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<li id="toc-11th_to_14th_centuries_(Lý_and_Trần_dynasties)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_to_14th_centuries_(Lý_and_Trần_dynasties)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>11th to 14th centuries (Lý and Trần dynasties)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_to_14th_centuries_(Lý_and_Trần_dynasties)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_to_19th_centuries_(Later_Lê_dynasty_to_the_Nguyễn_lords)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_to_19th_centuries_(Later_Lê_dynasty_to_the_Nguyễn_lords)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>15th to 19th centuries (Later Lê dynasty to the Nguyễn lords)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_to_19th_centuries_(Later_Lê_dynasty_to_the_Nguyễn_lords)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_(Nguyễn_dynasty)" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_and_periodization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analysis and periodization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_periodization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nam_Tiến_in_South_Vietnam/Republic_of_Vietnam_(RVN)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nam_Tiến_in_South_Vietnam/Republic_of_Vietnam_(RVN)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nam Tiến in South Vietnam/Republic of Vietnam (RVN)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nam_Tiến_in_South_Vietnam/Republic_of_Vietnam_(RVN)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nam_Tiến_in_North_Vietnam/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam_(DRV)_and_Post-1975_Vietnam/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam_(SRV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nam_Tiến_in_North_Vietnam/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam_(DRV)_and_Post-1975_Vietnam/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam_(SRV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nam Tiến in North Vietnam/Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and Post-1975 Vietnam/Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nam_Tiến_in_North_Vietnam/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam_(DRV)_and_Post-1975_Vietnam/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam_(SRV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_colonial_rule_to_late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonial_rule_to_late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>French colonial rule to late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonial_rule_to_late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nowadays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nowadays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nowadays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nowadays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetic analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Nam tiến</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%A7%84_(%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8)" title="남진 (베트남) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남진 (베트남)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nam tiến" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nam tiến" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%80%B2" title="南進 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南進" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B3" title="Натиск на юг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Натиск на юг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nam tiến" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D1%82%D1%8C%27%D1%94%D0%BD" title="Нам-ть'єн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нам-ть'єн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam tiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%80%B2" title="南進 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南進" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vietnamese conquests of Southward territory</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Tien.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/220px-Nam_Tien.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/330px-Nam_Tien.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south (<i>nam tiến</i>, 1069–1834)</figcaption></figure><p><b><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nam tiến</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Vietnamese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[nam<span class="wrap"> </span>tǐən]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <span style="font-style:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">南進</span></span>; lit. "southward advance" or "march to the south") is a <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographical</a> concept<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that describes the historic southward expansion of the territory of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Vietnamese dynasties</a>' dominions and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">ethnic Kinh people</a> from the 11th to the 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nam tiến</i></span> has differing interpretations, with some equating it to Viet colonialism of the south and to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">a series of wars and conflicts</a> between several Vietnamese dynasties<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Champa_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Champa Kingdom">Champa Kingdoms</a>, which resulted in the annexation and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamization (cultural)">Vietnamization</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> states as well as indigenous territories.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>nam tiến</i> became one of the dominant themes of the narrative that <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese nationalists</a> created in the 20th century, alongside an emphasis on non-Chinese origin and Vietnamese homogeneity.<sup id="cite_ref-Tran-Reid_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tran-Reid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 7
Quotation: "EFEO scholars unwittingly constructed a model of "indigenousness" that nationalists would soon appropriate in their construction of the inevitability of the Vietnamese nation. The dominant themes became a distinct, non-Chinese origin, the homogeneity of Vietnamese culture, and the southward-expansion (nam tiến, nan jin) explanation for the development of national borders."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">7</span> </sup> Within Vietnamese nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Greater Vietnam</a> ideology, it served as a romanticized conceptualization of the Vietnamese identity, especially in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Vietnam">modern Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Viet domain was gradually expanded from its original heartland in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> into southern territories, which were controlled by the Champa kingdoms. In a span of some 700 years, the Viet domain tripled the area of its territory and more or less acquired the elongated shape of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 20th century, modern Vietnamese historiography, under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coined the term <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nam tiến</i></span> for what they believed to be a gradual, inevitable southern expansion of Vietnamese domains. According to the 20th-century Vietnamese scholars who constructed the <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nam tiến</i></span> as a continuous historical phenomenon, the 11th to the 14th centuries saw battle gains and losses as frontier territory changed hands between the Viet and the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">Cham–Viet wars</a>. In the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, following the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam</a> (1407–1427), the Vietnamese defeated the less centralized state of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and seized its capital in the <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">1471 Cham–Vietnamese War</a>. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Vietnamese settlers penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> wrested the southernmost territory from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> by diplomacy and by force, which completed the "March to the South". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_to_14th_centuries_(Lý_and_Trần_dynasties)"><span id="11th_to_14th_centuries_.28L.C3.BD_and_Tr.E1.BA.A7n_dynasties.29"></span>11th to 14th centuries (Lý and Trần dynasties)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 11th to 14th centuries (Lý and Trần dynasties)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Records suggest that there was an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> kingdom and its capital, <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a>, from Vietnam in 1069 (under the reign of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thánh Tông">Lý Thánh Tông</a>) to punish Champa for armed raids in Vietnam. Cham King <a href="/wiki/Rudravarman_III" title="Rudravarman III">Rudravarman III</a> was defeated and captured. He offered Champa's three northern provinces to Vietnam (now <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Bình Province">Quảng Bình</a> and northern part<a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Trị Province">Quảng Trị</a> Provinces).<sup id="cite_ref-Maspero_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maspero-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62, 186">: 62, 186 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen200965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1377, the Cham capital was unsuccessfully besieged by a Vietnamese army during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijaya" title="Battle of Vijaya">Battle of Vijaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Global_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Global-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_to_19th_centuries_(Later_Lê_dynasty_to_the_Nguyễn_lords)"><span id="15th_to_19th_centuries_.28Later_L.C3.AA_dynasty_to_the_Nguy.E1.BB.85n_lords.29"></span>15th to 19th centuries (Later Lê dynasty to the Nguyễn lords)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 15th to 19th centuries (Later Lê dynasty to the Nguyễn lords)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)</a></div> <p>The native inhabitants of the Central Highlands are the Degar (<a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Montagnard</a>) people but otherwise are mostly <a href="/wiki/Katuic_peoples" title="Katuic peoples">Katuic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahnaric language">Bahnaric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a>-speaking peoples. The Vietnamese from the Dai Viet conquered and annexed the area during their southward expansion. </p><p>Major Champa–Vietnam Wars were fought again in the 15th century during the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>, which eventually led to the defeat of Vijaya and to the demise of Champa in 1471.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200968_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen200968-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citadel of Vijaya was besieged for one month in 1403 until the Vietnamese troops had to withdraw because of a shortage of food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200968_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen200968-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final attack came in early 1471, after almost 70 years without a major military confrontation between Champa and Vietnam. It is interpreted to have been a reaction to Champa asking Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> for reinforcements to attack Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200969_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen200969-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cham provinces were seized by the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BridgmanWillaims1847_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BridgmanWillaims1847-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provinces and districts that had been originally controlled by Cambodia were taken by Vo Vuong.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoedesCœdès1966_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoedesCœdès1966-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cambodia was constantly invaded by the Nguyễn lords. Around a thousand Vietnamese settlers were slaughtered in 1667 in Cambodia by a combined Chinese-Cambodian force. Vietnamese settlers started to inhabit the Mekong Delta, which was previously inhabited by the Khmer. That caused the Vietnamese to be subjected to Cambodian retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambodians told Catholic European envoys that the Vietnamese persecution of Catholics justified retaliatory attacks to be launched against the Vietnamese colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan2008_2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan2008_2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_(Nguyễn_dynasty)"><span id="19th_century_.28Nguy.E1.BB.85n_dynasty.29"></span>19th century (Nguyễn dynasty)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century (Nguyễn dynasty)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="Siamese–Vietnamese wars">Siamese–Vietnamese wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tranh_g%E1%BB%91m_B%E1%BA%BFn_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tranh_g%E1%BB%91m_B%E1%BA%BFn_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tranh_g%E1%BB%91m_B%E1%BA%BFn_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tranh_g%E1%BB%91m_B%E1%BA%BFn_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tranh_g%E1%BB%91m_B%E1%BA%BFn_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tranh_g%E1%BB%91m_B%E1%BA%BFn_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tranh_g%E1%BB%91m_B%E1%BA%BFn_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Porcelain painting in Bến Dược Temple describing Vietnamese settlers fighting wild animals, especially tigers</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnamese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_Mang" class="mw-redirect" title="Minh Mang">Minh Mang</a> enacted the final conquest of the Champa Kingdom by a series of Cham–Vietnamese Wars. In 1832, the Emperor annexed Champa while the Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus, against their will, to punish them and to assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Wook2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wook2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cham Muslim leader Katip Suma, who was educated in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, came back to Champa and led the dissatisfied Champa Muslims to declare a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> revolt against Vietnamese rulers, but he was promptly defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubert2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubert2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_th%E1%BB%9Di_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_th%E1%BB%9Di_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng.png/220px-Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_th%E1%BB%9Di_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_th%E1%BB%9Di_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng.png/330px-Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_th%E1%BB%9Di_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_th%E1%BB%9Di_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng.png/440px-Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_th%E1%BB%9Di_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Vietnam at its greatest territorial extent in 1829 (under <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Emperor Minh Mạng</a>), superimposed on the modern political map</figcaption></figure> <p>Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities such as Cambodians, claimed the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and China's <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> for Vietnam, and used the term <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han people</a> 漢人 (Hán nhân) to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minh Mang declared, "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs."<sup id="cite_ref-Moses2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moses2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policies were directed at the Khmer and the hill tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-PeerenboomPetersen2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeerenboomPetersen2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nguyen lord Nguyen Phuc Chu had referred to Vietnamese as "Han people" in 1712 to differentiate them from Chams.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nguyễn lords established <a href="/wiki/Tuntian#Other_countries" title="Tuntian">đồn điền</a>, state-owned agribusiness, after 1790. Emperor Gia Long (<a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Phúc Ánh">Nguyễn Phúc Ánh</a>), in differentiating between Khmer and Vietnamese, said, "<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Hán di hữu hạn</i></span> [ 漢|夷|有限 ]" meaning "the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders."<sup id="cite_ref-Wook2004_2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wook2004_2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, Minh Mang, implemented an acculturation integration policy directed at minority non-Vietnamese peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Wook2004_3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wook2004_3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phrases like <i>Thanh nhân</i> (清人, Qing people) or <i>Đường nhân</i> (唐人, Tang people) were used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">ethnic Chinese</a> by the Vietnamese, who called themselves as <i>Hán dân</i> (漢民) and <i>Hán nhân</i> (漢人) in Vietnam in the 1800s, under the Nguyễn dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Wook2004_4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wook2004_4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_and_periodization">Analysis and periodization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Analysis and periodization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Vickery" title="Michael Vickery">Michael Vickery</a> articulates that Nam tiến was not steady, and its stages show that there was no continuing policy of southward expansion. Each territorial push was a move or reaction against a particular historical event. A famous historian of pre-colonial Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(historian)" title="Keith Taylor (historian)">Keith W. Taylor</a>, totally opposes and rejects the idea of <i>Nam tiến</i>, as he provides alternate explanations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Momorki Shirō, a historian from <a href="/wiki/Osaka_University" title="Osaka University">Osaka University</a>, has criticized the <i>Nam tiến</i> as a "<a href="/wiki/Kinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinh">Kinh</a>-centric historical view." Rather than an authentic continuous historical phenomenon, it is a colonial and postcolonial nationalist historiographic construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016512_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016512-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarly consensus does agree that Vietnamese southward expansions that have been conceptualized into the modern-day Nam Tiến did not start until at least the early 15th century AD. Numerous wars were fought between Champa and Đại Việt before the 1400s, but they happened indecisively, and there were territorial exchanges on both sides. Some scholars put the starting date of Nam Tiến to 1471, precisely when the word <i>Nam tiến</i> itself began to be used. Therefore, the starting date of the 11th century should be rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-namtiendiscourse_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namtiendiscourse-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nam_Tiến_in_South_Vietnam/Republic_of_Vietnam_(RVN)"><span id="Nam_Ti.E1.BA.BFn_in_South_Vietnam.2FRepublic_of_Vietnam_.28RVN.29"></span>Nam Tiến in South Vietnam/Republic of Vietnam (RVN)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nam Tiến in South Vietnam/Republic of Vietnam (RVN)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the onset of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> swept across the globe. In Asia, nationalists and advocates of the nation-state must have been joyful in crafting homogenous nationalities like "Chinese," "Cambodian," "Vietnamese," etc., which in common assumptions are as almost synonymous with the predominant ethnic group. The Nam tiến emerged at that time. In the postcolonial <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>, Vietnamese (Kinh) intellectuals began the selective remembering of history to construct sources of national pride for the newly formed Vietnamese nation. They probably found or inherited the idea from Hung Giang's article <i>La Formation du pays d’Annam</i>, published in July 1928. In that first nationalist narrative praising the Nam tiến, Lord <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Nguyễn Hoàng">Nguyễn Hoàng</a> allegedly "urged his people to keep moving southward," coined as <i>Nam tiến.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016512_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016512-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early French scholarships in the late 19th century shaped Indianized kingdoms like Angkor and Champa, which had been declined mainly from Vietnamese expansionism, and mimicked them as the main villains who emerged at the end of the tale. Thereby, the French hypedly acted as "rescuers" of "lost civilizations" and prevent their heritage from being completely "swallowed up" by the Vietnamese by colonization and assimilation. After 1954, scholars in North and South Vietnam held varying reactions to French Cham studies. One side from Hanoi promoted the "multi-ethnic history" and "solidarity between peoples against invaders and feudal rulers" to fit its Marxist historiography and so little attention was paid to Champa itself. The other side celebrated the ethnohistory, virtually at odds with the Hanoi historiography. Frankly, Vietnamese nationalist writers in post-colonial Vietnam who were mesmerized by the French hyped interpretation of the Vietnamese conquest of Champa, began using it as evidence for "ancient Vietnamese greatness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201133_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous apostle of the <i>Nam tiến</i> in RVN in Saigon, <i>Việt sử: Xứ Đàng Trong 1558–1777: Cuộc Nam tiến của dân tộc Việt Nam</i>, an essay of Vietnamese <i>Nam Tiến</i> ‘Southward March’, by the historian Phan Khoang (1906–1971), synthesizing a 'very real' concept of Nam tiến at its title, also the most detailed book about the Nam Tiến.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201136_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201136-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, the author offers a quite strong Vietnamese-centric biased view and stereotyping negative sentiments toward the "conquered people." The book's main discourse is about the presumed "march" (piecing unrelated and distant events together) of the Vietnamese along the coast from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>, traditionally said to be begun in the 11th century, until they reached the end tail of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> in 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201111_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay concerning Champa begins by treating it as a single unified kingdom, like framework of early French scholars, and tracing the kingdom's genesis to the Indianized Linyi (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p" title="Lâm Ấp">Lâm Ấp</a>). Little attention was paid to the civilizational aspects of the Cham, Khmer, and indigenous groups. They were considered by earlier colonial-era works indiscriminately as the same "Indianized origins."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201111_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those colonial scholars had introduced blatant Eurocentric-framed concepts like 'Sinic or Indic civilization spheres,' denying and downplaying the achievements of indigenous non-nation peoples of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Ironically, they are still widely in practice today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201132_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201132-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During early colonial Indochina, French ethnographers used the Vietnamese collective pejorative for indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a>, <i>Mois</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201133_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a word carrying extremely negative connotations, imposed it on the peoples, and embraced both European and Viet colonialism in the Highlands. </p><p>Phan Khoang discusses in his essay wars between Champa and Đại Việt caused by assured "Cham aggression" by claiming that "the inferiority and aggressiveness of the Cham were the ultimate reasons leading to their fall." He convinces that the Cham were "a weaker nation" had to give ground for "the stronger nation" of the Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201112_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Phan explains the demise of the final Cham kingdom in 1832 had originated from the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Sơn rebellion">Tây Sơn rebellion</a> and shows little pity for the fate of the Cham people in the aftermath. Nevertheless, in the end, Phan Khoang highlights "the fierce and vitality of the Vietnamese nation" that wiped out Champa and gave a grateful sense of nationalistic pride. However, he notes that those events should be left open, rather than defended, defamed, or covered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201113_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201113-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One popular author of Nam Tiến exponent in the RVN was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_S%C6%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phạm Văn Sơn (page does not exist)">Phạm Văn Sơn</a> (1915–1978). In the <i>Nam tiến</i> section of the 1959 edition of his national history <i>Việt sử tân biên</i>, Phạm Văn Sơn pushed triumphalist Darwinist nuances for Nam Tiến.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201113_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201113-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguing that the Cham had mounted numerous border incursions against the "homogeneousic Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annan_(Tang_protectorate)" title="Annan (Tang protectorate)">Annan</a>" ruled by Chinese dynasties before the 10th century, he attempted to justify Vietnamese invasions of Champa in that century as retribution. As 'Vietnam' "gained independence from China," it began to move southward constantly and unstoppable because the Cham, Khmer, and indigenous peoples, according to him, were "lacking capacity and advancement to develop, and remained primitive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201113_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201113-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another popular book on Nam Tien in the RVN was Dohamide and Dorohime's <i>Dân tộc Chàm lược sử</i> (1965), the first modern history of the Cham people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201114_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201114-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brother-historians of Cham Sunni background constructed the Nam tiến as a "process of invasion and occupation on the part of the Vietnamese." They postulated that from the 11th century onward, "Cham history was henceforth merely the retreat of 'Indian' civilization in the face of 'Chinese' civilization." They consider the conflict between Champa and Dai Viet to be due to Champa's "need to expand to the North, which was much more fertile."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201115_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201115-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core idea of Nam tiến is the superiority of the Vietnamese (Kinh) people, culturally and racially, over the "conquered people" (Khmer, Cham, and other <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a> speaking peoples). In such a popular narrative, "the fertile productive fields and wealth of the South had been brought by the civilizing force of the Viet people upon the uncivilized" is comparable with the "Vietnamese man's burdens." Non-Vietnamese peoples are depicted as backward and alien, as opposed to the cultured, perfect, innovative Viet society. Thus, since non-Viet groups have been portrayed as stagnant backward and unable to resist, and the Viet were demonstrated as superior, the Nam Tiến is thought of as a steady and irreversible "marching" process. RVN intellectuals quite publicly acknowledged the unpleasant history of the nation's past and allowed reversals to be published freely and expressed. Overall, Vietnamese victories and the conquest of the South were proudly appreciated by the RVN intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201136–37_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201136–37-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nam_Tiến_in_North_Vietnam/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam_(DRV)_and_Post-1975_Vietnam/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam_(SRV)"><span id="Nam_Ti.E1.BA.BFn_in_North_Vietnam.2FDemocratic_Republic_of_Vietnam_.28DRV.29_and_Post-1975_Vietnam.2FSocialist_Republic_of_Vietnam_.28SRV.29"></span>Nam Tiến in North Vietnam/Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and Post-1975 Vietnam/Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nam Tiến in North Vietnam/Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and Post-1975 Vietnam/Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (DRV), perceptions of Nam Tiến were at first unsympathetic. In the three-volume <i>Lịch sử chế độ phong kiến Việt Nam</i> (LSCĐPK, History of the Feudal System of Vietnam), published in 1959–1960, DRV historians likely employed Marxist and Confucian doctrines and Vietnamese subjectivism to judge past between Champa and Đại Việt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201116_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201116-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wars of 980, the 1380s, the 1430s, and the 1440s were labeled as "self-defense" and "righteous" (<i>chính nghĩa</i>), and wars that brought territorial acquisitions to Đại Việt were called "aggression" (<i>xâm lược</i>) or "invasions" (<i>xâm lăng</i>), otherwise "wrongful" one (<i>phi nghĩa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201116_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201116-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book condemns all Vietnamese rulers after 1471. The Nam Tiến is remembered as a colonization process involving "murderous warfare and land-grabbing by the Nguyễn feudalists targeting two weakened neighbors." It paradoxically admitted that the Cham people had eventually become a part of the "Great Vietnamese nation" and that "Cham history deserves to be taught."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201117_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201117-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Saigon, most Nam Tiến writers went overseas. Within the new <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> (SRV), communist authors produced a revised version of history according to their views that suppresses the discourse of Nam Tiến. Reasons behind the suppression of Nam Tiến after 1975 were not because its racist negativism and ethnonationalism, but its contradiction of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Communist Party">Vietnamese Communist Party</a> (VCP) agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 20th century, as Vietnam was put on the thermotic ideological frontline of the Cold War between the world superpowers, Vietnamese nationalists and Marxists usually bolstered the perception about the Vietnamese as the oppressed people under the tyranny of foreign powers, "China",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French colonialism and American imperialism, not the antithetical position that the Vietnamese also have been spiteful colonizers and victimizers themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland201811_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland201811-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the history version portrays the image of an oppressed but proudly, stubborn, determined Vietnamese nation who thrashed off the yokes of foreign imperialism, has been becoming the rallying point of Vietnamese nationalism, goes completely conflicted with the inconsistent reality of Vietnamese colonialism presented in the Nam Tiến.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201121_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201121-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2018149_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2018149-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studying or remembering Viet colonialism and nationalism against marginalized and indigenous peoples eventually damaged the Vietnamese Revolution and the party's reputation with leftist thinkers outside Vietnam. Furthermore, it provoked indigenous nationalism against the party and Vietnam. Building the impression of ethnic and religious harmony under socialism was also important. </p><p>The Nam tiến theory and the former South Vietnamese intellectual works were targets of Vietnamese Marxist critique and suppression for the sake of peace and the protection of good reputations. Criticism against the predominant Kinh also mitigated. Unlike the 1959 LSCĐPK, the Vietnamese and the assumed homogenous Vietnam were gradually recast and corrected as the ultimate victims, not the victimizers. Therefore, post-1960 Hanoi authors' writings saw significant shifts. Especially the 1971 DRV official history <i>Lịch Sử Việt Nam</i>, the Viet conquest of the South was misinterpreted into just simply groundless semi-pseudohistory 'migration of Viet people,' exclusively claimed that the migrants peacefully coexisted with the original inhabitants or settled on wildlands that had long been magically abandoned or uninhabited,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201120–21_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201120–21-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201957_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201957-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2018167_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2018167-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without even an indistinct mention about the reality of wars and the resistance of the Cham and the indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201117_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201117-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2018149_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2018149-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic tensions between the Vietnamese with the Cham and the Khmer peoples and the suffering of conquered people become mere disputes between "feudal" rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201137–38_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201137–38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a while, it has been the mainstream thesis of Vietnam's "territorial evolution." After that 1971 publication, Champa and non-Kinh cultures were disenfranchised by being pulled out of the historiography and barely mentioned very briefly as merely insignificant outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201117_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201117-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent works in the context of <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></i>, SRV authors have reinserted several ideas of the <i>Nam tiến</i> to depict Champa, such as "aggressiveness" and "Cham provocations" while tending to portray Vietnamese southern advance as progressive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201118_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201118-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201952_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201952-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nguyễn, the last Vietnamese dynasty, which had long been slammed by Marxist scholars, are seemingly rehabilitated in the Vietnamese historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201139_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201139-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recent reappearance of the <i>Nam tiến</i> in Vietnamese academic works is considered highly significant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201139_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201139-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It suggests that state historians are no longer sensitively dictating RVN intellectual writings and those from international scholarship, or it may be from SRV historians' reaction to geopolitical change, particularly by growing irredentist sentiments in neighboring Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201140_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201140-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>nam tiến</i> has been described by historians Nhung Tuyet Tran and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Anthony Reid</a> as one of the dominant themes of the narrative that Vietnamese nationalists created in the 20th century, alongside an emphasis on non-Chinese origin and Vietnamese homogeneity.<sup id="cite_ref-Tran-Reid_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tran-Reid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 7
Quotation: "EFEO scholars unwittingly constructed a model of "indigenousness" that nationalists would soon appropriate in their construction of the inevitability of the Vietnamese nation. The dominant themes became a distinct, non-Chinese origin, the homogeneity of Vietnamese culture, and the southward-expansion (nam tiến, nan jin) explanation for the development of national borders."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">7</span> </sup> </p><p>Vietcentric <i>Nam tiến</i> thinking has had a great impact on Vietnam. Although SRV scholars have done a great amount of research on non-Viet cultures, they are not willing to analogize those cultures with the formation of Vietnam or to recognize the multicultural origins of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201955_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201955-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National museums in Vietnam contain no mention of non-Kinh cultures such as the Cham, Khmer, or <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesians</a> in the timeline of the making of Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2018126_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2018126-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinh history is said to have begun with profound<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Lang">Văn Lang</a> kingdoms under the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B9ng_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hùng kings">Hùng kings</a>, which are often identified with the <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a>, are exhibited and occupy almost the entire disproportionate chronology. Overall, the Kinh are indisputable protagonists in the history of Vietnam, whereas the role of other ethnic groups is downplayed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2018125_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2018125-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Kinh "ethnic minority" artifacts are displayed as aesthetic objects in separated rooms, not about history and heritage, with little care, likely tourism magnets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201953_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201953-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are intentionally placed in peripheral, outsider roles, and are not included in Vietnamese mainstream historiography although they made enormous contributions or had a direct historical impact on Vietnam and Southeast Asia as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201954_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamuraSutherland201954-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2018126_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2018126-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claire Sutherland, a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>, summarizes the way in which Vietnamese nationalism constructs an illusion of Vietnam's homogeneity as follows: "Official histories characterised Vietnam as a single, fixed bloc, with a common language, territory, economy and culture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland201847_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland201847-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sutherland notes regarding Vietnamese museums, "Non-Kinh cultures, both ancient and modern, are given a peripheral role, but are not deemed to form a part of the core, nation-building narrative. Creating an impression of Vietnam as a monolithic bloc is thus preferred to charting its gradual territorial expansion, with all the different regional histories that this would entail."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2018126_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2018126-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Vietnamese nationalism insists on the maintenance of Vietnam's homogeneous notion by inventing and persisting the "core ethnic group" hegemony in the formation of the country, while other cultures like the Cham are marginalized or excluded. The "Vietnam" seen through mainstream representations is extremely generalized with broadly political buzzwords and rhetorical constructs, which lead to fallacies. It also ignores the fact that Vietnam as well as the whole of Southeast Asia are among the most ethnolinguistically diverse places on Earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Goscha" title="Christopher Goscha">C. Goscha</a> argues that the north-south <i>Nam tiến</i> narrative is very ethnocentric. It downplays the importance of non-Kinh peoples, who constituted the majority of Vietnam's population until the late 20th century. Indigenous peoples had inhabited large areas of Vietnam independently for thousands of years before the Vietnamese government described them as ethnic minorities in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016xxiv_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016xxiv-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have their own history and stories, interactions with the Vietnamese, and perspectives, which should not be neglected. Both contributed to each other a lot in making up Vietnam as well as part of the global culture. Indeed, "until recently there was no single S-like Vietnam running from north to south."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goscha argues that balancing between Vietnamese centrality and non-Vietnamese centrality is important, and something-centrism<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> should be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016406_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016406-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonial_rule_to_late_20th_century">French colonial rule to late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: French colonial rule to late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the French colonial era, ethnic strife between Cambodia and Vietnam was somewhat pacified as both were parts of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. However, intergroup relations deteriorated even further, as the Cambodians viewed the Vietnamese as being a privileged group, who were allowed to migrate into Cambodia. All postcolonial Cambodian regimes, including the governments of <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, relied on anti-Vietnamese rhetoric to win popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Vietnam, intellectuals treated and consolidated the <i>Nam tiến</i> as an established factual history, obviously with approaches for nationalistic purposes. They saw the <i>Nam tiến</i> and its consequences as matters of national pride and explained a Vietnamese-dominated Vietnam with racial and cultural nationalistic viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201136_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201136-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1975, Hanoi scholars, on the other hand, emphasized the multiethnic solidarity and peaceful interrelating coexistence of Viet-Cham, Viet-Khmer, and non-Viet and so favored a reconstruction of a multi-ethnic history but tended to skip the discourse on Vietnamization of Champa and other indigenous peoples otherwise. They also limited the use of <i>Nam tiến</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201137_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201137-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1975, some French academics sought to revive the importance of Champa itself as a historical independent polity and non-Vietnamese indigenous history that deserves to have its own rights and tractions in the history of Vietnam, rather than being scraped aside, becoming peripherical in the Vietnamese version of history, and therefore clashing with Viet-centric historiography. After the <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_m%E1%BB%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Đổi mới">đổi mới</a></i>, the narrative of <i>Nam tiến</i> has seen a renewal in Vietnam and has been popularised in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201139_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201139-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nowadays">Nowadays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nowadays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that the Vietnamese were originally natives of north Vietnam and south China, who then expanded southwards, and that lands to the south are native lands of Chams and Khmers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Cambodians, including politician <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rainsy" title="Sam Rainsy">Sam Rainsy</a>, hold the <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> belief that the Cambodian lands currently belonging to Vietnam should be <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">returned to Cambodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst relations between Chams, Khmers and Vietnamese are cordial and respectful, with a long and complicated history with each other,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> relations with the government centralised in Hanoi are still sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has criticised the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">government of Vietnam</a> for its rights abuses of the ethnic Khmer in <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>, such as the imprisonment or <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> of Khmer Krom Buddhist monks peacefully expressing their religious or <a href="/wiki/Political_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Political views">political views</a>, restrictions on Khmer-language publications, banning and confiscation of Khmer Krom human rights advocacy materials, harassment or arrest of people disseminating such materials, as well as harassment, intimidation, and imposition of criminal penalties on individuals of Khmer Krom human rights advocacy groups in contact with international organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_analysis">Genetic analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Genetic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Nam Tiến</i> is considered by some as the definitive event in which Vietnam became a firmly Southeast Asian nation upon annexing territories formerly belonging to the Champa and part of Cambodia. All Vietnamese carry Southeast Asian haplotypes. The dramatic population decrease experienced by the Cham 700 years ago fits well with the southwards expansion from the Vietnamese original heartland in the Red River Delta. Autosomal <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">SNPs</a> consistently point to important historical gene flow within mainland Southeast Asia, and add support to a major admixture event occurring between "Chinese" and a southern Asian ancestral composite (mainly represented by the Malay). This admixture event occurred approximately eight centuries ago, again coinciding with the <i>Nam tiến</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The concept was first formulated during the 20th century, then in both <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North</a> (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201111_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Particularly the <a href="/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a> Kingdom during the Le dynasty (1428–1788) and the succeeding Nguyen kingdom (1558–1945)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholar Anne-Valérie Schweyer doubts that <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nam tiến</i></span> constitutes a historical process. She describes the term as "an ideological creation of the end of the 20th century", which therefore makes no sense in the polyethnic spaces of ancient and modern times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Reinventions of China and Vietnam by 20th century nationalism traditionally assume the myth that there are unbreakable continuities of "nation-states" of China and Vietnam that have been lasting for "thousands of years" and they are "long-time enemies," "country version of David and Goliath."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this concept is complicated by early 21st century economic history where China remains the biggest trader of Vietnam and the largest trading nation in 2013. Nevertheless, a David and Goliath perception between Vietnam and China remains.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201111-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201111_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201111_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201111_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReid2015" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (2015). <i>A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11851-300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11851-300-2"><bdi>978-1-11851-300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Critical+Crossroads&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-11851-300-2&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2019" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Duy Lap (2019). <i>The unimagined community: Imperialism and culture in South Vietnam</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52614-398-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52614-398-3"><bdi>978-1-52614-398-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unimagined+community%3A+Imperialism+and+culture+in+South+Vietnam&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-52614-398-3&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Duy+Lap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Valérie_Schweyer2019" class="citation web cs1">Anne-Valérie Schweyer (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702153040/http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization">"The Chams in Vietnam: a great unknown civilization"</a>. <i>French Academic Network of Asian Studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization">the original</a> on July 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Academic+Network+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Chams+in+Vietnam%3A+a+great+unknown+civilization&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Anne-Val%C3%A9rie+Schweyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gis-reseau-asie.org%2Fen%2Fchams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahmanGordyDeylami2022" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Smita A.; Gordy, Katherine A.; Deylami, Shirin S. (2022). <i>Globalizing Political Theory</i>. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000788884" title="Special:BookSources/9781000788884"><bdi>9781000788884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+Political+Theory&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781000788884&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Smita+A.&rft.au=Gordy%2C+Katherine+A.&rft.au=Deylami%2C+Shirin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tran-Reid-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tran-Reid_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tran-Reid_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranReid2006" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Nhung Tuyet; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a>, eds. (2006). <i>Viet Nam: Borderless Histories</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299217730" title="Special:BookSources/9780299217730"><bdi>9780299217730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viet+Nam%3A+Borderless+Histories&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780299217730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelley2002" class="citation book cs1">Pelley, Patricia M. (2002). <i>Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past</i>. Duke University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-822-32966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-822-32966-4"><bdi>978-0-822-32966-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Vietnam%3A+New+Histories+of+the+National+Past&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-822-32966-4&rft.aulast=Pelley&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nguyen The Anh, "Le Nam tien dans les textes Vietnamiens", in P. B. Lafont, <i>Les frontieres du Vietnam</i>, Harmattan edition, Paris 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidTran2006" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006). <i>Viet Nam: Borderless Histories</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-44504-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-44504-4"><bdi>978-1-316-44504-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viet+Nam%3A+Borderless+Histories&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-316-44504-4&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Tran%2C+Nhung+Tuyet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marr, David G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVMA0mk6_6kC&pg=PA269"><i>Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)</i></a>. Philip E. Lilienthal book. Vol. 6 of From Indochina to Vietnam: Revolution and War in a Global Perspective (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520274150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520274150"><bdi>978-0520274150</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2691-0403">2691-0403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+State%2C+War%2C+and+Revolution+%281945%E2%80%931946%29&rft.series=Philip+E.+Lilienthal+book&rft.pages=123&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=2691-0403&rft.isbn=978-0520274150&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVMA0mk6_6kC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maspero-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maspero_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747534991" title="Special:BookSources/9747534991">9747534991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen200965-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200965_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNguyen2009">Nguyen 2009</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Global-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Global_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker (December 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA308"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096725" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096725"><bdi>9781851096725</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East+%5B6+volumes%5D%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.isbn=9781851096725&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen200968-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200968_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200968_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNguyen2009">Nguyen 2009</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen200969-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen200969_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNguyen2009">Nguyen 2009</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BridgmanWillaims1847-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BridgmanWillaims1847_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElijah_Coleman_BridgmanSamuel_Wells_Willaims1847" class="citation book cs1">Elijah Coleman Bridgman; Samuel Wells Willaims (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesereposito06willgoog"><i>The Chinese Repository</i></a>. proprietors. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesereposito06willgoog/page/n592">584</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Repository&rft.pages=584-&rft.pub=proprietors.&rft.date=1847&rft.au=Elijah+Coleman+Bridgman&rft.au=Samuel+Wells+Willaims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesereposito06willgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes2015_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Coedes2015" class="citation book cs1">George Coedes (May 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JphCQAAQBAJ&q=vo+vuong&pg=PT175"><i>The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45094-8"><bdi>978-1-317-45094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia+%28RLE+Modern+East+and+South+East+Asia%29&rft.pages=175-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45094-8&rft.au=George+Coedes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JphCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvo%2Bvuong%26pg%3DPT175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoedesCœdès1966-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoedesCœdès1966_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._CoedesGeorge_Cœdès1966" class="citation book cs1">G. Coedes; George Cœdès (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC&q=vo+vuong&pg=PA213"><i>The Making of South East Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 213–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05061-7"><bdi>978-0-520-05061-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=213-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05061-7&rft.au=G.+Coedes&rft.au=George+C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgrAFlAC4-QC%26q%3Dvo%2Bvuong%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan2008-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan2008_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Kiernan2008" class="citation book cs1">Ben Kiernan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5p7cRyK748C&pg=PA158"><i>Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000</i></a>. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. pp. 158–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85477-0"><bdi>978-0-522-85477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+Modern+Genocide+1500-2000&rft.pages=158-&rft.pub=Melbourne+Univ.+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85477-0&rft.au=Ben+Kiernan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5p7cRyK748C%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan2008_2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan2008_2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Kiernan2008" class="citation book cs1">Ben Kiernan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5p7cRyK748C&pg=PA160"><i>Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000</i></a>. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. pp. 160–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85477-0"><bdi>978-0-522-85477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+Modern+Genocide+1500-2000&rft.pages=160-&rft.pub=Melbourne+Univ.+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85477-0&rft.au=Ben+Kiernan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5p7cRyK748C%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA141"><i>Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response</i></a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820-1841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubert2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hubert2012_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-François_Hubert2012" class="citation book cs1">Jean-François Hubert (May 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oMqrqSp1W4C&pg=PA25"><i>The Art of Champa</i></a>. Parkstone International. pp. 25–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-964-9"><bdi>978-1-78042-964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Champa&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Parkstone+International&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.isbn=978-1-78042-964-9&rft.au=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3oMqrqSp1W4C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206042152/http://chamunesco.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110:the-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations&catid=45:van-hoa&Itemid=120">"The Raja Praong Ritual: A Memory of the Sea in Cham- Malay Relations"</a>. <i>Cham Unesco</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chamunesco.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110:the-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations&catid=45:van-hoa&Itemid=120">the original</a> on February 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cham+Unesco&rft.atitle=The+Raja+Praong+Ritual%3A+A+Memory+of+the+Sea+in+Cham-+Malay+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchamunesco.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D110%3Athe-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations%26catid%3D45%3Avan-hoa%26Itemid%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Extracted from Truong Van Mon, “The Raja Praong Ritual: a Memory of the sea in Cham- Malay Relations”, in Memory And Knowledge Of The Sea In South Asia, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Monograph Series 3, pp, 97-111. International Seminar on Maritime Culture and Geopolitics & Workshop on Bajau Laut Music and Dance”, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 23-24/2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharma" class="citation web cs1">Dharma, Po. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122653/http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/78-the-uprisings-of-katip-sumat-and-ja-thak-wa-1833-1835">"The Uprisings of Katip Sumat and Ja Thak Wa (1833-1835)"</a>. <i>Cham Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/78-the-uprisings-of-katip-sumat-and-ja-thak-wa-1833-1835">the original</a> on June 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cham+Today&rft.atitle=The+Uprisings+of+Katip+Sumat+and+Ja+Thak+Wa+%281833-1835%29&rft.aulast=Dharma&rft.aufirst=Po&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chamtoday.com%2Findex.php%2Fhistory-l-ch-s%2F78-the-uprisings-of-katip-sumat-and-ja-thak-wa-1833-1835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen2005-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Owen2005_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_G._Owen2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman G. Owen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=py5Xh0-pw18C&q=minh+mang+han&pg=PA115"><i>The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2890-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2890-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2890-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+Of+Modern+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=115-&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2890-5&rft.au=Norman+G.+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpy5Xh0-pw18C%26q%3Dminh%2Bmang%2Bhan%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moses2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moses2008_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Dirk_Moses2008" class="citation book cs1">A. Dirk Moses (January 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927041144/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC&q=minh+mang+han&pg=PA209#v=snippet&q=minh%20mang%20han&f=false#v=onepage&q=minh%20mang%20han&f=false"><i>Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-452-4"><bdi>978-1-84545-452-4</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Colony%2C+Genocide%3A+Conquest%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Subaltern+Resistance+in+World+History&rft.pages=209-&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-452-4&rft.au=A.+Dirk+Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBgoNN4MG-YC%26q%3Dminh%2Bmang%2Bhan%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeerenboomPetersen2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeerenboomPetersen2006_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall_PeerenboomCarole_J._PetersenAlbert_H.Y._Chen2006" class="citation book cs1">Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (September 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2j6GNiMMc1oC&q=kinh+people+of+capital&pg=PA474"><i>Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 474–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23881-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23881-1"><bdi>978-1-134-23881-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Asia%3A+A+Comparative+Legal+Study+of+Twelve+Asian+Jurisdictions%2C+France+and+the+USA&rft.pages=474-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-23881-1&rft.au=Randall+Peerenboom&rft.au=Carole+J.+Petersen&rft.au=Albert+H.Y.+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2j6GNiMMc1oC%26q%3Dkinh%2Bpeople%2Bof%2Bcapital%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040617071243/http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue4/article_353.html">"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries"</a>. <i>kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue4/article_353.html">the original</a> on June 17, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp&rft.atitle=Vietnam-Champa+Relations+and+the+Malay-Islam+Regional+Network+in+the+17th%E2%80%9319th+Centuries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fissue%2Fissue4%2Farticle_353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004_2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA34"><i>Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response</i></a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820-1841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004_3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_3_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA136"><i>Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response</i></a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820-1841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004_4-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_4_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA137"><i>Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response</i></a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820-1841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, K. W. (1998). "Surface Orientations in Vietnam: Beyond Histories of Nation and Region". <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 949–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2659300">10.2307/2659300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659300">2659300</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162579849">162579849</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Surface+Orientations+in+Vietnam%3A+Beyond+Histories+of+Nation+and+Region&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=949-978&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162579849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2659300%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2659300&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016512-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016512_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016512_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoscha2016">Goscha 2016</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-namtiendiscourse-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-namtiendiscourse_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notes:<br /> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomorki2011" class="citation cs2">Momorki, Shiro (2011), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mandala Campa" Seen from Chinese Sources", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), <i>The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art</i>, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 120–137, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-971-69459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-971-69459-3"><bdi>978-9-971-69459-3</bdi></a>, <q>Despite the popular view of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>'s steady and irreversible southward expansion (Nam tiến), this process was only realized after the fifteenth century...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Mandala+Campa%22+Seen+from+Chinese+Sources&rft.btitle=The+Cham+of+Vietnam%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Art&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pages=120-137&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-971-69459-3&rft.aulast=Momorki&rft.aufirst=Shiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2011" class="citation cs2">Whitmore, John K. (2011), "The Last Great King of Classical Southeast Asia: Che Bong Nga and Fourteenth Century Champa", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), <i>The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art</i>, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 168–203, <q>The myth of a thousand-year Vietnamese Nam Tiến (Southern Push) assumes a constant and continuous movement from the North into Nagara Champa. Instead, we need to see the outer zones of each mandala being contested by both <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and Đại Việt, at least until the Vietnamese were able to crush <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a> in 1471..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Last+Great+King+of+Classical+Southeast+Asia%3A+Che+Bong+Nga+and+Fourteenth+Century+Champa&rft.btitle=The+Cham+of+Vietnam%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Art&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pages=168-203&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Vickery" title="Michael Vickery">Vickery, Michael</a> (2011), "Champa Revised", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), <i>The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art</i>, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 363–420, <q>Thereafter the conflicts between the two parties were mostly between equals, and in the last quarter of the fourteenth century (1360–90) the Cham very nearly conquered all of Vietnam. Only after the failure of that adventure was Đại Việt clearly dominant; thus the term Nam tiến, if accurate at all, may only be applied from the beginning of the fifteenth century. Indeed, a new generation of scholars of Vietnam rejects entirely the concept of Nam tiến as a linear process." – p. 407: "...Only from the beginning of the fifteenth century is the traditional conception of a continuous push southward (Nam tiến) by the Vietnamese at all accurate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Champa+Revised&rft.btitle=The+Cham+of+Vietnam%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Art&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pages=363-420&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Vickery" title="Michael Vickery">Vickery, Michael</a> (2011), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"1620", A Cautionary Tale", in Hall, Kenneth R.; Aung-Thwin, Michael Arthur (eds.), <i>New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations</i>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 157–166, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13681-964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13681-964-3"><bdi>978-1-13681-964-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%221620%22%2C+A+Cautionary+Tale&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+History+and+Historiography+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Continuing+Explorations&rft.pages=157-166&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-13681-964-3&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201133-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201133_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201133_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201136-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201136_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201136_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201132-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201132_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201112-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201112_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201113-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201113_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201113_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201113_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201114-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201114_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201115-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201115_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201136–37-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201136–37_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201116-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201116_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201116_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart201117-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201117_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201117_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart201117_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhart2011">Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016405_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoscha2016">Goscha 2016</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayton2020" class="citation book cs1">Hayton, Bill (2020). <i>The Invention of China</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30023-482-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30023-482-4"><bdi>978-0-30023-482-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+China&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-30023-482-4&rft.aulast=Hayton&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchman2016" class="citation book cs1">Churchman, Catherine (2016). <i>The People Between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200–750 CE</i>. 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(October 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5626762">"Phylogeographic and genome-wide investigations of Vietnam ethnic groups reveal signatures of complex historical demographic movements"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 12630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...712630P">2017NatSR...712630P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-12813-6">10.1038/s41598-017-12813-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5626762">5626762</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28974757">28974757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Phylogeographic+and+genome-wide+investigations+of+Vietnam+ethnic+groups+reveal+signatures+of+complex+historical+demographic+movements&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12630&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5626762%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...712630P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28974757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-12813-6&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Pischedda&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Barral-Arca%2C+R.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Carballa%2C+A.&rft.au=Pardo-Seco%2C+J.&rft.au=Catelli%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez-Iglesias%2C+V.&rft.au=C%C3%A1rdenas%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+N.+D.&rft.au=Ha%2C+H.+H.&rft.au=Le%2C+A.+T.&rft.au=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5626762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoscha2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Goscha" title="Christopher Goscha">Goscha, Christopher</a> (2016). <i>The Penguin history of Modern Vietnam</i>. London, UK: Penguin Books, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14194-665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14194-665-8"><bdi>978-0-14194-665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+history+of+Modern+Vietnam&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-14194-665-8&rft.aulast=Goscha&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart2011" class="citation cs2">Lockhart, Bruce (2011), "Colonial and Post-Colonial Constructions of "Champa"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), <i>The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art</i>, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 1–54, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-971-69459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-971-69459-3"><bdi>978-9-971-69459-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonial+and+Post-Colonial+Constructions+of+%22Champa%22&rft.btitle=The+Cham+of+Vietnam%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Art&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pages=1-54&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-971-69459-3&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamuraSutherland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamura, Rie; Sutherland, Claire (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fmas.v17i1.2819">"Shifting the Nationalist Narrative? Representing Cham and Champa in Vietnam's Museums and Heritage Sites"</a>. <i>Museum & Society</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 52–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fmas.v17i1.2819">10.29311/mas.v17i1.2819</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126594205">126594205</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museum+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Shifting+the+Nationalist+Narrative%3F+Representing+Cham+and+Champa+in+Vietnam%27s+Museums+and+Heritage+Sites&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-65&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29311%2Fmas.v17i1.2819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126594205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Rie&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.29311%252Fmas.v17i1.2819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2009" class="citation cs2">Nguyen, Dinh Dau (2009), "The Vietnamese Southward Expansion, as Viewed Through the Histories", in Hardy, Andrew David; Cucarzi, Mauro; Zolese, Patrizia (eds.), <i>Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam)</i>, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-9716-9451-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-9716-9451-7"><bdi>978-9-9716-9451-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vietnamese+Southward+Expansion%2C+as+Viewed+Through+the+Histories&rft.btitle=Champa+and+the+Archaeology+of+M%E1%BB%B9+S%C6%A1n+%28Vietnam%29&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-9716-9451-7&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Dinh+Dau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2018" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Claire (2018). <i>Soldered States: Nation-building in Germany and Vietnam</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52613-527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52613-527-8"><bdi>978-1-52613-527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldered+States%3A+Nation-building+in+Germany+and+Vietnam&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-52613-527-8&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery2009" class="citation cs2">Vickery, Michael (2009), "A short history of Champa", in Hardy, Andrew David; Cucarzi, Mauro; Zolese, Patrizia (eds.), <i>Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam)</i>, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 45–61, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-9716-9451-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-9716-9451-7"><bdi>978-9-9716-9451-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+Champa&rft.btitle=Champa+and+the+Archaeology+of+M%E1%BB%B9+S%C6%A1n+%28Vietnam%29&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pages=45-61&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-9716-9451-7&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANam+ti%E1%BA%BFn" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Territorial_evolution_of_the_world" title="Template:Territorial evolution of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territorial_evolution_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Territorial evolution of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territorial_evolution_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territorial evolution of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territorial_evolution_of_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes" title="Timeline of geopolitical changes">Territorial evolution of the world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_France" title="Territorial evolution of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Greece" title="Territorial evolution of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Morocco" title="Territorial evolution of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial evolution of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Territorial evolution of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Romania" title="Territorial evolution of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Switzerland" title="Territorial evolution of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table" title="United States territorial acquisitions table">acquisitions</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By former country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Territorial evolution of the Confederate States">Confederate States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By subdivision</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Arizona" title="Territorial evolution of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_California" title="Territorial evolution of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_claims_and_designations_in_Colorado" title="List of territorial claims and designations in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Idaho" title="Territorial evolution of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Montana" title="Territorial evolution of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Nevada" title="Territorial evolution of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_New_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Dakota_territorial_evolution" title="Outline of North Dakota territorial evolution">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Oregon_territorial_evolution" title="Outline of Oregon territorial evolution">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_South_Dakota" title="Territorial evolution of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Utah" title="Territorial evolution of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Washington_territorial_evolution" title="Outline of Washington territorial evolution">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wyoming_territorial_evolution" title="Outline of Wyoming territorial evolution">Wyoming</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li>North America (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_North_America_prior_to_1763" title="Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763">Prior to 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_North_America_since_1763" title="Territorial evolution of North America since 1763">Since 1763</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country, people, region or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_inheritance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries">Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">German in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Russia (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam (11th–19th century)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_evolution" title="Category:Territorial evolution">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/16px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/24px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/32px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historiography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historiography" title="Template:Historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historiography" title="Template talk:Historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historians" title="List of historians">list</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study" title="List of historians by area of study">by area of study</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians" title="Category:Historians">historians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">historicity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">Secondary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches,<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nam tiến</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical<br />rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> /<br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical realism">Historical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system" title="Historical geographic information system">Historical geographic information system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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