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<span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holstein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holstein (disambiguation)">Holstein (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Holstein</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈhɔlʃtaɪn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/32\/De-Holstein.ogg\/De-Holstein.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Holstein.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/De-Holstein.ogg/De-Holstein.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Holstein.ogg" title="File:De-Holstein.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a>: <i lang="nds">Holsteen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Holsten</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Holsatia</i>) is the region between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eider_(river)" title="Eider (river)">Eider</a>. It is the southern half of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, the northernmost <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state of Germany</a>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holstein_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Holstein_Arms.svg/130px-Holstein_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Holstein_Arms.svg/195px-Holstein_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Holstein_Arms.svg/260px-Holstein_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="663"></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Holstein: a stylised nettle leaf; similar to the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg" title="Schaumburg">Schaumburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Holstein once existed as the German <b>County of Holstein</b> (German: <i lang="de">Grafschaft Holstein</i>; 811–1474), the later <b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</a></b> (German: <i lang="de">Herzogtum Holstein</i>; 1474–1866), and was the northernmost territory of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The history of Holstein is closely intertwined with the history of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> (Danish: <i lang="da">Slesvig</i>). The capital of Holstein is <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>. </p><p>Holstein's name comes from the <b>Holcetae</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> tribe mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> as living on the north bank of the Elbe, to the west of Hamburg. The name means "dwellers in the wood" or "hill-sitters" (Northern Low Saxon: <span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Hol(t)saten</i></span>; German: <i lang="de">Holzsassen</i>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/300px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/450px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/600px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="515"></a><figcaption>The <i>Limes Saxoniae</i></figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#County_of_Holstein"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">County of Holstein</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Partitions_of_the_County_of_Holstein_(1111%E2%80%931474)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Partitions of the County of Holstein (1111–1474)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Duchy_of_Holstein"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Duchy of Holstein</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Holstein_(1474%E2%80%931866)"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Partitions of the Duchy of Holstein (1474–1866)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#United_Holstein"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">United Holstein</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, Holstein was adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">the Obotrites</a> on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and the land of the Danes in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>. </p><p>With the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Old Saxony</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> <i>circa</i> 800, he granted the land north of the <a href="/wiki/Eider_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Eider River">Eider River</a> (Schleswig) to the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Heiligen" title="Treaty of Heiligen">Treaty of Heiligen</a> signed in 811. The ownership of what would late become eastern Holstein (districts of Plön and Ostholstein) was given to <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">the Obotrites</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Wagrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagrians">Wagrians</a>, and the Saxon elite was deported to various areas of the empire. After 814, however, the Saxons were restored to Western Holstein. The <a href="/wiki/Wagrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagrians">Wagrians</a> were pushed out of the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae" title="Limes Saxoniae">Limes Saxoniae</a> - the new border running from the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe River">Elbe River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Boizenburg" title="Boizenburg">Boizenburg</a> northwards along the <a href="/wiki/Bille_(Elbe)" title="Bille (Elbe)">Bille</a> River to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Schwentine" title="Schwentine">Schwentine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Fjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiel Fjord">Kiel Fjord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. For the following 300 years, Holstein continued to be a part of Saxony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_of_Holstein">County of Holstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: County of Holstein" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png/250px-Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png/250px-Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png" data-width="250" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png/375px-Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png/500px-Grafschaften_Holstein_Ratzeburg_Schwerin_Dannenberg_Luechow_1250.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Undivided Holstein by 1250 with neighbouring states<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png/220px-Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png/220px-Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png/330px-Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png/440px-Danish_Conquest_of_Holstein_1201.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Battle of Stellau and other Danish Campaigns of 1201</figcaption></figure> <p>The new county of Holstein was established in 1111; it was first a fief of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>, then of the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a>, and finally of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck">Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck</a>. With the establishment of the new territorial unit, expansion to the East began and the <a href="/wiki/Wagrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagrians">Wagrians</a> were finally defeated in 1138. </p><p>The County of Holstein was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Schaumburg" title="House of Schaumburg">House of Schaumburg</a>; the first count was <a href="/wiki/Adolf_I,_Count_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf I, Count of Holstein">Adolf I, Count of Holstein</a>. Holstein was temporarily occupied by <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stellau" title="Battle of Stellau">Battle of Stellau</a> (1201), but was reconquered by the Count of Schauenburg and his allies in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1227)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1227)">Battle of Bornhöved (1227)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitions_of_the_County_of_Holstein_(1111–1474)"><span id="Partitions_of_the_County_of_Holstein_.281111.E2.80.931474.29"></span>Partitions of the County of Holstein (1111–1474)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partitions of the County of Holstein (1111–1474)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein" title="Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein">Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein</a> partitioned Holstein several times among the inheriting sons into up to six lines, named after their towns of residence: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Itzehoe" title="Holstein-Itzehoe">Holstein-Itzehoe</a>, branch county between 1261 and 1290, partitioned from Holstein, repartitioned into Holstein-Pinneberg, Holstein-Plön and Holstein-Rendsburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Kiel" title="Holstein-Kiel">Holstein-Kiel</a>, branch county between 1261 and 1390, partitioned from Holstein, in 1273 Holstein-Segeberg (first) was partitioned from Holstein-Kiel, but reverted in 1308, but then lost to Holstein-Pinneberg, Holstein-Plön and Holstein-Rendsburg in 1316; Holstein-Kiel acquired Holstein-Plön in 1350, and merged itself into Holstein-Rendsburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Pinneberg" title="Holstein-Pinneberg">Holstein-Pinneberg</a>, branch county between 1290 and 1640, partitioned from Holstein-Itzehoe, acquired a share of Holstein-Segeberg in 1316, merged into the Duchy of Holstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Pl%C3%B6n" title="Holstein-Plön">Holstein-Plön</a>, branch county between 1290 and 1390, partitioned from Holstein-Itzehoe, acquired a share of Holstein-Segeberg in 1316, merged into Holstein-Kiel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Rendsburg" title="Holstein-Rendsburg">Holstein-Rendsburg</a>, branch county between 1290 and 1474, partitioned from Holstein-Itzehoe, acquired a share of Holstein-Segeberg (first) in 1316, and Holstein-Kiel in 1390, in 1381/1384 Holstein-Segeberg (second) was partitioned from Holstein-Rendsburg, but reverted in 1403, elevated to ducal rank in 1474</li> <li>Holstein-<a href="/wiki/Bad_Segeberg" title="Bad Segeberg">Segeberg</a> (first), branch county between 1273 and 1308, partitioned from and reverted to Holstein-Kiel, but seized by allied Holstein-Pinneberg, Holstein-Plön, and Holstein-Rendsburg, partitioning Segeberg in three shares, each merged into one of the lines in 1316</li> <li>Holstein-Segeberg (second), branch county between 1381/1384 and 1403, partitioned from and reverted to Holstein-Rendsburg</li></ul> <p>In 1386 King <a href="/wiki/Olav_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav IV of Norway">Oluf II of Denmark</a> and his mother, Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffed" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffed">enfeoffed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nyborg" title="Nyborg">Nyborg</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_VI,_Count_of_Holstein-Rendsburg" title="Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg">Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg</a> and his cognatic successors with the Duchy of Schleswig.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus became as Gerhard II duke of Schleswig. Until 1390 the Rendsburg branch united by inheritance all branches except of that of Holstein-Pinneberg. </p><p>When the Holstein-Rendsburg line of the Schauenburg counts became extinct with the death of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_VIII,_Count_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf VIII, Count of Holstein">Adolf VIII of Holstein-Rendsburg</a> (and in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> as Adolf I Duke of Schleswig) in 1459, <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a> inherited – from his maternal uncle Adolf I – the Duchy of Schleswig, a Danish fief. Through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ribe" title="Treaty of Ribe">Treaty of Ribe</a> (1460) Christian was elected Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, then still a <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburgian</a> subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchy_of_Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duchy of Holstein" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holstein_1477.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holstein_1477.png/220px-Holstein_1477.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="466"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holstein_1477.png/220px-Holstein_1477.png" data-width="220" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holstein_1477.png/330px-Holstein_1477.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holstein_1477.png/440px-Holstein_1477.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Duchy of Holstein in 1477</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holstein_1500.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holstein_1500.png/220px-Holstein_1500.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holstein_1500.png/220px-Holstein_1500.png" data-width="220" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holstein_1500.png/330px-Holstein_1500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holstein_1500.png/440px-Holstein_1500.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Duchy of Holstein in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1474 Lauenburg's <a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">liege lord</a>, the German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>, elevated Christian I as Count of Holstein-Rendsburg to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial (<i><a href="/wiki/Reichsunmittelbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsunmittelbar">reichsunmittelbar</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a>). The Duchy of Holstein retained that status until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Holstein_(1474–1866)"><span id="Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Holstein_.281474.E2.80.931866.29"></span>Partitions of the Duchy of Holstein (1474–1866)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partitions of the Duchy of Holstein (1474–1866)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Holstein-Glückstadt">Holstein-Glückstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorp</a></div> <p>In 1490, the Duchy of Holstein was divided into Holstein-Segeberg and <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorp</a>. Holstein-Segeberg remained with the Danish king and was also known as <b>Royal Holstein</b>; later it came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Holstein-Glückstadt">Holstein-Glückstadt</a>. Holstein-Gottorp, also known as <b>Ducal Holstein</b>, was given to a cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>, to which the kings of Denmark belonged. </p><p>Between 1533 and 1544 King <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III of Denmark</a> ruled the entire Duchies of Holstein and of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> also in the name of his then still minor half-brothers <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev" title="John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev">John the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Adolf</a>. In 1544 they partitioned the Duchies of Holstein (a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> of the Holy Roman Empire) and of Schleswig (a Danish fief) in an unusual way, following negotiations between the brothers and the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates of the Realm">Estates of the Realm</a> of the duchies, which had constituted in 1460 by the Treaty of Ribe and strictly opposed a factual partition. The elder three brothers determined their youngest brother <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Denmark_(bishop)" title="Frederick of Denmark (bishop)">Frederick</a> for a career as <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator#Administrators_of_prince-bishoprics" title="Diocesan administrator">Lutheran administrator</a> of an ecclesiastical state within the Holy Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So the revenues of the duchies were divided in three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">landed estates</a> to each of the elder brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among the brothers. The estates, whose revenues were assigned to the parties, made Holstein and Schleswig look like patchworks, technically inhibiting the emergence of separate new duchies, as intended by the estates of the duchies. The secular rule in the fiscally divided duchies thus became a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> of the parties. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig the rulers of both houses bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, <a href="/wiki/Ditmarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ditmarsh">Ditmarsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormarn_(gau)" title="Stormarn (gau)">Stormarn</a>". The three shares are usually called: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottorp">Gottorp</a> ducal share in Holstein and Schleswig, partitioned from ducal Holstein in 1544, acquired half of Haderslev share in 1581 (thus thereafter simply called ducal share), merged into the royal share in 1773 with its ruler receiving in return the prior Danish-held <a href="/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg" title="County of Oldenburg">County of Oldenburg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haderslev" title="Haderslev">Haderslev</a> ducal share in Holstein and Schleswig, partitioned from ducal Holstein in 1544, halved between Gottorp and royal share in 1581</li> <li>Royal share in Holstein and Schleswig, acquired half of Haderslev share in 1581, the County of Holstein-Pinneberg in 1640 and the Gottorp share in 1713 (northern part) and 1773 (southern part), thus then comprising all of Holstein. Between 1648 and 1773 the royal share used to be called <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Holstein-Glückstadt">Holstein-Glückstadt</a> after its capital <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a>. Parts of the former County of Holstein-Pinneberg were transformed 1649/50 into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Rantzau" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial County of Rantzau">Imperial County of Rantzau</a>, which fell back to the Danish Crown in 1726.</li></ul> <p>The dynastic name Holstein-Gottorp comes as convenient usage from the technically more correct <b>Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp</b>. Adolf, the third son of Duke and King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a> and the second youngest half-brother of King <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a>, founded the dynastic branch called <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp">House of Holstein-Gottorp</a>, which is a cadet branch of the then royal Danish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>. The Danish monarchs and the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp ruled both duchies together as to general government, however, collected their revenues in their separate estates. John the Elder conveniently called Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side. </p><p>Similar to the above-mentioned agreement Christian III's youngest son <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg" title="John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg">John the Younger</a> gained for him and his heirs a share in Holstein's and Schleswig's revenues in 1564, comprising a third of the royal share, thus a ninth of Holstein and Schleswig as to the fiscal point of view. John the Younger and his heirs, however, had no share in the condominial rule, so they were not ruling but mere titular dukes. </p><p>The share of John the Elder, who died in 1581, was halved between Adolf and Frederick II, thus increasing again the royal share by a fiscal sixth of Holstein and Schleswig.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an effect the complicated fiscal division of both separate duchies, Holstein and Schleswig, with shares of each party scattered in both duchies, provided them with a condominial government binding both together, partially superseding their legally different affiliation as Holy Roman and Danish fiefs. </p><p>The County of Holstein-Pinneberg, which had remained a separately ruled territory in Holstein until its line was extinct in 1640, was merged into the then royal share of the Duchy of Holstein. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp became emperor of Russia in 1762 as <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> and was planning an attack on Denmark to recover the <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorp</a> lands possessions in Schleswig, which were seized by the Danish king in 1713. Although Peter was soon overthrown by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, the Danes determined to rid themselves of this problem. In 1773, they exchanged the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">County of Oldenburg</a> for the Gottorp lands in Holstein, bringing all of Holstein under their control. Thus, Holstein was again united in one state. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unification_process_of_Holstein.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Unification_process_of_Holstein.png/220px-Unification_process_of_Holstein.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="895"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Unification_process_of_Holstein.png/220px-Unification_process_of_Holstein.png" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Unification_process_of_Holstein.png/330px-Unification_process_of_Holstein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Unification_process_of_Holstein.png/440px-Unification_process_of_Holstein.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Unification process of Holstein</figcaption></figure> <p>The territory of Holstein was enlarged by the conquest of the independent <a href="/wiki/Dithmarschen" title="Dithmarschen">Republic of Dithmarschen</a> in 1559, which was divided among the three ducal houses. After 1581 the southern part remained to the Danish Crown, the northern part was ruled by the House of Gottorp until 1773. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Holstein">United Holstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Holstein" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>With the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806 Holstein's imperial vassal status turned void. It thus became a sovereign state. Because of its <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Denmark, the Duchy of Holstein did not come under French occupation during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> (however, the neighboring duchy of Lauenburg was annexed by France in 1811 and became a part of <a href="/wiki/Bouches-de-l%27Elbe" title="Bouches-de-l'Elbe">Bouches-de-l'Elbe</a>). From 1815 to 1864 it was a member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, though still in personal union with Denmark (the King of Denmark being also Duke of Holstein). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1866_Black_Holstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1866_Black_Holstein.jpg/220px-1866_Black_Holstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="705"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1866_Black_Holstein.jpg/220px-1866_Black_Holstein.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1866_Black_Holstein.jpg/330px-1866_Black_Holstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1866_Black_Holstein.jpg/440px-1866_Black_Holstein.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of the Duchy of Holstein, 1815-66</figcaption></figure><p> Following the death of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">Frederick VII of Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>) in 1863, the inheritance of Schleswig and Holstein was disputed. The new king, <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg">House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a>, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg), made his claim to the Danish throne through a female line. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg" title="House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg">Duke of Augustenborg</a>, a minor scion from another cadet line of the House of Oldenburg, claimed the Duchies, and soon the German Confederation, led by <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, went to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> with Denmark, quickly defeating it in 1864 and forcing it to cede the duchies. </p><p>However, the duchies were not given to the Duke of Augustenborg. In 1865 an arrangement was worked out between Prussia and Austria where the Austrians occupied and administered Holstein, while the Prussians did the same in Schleswig. This arrangement came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866, which resulted in Schleswig and Holstein both being incorporated into Prussia as the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Province of Schleswig-Holstein</a>. Holstein, meanwhile including former <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> (as of 1876) and the former <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCbeck#Principality_and_Region_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Lübeck">Region of Lübeck</a> (both as of 1937) regained statehood, now united with Schleswig, in 1946, when the British occupation government elevated the province to the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">State of Schleswig-Holstein</a>, followed by the official dissolution of Prussia in 1947. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/240px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="240" height="434" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5833" data-file-height="10536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 434px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/240px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG" data-width="240" data-height="434" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/360px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/480px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> and Northernmost <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and Holstein in today's <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For a list of rulers, see <i><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein" title="Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein">Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein">List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein</a></i>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>As of 1864, Holstein bordered <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck#Principality_and_Region_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Lübeck">Principality of Lübeck</a> (formerly the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, an exclave of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg">Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg</a> in the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a> in the south. It also borders the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the east. Its only major island is <a href="/wiki/Fehmarn" title="Fehmarn">Fehmarn</a>, originally a part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> until 1867. </p><p>Cities in Holstein included <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Segeberg" title="Bad Segeberg">Segeberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heiligenhafen" title="Heiligenhafen">Heiligenhafen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_in_Holstein" title="Oldenburg in Holstein">Oldenburg in Holstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B6n" title="Plön">Plön</a>. It had an area of 8,385 km<sup>2</sup>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neighbours clockwise starting in the West: <a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen</a> (purple), Danish <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> (orange shadowed), <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck">Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck</a> (purple), <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Free Imperial City of Lübeck</a> (yellow), <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg">Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg</a> (pink).</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Holstein" title="Special:EditPage/Holstein">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Holstein%22">"Holstein"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Holstein%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Holstein%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Holstein%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Holstein%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Holstein%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esben Albrectsen, "Das Abel-Geschlecht und die Schauenburger als Herzöge von Schleswig", Marion Hartwig and Frauke Witte (trls.), in: <i>Die Fürsten des Landes: Herzöge und Grafen von Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg</i> [De slevigske hertuger; German], Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen (ed.) on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2008, pp. 52-71, here pp. 63seq. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-529-02606-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-529-02606-5">978-3-529-02606-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1551 Frederick became administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Hildesheim" title="Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim">Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim</a>, comprising ecclesiastical and secular power, and, however, lacking secular power <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Schleswig">Bishop of Schleswig</a> with the pertaining revenues from episcopal estates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen, "Die dänischen Könige als Herzöge von Schleswig und Holstein", Frauke Witte and Marion Hartwig (trls.), in: <i>Die Fürsten des Landes: Herzöge und Grafen von Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg</i> [De slevigske hertuger; German], Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen (ed.) on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2008, pp. 73–109, here pp. 87seq. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-529-02606-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-529-02606-5">978-3-529-02606-5</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/schleswig-en.htm">Map of Schleswig-Holstein in 1730</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holstein&params=54.1667_N_9.66667_E_source:kolossus-nowiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°10′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°40′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.1667°N 9.66667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.1667; 9.66667</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holstein&oldid=1252426981">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holstein&oldid=1252426981</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Holstein&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729500822"> <span>Last edited on 21 October 2024, at 08:53</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Гольштэйн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гольштэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Холщайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Холщайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hol%C5%A1t%C3%BDnsko" title="Holštýnsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Holštýnsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsten" title="Holsten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holsten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD" title="Χόλσταϊν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χόλσταϊν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%80%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="홀슈타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홀슈타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtsetaland" title="Holtsetaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Holtsetaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הולשטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולשטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2lsztin" title="Hòlsztin – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Hòlsztin" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsatia" title="Holsatia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Holsatia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hol%C5%A1teina" title="Holšteina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Holšteina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Гьольштайн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьольштайн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hol%C5%A1teinas" title="Holšteinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Holšteinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Холштајн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холштајн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Хольштайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хольштайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ホルシュタイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルシュタイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsteen" title="Holsteen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Holsteen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsztyn" title="Holsztyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holsztyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hols%C3%A1cia" title="Holsácia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Holsácia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Гольштейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гольштейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Holstein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮ็อลชไตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮ็อลชไตน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Гольштейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гольштейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="荷尔斯泰因 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷尔斯泰因" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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