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class="toggle_item" id="ntf_newtabfil" role="button" aria-pressed="true" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7200.0"><div class="ntf_label toggle_label nt_tit" id="ntf_newtabfil_label">Open links in new tab</div><div class="nt_val toggle_ctrl"><div id="ntf_newtabfil_ctrl" class="ntf_img toggle_on toggle_img"><img role="presentation" class="rms_img" src="/rp/kFAqShRrnkQMbH6NYLBYoJ3lq9s.png" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><ol id="b_results" class=""><li class="b_algo b_algoBorder b_algoBigWiki b_algo_feedback b_vtl_deeplinks" data-id iid=SERP.7208 role="presentation"><div Class="b_algo_group"><h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,5187.1">Vacuum tube - Wikipedia</a></h2><div class="b_caption hasdl"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>en.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › <strong>Vacuum_tube</strong></cite></div></div><div id="WF_tabcontrol_18_7567E3" class="b_wikiRichcard"><div class="wikiRichcard_heroSection b_mText"><div class="b_clearfix b_overflow"><div class="b_floatR_img"><div class="cico" style="width:100px;height:100px;"><img height="100" width="100" data-src-hq="/th?id=ODL.9dafa9531e0e9cf3075f4bc1a1d8db1d&w=100&h=100&c=12&pcl=faf9f7&o=6&pid=AlgoBlockDebug" role="presentation" data-priority="2" id="embBA0AD04" class="rms_img" src="/th?id=ODL.9dafa9531e0e9cf3075f4bc1a1d8db1d&w=100&h=100&c=12&qlt=20&pcl=faf9f7&o=6&pid=AlgoBlockDebug" /></div></div><p class="b_paractl">The type known as a thermionic tube or <strong>thermionic valve</strong> utilizes thermionic <strong>emission of electrons</strong> from a hot cathode for fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.</p></div></div><div id="tabcontrol_18_7567E3" class="tab-container" data-wire="I;tab;; |B;a;;I|" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6926.2"><div class="tab-head HeroTab"><div id="tabcontrol_18_7567E3_navl" class="tab-navl" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7209.1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" enable-background="new 0 0 16 16" width="16" height="40"><path class="sv_ch" d="M12.29.235c-.312-.313-.818-.313-1.131 0l-7.2 7.2c-.148.148-.234.355-.234.565 0 .21.086.417.234.566l7.2 7.2c.312.313.818.313 1.131 0 .313-.312.313-.818 0-1.131l-6.634-6.635 6.634-6.634c.313-.312.312-.819 0-1.131z" /></svg></div><div class="tab-menu tab-hasnav" style="width:544px"><ul id="tabcontrol_18_7567E3_menu" style="margin-left:0px;" role="tablist" data-dataurl=""><li data-dataurl="" id="tab_11_7550AF_head" data-nc="" data-nr="" class="b_dmtab tab-active" style=" width:66px;" data-w="66" data-ow="98" data-content="tab_11_7550AF" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-controls="tab_11_7550AF" aria-selected="true" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6560.1">Overview</li><li data-dataurl="" id="tab_12_7554A6_head" data-nc="" data-nr="" class="b_dmtab" style=" width:99px;" data-w="99" data-ow="131" data-content="tab_12_7554A6" role="tab" aria-controls="tab_12_7554A6" aria-selected="false" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6628.1">Classifications</li><li data-dataurl="" id="tab_13_7557BE_head" data-nc="" data-nr="" class="b_dmtab" style=" width:81px;" data-w="81" data-ow="113" data-content="tab_13_7557BE" role="tab" aria-controls="tab_13_7557BE" aria-selected="false" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6676.1">Description</li><li data-dataurl="" id="tab_14_755A74_head" data-nc="" data-nr="" class="b_dmtab" style=" width:180px;" data-w="180" data-ow="212" data-content="tab_14_755A74" role="tab" aria-controls="tab_14_755A74" aria-selected="false" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6715.1">History and development</li><li data-dataurl="" id="tab_15_7561E9_head" data-nc="" data-nr="" class="b_dmtab" style=" width:196px;" title="Heat generation and cooling" data-w="196" data-ow="228" data-content="tab_15_7561E9" role="tab" aria-controls="tab_15_7561E9" aria-selected="false" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6892.1">Heat generation and cooling</li><li data-dataurl="" id="tab_16_756405_head" data-nc="" data-nr="" class="b_dmtab" style=" width:106px;" data-w="106" data-ow="138" data-content="tab_16_756405" role="tab" aria-controls="tab_16_756405" aria-selected="false" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6902.1">Tube packages</li><li data-dataurl="" id="tab_17_7565E3_head" data-nc="" data-nr="" class="b_dmtab" style=" width:50px;" data-w="50" data-ow="82" data-content="tab_17_7565E3" role="tab" aria-controls="tab_17_7565E3" aria-selected="false" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6913.1">Names</li></ul></div><div id="tabcontrol_18_7567E3_navr" class="tab-navr" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7210.1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" enable-background="new 0 0 16 16" width="16" height="40"><path class="sv_ch" d="M3.735 1.366l6.634 6.634-6.634 6.634c-.313.313-.313.819 0 1.131.313.313.819.313 1.131 0l7.2-7.2c.148-.148.234-.355.234-.565 0-.21-.086-.417-.234-.566l-7.2-7.2c-.313-.313-.819-.313-1.131 0s-.313.82 0 1.132z" /></svg></div></div><div class="tab-content"><div id="tab_11_7550AF" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6560.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_11_7550AF_head" data-priority=""><div id="pvc_659849532_30"><p class="b_paractl">A vacuum tube, electron tube, thermionic valve (British usage), or tube (North America) is a device that controls <a href="/search?q=Electric%20current%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6566.1">electric current</a> flow in a high <a href="/search?q=Vacuum%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6567.1">vacuum</a> between <a href="/search?q=Electrode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6568.1">electrodes</a> to which an electric <a href="/search?q=Voltage%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6569.1">potential difference</a> has been applied. It takes the form of an <a href="/search?q=Vacuum%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6570.1">evacuated</a> tubular envelope of glass or sometimes metal containing electrodes connected to external connection pins. </p><div class="sml inline" id="expitem_659849465_29" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7211.1" data-expl=""><a id="expitem_659849465_29_hit" class="b_mopexpref" data-exp="I;expitem_659849465_29;;0;;;Expansion;;0;0;expitem_659849465_29_hit;10;0;" href="javascript:void(0);" aria-label="Show more" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sw_plus cipa " width="16" height="16"></span><div class="expansionAccessibilityText" LessAltText="Less content will be shown above the current area of focus upon selection" MoreAltText="New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection">New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection</div></a></div></div><div class="b_hide" data-exp="H;expitem_659849465_29;;pvc_659849532_30;;;" data-exp-noani=""><p class="b_paractl">A vacuum tube, electron tube, thermionic valve (British usage), or tube (North America) is a device that controls <a href="/search?q=Electric%20current%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6566.2">electric current</a> flow in a high <a href="/search?q=Vacuum%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6567.2">vacuum</a> between <a href="/search?q=Electrode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6568.2">electrodes</a> to which an electric <a href="/search?q=Voltage%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6569.2">potential difference</a> has been applied. It takes the form of an <a href="/search?q=Vacuum%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6570.2">evacuated</a> tubular envelope of glass or sometimes metal containing electrodes connected to external connection pins. <br /><br/>The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve utilizes <a href="/search?q=Thermionic%20emission%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6580.1">thermionic emission</a> of electrons from a <a href="/search?q=Hot%20cathode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6581.1">hot cathode</a> for fundamental <a href="/search?q=Electronics%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6582.1">electronic</a> functions such as signal <a href="/search?q=Amplifier%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6583.1">amplification</a> and current <a href="/search?q=Rectifier%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6584.1">rectification</a>. Non-thermionic types such as vacuum <a href="/search?q=Phototube%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6585.1">phototubes</a> achieve electron emission through the <a href="/search?q=Photoelectric%20effect%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6586.1">photoelectric effect</a>, and are used for such purposes as the detection of light and measurement of its intensity. In both types the electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the <a href="/search?q=Anode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6587.1">anode</a> by the <a href="/search?q=Electric%20field%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6588.1">electric field</a> in the tube. <br /><br/>The first, and simplest, vacuum tube, the <a href="/search?q=Diode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6596.1">diode</a> or <a href="/search?q=Fleming%20valve%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6597.1">Fleming valve</a>, was invented in 1904 by <a href="/search?q=John%20Ambrose%20Fleming%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6598.1">John Ambrose Fleming</a>. It contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can flow in only one direction through the device: from the cathode to the anode (hence the name "<a href="/search?q=Valve%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6599.1">valve</a>", like a device permitting one-way flow of water). Adding one or more <a href="/search?q=Control%20grid%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6600.1">control grids</a> within the tube, creating the triode, tetrode, etc., allows the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grids, creating devices able to amplify as well as rectify electric signals. Multiple grids (e.g., a <a href="/search?q=Heptode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6601.1">heptode</a>) allow signals applied to different electrodes to be <a href="/search?q=Frequency%20mixer%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6602.1">mixed</a>. <br /><br/>These …<br /><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,6627.1">Read more on Wikipedia</a></p></div></div><div id="tab_12_7554A6" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6628.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_12_7554A6_head" data-priority="2"><div id="pvc_659857848_32"><p class="b_paractl">One classification of thermionic vacuum tubes is by the number of active <a href="/search?q=Electrodes%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6637.1">electrodes</a>. A device with two active elements is a <a href="/search?q=Diode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6638.1">diode</a>, usually used for <a href="/search?q=Rectifier%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6639.1">rectification</a>. Devices with three elements are <a href="/search?q=Triode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6640.1">triodes</a> used for <a href="/search?q=Amplifier%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6641.1">amplification</a> and <a href="/search?q=Electronic%20switch%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6642.1">switching</a>. Additional electrodes create <a href="/search?q=Tetrode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6643.1">tetrodes</a>, <a href="/search?q=Pentode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6644.1">pentodes</a><span title=", and so forth, which have multiple additional functions made possible by the additional controllable electrodes. ">, and so forth, which have multiple additional functions made possible by the additional controlla…</span></p><div class="sml inline" id="expitem_659857792_31" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7212.1" data-expl=""><a id="expitem_659857792_31_hit" class="b_mopexpref" data-exp="I;expitem_659857792_31;;0;;;Expansion;;0;0;expitem_659857792_31_hit;10;0;" href="javascript:void(0);" aria-label="Show more" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sw_plus cipa " width="16" height="16"></span><div class="expansionAccessibilityText" LessAltText="Less content will be shown above the current area of focus upon selection" MoreAltText="New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection">New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection</div></a></div></div><div class="b_hide" data-exp="H;expitem_659857792_31;;pvc_659857848_32;;;" data-exp-noani=""><p class="b_paractl">One classification of thermionic vacuum tubes is by the number of active <a href="/search?q=Electrodes%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6637.2">electrodes</a>. A device with two active elements is a <a href="/search?q=Diode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6638.2">diode</a>, usually used for <a href="/search?q=Rectifier%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6639.2">rectification</a>. Devices with three elements are <a href="/search?q=Triode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6640.2">triodes</a> used for <a href="/search?q=Amplifier%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6641.2">amplification</a> and <a href="/search?q=Electronic%20switch%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6642.2">switching</a>. Additional electrodes create <a href="/search?q=Tetrode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6643.2">tetrodes</a>, <a href="/search?q=Pentode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6644.2">pentodes</a>, and so forth, which have multiple additional functions made possible by the additional controllable electrodes. <br /><br/>Other classifications are: <br />• by frequency range (<a href="/search?q=Audio%20frequency%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6649.1">audio</a>, radio, <a href="/search?q=VHF%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6650.1">VHF</a>, <a href="/search?q=UHF%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6651.1">UHF</a>, <a href="/search?q=Microwave%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6652.1">microwave</a>)<br />• by power rating (small-signal, audio power, high-power radio transmitting)<br />• by <a href="/search?q=Hot%20cathode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6656.1">cathode</a>/<a href="/search?q=Electrical%20filament%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6657.1">filament</a> type (indirectly heated, directly heated) and <a href="/search?q=Antique%20radio%23Warm-up%20time%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6658.1">warm-up time</a> (including "bright-emitter" or "dull-emitter")<br />• by characteristic curves design (e.g., sharp- versus remote-<a href="/search?q=Cut-off%20(electronics)%23Valves%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6660.1">cutoff</a> in some pentodes)<br />• by application (receiving, transmitting, amplifying or switching, rectification, mixing)<br />• specialized parameters (long life, very low <a href="/search?q=Microphonics%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6662.1">microphonic sensitivity</a> and low-noise audio amplification, rugged or military versions)<br /><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube#Classifications" h="ID=SERP,6675.1">Read more on Wikipedia</a></p></div></div><div id="tab_13_7557BE" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6676.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_13_7557BE_head" data-priority="2"><div id="pvc_659862141_34"><p class="b_paractl">A vacuum tube consists of two or more <a href="/search?q=Electrode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6681.1">electrodes</a> in a vacuum inside an airtight envelope, with pins accessible from outside the envelope to make electrical connections to the electrodes. Most tubes have glass envelopes with a <a href="/search?q=Glass-to-metal%20seal%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6682.1">glass-to-metal seal</a> based on <a href="/search?q=Kovar%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6683.1">kovar</a> sealable <a href="/search?q=Borosilicate%20glass%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6684.1">borosilicate glasses</a><span title=", although ceramic and metal envelopes (atop insulating bases) have been used. The electrodes are attached to leads which pass through the envelope via an airtight seal. ">, although ceramic and metal envelopes (atop insulating bases) have been used. The ele…</span></p><div class="sml inline" id="expitem_659862096_33" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7213.1" data-expl=""><a id="expitem_659862096_33_hit" class="b_mopexpref" data-exp="I;expitem_659862096_33;;0;;;Expansion;;0;0;expitem_659862096_33_hit;10;0;" href="javascript:void(0);" aria-label="Show more" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sw_plus cipa " width="16" height="16"></span><div class="expansionAccessibilityText" LessAltText="Less content will be shown above the current area of focus upon selection" MoreAltText="New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection">New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection</div></a></div></div><div class="b_hide" data-exp="H;expitem_659862096_33;;pvc_659862141_34;;;" data-exp-noani=""><p class="b_paractl">A vacuum tube consists of two or more <a href="/search?q=Electrode%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6681.2">electrodes</a> in a vacuum inside an airtight envelope, with pins accessible from outside the envelope to make electrical connections to the electrodes. Most tubes have glass envelopes with a <a href="/search?q=Glass-to-metal%20seal%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6682.2">glass-to-metal seal</a> based on <a href="/search?q=Kovar%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6683.2">kovar</a> sealable <a href="/search?q=Borosilicate%20glass%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6684.2">borosilicate glasses</a>, although ceramic and metal envelopes (atop insulating bases) have been used. The electrodes are attached to leads which pass through the envelope via an airtight seal. <br /><br/>Most vacuum tubes have a limited lifetime, due mainly to the filament burning out or the cathode coating becoming depleted, gradually reducing performance, with other failure modes, so they are made as replaceable units; the electrode leads connect to pins on the tube's base which plug into a <a href="/search?q=Tube%20socket%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6686.1">tube socket</a> making tubes, a frequent cause of failure in electronic equipment, easy to remove and replace. <br /><br/>In addition to the base terminals, some tubes had an electrode terminating at a connection at the top of the tube, a <a href="/search?q=Top%20cap%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6689.1">top cap</a>. This avoids leakage resistance, particularly for the high impedance grid input, through the tube base (sometimes made with <a href="/search?q=Phenolic%20insulation%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6690.1">phenolic insulation</a> which performs poorly as an insulator in humid conditions) and improves stability and high-frequency performance by reducing capacitance between the grid and other electrodes. Some tubes requiring a v…<br /><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube#Description" h="ID=SERP,6714.1">Read more on Wikipedia</a></p></div></div><div id="tab_14_755A74" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6715.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_14_755A74_head" data-priority="2"><div id="pvc_659864885_36"><p class="b_paractl">The 19th century saw increasing research with evacuated tubes, such as the <a href="/search?q=Geissler%20tube%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6723.1">Geissler</a> and <a href="/search?q=Crookes%20tube%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6724.1">Crookes tubes</a>. The many scientists and inventors who experimented with such tubes include <a href="/search?q=Thomas%20Edison%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6725.1">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/search?q=Eugen%20Goldstein%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6726.1">Eugen Goldstein</a>, <a href="/search?q=Nikola%20Tesla%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6727.1">Nikola Tesla</a>, and <a href="/search?q=Johann%20Wilhelm%20Hittorf%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6728.1">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a>. With the exception of early <a href="/search?q=Light%20bulb%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6729.1">light bulbs</a><span title=", such tubes were only used in scientific research or as novelties. The groundwork laid by these scientists and inventors, however, was critical to the development of subsequent vacuum tube technology. ">, such tubes were only used in scientific research or as novelties. The gro…</span></p><div class="sml inline" id="expitem_659864842_35" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7214.1" data-expl=""><a id="expitem_659864842_35_hit" class="b_mopexpref" data-exp="I;expitem_659864842_35;;0;;;Expansion;;0;0;expitem_659864842_35_hit;10;0;" href="javascript:void(0);" aria-label="Show more" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sw_plus cipa " width="16" height="16"></span><div class="expansionAccessibilityText" LessAltText="Less content will be shown above the current area of focus upon selection" MoreAltText="New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection">New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection</div></a></div></div><div class="b_hide" data-exp="H;expitem_659864842_35;;pvc_659864885_36;;;" data-exp-noani=""><p class="b_paractl">The 19th century saw increasing research with evacuated tubes, such as the <a href="/search?q=Geissler%20tube%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6723.2">Geissler</a> and <a href="/search?q=Crookes%20tube%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6724.2">Crookes tubes</a>. The many scientists and inventors who experimented with such tubes include <a href="/search?q=Thomas%20Edison%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6725.2">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/search?q=Eugen%20Goldstein%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6726.2">Eugen Goldstein</a>, <a href="/search?q=Nikola%20Tesla%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6727.2">Nikola Tesla</a>, and <a href="/search?q=Johann%20Wilhelm%20Hittorf%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6728.2">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a>. With the exception of early <a href="/search?q=Light%20bulb%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6729.2">light bulbs</a>, such tubes were only used in scientific research or as novelties. The groundwork laid by these scientists and inventors, however, was critical to the development of subsequent vacuum tube technology. <br /><br/>Although <a href="/search?q=Thermionic%20emission%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6736.1">thermionic emission</a> was originally reported in 1873 by <a href="/search?q=Frederick%20Guthrie%20(scientist)%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6737.1">Frederick Guthrie</a>, it was Thomas Edison's apparently independent discovery of the phenomenon in 1883, referred to as the <a href="/search?q=Edison%20effect%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6738.1">Edison effect</a>, that became well known. Although Edison was aware of the unidirectional property of current flow between the filament and the anode, his interest (and patent ) concentrated on the sensitivity of the anode current to the current through the filament (and thus filament temperature). It was years later that <a href="/search?q=John%20Ambrose%20Fleming%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6739.1">John Ambrose Fleming</a> applied the rectifying property of the Edison effect to <a href="/search?q=Detector%20(radio)%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6740.1">detection</a> of radio signals, as an improvement over the <a href="/search?q=Magnetic%20detector%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6741.1">magnetic detector</a>. <br /><br/>Amplification by vacuum tube became practical only with <a href="/search?q=Lee%20de%20Forest%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6747.1">Lee de Forest</a>'s 1907 invention of the three-terminal "<a href="/search?q=Audion%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6748.1">audion</a>" tube, a crude form of what was to bec…<br /><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube#History_and_development" h="ID=SERP,6891.1">Read more on Wikipedia</a></p></div></div><div id="tab_15_7561E9" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6892.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_15_7561E9_head" data-priority="2"><div id="pvc_659868366_38"><p class="b_paractl">A considerable amount of heat is produced when tubes operate, from both the filament (heater) and the stream of electrons bombarding the plate. In power amplifiers, this source of heat is greater than cathode heating. A few types of tube permit operation with the anodes at a dull red heat; in other types, red heat indicates severe overload. </p><div class="sml inline" id="expitem_659868321_37" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7215.1" data-expl=""><a id="expitem_659868321_37_hit" class="b_mopexpref" data-exp="I;expitem_659868321_37;;0;;;Expansion;;0;0;expitem_659868321_37_hit;10;0;" href="javascript:void(0);" aria-label="Show more" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sw_plus cipa " width="16" height="16"></span><div class="expansionAccessibilityText" LessAltText="Less content will be shown above the current area of focus upon selection" MoreAltText="New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection">New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection</div></a></div></div><div class="b_hide" data-exp="H;expitem_659868321_37;;pvc_659868366_38;;;" data-exp-noani=""><p class="b_paractl">A considerable amount of heat is produced when tubes operate, from both the filament (heater) and the stream of electrons bombarding the plate. In power amplifiers, this source of heat is greater than cathode heating. A few types of tube permit operation with the anodes at a dull red heat; in other types, red heat indicates severe overload. <br /><br/>The requirements for heat removal can significantly change the appearance of high-power vacuum tubes. High power audio amplifiers and rectifiers required larger envelopes to dissipate heat. Transmitting tubes could be much larger still. <br /><br/>Heat escapes the device by <a href="/search?q=Black-body%20radiation%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6895.1">black-body radiation</a> from the anode (plate) as infrared radiation, and by convection of air over the tube envelope. <a href="/search?q=Convection%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6896.1">Convection</a> is not possible inside most tubes since the anode is surrounded by vacuum. <br /><br/>Tubes which generate relatively little heat, such as the 1.4-volt filament directly heated tubes designed for use in battery-powered equipment, often have shiny metal anodes. 1T4, 1R5 and 1A7 are examples. Gas-filled tubes such as <a href="/search?q=Thyratron%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6898.1">thyratrons</a> may also use a shiny metal anode since the gas present inside the tube allows for heat convection from the anode to the glass enclosure. <br /><br/>The …<br /><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube#Heat_generation_and_cooling" h="ID=SERP,6901.1">Read more on Wikipedia</a></p></div></div><div id="tab_16_756405" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6902.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_16_756405_head" data-priority="2"><div id="pvc_659870275_40"><p class="b_paractl">Most modern tubes have glass envelopes, but metal, fused quartz (<a href="/search?q=Silica%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6906.1">silica</a>) and <a href="/search?q=Ceramic%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6907.1">ceramic</a> have also been used. A first version of the 6L6 used a metal envelope sealed with glass beads, while a glass disk fused to the metal was used in later versions. Metal and ceramic are used almost exclusively for power tubes above 2 kW dissipation. The <a href="/search?q=Nuvistor%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6908.1">nuvistor</a> <span title=" was a modern receiving tube using a very small metal and ceramic package. ">was a …</span></p><div class="sml inline" id="expitem_659870235_39" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7216.1" data-expl=""><a id="expitem_659870235_39_hit" class="b_mopexpref" data-exp="I;expitem_659870235_39;;0;;;Expansion;;0;0;expitem_659870235_39_hit;10;0;" href="javascript:void(0);" aria-label="Show more" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sw_plus cipa " width="16" height="16"></span><div class="expansionAccessibilityText" LessAltText="Less content will be shown above the current area of focus upon selection" MoreAltText="New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection">New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection</div></a></div></div><div class="b_hide" data-exp="H;expitem_659870235_39;;pvc_659870275_40;;;" data-exp-noani=""><p class="b_paractl">Most modern tubes have glass envelopes, but metal, fused quartz (<a href="/search?q=Silica%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6906.2">silica</a>) and <a href="/search?q=Ceramic%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6907.2">ceramic</a> have also been used. A first version of the 6L6 used a metal envelope sealed with glass beads, while a glass disk fused to the metal was used in later versions. Metal and ceramic are used almost exclusively for power tubes above 2 kW dissipation. The <a href="/search?q=Nuvistor%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6908.2">nuvistor</a> was a modern receiving tube using a very small metal and ceramic package. <br /><br/>The internal elements of tubes have always been connected to external circuitry via pins at their base which plug into a socket. Subminiature tubes were produced using wire leads rather than sockets, however, these were restricted to rather specialized applications. In addition to the connections at the base of the tube, many early triodes connected the grid using a metal cap at the top of the tube; this reduces stray <a href="/search?q=Capacitance%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6910.1">capacitance</a> between the grid and the plate leads. Tube caps were also used for the plate (anode) connection, particularly in transmitting tubes and tubes using a very high plate voltage. <br /><br/>High-power tubes such as transmitting tubes have packages designed more to enhance heat transfer. In some tubes, the metal envelope is also the anode. The 4CX1000A is an external anode tube of this sort. Air is blown through an array of fins attached to the anode, thus cooling it. Power tubes using this coo…<br /><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube#Tube_packages" h="ID=SERP,6912.1">Read more on Wikipedia</a></p></div></div><div id="tab_17_7565E3" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6913.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_17_7565E3_head" data-priority="2"><div id="pvc_659872479_42"><p class="b_paractl">The generic name "[thermionic] valve" used in the UK derives from the unidirectional current flow allowed by the earliest device, the thermionic diode emitting electrons from a heated filament, by analogy with a non-return <a href="/search?q=Valve%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6915.1">valve</a> <span title=" in a water pipe. The US names "vacuum tube", "electron tube", and "thermionic tube" all simply describe a tubular envelope which has been evacuated ("vacuum"), has a heater and controls electron flow. ">in a water pipe. The US names "vacuum tube", "electron tube", and "thermionic tube" all simply describe a tubular envelope which has been evacuated …</span></p><div class="sml inline" id="expitem_659872439_41" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7217.1" data-expl=""><a id="expitem_659872439_41_hit" class="b_mopexpref" data-exp="I;expitem_659872439_41;;0;;;Expansion;;0;0;expitem_659872439_41_hit;10;0;" href="javascript:void(0);" aria-label="Show more" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sw_plus cipa " width="16" height="16"></span><div class="expansionAccessibilityText" LessAltText="Less content will be shown above the current area of focus upon selection" MoreAltText="New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection">New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection</div></a></div></div><div class="b_hide" data-exp="H;expitem_659872439_41;;pvc_659872479_42;;;" data-exp-noani=""><p class="b_paractl">The generic name "[thermionic] valve" used in the UK derives from the unidirectional current flow allowed by the earliest device, the thermionic diode emitting electrons from a heated filament, by analogy with a non-return <a href="/search?q=Valve%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6915.2">valve</a> in a water pipe. The US names "vacuum tube", "electron tube", and "thermionic tube" all simply describe a tubular envelope which has been evacuated ("vacuum"), has a heater and controls electron flow. <br /><br/>In many cases, manufacturers and the military gave tubes designations that said nothing about their purpose (e.g., 1614). In the early days some manufacturers used proprietary names which might convey some information, but only about their products; the KT66 and KT88 were "kinkless tetrodes". Later, consumer tubes were given names that conveyed some information, with the same name often used generically by several manufacturers. In the US, <a href="/search?q=Radio%20Electronics%20Television%20Manufacturers'%20Association%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6919.1">Radio Electronics Television Manufacturers' Association</a> (RETMA) <a href="/search?q=RETMA%20tube%20designation%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6920.1">designations</a> comprise a number, followed by one or two letters, and a number. The first number is the (rounded) heater voltage; the letters designate a particular tube but say nothing about its structure; and the final number is the total number of electrodes (without distinguishing between, say, a tube with many electrodes, or two sets of electrodes in a single envelope – a double triode, for example). For example, the <a href="/search?q=12AX7%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6921.1">12AX7</a> is a double triode (two sets of three electrodes plus heater) with a 12.6V heater (which, as it happens, can also be connected to run from 6.3V). The "AX" designates this tube's characteristics. Similar, but not identical, tubes are the 12AD7, 12AE7...12AT7, 12AU7, 12AV7, 12AW7 (rare), 12AY7, and the 12AZ7. <br /><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube#Names" h="ID=SERP,6923.1">Read more on Wikipedia</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="wiki_attr b_divdef"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,6924.1">Wikipedia</a><span> · Text under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" h="ID=SERP,6925.1">CC-BY-SA license</a></span></div></div></div><div class="b_gobig_feedback"><div id="fdbk_thmb43" class="fdbk_thmb_root " data-priority="2" aria-live="polite"><div id="fdbk_emotion43" class="fdbk_emotion"></div><span id="fdbtext_43" class="fdbtext">Feedback</span><a id="thumb_t43" class="thumb_y " role="button" aria-label="Feedback Like" href="javascript:void(0)" h="ID=SERP,7219.1"></a><a id="thumb_f43" class="thumb_n " role="button" aria-label="Feedback Dislike" href="javascript:void(0)" h="ID=SERP,7220.1"></a><div 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<strong>Thermionic_emission</strong></cite></div></div></div></a></div><h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission" h="ID=SERP,5210.2">Thermionic emission - Wikipedia</a></h2><div class="b_caption"><div class="b_wikiRichcard_noHeroSection"><div id="WF_tabcontrol_26_75A8AD" class="b_wikiRichcard"><div id="tabcontrol_26_75A8AD" class="tab-container" data-wire="I;tab;; |B;a;;I|" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7002.2"><div class="tab-head HeroTab"><div id="tabcontrol_26_75A8AD_navl" class="tab-navl" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7223.1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" enable-background="new 0 0 16 16" width="16" height="40"><path class="sv_ch" d="M12.29.235c-.312-.313-.818-.313-1.131 0l-7.2 7.2c-.148.148-.234.355-.234.565 0 .21.086.417.234.566l7.2 7.2c.312.313.818.313 1.131 0 .313-.312.313-.818 0-1.131l-6.634-6.635 6.634-6.634c.313-.312.312-.819 0-1.131z" /></svg></div><div class="tab-menu tab-hasnav" style="width:544px"><ul 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aria-selected="false" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6999.1">External links</li></ul></div><div id="tabcontrol_26_75A8AD_navr" class="tab-navr" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7224.1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" enable-background="new 0 0 16 16" width="16" height="40"><path class="sv_ch" d="M3.735 1.366l6.634 6.634-6.634 6.634c-.313.313-.313.819 0 1.131.313.313.819.313 1.131 0l7.2-7.2c.148-.148.234-.355.234-.565 0-.21-.086-.417-.234-.566l-7.2-7.2c-.313-.313-.819-.313-1.131 0s-.313.82 0 1.132z" /></svg></div></div><div class="tab-content"><div id="tab_19_75A50E" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6962.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_19_75A50E_head" data-priority="2"></div><div id="tab_20_75A584" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6963.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_20_75A584_head" data-priority=""><div class="b_clearfix b_overflow"><div class="b_floatR_img"><div class="cico" style="width:100px;height:100px;"><img height="100" width="100" data-src-hq="/th?id=ODL.d3a4ef602e7276e09e823b42dbd31b53&w=100&h=100&c=12&pcl=faf9f7&o=6&pid=AlgoBlockDebug" role="presentation" data-priority="2" id="emb10EF1DC75" class="rms_img" src="/th?id=ODL.d3a4ef602e7276e09e823b42dbd31b53&w=100&h=100&c=12&qlt=20&pcl=faf9f7&o=6&pid=AlgoBlockDebug" /></div></div><p class="b_paractl">Because the <a href="/search?q=Electron%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6966.1">electron</a> was not identified as a separate physical particle until the work of <a href="/search?q=J.%20J.%20Thomson%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6967.1">J. J. Thomson</a> in 1897, the word "electron" was not used when discussing experiments that took place before this date. <br />The phenomenon was initially reported in 1853 by <a href="/search?q=Edmond%20Becquerel%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6974.1">Edmond Becquerel</a>. It was observed again in 1873 by <a href="/search?q=Frederick%20Guthrie%20(scientist)%20wikipedia&form=WIKIRE" h="ID=SERP,6975.1">Frederick Guthrie</a> in Britain. While doing work on ch…</p></div></div><div id="tab_21_75A762" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6995.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_21_75A762_head" data-priority="2"></div><div id="tab_22_75A7A2" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6996.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_22_75A7A2_head" data-priority="2"></div><div id="tab_23_75A7D4" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6997.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_23_75A7D4_head" data-priority="2"></div><div id="tab_24_75A81B" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6998.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_24_75A81B_head" data-priority="2"></div><div id="tab_25_75A84C" class="tab-hide" data-appns="SERP" data-k="6999.2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab_25_75A84C_head" data-priority="2"></div></div></div><div class="wiki_attr b_divdef"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission" h="ID=SERP,7000.1">Wikipedia</a><span> · Text under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" h="ID=SERP,7001.1">CC-BY-SA license</a></span></div></div></div></div></li><li class="b_ans b_mop b_vidAns" data-tag data-partnerTag data-id h="SERP,7005.1" role="presentation"><div class="vsathm "><div id="serpvidans" class="vsa vab cardless noscr"><div class="btitle b_title"><h2 class=" vsatitle mmtitle"><a target="" href="/videos/search?q=Thermionic+tube+Wikipedia&qpvt=Thermionic+tube+wikipedia&FORM=VDRE" h="ID=SERP,5126.1">Videos of Thermionic Tube Wikipedia</a></h2></div><div class="mattr"> <div class="b_attribution" data-tag="" data-partnerTag=""><cite><cite>bing.com › videos</cite></cite></div></div><div ihpa="Preview" ihp="No preview"><div class="mmlist cardless noscr"><div id="mc_cwvc_1739823065296"><div id="mc_vtvc__48" class="mc_vtvc b_canvas creator" data-priority="1"><a aria-label="Thermionic Emission Explained - The Cathode Ray Tube - Physics from YouTube · Duration: 4 minutes 40 seconds · 19.2K views · uploaded on Nov 18, 2016 · uploaded by Wedgwood Tutors · Click to play." data-dc="vtdc_white" class="mc_vtvc_link mc_vtvc_el" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHPVGEY01qc" h="ID=SERP,7025.1"><div class="mc_vtvc_con_rc"><div class="mc_vtvc_th b_canvas"><div class="cico"><img height="110" width="197" data-src-hq="/th?id=OVP.FRHYSKfmn-Pc5bkIby8ZFgHgFo&w=197&h=110&c=7&rs=1&qlt=90&o=6&pid=1.7" alt="Thermionic Emission Explained - The Cathode Ray Tube - Physics" data-priority="2" id="emb209B413A9" class="rms_img" src="/th?id=OVP.FRHYSKfmn-Pc5bkIby8ZFgHgFo&w=197&h=110&c=7&rs=1&qlt=30&o=6&pid=1.7" /></div><div class="mc_vtvc_htc"><div class="mc_vtvc_htb"><div class="mc_vtvc_ht">Watch video on YouTube</div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_center_play"></div><div class="mc_vtvc_ban_lo"><div class="vtbc"><div class="mc_bc_w b_smText"><div class="mc_bc items">4:40</div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta"><div class="mc_vtvc_title" title="Thermionic Emission Explained - The Cathode Ray Tube - Physics"><strong>Thermionic</strong> Emission Explained - The Cathode Ray <strong>Tube</strong> - Physics</div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_block_area"><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_pubdate"><span class="meta_vc_content">19.2K views</span><span class="meta_pd_content">Nov 18, 2016</span></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_channel"><span>YouTube</span><span class="mc_vtvc_meta_row_channel">Wedgwood Tutors</span></div></div></div><div class="vrhdata" ht="0" vrhm="{"cid":"serpvidans_hc","du":"4:40","murl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHPVGEY01qc","thid":"OVP.FRHYSKfmn-Pc5bkIby8ZFgHgFo","mid":"FD202F215660AF859A93FD202F215660AF859A93","vt":"Thermionic Emission Explained - The Cathode Ray Tube - Physics","IsAdultThumb":false,"EnableLoopPlay":false,"pgurl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHPVGEY01qc","q":"Thermionic tube wikipedia"}"></div></div></a></div></div><div id="mc_cwvc_1739823065300"><div id="mc_vtvc__51" class="mc_vtvc b_canvas creator" data-priority="1"><a aria-label="concept of thermionic emission & Vacuum tube from YouTube · Duration: 20 minutes 22 seconds · 186 views · uploaded on Oct 22, 2020 · uploaded by KARUNA SHANKER · Click to play." data-dc="vtdc_default" class="mc_vtvc_link mc_vtvc_el" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu-LqrSaviM" h="ID=SERP,7031.1"><div class="mc_vtvc_con_rc"><div class="mc_vtvc_th b_canvas"><div class="cico"><img height="110" width="197" data-src-hq="/th?id=OVP.8T70skfbmfgUhRSWjA9LYgEsDh&w=197&h=110&c=7&rs=1&qlt=90&o=6&pid=1.7" alt="concept of thermionic emission & Vacuum tube" data-priority="2" id="emb3230AB339" class="rms_img" src="/th?id=OVP.8T70skfbmfgUhRSWjA9LYgEsDh&w=197&h=110&c=7&rs=1&qlt=30&o=6&pid=1.7" /></div><div class="mc_vtvc_htc"><div class="mc_vtvc_htb"><div class="mc_vtvc_ht">Watch video on YouTube</div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_center_play"></div><div class="mc_vtvc_ban_lo"><div class="vtbc"><div class="mc_bc_w b_smText"><div class="mc_bc items">20:22</div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta"><div class="mc_vtvc_title" title="concept of thermionic emission & Vacuum tube">concept of <strong>thermionic</strong> emission & Vacuum <strong>tube</strong></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_block_area"><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_pubdate"><span class="meta_vc_content">186 views</span><span class="meta_pd_content">Oct 22, 2020</span></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_channel"><span>YouTube</span><span class="mc_vtvc_meta_row_channel">KARUNA SHANKER</span></div></div></div><div class="vrhdata" ht="0" vrhm="{"cid":"serpvidans_hc","du":"20:22","murl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu-LqrSaviM","thid":"OVP.8T70skfbmfgUhRSWjA9LYgEsDh","mid":"24B6E800FC42A203D29524B6E800FC42A203D295","vt":"concept of thermionic emission & Vacuum tube","IsAdultThumb":false,"EnableLoopPlay":false,"pgurl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu-LqrSaviM","q":"Thermionic tube wikipedia"}"></div></div></a></div></div><div id="mc_cwvc_1739823065303"><div id="mc_vtvc__54" class="mc_vtvc b_canvas creator" data-priority="1"><a aria-label="Thermionic Emission | Electronics from YouTube · Duration: 7 minutes 23 seconds · 931 views · uploaded on Aug 28, 2023 · uploaded by Our Online Tutor · Click to play." data-dc="vtdc_black" class="mc_vtvc_link mc_vtvc_el" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc8Wb4F-JKk" h="ID=SERP,7037.1"><div class="mc_vtvc_con_rc"><div class="mc_vtvc_th b_canvas"><div class="cico"><img height="110" width="197" data-src-hq="/th?id=OVP.W6k63p1pfOZ38x_44aFuAAEsDh&w=197&h=110&c=7&rs=1&qlt=90&o=6&pid=1.7" alt="Thermionic Emission | Electronics" data-priority="2" id="emb42FD23AB6" class="rms_img" src="/th?id=OVP.W6k63p1pfOZ38x_44aFuAAEsDh&w=197&h=110&c=7&rs=1&qlt=30&o=6&pid=1.7" /></div><div class="mc_vtvc_htc"><div class="mc_vtvc_htb"><div class="mc_vtvc_ht">Watch video on YouTube</div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_center_play"></div><div class="mc_vtvc_ban_lo"><div class="vtbc"><div class="mc_bc_w b_smText"><div class="mc_bc items">7:23</div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta"><div class="mc_vtvc_title" title="Thermionic Emission | Electronics"><strong>Thermionic</strong> Emission | Electronics</div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_block_area"><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_pubdate"><span class="meta_vc_content">931 views</span><span class="meta_pd_content">Aug 28, 2023</span></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_channel"><span>YouTube</span><span class="mc_vtvc_meta_row_channel">Our Online Tutor</span></div></div></div><div class="vrhdata" ht="0" vrhm="{"cid":"serpvidans_hc","du":"7:23","murl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc8Wb4F-JKk","thid":"OVP.W6k63p1pfOZ38x_44aFuAAEsDh","mid":"583DF288A64C5D8BB2D3583DF288A64C5D8BB2D3","vt":"Thermionic Emission | Electronics","IsAdultThumb":false,"EnableLoopPlay":false,"pgurl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc8Wb4F-JKk","q":"Thermionic tube wikipedia"}"></div></div></a></div></div><div id="mc_cwvc_1739823065306"><div id="mc_vtvc__57" class="mc_vtvc b_canvas creator" data-priority="2"><a aria-label="[4.1] Thermionic emission from YouTube · Duration: 1 minutes 52 seconds · 35.4K views · uploaded on Jun 23, 2015 · uploaded by SPM Malaysia IPTV · Click to play." data-dc="vtdc_blue" class="mc_vtvc_link mc_vtvc_el" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhG7u9PXG88" h="ID=SERP,7043.1"><div class="mc_vtvc_con_rc"><div class="mc_vtvc_th b_canvas"><div class="cico"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:110px;width:197px;" data-height="110" data-width="197" data-alt="[4.1] Thermionic emission" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=OVP.nrOkZMDraII44_llCESiggHgFo&w=197&h=110&c=7&rs=1&qlt=90&o=6&pid=1.7"></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_htc"><div class="mc_vtvc_htb"><div class="mc_vtvc_ht">Watch video on YouTube</div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_center_play"></div><div class="mc_vtvc_ban_lo"><div class="vtbc"><div class="mc_bc_w b_smText"><div class="mc_bc items">1:52</div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta"><div class="mc_vtvc_title" title="[4.1] Thermionic emission">[4.1] <strong>Thermionic</strong> emission</div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_block_area"><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_pubdate"><span class="meta_vc_content">35.4K views</span><span class="meta_pd_content">Jun 23, 2015</span></div><div class="mc_vtvc_meta_row mc_vtvc_meta_channel"><span>YouTube</span><span class="mc_vtvc_meta_row_channel">SPM Malaysia IPTV</span></div></div></div><div class="vrhdata" ht="0" vrhm="{"cid":"serpvidans_hc","du":"1:52","murl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhG7u9PXG88","thid":"OVP.nrOkZMDraII44_llCESiggHgFo","mid":"EB6DD5410FD6924EF097EB6DD5410FD6924EF097","vt":"[4.1] Thermionic emission","IsAdultThumb":false,"EnableLoopPlay":false,"pgurl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhG7u9PXG88","q":"Thermionic tube wikipedia"}"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7227 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Wikipedia" RedirectUrl="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vacuum_tubes" h="ID=SERP,5236.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=32&h=32&qlt=92&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Wikipedia</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>en.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › <strong>List_of_va</strong>…</cite></div></div></div></a></div><div class="b_imgcap_altitle b_imgcap_nosc"><div class="b_imagePair square_mp reverse b_clearfix"><div class="inner"><div><a class="b_ci_image_ova" data-idpignore="1" aria-label="/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=MZLJjxb4&id=EC5E132B33A649EAD95B5B69D5356266719DEC3E&thid=OIP.MZLJjxb4UgR1uaHN5oDaFQAAAA&mediaurl=https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/tubeenvdiag_klein/d_telefunken_df64.png&q=Thermionic+tube+wikipedia&ck=80F7DDBE89422AA48A495B4A94567917&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp&mode=overlay" href="javascript:void(0);" h="ID=SERP,7058.1"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:80px;width:80px;" data-data-priority="2" data-height="80" data-width="80" data-class="b_circleImage b_ci_image_overlay b_onfaimg rms_img" data-fdopt="False" data-aria-hidden="true" data-title="Explore this image" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=OIP.MZLJjxb4UgR1uaHN5oDaFQAAAA&w=80&h=80&c=1&vt=10&bgcl=cd8de5&r=0&o=6&pid=5.1"></div></a><div class="b_greyBackgroundModal"></div></div></div><h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vacuum_tubes" h="ID=SERP,5236.2">List of vacuum tubes - Wikipedia</a></h2><p class="b_lineclamp2">Receiving tubes have heaters or filaments intended for direct battery operation, parallel operation off a dedicated winding on a supply transformer, or series …</p><div class="b_factrow b_twofr"><div class="b_vlist2col b_clearfix"><ul><li><div><strong>Estimated Reading Time:</strong> 4 mins</div></li></ul><ul></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="b_caption b_rich b_stsp1"></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7228 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Wikipedia" RedirectUrl="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" h="ID=SERP,5263.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=32&h=32&qlt=93&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Wikipedia</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>en.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › <strong>Triode</strong></cite></div></div></div></a></div><div class="b_imgcap_altitle b_imgcap_nosc"><div class="b_imagePair square_mp reverse b_clearfix"><div class="inner"><div><a class="b_ci_image_ova" data-idpignore="1" aria-label="/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=aFhWkgdo&id=889CB60B944CE07CEC4E9D15BF3FF9F5BF015A84&thid=OIP.aFhWkgdoREWK3wjK-uo_KwAAAA&mediaurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Triody_var.jpg/220px-Triody_var.jpg&q=Thermionic+tube+wikipedia&ck=BA5828DEB87D244677D7BA817686BF13&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp&mode=overlay" href="javascript:void(0);" h="ID=SERP,7062.1"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:80px;width:80px;" data-data-priority="2" data-height="80" data-width="80" data-class="b_circleImage b_ci_image_overlay b_onfaimg rms_img" data-fdopt="False" data-aria-hidden="true" data-title="Explore this image" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=OIP.aFhWkgdoREWK3wjK-uo_KwAAAA&w=80&h=80&c=1&vt=10&bgcl=6298c2&r=0&o=6&pid=5.1"></div></a><div class="b_greyBackgroundModal"></div></div></div><h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" h="ID=SERP,5263.2">Triode - Wikipedia</a></h2><p class="b_lineclamp2">A triode is an electronic amplifying vacuum tube (or thermionic valve in British English) consisting of three electrodes inside an evacuated glass envelope: a …</p><div class="b_factrow b_twofr"><div class="b_vlist2col b_clearfix"><ul><li><div><strong>Estimated Reading Time:</strong> 10 mins</div></li></ul><ul></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="b_caption b_rich b_stsp1"></div></li><li class="b_ans b_mop" data-tag data-partnerTag data-id h="SERP,7063.1" role="presentation"><div class="b_sideBleed b_topBleed b_bottomBleed"><div class="rqnaContainerwithfeedback df_alaskcarousel rqnafbUlWrapper rqnASCWrapper ansTtlUndrlnWrapper" data-fbhlsel=".rqnaContainerwithfeedback"><div id="df_listaa" class=""><div></div><div class="b_vPanel"><div><div class="df_hd"><div class="b_traits b_primtxt">People also ask</div></div></div><div><div id="relatedQnAListDisplay" class="hybridAnsWrapper" data-priority=""><div class="openans_gradient_div"></div><div id="slideexp0_792B1Ac" class="b_slideexp" data-partnerInfo="" data-wire="I;slideexp_init;; |B;select;;I|F;selected;;O|F;active;;O|" data-control-id="slideexp0_792B1A" data-appns="SERP" data-k="7236.1" data-stk=""><div class="b_overlay"><div id="slideexp0_792B1Achevrons_prevbtn" class="btn disabled prev ltr rounded bld" data-dir="" role="button" aria-label="Click to scroll left" aria-hidden="true"><div class="bg"><span></span></div><div class="vcac"><div style="height: 32px; margin-top: -16px;"><div class="cr"><div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="slideexp0_792B1Achevrons_nextbtn" class="btn next ltr rounded bld" data-dir="" role="button" aria-label="Click to scroll right" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bg"><span></span></div><div class="vcac"><div style="height: 32px; margin-top: -16px;"><div class="cr"><div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="b_slidesContainer"><div class="b_viewport"><div class="b_slidebar" id="slideexp0_792B1A" role="list" aria-label="Please use arrow keys to navigate"><div class="slide" data-dataurl data-rinterval data-appns="SERP" data-k="7230.1" data-tag style tabindex data-mini role="listitem"><a class="df_alsocon_link" aria-label="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,7067.1"><div class="df_alsoAskCard rqnaAnsCWrapper df_vt" data-tag="RelatedQnA.Item" data-query="What is a thermionic tube?" data-IID="SERP.7064" data-ParentIID="SERP.7065"><div class="df_qnacontent"><div class="df_qntextwithicn"><div class="df_qntext">What is a thermionic tube?</div></div><span class="df_alsocon b_primtxt HitHighlightWrapper " data-tag="RelatedQnA.ItemDetails">It takes the form of an evacuated tubular envelope of glass or sometimes metal containing electrodes connected to external connection pins. The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve utilizes thermionic emission of electrons from a hot cathode for fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.</span></div><div class="df_ansatb df_ansfontlghybrid"><div class="qna_algo df_qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><span class="">Vacuum tube - Wikipedia</span></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix qfavc"><div class="b_imagePair"><div class="cico" style="width:16px;height:16px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:16px;width:16px;" data-height="16" data-width="16" data-role="presentation" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=16&h=16&c=7&o=6&pid=1.7"></div></div><div><div class="qna_attr"><cite>en.wikipedia.org</cite></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div><div class="slide" data-dataurl data-rinterval data-appns="SERP" data-k="7231.1" data-tag style tabindex data-mini role="listitem"><a class="df_alsocon_link" aria-label="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission" h="ID=SERP,7072.1"><div class="df_alsoAskCard rqnaAnsCWrapper df_vt" data-tag="RelatedQnA.Item" data-query="How do thermionic vacuum tubes work?" data-IID="SERP.7069" data-ParentIID="SERP.7070"><div class="df_qnacontent"><div class="df_qntextwithicn"><div class="df_qntext">How do thermionic vacuum tubes work?</div></div><span class="df_alsocon b_primtxt HitHighlightWrapper " data-tag="RelatedQnA.ItemDetails">Thermionic vacuum tubes <strong>emit electrons from a hot cathode into an enclosed vacuum</strong> and may steer those emitted electrons with applied voltage. The hot cathode can be a metal filament, a coated metal filament, or a separate structure of metal or carbides or borides of transition metals.</span></div><div class="df_ansatb df_ansfontlghybrid"><div class="qna_algo df_qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><span class="">Thermionic emission - Wikipedia</span></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix qfavc"><div class="b_imagePair"><div class="cico" style="width:16px;height:16px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:16px;width:16px;" data-height="16" data-width="16" data-role="presentation" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=16&h=16&c=7&o=6&pid=1.7"></div></div><div><div class="qna_attr"><cite>en.wikipedia.org</cite></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div><div class="slide" data-dataurl data-rinterval data-appns="SERP" data-k="7232.1" data-tag style tabindex data-mini role="listitem"><a class="df_alsocon_link" aria-label="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,7077.1"><div class="df_alsoAskCard rqnaAnsCWrapper df_vt" data-tag="RelatedQnA.Item" data-query="How are thermionic vacuum tubes classified?" data-IID="SERP.7074" data-ParentIID="SERP.7075"><div class="df_qnacontent"><div class="df_qntextwithicn"><div class="df_qntext">How are thermionic vacuum tubes classified?</div></div><span class="df_alsocon b_primtxt HitHighlightWrapper " data-tag="RelatedQnA.ItemDetails">One classification of thermionic vacuum tubes is <strong>by the number of active electrodes</strong>. A device with two active elements is a diode, usually used for rectification. Devices with three elements are triodes used for amplification and switching.</span></div><div class="df_ansatb df_ansfontlghybrid"><div class="qna_algo df_qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><span class="">Vacuum tube - Wikipedia</span></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix qfavc"><div class="b_imagePair"><div class="cico" style="width:16px;height:16px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:16px;width:16px;" data-height="16" data-width="16" data-role="presentation" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=16&h=16&c=7&o=6&pid=1.7"></div></div><div><div class="qna_attr"><cite>en.wikipedia.org</cite></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div><div class="slide" data-dataurl data-rinterval data-appns="SERP" data-k="7233.1" data-tag style tabindex data-mini role="listitem"><a class="df_alsocon_link" aria-label="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,7082.1"><div class="df_alsoAskCard rqnaAnsCWrapper df_vt" data-tag="RelatedQnA.Item" data-query="Why was thermionic vacuum tube invented?" data-IID="SERP.7079" data-ParentIID="SERP.7080"><div class="df_qnacontent"><div class="df_qntextwithicn"><div class="df_qntext">Why was thermionic vacuum tube invented?</div></div><span class="df_alsocon b_primtxt HitHighlightWrapper " data-tag="RelatedQnA.ItemDetails">Although some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter and crystal detector for radio or mechanical and electromechanical computers, the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube <strong>made these technologies widespread and practical</strong>, and created the discipline of electronics.</span></div><div class="df_ansatb df_ansfontlghybrid"><div class="qna_algo df_qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><span class="">Vacuum tube - Wikipedia</span></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix qfavc"><div class="b_imagePair"><div class="cico" style="width:16px;height:16px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:16px;width:16px;" data-height="16" data-width="16" data-role="presentation" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=16&h=16&c=7&o=6&pid=1.7"></div></div><div><div class="qna_attr"><cite>en.wikipedia.org</cite></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div><div class="slide" data-dataurl data-rinterval data-appns="SERP" data-k="7234.1" data-tag style tabindex data-mini role="listitem"><a class="df_alsocon_link" aria-label="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_valve" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_valve" h="ID=SERP,7087.1"><div class="df_alsoAskCard rqnaAnsCWrapper df_vt" data-tag="RelatedQnA.Item" data-query="What is a thermionic diode?" data-IID="SERP.7084" data-ParentIID="SERP.7085"><div class="df_qnacontent"><div class="df_qntextwithicn"><div class="df_qntext">What is a thermionic diode?</div></div><span class="df_alsocon b_primtxt HitHighlightWrapper " data-tag="RelatedQnA.ItemDetails">It was the first practical vacuum tube and the first thermionic diode, a vacuum tube whose purpose is to conduct current in one direction and block current flowing in the opposite direction.</span></div><div class="df_ansatb df_ansfontlghybrid"><div class="qna_algo df_qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><span class="">Fleming valve - Wikipedia</span></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix qfavc"><div class="b_imagePair"><div class="cico" style="width:16px;height:16px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:16px;width:16px;" data-height="16" data-width="16" data-role="presentation" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=16&h=16&c=7&o=6&pid=1.7"></div></div><div><div class="qna_attr"><cite>en.wikipedia.org</cite></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div><div class="slide" data-dataurl data-rinterval data-appns="SERP" data-k="7235.1" data-tag style tabindex data-mini role="listitem"><a class="df_alsocon_link" aria-label="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,7092.1"><div class="df_alsoAskCard rqnaAnsCWrapper df_vt" data-tag="RelatedQnA.Item" data-query="When did a thermionic tube become a transistor?" data-IID="SERP.7089" data-ParentIID="SERP.7090"><div class="df_qnacontent"><div class="df_qntextwithicn"><div class="df_qntext">When did a thermionic tube become a transistor?</div></div><span class="df_alsocon b_primtxt HitHighlightWrapper " data-tag="RelatedQnA.ItemDetails">Beginning in the <strong>mid-1960s</strong>, thermionic tubes were being replaced by the transistor. However, the cathode-ray tube (CRT), functionally an electron tube/valve though not usually so named, remained in use for electronic visual displays in television receivers, computer monitors, and oscilloscopes until the early 21st century.</span></div><div class="df_ansatb df_ansfontlghybrid"><div class="qna_algo df_qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><span class="">Vacuum tube - Wikipedia</span></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix qfavc"><div class="b_imagePair"><div class="cico" style="width:16px;height:16px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:16px;width:16px;" data-height="16" data-width="16" data-role="presentation" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=16&h=16&c=7&o=6&pid=1.7"></div></div><div><div class="qna_attr"><cite>en.wikipedia.org</cite></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fbans"><div class="b_footnote"><a id="fdbkans_0" class="hlig" target="_blank" data-fbhlsel=".rqnaContainerwithfeedback" role="button" href="javascript:void(0)" h="ID=SERP,7243.1">Feedback</a></div></div></div></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7244 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Wikipedia" RedirectUrl="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum-tube_computer" h="ID=SERP,5289.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=32&h=32&qlt=94&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Wikipedia</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>en.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › <strong>Vacuum-t</strong>…</cite></div></div></div></a></div><div class="b_imgcap_altitle b_imgcap_nosc"><div class="b_imagePair square_mp reverse b_clearfix"><div class="inner"><div><a class="b_ci_image_ova" data-idpignore="1" aria-label="/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=/2J+j4lv&id=06F55B86C1BAE86B6487C61F63EAC966C10F2050&thid=OIP._2J-j4lvg4IhCp9HlB_TKQHaIO&mediaurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg/500px-Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg&q=Thermionic+tube+wikipedia&ck=BBEAD8C2AAAC06C8F38B625F143CF5AC&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp&mode=overlay" href="javascript:void(0);" h="ID=SERP,7099.1"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:80px;width:80px;" data-data-priority="2" data-height="80" data-width="80" data-class="b_circleImage b_ci_image_overlay b_onfaimg rms_img" data-fdopt="False" data-aria-hidden="true" data-title="Explore this image" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=OIP._2J-j4lvg4IhCp9HlB_TKQHaIO&w=80&h=80&c=1&vt=10&bgcl=d2b141&r=0&o=6&pid=5.1"></div></a><div class="b_greyBackgroundModal"></div></div></div><h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum-tube_computer" h="ID=SERP,5289.2">Vacuum-tube computer - Wikipedia</a></h2><p class="b_lineclamp3">Vacuum-tube technology required a great deal of electricity. The ENIAC computer (1946) had over 17,000 tubes and suffered a tube failure (which would take 15 minutes to locate) on average every two days. In operation the ENIAC …</p></div></div><div class="b_caption b_rich"></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7245 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Wikipedia" RedirectUrl="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_cathode" h="ID=SERP,5315.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=32&h=32&qlt=95&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Wikipedia</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>en.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › <strong>Hot_catho</strong>…</cite></div></div></div></a></div><div class="b_imgcap_altitle b_imgcap_nosc"><div class="b_imagePair square_mp reverse b_clearfix"><div class="inner"><div><a class="b_ci_image_ova" data-idpignore="1" aria-label="/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=ARgTQjU1&id=6C7CCB0ED62F68762E7626F29A3381DA653DB709&thid=OIP.ARgTQjU1aRPU5mS6dONl7gAAAA&mediaurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Triode-english-text.svg/340px-Triode-english-text.svg.png&q=Thermionic+tube+wikipedia&ck=FB50A6DB08A05B87EACEE4900875EB15&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp&mode=overlay" href="javascript:void(0);" h="ID=SERP,7103.1"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:80px;width:80px;" data-data-priority="2" data-height="80" data-width="80" data-class="b_circleImage b_ci_image_overlay b_onfaimg rms_img" data-fdopt="False" data-aria-hidden="true" data-title="Explore this image" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=OIP.ARgTQjU1aRPU5mS6dONl7gAAAA&w=80&h=80&c=1&vt=10&bgcl=6519f4&r=0&o=6&pid=5.1"></div></a><div class="b_greyBackgroundModal"></div></div></div><h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_cathode" h="ID=SERP,5315.2">Hot cathode - Wikipedia</a></h2><p class="b_lineclamp3">In vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes, a hot cathode or thermionic cathode is a cathode electrode which is heated to make it emit electrons due to thermionic emission. This is in contrast to a cold cathode, which does not have a heating …</p></div></div><div class="b_caption b_rich"></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7246 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Wikipedia" RedirectUrl="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_valve" h="ID=SERP,5338.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=32&h=32&qlt=96&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Wikipedia</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>en.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › <strong>Fleming_valve</strong></cite></div></div></div></a></div><h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_valve" h="ID=SERP,5338.2">Fleming valve - Wikipedia</a></h2><div class="b_caption"><p class="b_lineclamp2">The Fleming valve, also called the Fleming oscillation valve, was a thermionic valve or vacuum tube invented in 1904 by English physicist John Ambrose Fleming as a detector for early radio …</p></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7247 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Wikipedia" RedirectUrl="" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,5361.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=32&h=32&qlt=97&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Wikipedia</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>simple.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › <strong>Vacuum_tube</strong></cite></div></div></div></a></div><h2><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" h="ID=SERP,5361.2">Vacuum tube - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></h2><div class="b_caption"><p class="b_lineclamp2">A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is …</p></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7248 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Wikipedia" RedirectUrl="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullard%E2%80%93Philips_tube_designation" h="ID=SERP,5388.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.9d837793-b21b-4809-aceb-f60f4a0b6408&w=32&h=32&qlt=98&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Wikipedia</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://<strong>en.wikipedia.org</strong> › <strong>wiki</strong> › Mullard–P…</cite></div></div></div></a></div><div class="b_imgcap_altitle b_imgcap_nosc"><div class="b_imagePair square_mp reverse b_clearfix"><div 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Wikipedia</a></h2><p class="b_lineclamp3">In Europe, the principal method of numbering vacuum tubes ("thermionic valves") was the nomenclature used by the Philips company and its subsidiaries Mullard in the UK, Valvo (de, it) in Germany, Radiotechnique (Miniwatt-Dario brand) in …</p></div></div><div class="b_caption b_rich"></div></li><li class="b_algo" data-id iid=SERP.7249 role="presentation"><div class="b_tpcn"><a class="tilk" aria-label="Colin Seymour's Webpages" RedirectUrl="" href="https://colinjs.com/elec/valves/valves.htm" h="ID=SERP,5416.1"><div class="tpic"><div class="wr_fav" data-priority="2"><div class="cico siteicon" style="width:32px;height:32px;"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:32px;width:32px;" data-height="32" data-width="32" data-alt="Global web icon" data-class="rms_img" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=ODLS.35fc08c6-ab80-478c-8d38-cd73bf89cf93&w=32&h=32&qlt=99&pcl=fffffa&o=6&pid=1.2"></div></div></div></div><div class="tptxt"><div class="tptt">Colin Seymour's Webpages</div><div class="tpmeta"><div class="b_attribution" tabindex="0"><cite>https://colinjs.com › elec › valves › valves.htm</cite></div></div></div></a></div><div class="b_imgcap_altitle b_imgcap_nosc"><div class="b_imagePair square_mp reverse b_clearfix"><div class="inner"><div><a class="b_ci_image_ova" data-idpignore="1" aria-label="/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=V1ehstE8&id=65A26E7B61316E85D93D6D699316E956CD6A96E9&thid=OIP.V1ehstE8XeiyCwl-1NBi7gHaO0&mediaurl=https://colinjs.com/elec/valves/EF_91_j50.jpg&q=Thermionic+tube+wikipedia&ck=4FF635A2C1E7BE3860FACD5DC5EEF074&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp&mode=overlay" href="javascript:void(0);" h="ID=SERP,7115.1"><div class="rms_iac" style="height:80px;width:80px;" data-data-priority="2" data-height="80" data-width="80" data-class="b_circleImage b_ci_image_overlay b_onfaimg rms_img" data-fdopt="False" data-aria-hidden="true" data-title="Explore this image" data-src="//th.bing.com/th?id=OIP.V1ehstE8XeiyCwl-1NBi7gHaO0&w=80&h=80&c=1&vt=10&bgcl=7c73ca&r=0&o=6&pid=5.1"></div></a><div class="b_greyBackgroundModal"></div></div></div><h2><a href="https://colinjs.com/elec/valves/valves.htm" h="ID=SERP,5416.2">Introduction to Thermionic Valves (Vacuum Tubes)</a></h2><p class="b_lineclamp3"><span class="news_dt">Dec 3, 2019</span> · A particular type of thermionic valve device, utilising the special properties of electron beams in crossed magnetic and electric fields, is still in widespread domestic use - the magnetron, used in microwave ovens, and …</p></div></div><div class="b_caption b_rich"></div></li><li class="b_ans" data-tag data-partnerTag data-id h="SERP,7116.1" ><div id="inline_rs" data-priority="2" class="b_hide"><div class="rslist_head"><span class="rslist_title b_strong">People also search for</span><a role="button" aria-label="Close" id="rscar_close" /></div><div id="rs_root"><ul><li class="rslist"><a 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emission?</span><span class="aText">In thermionic emission, the heat supplies some electrons with at least the minimal energy required to overcome the attractive force holding them in the structure of the metal. This minimal energy, called the work function, is characteristic of the emitting material and the state of contamination of its surface. See also field emission.</span></div><div class="qnaQA noFIm"><div class="qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/thermionic-emission" h="ID=SERP,7171.1"><strong>Thermionic emission</strong> | <strong>Thermionic Emission</strong>, Vacuum</a></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix"><cite>www.britannica.com/science/thermionic-emission</cite><div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="cItem"><div class="qnaCWrap"><div class="qnaCt"><span class="aTitle">What is thermionic emission diffusion theory?</span><span class="aText">Brahimi.R. Menezla, in Superlattices and Microstructures, 2012 The thermionic emission–diffusion theory (TED) assumes that electrons, with an energy larger than the top of the barrier, will cross the barrier provided they move towards the barrier. The actual shape of the barrier is hereby ignored.</span></div><div class="qnaQA noFIm"><div class="qna_algo"><div class="b_algo"><h2><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/thermionic-emission" h="ID=SERP,7172.1"><strong>Thermionic Emission</strong> - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics</a></h2></div><div class="b_attribution b_clearfix"><cite>www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and</cite><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><h2 class=" eMore">Explore More</h2><div><div class="tEcSec noImgS"><div class="cItem uItem"><a class="uCardL" data-priority="2" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/thermionic-emission" h="ID=SERP,7169.1"><div class="tdtcnt"><div class="tdecntNImg tdecnt"><span class="tdttitle">Thermionic Emission - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics</span>Thermionic emission refers to <strong>the</strong> <strong>delayed</strong> <strong>emission</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>electrons</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>certain</strong> <strong>materials</strong>, such as tungsten, when their heat of evaporation is higher than their work function. It can also occur in clusters and fullerenes like C60, where the ionization energy is lower than the C2 binding energy.</div><div class="tdtu">https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/thermionic-emission</div></div></a></div><div class="cItem uItem"><a class="uCardL" data-priority="2" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/thermionic-emission" h="ID=SERP,7170.1"><div class="tdtcnt"><div class="tdecntNImg tdecnt"><span class="tdttitle">thermionic emission - Encyclopedia Britannica</span>Thermionic <strong>emission</strong>, <strong>discharge</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>electrons</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>heated</strong> <strong>materials</strong>, widely used as a source of electrons in conventional electron tubes (e.g., television picture tubes) in the fields of electronics and communications.</div><div class="tdtu">https://www.britannica.com/science/thermionic-emission</div></div></a></div></div></div><div><div class="teSM" 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