlifter)">Ronald Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Atlas" title="Charles Atlas">Charles Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bennett" title="Sanford Bennett">Sanford Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Berry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Berry (author)">Mark Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bonomo_(strongman)" title="Joe Bonomo (strongman)">Joe Bonomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brosius" title="George Brosius">George Brosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.">Drexel Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bjelke_Petersen" title="Marie Bjelke Petersen">Marie Bjelke Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blaikie" title="William Blaikie">William Blaikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bragg" title="Paul Bragg">Paul Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Calvert" title="Alan Calvert">Alan Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Checkley" title="Edwin Checkley">Edwin Checkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ward_Crampton" title="C. Ward Crampton">C. Ward Crampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delinger" title="Jack Delinger">Jack Delinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Durlacher" title="Ludwig Durlacher">Ludwig Durlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eiferman" title="George Eiferman">George Eiferman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrica_Le_Favre" title="Carrica Le Favre">Carrica Le Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keene_Fitzpatrick" title="Keene Fitzpatrick">Keene Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Forest" title="Mark Forest">Mark Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fury" title="Ed Fury">Ed Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gagnon" title="John B. Gagnon">John B. Gagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Gironda" title="Vince Gironda">Vince Gironda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greenstein" title="Joe Greenstein">Joe Greenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grimek" title="John Grimek">John Grimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Hastings" title="Milo Hastings">Milo Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hilligenn" title="Roy Hilligenn">Roy Hilligenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoffman_(sports_promoter)" title="Bob Hoffman (sports promoter)">Bob Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Jowett" title="George F. Jowett">George F. Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Kellerman" title="Annette Kellerman">Annette Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegmund_Klein" title="Siegmund Klein">Siegmund Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_LaLanne" title="Jack LaLanne">Jack LaLanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis" title="Diocletian Lewis">Diocletian Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman_Low" title="Gilman Low">Gilman Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lurie" title="Dan Lurie">Dan Lurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_McGovern" title="Artie McGovern">Artie McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Muldoon" title="William Muldoon">William Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut" title="Ralph Parcaut">Ralph Parcaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Parker" title="Kid Parker">Kid Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Paschall" title="Harry Paschall">Harry Paschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearl" title="Bill Pearl">Bill Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Robert" title="Leo Robert">Leo Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rollino" title="Joe Rollino">Joe Rollino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sansone" title="Tony Sansone">Tony Sansone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Allen_Sargent" title="Dudley Allen Sargent">Dudley Allen Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Scott_(bodybuilder)" title="Larry Scott (bodybuilder)">Larry Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_P._Swoboda" title="Alois P. Swoboda">Alois P. Swoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Tanny" title="Armand Tanny">Armand Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Tanny" title="Vic Tanny">Vic Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Terpak" title="John Terpak">John Terpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lincoln_Travis" title="Warren Lincoln Travis">Warren Lincoln Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Treloar" title="Al Treloar">Al Treloar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_physical_culture_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional physical culture of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodybuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Aich" title="Manohar Aich">Manohar Aich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Balsekar" title="Ramesh Balsekar">Ramesh Balsekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Charan_Guha" title="Ambika Charan Guha">Ambika Charan Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Charan_Guho" title="Jatindra Charan Guho">Jatindra Charan Guho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hanuman" title="Guru Hanuman">Guru Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_Rammurthy_Naidu" title="Kodi Rammurthy Naidu">Kodi Rammurthy Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandgi_Ram" title="Chandgi Ram">Chandgi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotosh_Roy" title="Monotosh Roy">Monotosh Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yogic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvalayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malladihalli_Raghavendra" title="Malladihalli Raghavendra">Tiruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanrao_Shriniwasrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi">Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Systems" title="Battle of the Systems">Battle of the Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muscular_religion" title="Category:Muscular religion">Muscular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Natural 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Bhagavad Gita</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Coming_of_Christ_(book)" title="The Second Coming of Christ (book)">The Second Coming of Christ</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg/91px-Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg/137px-Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg/182px-Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga Society of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship_Lake_Shrine" title="Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine">Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Brotherhood_Colonies" title="World Brotherhood Colonies">World Brotherhood Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahiri_Mahasaya" title="Lahiri Mahasaya">Lahiri Mahasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sri_Yukteswar_Giri" title="Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri">Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_disciples_of_Yogananda" title="List of direct disciples of Yogananda">Direct disciples of Yogananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bishnu Charan Ghosh</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dear_One" title="Dear One">Dear One</a>" (1976 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake:_The_Life_of_Yogananda" title="Awake: The Life of Yogananda">Awake: The Life of Yogananda</a></i> (2014 documentary)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Unshaken" title="Unshaken">Unshaken</a>" (2019 song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata587" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata587" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866309#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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