CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="yue" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>《狼》嘅修訂比較 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zh_yuewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "yue","wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"1d26b393-dbfe-42cb-833b-dc584165270d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"狼","wgTitle":"狼","wgCurRevisionId":2103183,"wgRevisionId":1341620,"wgArticleId":99988,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["模用重複參數嘅版面","Webarchive模wayback連結","有失效鏈嘅頁","有hAudio微格式嘅文章","用緊ISBN魔術鏈嘅版","狼"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"狼","wgRelevantArticleId":99988,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"yue","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"yue"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"extRevisionSliderTimeOffset":0,"wgDiffOldId":1341313,"wgDiffNewId":1341620,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18498","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-editing-advanced":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.diff.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready" ,"ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyJs","mediawiki.diff","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.gadget.HanTS-conv","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.diff.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility%2Cicons-editing-advanced%2Cindicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Canis_lupus_265b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Canis_lupus_265b.jpg/800px-Canis_lupus_265b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Canis_lupus_265b.jpg/640px-Canis_lupus_265b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="《狼》嘅修訂比較 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%BC"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="編輯" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="維基百科 (yue)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%BC"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh-yue"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="維基百科嘅Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mw-article-diff skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-狼 rootpage-狼 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳去內容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主目錄" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主目錄</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主目錄</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 導覽 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" title="睇頭版[z]" accesskey="z"><span>頭版</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84"><span>目錄</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A3%E5%98%A2"><span>正嘢</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%99%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BA%8B" title="提供而家發生嘅事嘅背景資料"><span>時人時事</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%98%AF%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="是但載入一版[x]" accesskey="x"><span>是但一版</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC"><span>關於維基百科</span></a></li><li id="n-聯絡處" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%A1%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B"><span>聯絡處</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 交流 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-說明書" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents"><span>說明書</span></a></li><li id="n-城市論壇" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87"><span>城市論壇</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%82" title="關於呢個計劃，你可以做乜，應該要點做"><span>社區大堂</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9" title="列出呢個 wiki 中嘅最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近修改</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="維基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh_yue.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh_yue.svg" width="120" height="16" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>查嘢</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搵維基百科" aria-label="搵維基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搵嘢</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="個人架生"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="閱讀設定" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">閱讀設定</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue" class=""><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E7%8B%BC&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1341620" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。" class=""><span>開戶口</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E7%8B%BC&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1341620" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>簽到</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="多啲選項" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="個人架生" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人架生</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用戶選單" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue"><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E7%8B%BC&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1341620" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>開戶口</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E7%8B%BC&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1341620" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>簽到</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-外形" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外形"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>外形</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外形-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去外形細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外形-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-身體結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#身體結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>身體結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-身體結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大細" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大細"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>大細</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大細-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形狀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形狀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>形狀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形狀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-頭殼同牙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#頭殼同牙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>頭殼同牙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-頭殼同牙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-毛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#毛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>毛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-毛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-長短" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#長短"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>長短</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-長短-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-色水" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#色水"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>色水</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-色水-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-季節毛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#季節毛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>季節毛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-季節毛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-適應能力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#適應能力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>適應能力</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-適應能力-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去適應能力細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-適應能力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分佈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分佈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>分佈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分佈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-棲息地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#棲息地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>棲息地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-棲息地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食乜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食乜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>食乜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食乜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-有蹄類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有蹄類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>有蹄類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有蹄類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-牲畜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#牲畜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>牲畜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-牲畜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>其他動物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食腐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食腐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>食腐</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食腐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食齋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食齋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>食齋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食齋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食同類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食同類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>食同類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食同類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-覓食" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#覓食"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>覓食</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-覓食-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-打獵步驟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#打獵步驟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>打獵步驟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-打獵步驟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-點殺獵物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#點殺獵物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>點殺獵物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-點殺獵物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-開餐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#開餐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>開餐</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-開餐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社交行為" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社交行為"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>社交行為</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社交行為-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-狼群組成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#狼群組成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>狼群組成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-狼群組成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地盤性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地盤性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>地盤性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地盤性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-溝通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#溝通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>溝通</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-溝通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同第啲物種互動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同第啲物種互動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>同第啲物種互動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同第啲物種互動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-競爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#競爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>競爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-競爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-合作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>合作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-合作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-繁殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#繁殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>繁殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-繁殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-狼群根基" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#狼群根基"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>狼群根基</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-狼群根基-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交配" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交配"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>交配</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-交配-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-狼竇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#狼竇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>狼竇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-狼竇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佗仔湊仔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佗仔湊仔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4</span> <span>佗仔湊仔</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佗仔湊仔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帶病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帶病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>帶病</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-帶病-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去帶病細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-帶病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-病毒性疾病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病毒性疾病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>病毒性疾病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病毒性疾病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細菌性疾病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細菌性疾病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>細菌性疾病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細菌性疾病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-寄生蟲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#寄生蟲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>寄生蟲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-寄生蟲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-體外" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#體外"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>體外</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-體外-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-體內" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#體內"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>體內</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-體內-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>生物分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生物分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去生物分類細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生物分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-群體結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#群體結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>群體結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-群體結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-歐洲結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>歐洲結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-北美結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北美結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>北美結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北美結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進化史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進化史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>進化史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進化史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-混種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#混種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>混種</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-混種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-保育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#保育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>保育</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-保育-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去保育細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-保育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-北美" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北美"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>北美</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北美-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-最北方" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#最北方"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>最北方</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-最北方-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美國本土" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美國本土"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>美國本土</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美國本土-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-墨西哥" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#墨西哥"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>墨西哥</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-墨西哥-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐亞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐亞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>歐亞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐亞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-歐洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>歐洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-前蘇聯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#前蘇聯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>前蘇聯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-前蘇聯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中東" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中東"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>中東</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中東-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-再東啲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#再東啲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>再東啲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-再東啲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同人類嘅相處" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同人類嘅相處"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>同人類嘅相處</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-同人類嘅相處-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去同人類嘅相處細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-同人類嘅相處-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文化影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>文化影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-神話傳說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神話傳說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>神話傳說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神話傳說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學描述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學描述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>文學描述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學描述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人狼衝突" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人狼衝突"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>人狼衝突</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人狼衝突-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-獵食牲畜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獵食牲畜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>獵食牲畜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獵食牲畜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-狼對狗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#狼對狗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>狼對狗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-狼對狗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-狼對人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#狼對人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>狼對人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-狼對人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類獵狼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類獵狼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>人類獵狼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類獵狼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人狼合作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人狼合作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>人狼合作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人狼合作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-圖庫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#圖庫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>圖庫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-圖庫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">《狼》嘅修訂比較</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有190種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">190種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Абгаду – 阿布哈茲文" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абгаду" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈茲文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8A" title="Тыгъужъ – 阿迪各文" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыгъужъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪各文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A7%D1%80%D3%B1" title="Бӧрӱ – 南阿爾泰文" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Бӧрӱ" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="南阿爾泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%B5%E1%88%8B" title="ተኵላ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተኵላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulf" title="Wulf – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wulf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ذئب رمادي – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذئب رمادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ديب – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ذئب رمادى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذئب رمادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahikan" title="Mahikan – 阿提卡米克文" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mahikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="БацӀ – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="БацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idatcol_(Canis_lupus)" title="Idatcol (Canis lupus) – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Idatcol (Canis lupus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_canavar" title="Adi canavar – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi canavar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="قورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бүре – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бүре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woif" title="Woif – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Woif" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97lks" title="Vėlks – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėlks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo" title="Lobo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lobo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Воўк – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Воўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Воўк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Воўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Вълк – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вълк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="নেকড়ে – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেকড়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2" title="སྤྱང་ཀི – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྱང་ཀི" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleiz_gris" title="Bleiz gris – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bleiz gris" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk" title="Vuk – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vuk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Шоно – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шоно" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llop" title="Llop – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ng" title="Lòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7" title="Борз – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Борз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏩᏯ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3%27nehe" title="Hó'nehe – 沙伊安文" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hó'nehe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="沙伊安文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گورگ – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گورگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu" title="Lupu – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lupu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%AA%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%90%A6%E1%91%B2%E1%93%90" title="ᒪᐦᐃᐦᑲᓐ – 克裡文" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᒪᐦᐃᐦᑲᓐ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="克裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlk_obecn%C3%BD" title="Vlk obecný – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vlk obecný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szari_wilk" title="Szari wilk – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szari wilk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Влькъ – 宗教斯拉夫文" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Влькъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="宗教斯拉夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80" title="Кашкăр – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кашкăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaidd" title="Blaidd – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Blaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv" title="Ulv – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ulv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg" title="Verg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Verg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γκρίζος λύκος – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρίζος λύκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauv" title="Lauv – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lauv" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo" title="Lupo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt" title="Hunt – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hunt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otso" title="Otso – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گرگ – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推薦文章"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi" title="Susi – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi" title="Susi – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Susi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Alvur" title="Úlvur – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Úlvur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hla" title="Hla – 豐文" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Hla" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="豐文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop" title="Lop – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lop" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_t%C3%ADre" title="Mac tíre – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mac tíre" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madadh-allaidh" title="Madadh-allaidh – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Madadh-allaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo" title="Lobo – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lobo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورگ – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ورگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguaru" title="Jaguaru – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jaguaru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 – 哥德文" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ng" title="Lòng – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="זאב מצוי – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זאב מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="भेड़िया – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भेड़िया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivi_vuk" title="Sivi vuk – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sivi vuk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjelk" title="Wjelk – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wjelk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_(non)" title="Lou (non) – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lou (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BCrke_farkas" title="Szürke farkas – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szürke farkas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Գորշ գայլ – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գորշ գայլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo_gris" title="Lupo gris – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lupo gris" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serigala" title="Serigala – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serigala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama%C4%A1uq" title="Amaġuq – 依奴皮維克文" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Amaġuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="依奴皮維克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfo" title="Volfo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Volfo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Alfur" title="Úlfur – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úlfur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%AA%E1%95%88%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᒪᕈᒃ – 因紐特文" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᒪᕈᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因紐特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%9F" title="オオカミ – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オオカミ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srenggala" title="Srenggala – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Srenggala" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მგელი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მგელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3si" title="Aɣsi – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣsi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C" title="Дыгъужь – 卡巴爾達文" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Дыгъужь" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴爾達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpent%C9%94%C9%94ya%C9%A3" title="Kpentɔɔyaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpentɔɔyaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Қасқыр – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қасқыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaroq" title="Amaroq – 格陵蘭文" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Amaroq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3" title="ಬೂದು ಬಣ್ಣದ ತೋಳ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೂದು ಬಣ್ಣದ ತೋಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EC%83%89%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80" title="회색늑대 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회색늑대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кӧин – 科米-彼爾米亞克文" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧин" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼爾米亞克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81%D9%95_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="رامہٕ ہوٗن – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رامہٕ ہوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur" title="Gur – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кӧин – 科米文" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧин" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleydh" title="Bleydh – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bleydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Бөрү – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бөрү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lupus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovo" title="Lovo – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lovo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollef" title="Wollef – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wollef" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D3%8F" title="Барцӏ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Барцӏ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%80" title="Жанавур – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Жанавур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo" title="Lupo – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lupo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouf" title="Wouf – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wouf" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu" title="Lu – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2" title="ໝາປ່າ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາປ່າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkasis_vilkas" title="Pilkasis vilkas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilkasis vilkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%81kais_vylks" title="Palākais vylks – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Palākais vylks" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C4%93kais_vilks" title="Pelēkais vilks – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pelēkais vilks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Вьрьгаз – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вьрьгаз" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopa" title="Lopa – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lopa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Пире – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пире" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Волк – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെന്നായ് – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെന്നായ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Саарал чоно – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саарал чоно" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကၠဵုကၠိင် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကၠဵုကၠိင်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="लांडगा – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लांडगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%B9" title="Пирӹ – 西馬裏文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пирӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬裏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serigala_kelabu" title="Serigala kelabu – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serigala kelabu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1" title="ဝံပုလွေ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝံပုလွေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Верьгиз – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Верьгиз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورگ – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulv" title="Wulv – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wulv" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="ब्वाँसो – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्वाँसो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv" title="Ulv – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ulv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv" title="Ulv – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ulv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loup" title="Loup – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Loup" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85%CA%BCiitsoh" title="Mąʼiitsoh – 納瓦霍文" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Mąʼiitsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="納瓦霍文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukku" title="Hukku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hukku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Бирæгъ – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бирæгъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A9%9C" title="ਬਘਿਆੜ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਘਿਆੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leu" title="Leu – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Leu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilk_szary" title="Wilk szary – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilk szary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luv" title="Luv – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Luv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%91" title="بھگیاڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھگیاڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Λύκον – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λύκον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%90%D9%88%D9%87" title="لېوه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لېوه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo-cinzento" title="Lobo-cinzento – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lobo-cinzento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atawka" title="Atawka – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Atawka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luf" title="Luf – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Luf" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lup_cenu%C8%99iu" title="Lup cenușiu – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lup cenușiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu" title="Lupu – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lupu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Волк – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA" title="Вовк – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вовк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9" title="Бөрө – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бөрө" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu" title="Lupu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lupu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouf" title="Wouf – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wouf" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%AF%DA%BE%DA%99" title="بگھڙ – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بگھڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumpe" title="Gumpe – 北方薩米文" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gumpe" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk" title="Vuk – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vuk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlk_drav%C3%BD" title="Vlk dravý – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlk dravý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" title="Volk – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumppi" title="Kumppi – 伊納裡薩米文" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kumppi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊納裡薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumi" title="Bhumi – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhumi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeey" title="Yeey – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yeey" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujku" title="Ujku – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ujku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Вук – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulf" title="Wulf – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wulf" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varg" title="Varg – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilk" title="Wilk – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wilk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓநாய் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓநாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гург – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="หมาป่า – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมาป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobong_kulay-abo" title="Lobong kulay-abo – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lobong kulay-abo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt" title="Kurt – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бүре – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бүре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Бөрү – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бөрү" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кион – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кион" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA" title="Вовк – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вовк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بھیڑیا – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھیڑیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CA%BBri" title="Boʻri – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boʻri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndikaz" title="Händikaz – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Händikaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3i_x%C3%A1m" title="Sói xám – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sói xám" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leu" title="Leu – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Leu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_gi" title="Boy gi – 沃洛夫文" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Boy gi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გერი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3" title="וואלף – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaez" title="Manaez – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Manaez" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="狼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4ng" title="Lông – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18498#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%8B%BC" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=edit&oldid=1341620" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=edit&oldid=1341620" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E7%8B%BC" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E7%8B%BC" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&oldid=1341620" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E7%8B%BC&id=1341620&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%258B%25BC%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1341620"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%258B%25BC%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1341620"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" hreflang="en"><span>維基物種</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18498" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>幫手</a></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-revslider-container"><span style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Browse history interactively</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicator-down'></span></a></span><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&diff=prev&oldid=1341313" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="狼">← 上筆差異</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&diff=next&oldid=1341620" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-next" title="狼">下個差異 →</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="yue"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden"><span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-del">內容刪咗</span> <span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-ins">內容加咗</span></div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonGroupWidget'><span aria-disabled='true' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-disabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget'><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-eye oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Visual</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget oo-ui-buttonElement-active'><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-wikiText oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Wikitext</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span></span></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"\u884c\u5167","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><span class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-header'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>行內</label></span><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&diff=prev&oldid=1341620&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&diff=prev&oldid=1341620&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="yue"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&oldid=1341313" title="狼">喺2019年10月28號 (一) 08:10嘅修訂</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=edit&oldid=1341313" title="狼">編輯</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-10-28T08:10:36Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Dr._Greywolf" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Dr. Greywolf" data-mw-revid="1341313"><bdi>Dr. Greywolf</bdi></a><span class="mw-usertoollinks">（<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Dr._Greywolf" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Dr. Greywolf">討論</a>｜<a href="/wiki/Special:%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB/Dr._Greywolf" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:貢獻/Dr. Greywolf">貢獻</a>）</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%93%A1" title="Wikipedia:管理員">管理員</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>171,062</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="呢次係細改">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#圖庫">→<bdi dir="ltr">圖庫</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&diff=prev&oldid=1341313" title="狼" id="differences-prevlink">← 上筆差異</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&oldid=1341620" title="狼">喺2019年10月29號 (二) 12:38嘅修訂</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=edit&oldid=1341620" title="狼">編輯</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-10-29T12:38:19Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&action=edit&undoafter=1341313&undo=1341620" title="『復原』可以響編輯模式度開編輯表以便復原。佢容許響摘要度加入原因。">復原</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:InternetArchiveBot" data-mw-revid="1341620"><bdi>InternetArchiveBot</bdi></a><span class="mw-usertoollinks">（<a href="/wiki/User_talk:InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:InternetArchiveBot">討論</a>｜<a href="/wiki/Special:%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB/InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:貢獻/InternetArchiveBot">貢獻</a>）</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="Wikipedia:機械人">機械人</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>71,004</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">救返3個出處、嘜低0個死咗。) #IABot (v2.0</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&diff=next&oldid=1341620" title="狼" id="differences-nextlink">下個差異 →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第131行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第131行：</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==== 其他動物 ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==== 其他動物 ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>喺周圍環境缺少大型嘅有蹄類或者牲畜嗰陣，狼會走去食啲細隻嘅動物：研究顯示，喺有大型有蹄類同牲畜嘅地方，狼多數會鍾意獵食呢啲動物，而喺周圍環境缺少呢類動物嗰時，狼會獵食嘅包括咗[[嚙齒目動物]]、[[兔仔]]、[[雁形目]]嘅雀鳥（例子有[[鴨]]）同呢啲雀鳥嘅蛋、以及細隻過佢哋嘅食肉哺乳類（例子有[[狐狸]]）等等。當佢哋周圍環境連呢啲動物都缺少嗰時，狼仲會走去食哺乳類以及雀鳥以外嘅動物，例如係[[蜥蜴]]、[[蛇]]、[[青蛙]]、[[魚]]、甚至乎係大隻啲嘅[[昆蟲]]呀噉<ref name="hepter1998">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). ''Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)''. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. pp. 213 - 231.</ref>。例：美國內陸北部嘅[[明尼蘇達州]]嘅狼據講會食淡水溪流入面嘅[[白斑狗魚]]<ref>Gable, T. D.; Windels, S. K.; Homkes, A. T. (2018). "Do wolves hunt freshwater fish in spring as a food source?". ''Mammalian Biology''. 91: 30–33.</ref>；阿拉斯加沿海地區嘅狼食嘅肉當中，據估計有成 20% 都係[[三文魚]]<ref>Woodford, Riley. "[http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=86 Alaska's Salmon-Eating Wolves]". ''Wildlifenews.alaska.gov''.</ref>；而加拿大西岸[[卑詩省]]嘅狼食嘅肉當中，據報告有成 25% 都係嚟自個海嘅<ref>McAllister, I. (2007). ''The Last Wild Wolves: Ghosts of the Rain Forest''. University of California Press. p. 144.</ref>... 等等。</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>喺周圍環境缺少大型嘅有蹄類或者牲畜嗰陣，狼會走去食啲細隻嘅動物：研究顯示，喺有大型有蹄類同牲畜嘅地方，狼多數會鍾意獵食呢啲動物，而喺周圍環境缺少呢類動物嗰時，狼會獵食嘅包括咗[[嚙齒目動物]]、[[兔仔]]、[[雁形目]]嘅雀鳥（例子有[[鴨]]）同呢啲雀鳥嘅蛋、以及細隻過佢哋嘅食肉哺乳類（例子有[[狐狸]]）等等。當佢哋周圍環境連呢啲動物都缺少嗰時，狼仲會走去食哺乳類以及雀鳥以外嘅動物，例如係[[蜥蜴]]、[[蛇]]、[[青蛙]]、[[魚]]、甚至乎係大隻啲嘅[[昆蟲]]呀噉<ref name="hepter1998">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). ''Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)''. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. pp. 213 - 231.</ref>。例：美國內陸北部嘅[[明尼蘇達州]]嘅狼據講會食淡水溪流入面嘅[[白斑狗魚]]<ref>Gable, T. D.; Windels, S. K.; Homkes, A. T. (2018). "Do wolves hunt freshwater fish in spring as a food source?". ''Mammalian Biology''. 91: 30–33.</ref>；阿拉斯加沿海地區嘅狼食嘅肉當中，據估計有成 20% 都係[[三文魚]]<ref>Woodford, Riley. "[http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=86 Alaska's Salmon-Eating Wolves]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726132441/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=86 |date=2019年7月26號 }}</ins>". ''Wildlifenews.alaska.gov''.</ref>；而加拿大西岸[[卑詩省]]嘅狼食嘅肉當中，據報告有成 25% 都係嚟自個海嘅<ref>McAllister, I. (2007). ''The Last Wild Wolves: Ghosts of the Rain Forest''. University of California Press. p. 144.</ref>... 等等。</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==== 食腐 ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==== 食腐 ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第357行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第357行：</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>喺中世紀以至摩登時代嘅歐洲文學當中，狼依然以扮演人類嘅敵人為主。出名嘅童話故事《[[小紅帽]]》將狼描繪成能夠模仿人類講嘢，甚至乎係類似[[強姦犯]]噉嘅形象（被描繪成會跟蹤同傷害細路女），而有學者指出，小紅帽係狼嘅形象喺近代西方文化當中惡劣嘅主因之一<ref>Marvin, Garry (2012). ''Wolf''. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 64 - 70.</ref>；類似嘅狼角色亦都有喺《[[三隻豬仔]]》同《[[狼同七隻小山羊]]》等嘅故仔當中出現<ref>Lopez, Barry H. (1978). ''Of Wolves and Men''. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 263.</ref>；[[東歐]]嘅俄羅斯文學裏面好興描述狼攻擊人類同牲畜，而喺呢啲故仔入面，人類往往跟住就會同狗一齊去獵殺狼<ref>Graves, Will (2007). ''Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages''. Detselig Enterprises. p. 21, 123.</ref>。</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>喺中世紀以至摩登時代嘅歐洲文學當中，狼依然以扮演人類嘅敵人為主。出名嘅童話故事《[[小紅帽]]》將狼描繪成能夠模仿人類講嘢，甚至乎係類似[[強姦犯]]噉嘅形象（被描繪成會跟蹤同傷害細路女），而有學者指出，小紅帽係狼嘅形象喺近代西方文化當中惡劣嘅主因之一<ref>Marvin, Garry (2012). ''Wolf''. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 64 - 70.</ref>；類似嘅狼角色亦都有喺《[[三隻豬仔]]》同《[[狼同七隻小山羊]]》等嘅故仔當中出現<ref>Lopez, Barry H. (1978). ''Of Wolves and Men''. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 263.</ref>；[[東歐]]嘅俄羅斯文學裏面好興描述狼攻擊人類同牲畜，而喺呢啲故仔入面，人類往往跟住就會同狗一齊去獵殺狼<ref>Graves, Will (2007). ''Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages''. Detselig Enterprises. p. 21, 123.</ref>。</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>喺廿世紀嘅歐美文學當中，狼嘅形象開始有所改善。喺 1894 年出版、到咗廿一世紀都仲相當受歡迎嘅[[英國]]故事集《[[叢林奇譚]]》（The Jungle Book）當中，狼唔係被描繪成鍾意食肉嘅奸角，而係以家族形式生存、座右銘為「狼嘅力量在於狼群，狼群嘅力量在於狼」嘅高貴動物（呢點同同期嘅文學作品差天共地）；[[生物學家]]仲有讚賞叢林奇譚，指出呢本書對狼嘅描繪比較準確，例如動物學研究有發現狼打獵嘅成功的確取決於狼－尤其係成年狼公－嘅數量<ref>Cassidy, K, DW Smith, LD Mech, DR MacNulty, DR Stahler, MC Metz (2006). "Territoriality and interpack aggression in wolves: Shaping a social carnivore's life history. Rudyard Kipling's Law of the Jungle Meets Yellowstone's Law of the Mountains". ''Yellowstone Science''. 24 (1): 37–41.</ref>，即係話「狼嘅力量在於狼群，狼群嘅力量在於狼」係準確嘅<ref>Kipling, R. (2016). ''The jungle book''. Simon and Schuster.</ref>。同時由 1980 年代起，日本[[動漫]]興起，日本人將佢哋傳統對狼嘅正面描繪傳去歐美，幫手改變咗狼喺歐美文化產物當中嘅形象<ref>[https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/NobleWolf Noble Wolf]. ''TV Tropes''.</ref>。</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>喺廿世紀嘅歐美文學當中，狼嘅形象開始有所改善。喺 1894 年出版、到咗廿一世紀都仲相當受歡迎嘅[[英國]]故事集《[[叢林奇譚]]》（The Jungle Book）當中，狼唔係被描繪成鍾意食肉嘅奸角，而係以家族形式生存、座右銘為「狼嘅力量在於狼群，狼群嘅力量在於狼」嘅高貴動物（呢點同同期嘅文學作品差天共地）；[[生物學家]]仲有讚賞叢林奇譚，指出呢本書對狼嘅描繪比較準確，例如動物學研究有發現狼打獵嘅成功的確取決於狼－尤其係成年狼公－嘅數量<ref>Cassidy, K, DW Smith, LD Mech, DR MacNulty, DR Stahler, MC Metz (2006). "Territoriality and interpack aggression in wolves: Shaping a social carnivore's life history. Rudyard Kipling's Law of the Jungle Meets Yellowstone's Law of the Mountains". ''Yellowstone Science''. 24 (1): 37–41.</ref>，即係話「狼嘅力量在於狼群，狼群嘅力量在於狼」係準確嘅<ref>Kipling, R. (2016). ''The jungle book''. Simon and Schuster.</ref>。同時由 1980 年代起，日本[[動漫]]興起，日本人將佢哋傳統對狼嘅正面描繪傳去歐美，幫手改變咗狼喺歐美文化產物當中嘅形象<ref>[https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/NobleWolf Noble Wolf]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195531/https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/NobleWolf |date=2019年8月25號 }}</ins>. ''TV Tropes''.</ref>。</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== 人狼衝突 ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== 人狼衝突 ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第369行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第369行：</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>因為狼同[[狗]]都係強勢嘅食肉動物，所以兩者成日都會打交<ref>Vanak, A.T., Dickman, C.R., Silva-Rodriguez, E.A., Butler, J.R.A., Ritchie, E.G. (2014). "Top-dogs and under-dogs: competition between dogs and sympatric carnivores". In Gompper, M.E. (ed.). ''Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation''. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–93.</ref>。單打獨鬥嘅話，狗通常都會俾狼殺死，而且爭嘢食唔會夠狼爭；但狼群通常狼數唔多（頂櫳得嗰十零隻，當中得兩三隻成年），而且如果佢哋喺人類多嘅地區同狗碰頭，狗會喺數量上佔重大優勢之餘仲有人類撐佢哋，所以喺呢種情況下，狼多數唔夠狗打<ref name="lescureux2014">Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D.C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) in a conservation context". ''Biological Conservation''. 171: 232–245.</ref><ref>Boitani, L. (1983). "Wolf and dog competition in Italy". ''Acta Zoologica Fennica'' (174): 259–264.</ref>。</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>因為狼同[[狗]]都係強勢嘅食肉動物，所以兩者成日都會打交<ref>Vanak, A.T., Dickman, C.R., Silva-Rodriguez, E.A., Butler, J.R.A., Ritchie, E.G. (2014). "Top-dogs and under-dogs: competition between dogs and sympatric carnivores". In Gompper, M.E. (ed.). ''Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation''. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–93.</ref>。單打獨鬥嘅話，狗通常都會俾狼殺死，而且爭嘢食唔會夠狼爭；但狼群通常狼數唔多（頂櫳得嗰十零隻，當中得兩三隻成年），而且如果佢哋喺人類多嘅地區同狗碰頭，狗會喺數量上佔重大優勢之餘仲有人類撐佢哋，所以喺呢種情況下，狼多數唔夠狗打<ref name="lescureux2014">Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D.C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) in a conservation context". ''Biological Conservation''. 171: 232–245.</ref><ref>Boitani, L. (1983). "Wolf and dog competition in Italy". ''Acta Zoologica Fennica'' (174): 259–264.</ref>。</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>狼有時會殺狗，而某啲個別地區嘅狼族群仲興以狗肉做重要糧食來源。例如喺克羅地亞，狼殺狗殺得多過殺綿羊，俄羅斯嘅狼據講會壓制流浪狗嘅數量，而喺廿一世紀初嘅斯堪的納維亞同美國威斯康辛州，狼攻擊狗俾人視為一個生態問題<ref name="wisconsin">Backeryd, J. (2007). "[https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/inst/ekol/forskning/projekt/skandulv/publikationer/studentarbeten/backeryd-2007-wolf-attacks-on-dogs-in-scandinavia-1995-2005.pdf Wolf attacks on dogs in Scandinavia 19952005 – Will wolves in Scandinavia go extinct if dog owners are allowed to kill a wolf attacking a dog?]" (PDF). ''Examensarbete'', Institutionen för ekologi, Grimsö forskningsstation. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.</ref>；狼可能會喺人類屋企附近或者森林當中攻擊狗<ref name="wisconsin"/>，會殺死多種嘅獵狗，當中年紀大嘅狗最受影響，因為呢啲狗唔似得後生啲嘅狗噉細膽，往往唔曉驚同避開狼，不過有啲大型嘅狗種可以同狼打交打到不相上下<ref name="wisconsin"/>。值得一提嘅係，狼攻擊起有人陪伴嘅狗上嚟，好多時會狼死得好交關，仲會忽視隻狗身邊嘅人<ref name="mech2003305"/>。</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>狼有時會殺狗，而某啲個別地區嘅狼族群仲興以狗肉做重要糧食來源。例如喺克羅地亞，狼殺狗殺得多過殺綿羊，俄羅斯嘅狼據講會壓制流浪狗嘅數量，而喺廿一世紀初嘅斯堪的納維亞同美國威斯康辛州，狼攻擊狗俾人視為一個生態問題<ref name="wisconsin">Backeryd, J. (2007). "[https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/inst/ekol/forskning/projekt/skandulv/publikationer/studentarbeten/backeryd-2007-wolf-attacks-on-dogs-in-scandinavia-1995-2005.pdf Wolf attacks on dogs in Scandinavia 19952005 – Will wolves in Scandinavia go extinct if dog owners are allowed to kill a wolf attacking a dog?]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717212002/https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/inst/ekol/forskning/projekt/skandulv/publikationer/studentarbeten/backeryd-2007-wolf-attacks-on-dogs-in-scandinavia-1995-2005.pdf |date=2019年7月17號 }}</ins>" (PDF). ''Examensarbete'', Institutionen för ekologi, Grimsö forskningsstation. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.</ref>；狼可能會喺人類屋企附近或者森林當中攻擊狗<ref name="wisconsin"/>，會殺死多種嘅獵狗，當中年紀大嘅狗最受影響，因為呢啲狗唔似得後生啲嘅狗噉細膽，往往唔曉驚同避開狼，不過有啲大型嘅狗種可以同狼打交打到不相上下<ref name="wisconsin"/>。值得一提嘅係，狼攻擊起有人陪伴嘅狗上嚟，好多時會狼死得好交關，仲會忽視隻狗身邊嘅人<ref name="mech2003305"/>。</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>根據紀錄，全世界每年俾狼殺嘅狗數量查實好少，但「狼殺狗」嘅現象就引起唔少人為佢哋啲狗擔憂：喺唔少文化當中，人都視狗為好朋友，當佢哋係屋企人同工作夥伴，而呢種對「狼會殺狗」嘅恐懼有時會令公眾支持獵人殺狼<ref name="lescureux2014"/>。</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>根據紀錄，全世界每年俾狼殺嘅狗數量查實好少，但「狼殺狗」嘅現象就引起唔少人為佢哋啲狗擔憂：喺唔少文化當中，人都視狗為好朋友，當佢哋係屋企人同工作夥伴，而呢種對「狼會殺狗」嘅恐懼有時會令公眾支持獵人殺狼<ref name="lescureux2014"/>。</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>喺2019年10月29號 (二) 12:38嘅修訂</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><table style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:right; background:white; clear:right; width:230px;" border="1" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: grey;"><span style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:70%;"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="How to read a taxobox"><img alt="How to read a taxobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/16px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/24px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/32px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" usemap="#ImageMap_54a47227670a9dfc" /></span><map name="ImageMap_54a47227670a9dfc"><area href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%BB%9E%E6%A8%A3%E7%9D%87%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%A1%86" shape="rect" coords="0,0,50,50" alt="Wikipedia:點樣睇生物分類框" title="Wikipedia:點樣睇生物分類框" /></map><figcaption>How to read a taxobox</figcaption></figure></span><b>灰狼</b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_265b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一隻灰狼"><img alt="一隻灰狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Canis_lupus_265b.jpg/300px-Canis_lupus_265b.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Canis_lupus_265b.jpg/450px-Canis_lupus_265b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Canis_lupus_265b.jpg/600px-Canis_lupus_265b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center">一隻灰狼</div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:grey;"> <th><center><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" title="瀕危指標">瀕危指標</a></center> </th></tr> <tr> <td style=""> <div style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/250px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/375px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/500px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a></span><br />最唔使理（<a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>） (LC)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: grey;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="物種分類">物種分類</a></b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:white;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>域(Domain): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="真核域">真核域</a> Eukaryotic<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>界 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="動物界">動物界</a> Animalia<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Subkingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%BE%8C%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真後生動物亞界">真後生動物亞界</a> Eumetazoa<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Superphylum: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E5%8F%A3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%B8%BD%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後口動物總門 (無呢版)">後口動物總門</a> Deuterostomia<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>門 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="脊索動物門">脊索動物門</a> Chordata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>亞門(Subphylum): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎動物亞門">脊椎動物亞門</a> Vertebrata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Infraphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%A0%B7%E4%B8%8B%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="有頷下門">有頷下門</a> Gnathostomata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>超綱Superclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B6%B1" title="四足總綱">四足總綱</a> Tetrapoda Chordata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>綱 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳綱">哺乳綱</a> Mammalia<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>目 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%82%89%E7%9B%AE" title="食肉目">食肉目</a> Carnivora<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>科 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%A7%91" title="犬科">犬科</a> Canidae<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>屬 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%B1%AC" title="犬屬">犬屬</a> <i>Canis</i><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>種 </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><b>狼 <i>C. lupus</i></b></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="grey"> <th><center><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial nomenclature">二元學名</a></center> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><i><b>Canis lupus</b></i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡爾·林奈">Linnaeus</a>，1758 年)</small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_Wolf_Distribution.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="狼嘅分佈     現今分佈區    原分佈區"><img alt="狼嘅分佈     現今分佈區    原分佈區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray_Wolf_Distribution.gif/250px-Gray_Wolf_Distribution.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray_Wolf_Distribution.gif/375px-Gray_Wolf_Distribution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray_Wolf_Distribution.gif/500px-Gray_Wolf_Distribution.gif 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="347" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center">狼嘅分佈<br /><span style="background:#008400">   </span> 現今分佈區<span style="background:#FF0000">    </span> 原分佈區</div></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>灰狼</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/狼/#yue"><span>fui<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> long<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<b>grey wolf</b> / <b>gray wolf</b>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D" title="學名">學名</a>：<i>Canis lupus</i>），通常就噉簡稱<b>狼</b>（<b>wolf</b>），係一種源於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐亞大陸">歐亞大陸</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>嘅大型<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%A7%91%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="犬科動物">犬科動物</a>，分佈喺歐亞同北美嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫帶">溫帶</a>地區，包括咗 38 個次物種。狼外形上嘅特徵包括咗以下呢啲：佢哋嘅耳仔同口鼻冇噉尖（同多數犬科比起上嚟），<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%A4%A9" title="冬天">冬天</a>會生一啲又長又濃密嘅毛，啲毛多數以灰色為主（所以個名就叫「灰狼」），不過都有狼係啲毛以白、紅、同黑等為主色嘅。除咗噉，狼仲係現存犬科動物當中最大隻嘅：成年嘅狼<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC" title="公">公</a>平均有 43 至 45 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%96%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="公斤">公斤</a>（95 至 99 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%85" title="磅">磅</a>）重，而成年嘅狼<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B8" title="乸">乸</a>就平均有 36 至 38.5 公斤（79 至 85 磅）噉重<sup id="cite_ref-boitani2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boitani2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carl1758_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carl1758-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼係<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%B1%AC%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="犬屬動物">犬屬動物</a>裏面最專化嘅物種，位於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈">食物鏈</a>嘅頂層：狼相當強壯，能夠撞擊大隻嘅獵物同輕易噉制伏細隻過佢哋嘅動物；狼仲有高度嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>同社會性，佢哋有能力同同類溝通，一對對或者一家人（阿爸阿媽同啲仔女）噉樣行動，而且仲曉為咗獵食大型動物而同第啲羣嘅狼合作，彼此之間可以互相協調，作出高度組織化同事先計劃過嘅打獵行動<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以有能力獵食一啲大隻過佢哋一截嘅大型<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%B9%84%E9%A1%9E" title="有蹄類">有蹄類</a>動物，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%9D%E9%B9%BF" title="駝鹿">駝鹿</a>噉（成年駝鹿身長閒閒地係狼嘅兩倍），又可以輕易噉捉啲細隻嘅動物（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%94%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="兔仔">兔仔</a>）嚟食或者食<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E8%82%89" title="腐肉">腐肉</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。事實係，狼呢種具有高獵食能力同智能嘅動物通常都係佢哋身處地區內嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E7%B4%9A%E7%8D%B5%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="頂級獵食者">頂級獵食者</a>（apex predator；冇第啲物種能夠獵食佢哋嘅物種）－喺多數情況下，得<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%99%8E" title="老虎">老虎</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A" title="熊">熊</a>有能力對佢哋造成威脅<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼同人類嘅關係密切得嚟又千絲萬縷：喺古代，狼成日都會獵食人類所養嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B2%E7%95%9C" title="牲畜">牲畜</a>，對好多人類羣體嘅生計構成威脅，所以狼同人類嘅關係曾經係相當惡劣嘅－喺古時嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E8%A9%B1%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="童話故事">童話故事</a>同民間傳說當中，狼多數都係扮演奸角<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；到咗現代，人類喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>上嘅進步令到狼群難以再對人類造成威脅，多數狼攻擊人類嘅事件都係因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B2%E7%8B%97%E7%97%85" title="癲狗病">癲狗病</a>而起嘅，冇癲狗病嘅狼好少可會成功殺死大人，而且仲因為人類嘅打獵活動而開始驚人類同傾向遠離人類；雖然係噉，狼史上同人類嘅深遠關係令到佢哋依然成日出現喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="大眾媒體">大眾媒體</a>當中，而且仲成為咗現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="動物學">動物學</a>對其研究得最徹底嘅物種之一<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外形"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E5.BD.A2"></span>外形</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USFWS_-_How_to_recognise_a_gray_wolf_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USFWS_-_How_to_recognise_a_gray_wolf_1.png/270px-USFWS_-_How_to_recognise_a_gray_wolf_1.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USFWS_-_How_to_recognise_a_gray_wolf_1.png/405px-USFWS_-_How_to_recognise_a_gray_wolf_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/USFWS_-_How_to_recognise_a_gray_wolf_1.png/540px-USFWS_-_How_to_recognise_a_gray_wolf_1.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">狼同<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E7%8B%BC" title="郊狼">郊狼</a>（coyote）嘅比較圖解</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg/270px-Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg/405px-Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg/540px-Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">灰狼嘅骨架圖解</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg/270px-Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg/405px-Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg/540px-Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">灰狼嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%A1%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="下顎">下顎</a>圖解</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="身體結構"><span id=".E8.BA.AB.E9.AB.94.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>身體結構</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="大細"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E7.B4.B0"></span>大細</h4></div> <p>灰狼嘅體型相當大：一隻成年嘅狼身長平均有成 105 至 160 厘米（41 - 63 <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8B" title="吋">吋</a>），而<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD" title="膊頭">膊頭</a>高度就平均係 80 至 85 厘米（31 - 33 吋）左右，條尾平均有 29 到 50 厘米（29 - 50 吋）長，而耳仔平均有 9 至 11 厘米（3.5 - 4.3 吋）高，後髀有 22 至 25 厘米（8.7 - 9.8 吋）噉長<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，體重平均（包括公同乸）大約係 40 公斤（88 磅）－灰狼係現存犬科動物當中最大隻嘅，得某啲大型狗品種喺體型上可以拍得住佢哋<sup id="cite_ref-mech1974_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech1974-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>雖然係噉，要留意嘅係，唔同地區嘅狼體型上會有唔細嘅差異<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>狼平均有 38.5 公斤（85 磅）重，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="北美">北美</a>狼平均有 36 公斤（79 磅）重，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯地區">阿拉伯地區</a>嘅狼平均有 25 公斤（55 磅）重<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－一般嚟講，正如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="伯格曼法則">伯格曼法則</a>（Bergmann's rule）所預期，啲狼住嘅地區<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="緯度">緯度</a>愈高，體型就傾向愈大<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；世上最大隻嘅狼位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉斯加">阿拉斯加</a>等嘅極北之地－呢啲地區嘅狼按紀錄可以去到成超過 54 公斤（119 磅）重<sup id="cite_ref-lopezp18_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopezp18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－體型上係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" title="中東">中東</a>狼或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="南亞">南亞</a>狼嘅三到六倍噉多<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而無論喺任何一個狼族群，啲狼乸平均嚟講會比啲狼公輕 5 到 10 磅（2.3 - 4.5 公斤）<sup id="cite_ref-lopezp18_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopezp18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="形狀"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E7.8B.80"></span>形狀</h4></div> <p>灰狼喺形狀上有呢啲特徵： </p> <ul><li>灰狼形狀同<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E7%8B%BC" title="郊狼">郊狼</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%83%A1%E7%8B%BC" title="亞洲胡狼">亞洲胡狼</a>相似，但係大隻啲，口鼻比較闊，耳仔比較短兼且呈三角形，身體軀幹比較短，條尾比較長<sup id="cite_ref-mech1974_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech1974-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>狼體形廋但好強壯，背脊傾斜，而條頸充滿咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a><sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>灰狼嘅髀長過第啲犬科嘅，令到佢可以跑得好快，同埋喺雪地上能夠順暢噉行走（有灰狼嘅地區多數冬天可以落雪）<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>同狼公比起上嚟，狼乸嘅口鼻同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E9%A0%AD" title="額頭">額頭</a>比較窄，條頸比較幼，髀比較短，同埋膊頭冇噉龐大<sup id="cite_ref-lopez1978p23_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez1978p23-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="頭殼同牙"><span id=".E9.A0.AD.E6.AE.BC.E5.90.8C.E7.89.99"></span>頭殼同牙</h4></div> <p>灰狼嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E6%AE%BC" title="頭殼">頭殼</a>以犬科嚟講比較大同重，額頭闊，又具有強勁嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99" title="牙">牙</a>。狼嘅頭殼平均嚟講有 23 至 28 厘米（9.1 - 11.0 吋）長同 13 至 15 厘米（5.1 - 5.9 吋）闊<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mech1314_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech1314-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，啲牙又大又重，夠力咬碎骨頭，具有犬科動物當中數一數二噉勁嘅咬合力（睇下圖）<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；喺最後排嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%99" class="mw-disambig" title="大牙">大牙</a>有平嘅表面，令到狼可以𡁻嘢食<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。平時行路嗰陣，狼通常會將個頭擺同背脊一樣噉高或者低過背脊嘅位置，喺處於警戒狀態嗰陣先會愕高個頭<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>唔同犬科動物<br />每單位（以公斤計）身體重量<br />嘅咬合力（以<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="牛頓 (單位)">牛頓</a>計）列表<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">物種 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%82%E8%82%89%E9%BD%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裂肉齒 (無呢版)">裂肉齒</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97%E7%89%99" class="mw-redirect" title="狗牙">狗牙</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">灰狼 </th> <td>131.6 </td> <td>127.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%B1%BA%E7%8A%AC" title="亞洲豺犬">亞洲豺犬</a> </th> <td>130.7 </td> <td>132.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%8A%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲野犬">非洲野犬</a> </th> <td>127.7 </td> <td>131.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E7%8A%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格陵蘭犬 (無呢版)">格陵蘭犬</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%8B%97" title="澳洲野狗">澳洲野狗</a> </th> <td>117.4 </td> <td>114.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">郊狼 </th> <td>107.2 </td> <td>98.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%B4%E7%B4%8B%E8%83%A1%E7%8B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="側紋胡狼 (無呢版)">側紋胡狼</a> </th> <td>93.0 </td> <td>87.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">亞洲胡狼 </th> <td>89.6 </td> <td>87.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%83%8C%E8%83%A1%E7%8B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑背胡狼 (無呢版)">黑背胡狼</a> </th> <td>80.6 </td> <td>78.3 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="毛"><span id=".E6.AF.9B"></span>毛</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg/270px-Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg/405px-Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg/540px-Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>黑色毛同白色毛嘅灰狼</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="長短"><span id=".E9.95.B7.E7.9F.AD"></span>長短</h4></div> <p>狼身體唔同部位嘅毛長短不一：一般嚟講，佢哋背脊啲毛最長，背脊中部嘅毛平均有 60 至 77 毫米（2.4 - 2.8 吋）噉長，而前背同頸嗰頭嗰啲毛仲會再長少少；狼膊頭啲毛都好長，雖然多數都唔會超過 90 毫米（3.5 吋）長，但會喺頸嘅周圍形成一個冠，而某啲狼嘅膊頭毛可以有成 110 到 130 毫米（4.3 - 5.1 吋）長；狼<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E9%A0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="面頰">面頰</a>嘅毛會延長，形成一叢有少少似<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%8D%E9%AC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鬍鬚">鬍鬚</a>噉嘅毛；耳仔嘅內部會有由毛皮嗰度伸出嚟嘅短毛；狼每條髀都有短而有彈性嘅毛，由膝頭一路生到落去<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%9F%E8%85%B1" title="跟腱">跟腱</a>嗰度，啲乸嘅髀毛通常會滑過啲公嘅<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="色水"><span id=".E8.89.B2.E6.B0.B4"></span>色水</h4></div> <p>狼啲毛喺色水上相當多變，可以係近乎純白，但又可以係金、灰、啡、或者黑都有<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而通常住嘅緯度愈高，啲狼嘅毛色就愈多變<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼嘅毛色冇乜大嘅性別差異，啲狼乸嘅毛有陣時會紅少少，但總體上兩性嘅毛好少可有明顯睇得到嘅差別。不過毛色可以顯示隻狼嘅年紀－年紀愈大嘅狼愈係會喺尾嘅最尾端、鼻、同額頭呢啲地方有白毛<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="季節毛"><span id=".E5.AD.A3.E7.AF.80.E6.AF.9B"></span>季節毛</h4></div> <p>狼嘅毛會隨季節而有所變化。狼喺冬天嗰陣會生出又密又蓬鬆嘅毛，下層絨毛短而護毛長<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；狼嘅冬天毛皮禦寒能力相當勁（勁過狗毛）而且防冰，喺受到唞氣出嘅水蒸氣嗰時唔會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>結喺上面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" title="北半球">北半球</a>極北地區嘅狼就算身處喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F" title="攝氏">攝氏</a>零下 40 度（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%8F" title="華氏">華氏</a>零下 40 度）低溫嘅空曠地方當中，都有能力靠將身體圈埋一舊（用後髀掂住口鼻，同用條尾𢫏住塊面）嚟保持體溫同舒服噉存活。相比之下，暖啲嘅地區嘅狼因為唔需要噉勁嘅禦寒能力，所以啲毛會薄啲散啲<sup id="cite_ref-lopezp18_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopezp18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼嘅下層絨毛同護毛多數都係喺春天到嘅時候甩落嚟，到咗秋天先至生返出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-lopezp18_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopezp18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，值得一提嘅係，啲出緊奶嘅狼乸會保留冬天毛保留得零舍耐，不過佢哋<a href="/wiki/%F0%A2%86%A1%E9%A0%AD" title="𢆡頭">𢆡頭</a>嗰帶嘅毛都仲會係噉咦甩啲落嚟<sup id="cite_ref-lopezp18_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopezp18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="適應能力"><span id=".E9.81.A9.E6.87.89.E8.83.BD.E5.8A.9B"></span>適應能力</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko.jpg/300px-Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko.jpg/450px-Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko.jpg/600px-Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E5%81%95%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" title="喜馬偕爾邦">喜馬偕爾邦</a>一隻企喺雪地上嘅狼；狼好頑強，特別擅長喺有冰雪嘅地方生存。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分佈"><span id=".E5.88.86.E4.BD.88"></span>分佈</h3></div> <p>狼今時今日嘅分佈經已遠遠冇古時噉廣：本嚟狼遍及近乎成個<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐亞大陸">歐亞大陸</a>同近乎成個北美洲嘅，但後嚟人類出於嫌狼會獵食牲畜同埋攻擊人類，而對狼進行捕獵，最後搞到狼嘅分佈範圍縮細成原本嘅三分之一；到咗家吓，狼喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90" title="西歐">西歐</a>好多地區、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>、同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>好多地區嗰度經已<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="絕種">絕咗種</a>，要喺野外同遠離人煙嘅地方先至會搵到－好似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、阿拉斯加、同美國北部等嘅地方，又或者歐亞大陸北緯 12 度至 75 度嘅地方<sup id="cite_ref-lop1978p1920_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lop1978p1920-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="棲息地"><span id=".E6.A3.B2.E6.81.AF.E5.9C.B0"></span>棲息地</h3></div> <p>狼嘅生境好廣泛，適應能力好強：佢哋能夠住喺海平面噉高以至離海面 3,000 米（9,800 呎）嘅地方；對狼嚟講，最緊要嘅係有動物可以俾佢哋獵食、有雪、牲畜少、同埋少人類活動；衹要有呢啲條件，狼可以喺好多地形生存繁衍－例如係<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林">森林</a>同內陸<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%9C%B0" title="濕地">濕地</a>，又或者包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原">凍原</a>在內嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="草原">草原</a>地帶，以至<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%9C%B0" title="牧地">牧地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" title="沙漠">沙漠</a>、同佈滿岩石嘅高山等嘅地方都可以有狼嘅蹤影。喺凍嘅地方，狼有能力減少佢哋身體向皮膚嘅血流嚟保存體溫，而且佢哋腳嘅肉墊有獨立於身體第啲部位嘅保溫系統，喺掂到冰同雪嗰時保持一定溫度，令到腳同髀唔會凍結<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lop1978p1920_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lop1978p1920-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg/210px-Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg/315px-Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg/420px-Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>喺阿拉斯加影到嘅一隻狼；佢擔住一隻馴鹿嘅髀。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="食乜"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E4.B9.9C"></span>食乜</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="有蹄類"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E8.B9.84.E9.A1.9E"></span>有蹄類</h4></div> <p>同多數羣體打獵嘅陸上哺乳類一樣，狼主要獵食一啲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E8%8D%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食草 (無呢版)">食草</a>嘅大型哺乳類。狼最鍾意獵食大型（240 - 650 公斤；530 - 1,430 磅）同中型（23 - 130 公斤；51 - 287 磅）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%B9%84%E9%A1%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有蹄類動物">有蹄類動物</a>，前者例子有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%9D%E9%B9%BF" title="駝鹿">駝鹿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%B9%BF" title="馴鹿">馴鹿</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="美洲野牛">美洲野牛</a>，而後者例子有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E9%B9%BF" title="紅鹿">紅鹿</a>。狼所獵食嘅大型有蹄類通常大隻到身體質量同成個狼群成員嘅總身體質量相約－捉到一兩隻經已夠餵飽嗮成個狼群<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；狼亦都<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>到好擅長獵食呢啲動物，一個狼群能夠輕易噉殺死一隻成 500 公斤（1,100 磅）重嘅駝鹿<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，喺食完一餐之後可以喺幾個鐘頭之內<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96" title="消化">消化</a>嗮所食嘅嘢，胃口大起上嚟可以一日食幾餐<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。食完之後，佢哋身體會將由呢啲動物身上食到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="脂肪">脂肪</a>儲喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>下面、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟">心臟</a>周圍、腸臟周圍、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎">腎</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AB%93" title="骨髓">骨髓</a>嗰度，而呢啲脂肪會幫助到佢哋過冬<sup id="cite_ref-mechboit201_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechboit201-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="牲畜"><span id=".E7.89.B2.E7.95.9C"></span>牲畜</h4></div> <p>另一方面，狼雖然鍾意食大型有蹄類，但佢哋曉按環境調節自己嘅獵食對象，喺多人類養牲畜嘅地區，狼會好快噉開始嘗試獵食牲畜<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：喺北美洲，狼主要食嘅係野生嘅大型有蹄類，但係喺亞洲同歐洲，大型有蹄類相對少，狼就變成主要食中型嘅野生有蹄類、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E8%B1%AC" title="野豬">野豬</a>、同牲畜；而事實係研究顯示，當一個地方嘅野外愈少中大型有蹄類，嗰度嘅狼就愈會走去獵食人類養嘅牲畜<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他動物"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9"></span>其他動物</h4></div> <p>喺周圍環境缺少大型嘅有蹄類或者牲畜嗰陣，狼會走去食啲細隻嘅動物：研究顯示，喺有大型有蹄類同牲畜嘅地方，狼多數會鍾意獵食呢啲動物，而喺周圍環境缺少呢類動物嗰時，狼會獵食嘅包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%99%E9%BD%92%E7%9B%AE%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="嚙齒目動物">嚙齒目動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%94%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="兔仔">兔仔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%81%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="雁形目">雁形目</a>嘅雀鳥（例子有<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%A8" title="鴨">鴨</a>）同呢啲雀鳥嘅蛋、以及細隻過佢哋嘅食肉哺乳類（例子有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8" title="狐狸">狐狸</a>）等等。當佢哋周圍環境連呢啲動物都缺少嗰時，狼仲會走去食哺乳類以及雀鳥以外嘅動物，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4" title="蜥蜴">蜥蜴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇">蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%9B%99" class="mw-redirect" title="青蛙">青蛙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="魚">魚</a>、甚至乎係大隻啲嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" title="昆蟲">昆蟲</a>呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-hepter1998_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepter1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例：美國內陸北部嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E8%98%87%E9%81%94%E5%B7%9E" title="明尼蘇達州">明尼蘇達州</a>嘅狼據講會食淡水溪流入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%96%91%E7%8B%97%E9%AD%9A" title="白斑狗魚">白斑狗魚</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；阿拉斯加沿海地區嘅狼食嘅肉當中，據估計有成 20% 都係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%96%87%E9%AD%9A" title="三文魚">三文魚</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而加拿大西岸<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E8%A9%A9%E7%9C%81" title="卑詩省">卑詩省</a>嘅狼食嘅肉當中，據報告有成 25% 都係嚟自個海嘅<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="食腐"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E8.85.90"></span>食腐</h4></div> <p>喺真係唔夠嘢食嗰陣，狼會去食<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E8%82%89" title="腐肉">腐肉</a>（carrion；動物<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="屍體">屍體</a>上腐爛嘅肉）<sup id="cite_ref-hepter1998_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepter1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而喺歐亞大陸某啲多人類活動嘅地區，狼會走去食<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="垃圾">垃圾</a>；狼食腐嘅情況喺北美比較少見，因為北美仲有大量人類活動少、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="人口密度">人口密度</a>低嘅地區，所以北美嘅狼依然係以獵食大型食草動物為主<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="食齋"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E9.BD.8B"></span>食齋</h4></div> <p>雖然話狼出咗名係<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%82%89%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="食肉動物">食肉動物</a>，而且身體構造上好明顯進化成適應食肉同打獵（例如係尖得嚟又強而有力嘅狗牙），但有報告指佢哋有陣時會走去食齋：據報告，歐洲試過有狼走去食<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果">蘋果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8" title="梨">梨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E5%8E%98%E5%AD%90" title="車厘子">車厘子</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E6%A2%A8%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%9E%9C" title="啤梨類生果">啤梨類生果</a>；北美試過有狼俾人見到佢哋走去食<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%8E%93" class="mw-redirect" title="藍莓">藍莓</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8E%93" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="紅莓">紅莓</a>；亦都有研究指狼會食草嚟吸收某啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD" title="維他命">維他命</a><sup id="cite_ref-hepter1998_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepter1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="食同類"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E5.90.8C.E9.A1.9E"></span>食同類</h4></div> <p>狼有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%90%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="食同類">食同類</a>（cannibalism）嘅行為。狼通常都偏向食第啲動物，但係喺嚴酷嘅冬天當中，狼時不時會焗住走去食同類嘅肉－研究報告指喺呢啲情況下，狼群會集體噉攻擊同殺死受咗傷或者體弱嘅狼，而且仲會食因為凍或者餓而死嘅同伴嘅屍體<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="覓食"><span id=".E8.A6.93.E9.A3.9F"></span>覓食</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg/300px-Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg/450px-Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>一群狼圍住咗一隻美洲野牛；隻牛今次睇怕都走唔甩。</figcaption></figure> <p>狼最主要嘅覓食方式係<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" title="打獵">打獵</a>，而且相當擅長做呢樣嘢。狼可以單獨打獵又得，成群噉打獵都得，就算係一隻獨行嘅狼，都有能力殺死駝鹿等嘅大型獵物，而且有研究指單獨或者成雙成對打獵嘅狼打獵嘅成功率可能仲高過成群打獵嘅狼<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003119121_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003119121-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼嘅體能好勁：喺行路嗰陣，狼通常會用大步跑，並且喺跑嗰時將要行前嗰隻腳擺喺跟尾嗰隻腳嘅正前方，而佢哋可以用呢個方法一路以時速 8 至 9 公里（5.0 - 5.6 <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A9%E6%AF%8F%E5%B0%8F%E6%99%82" title="哩每小時">哩每小時</a>）移動<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，係噉行成幾個鐘頭噉耐。喺空曠嘅地方（冇積雪等嘅嘢阻住），一隻狼可以話噉快就加速到去時速 50 至 60 公里（31 - 37 哩每小時）。佢哋一吓可以跳到 5 米嘅距離，而且能夠維持高度奔跑最少 20 分鐘<sup id="cite_ref-nowak1983_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowak1983-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼嘅高耐力表示佢哋有能力使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E6%8C%81%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" title="堅持式打獵">堅持式打獵</a>（persistence hunting），而佢哋嘅跳躍力喺捉細獵物嗰時特別有用（睇下面）<sup id="cite_ref-nowak1983_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowak1983-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼嘅各種<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>對佢哋打獵好有用：狼嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>冇打獵用嘅狗噉勁，衹能夠探測由 2 至 3 公里（1.2 至 1.9 英哩）嘅距離隨風而嚟嘅腐肉嘅除，要捉好識匿埋嘅野免或者雀仔有啲難，但能夠輕易追蹤留低冇耐嘅氣味，所以要獵食大型動物完全冇問題；狼嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>亦都好敏銳，能夠聽到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>喺 26 千<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%B2" title="赫茲">赫茲</a>嘅聲<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－即係喺秋天可以聽到樹葉跌落地嘅聲。呢啲敏銳嘅感官表示，各種中至大型嘅動物好難避得開狼嘅追蹤<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="打獵步驟"><span id=".E6.89.93.E7.8D.B5.E6.AD.A5.E9.A9.9F"></span>打獵步驟</h4></div> <p>狼嘅打獵行動大致上可以分做五大階段： </p> <ul><li><b>搵出獵物位置</b>：打緊獵嘅狼會用聞氣味同追蹤等嘅方法搵出獵物嘅位置。當狼面向住風吹過嚟嘅方向嗰陣，佢會聞到嗰個方向嘅除，而如果佢聞到有獵物嘅氣味，佢會企喺度，將眼、耳仔、同鼻等嘅感官對準嗰個方向；喺開放嘅地方，一個狼群可能會做少少打獵前嘅「儀式」－鼻對鼻企喺度，互相向彼此揈尾。當知道咗邊個方向有獵物之後，狼就會向獵物嘅方向進發<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>跟蹤獵物</b>（the stalk）：狼會盡力鬼祟噉接近獵物，會用匿埋喺草叢裏面等嘅方法避開獵物嘅視線<sup id="cite_ref-graves200743_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves200743-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；當佢哋同獵物有返噉上下接近嗰時，狼會加快腳步、揈佢哋嘅尾、同望清楚隻獵物，嘗試喺唔俾隻獵物發現嘅情況下，盡可能接近隻獵物<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>直接接觸</b>（the encounter）：當隻獵物留意到隻狼，佢可能會接近隻狼、企喺度堅守、又或者嘗試走佬。一般嚟講，駝鹿等強壯嘅大型獵物通常選擇堅守；如果獵物選擇堅守，噉隻狼要耷車（因為本能上，狼要見到有隻動物喺度跑先會攻擊）；跟住啲狼通常會一係忽視隻獵物，一係用某啲方法凶隻獵物，等佢想走佬<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>追趕</b>（the rush）：如果隻獵物嘗試走佬，隻狼會即開始追捕佢；呢個係成場打獵最至關重要嘅階段，因為一隻狼可能跑得唔夠一隻全速奔跑嘅獵物噉快<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；如果佢哋嘅獵物有一群，噉啲狼會嘗試打散個獸群，又或者嘗試由個獸群嗰度孤立一兩隻獵物出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-graves200743_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves200743-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>追捕</b>（the chase）：追趕嘅延續；喺呢個階段，狼會嘗試追上佢哋嘅獵物並且郁手殺死佢<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；如果追嘅係細獵物，狼會嘗試有噉快得噉快追上去，而如果追嘅係大獵物，追捕嘅階段會持續，目的係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E6%8C%81%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" title="堅持式打獵">持續噉追，追到隻獵物因冇氣而倒下</a>。狼正路喺追咗超過 1 至 2 公里（0.62 至 1.3 英里）都追唔到嗰陣會放棄，不過有紀錄試過有狼追隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF" title="鹿">鹿</a>追咗成 21 公里（13 英哩）<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003119121_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003119121-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。順帶一提，有源自<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>同北美等地嘅報告指，狼曉特登將獵物追趕入去結冰地面、斜坡、或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E5%A3%91" title="溝壑">溝壑</a>等嘅地方，減低獵物嘅速度同進一步消耗獵物嘅體力<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolves_and_elk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wolves_and_elk.jpg/300px-Wolves_and_elk.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wolves_and_elk.jpg/450px-Wolves_and_elk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wolves_and_elk.jpg/600px-Wolves_and_elk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>一群狼追住隻加拿大馬鹿嚟咬。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="點殺獵物"><span id=".E9.BB.9E.E6.AE.BA.E7.8D.B5.E7.89.A9"></span>點殺獵物</h4></div> <p>狼可以有多種方法殺死隻獵物，而佢哋興唔同獵物用唔同方法殺： </p> <ul><li>如果係孔武有力嘅大型獵物，成熟嘅狼通常會避免由前面攻擊，而係改為會由隻獵物後面或者側面攻擊；例如係駝鹿噉，狼可以一啖咬落<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%99%B0" title="會陰">會陰</a>等柔軟嘅部位嗰度，咬走一大忽肉，令隻獵物大量失血－一吓噉嘅咬可以造成 10 至 15 厘米（3.9 至 5.9 吋）噉長嘅傷口，而就算係一隻完全健康嘅鹿，俾狼噉樣咬三啖基本上都死梗<sup id="cite_ref-graves200743_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves200743-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>如果係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A" title="羊">羊</a>等嘅中型獵物，狼興用咬喉嚨－噉做會斬斷條頸嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%9A" title="神經線">神經線</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88" title="總頸動脈">總頸動脈</a>（carotid artery），令隻動物喺幾秒至一分鐘之內死亡<sup id="cite_ref-graves200743_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves200743-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>如果係兔仔等嘅小型獵物，狼會向隻獵物嘅方向以高弧跳起，再喺落地嗰時一嘢用前爪撳住隻獵物<sup id="cite_ref-zimen19811718_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimen19811718-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>狼具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%8D%95" title="過捕">過捕</a>（surplus kill）嘅行為：當獵物易捉又數量多嘅時候（例如獵物係牲畜），狼殺起獵物上嚟會零舍狼死，殺嘅數量多過佢哋需要食嘅數量，跟住放棄或者儲起佢哋食唔嗮嘅肉；喺野外，呢種情況有陣時會喺晚冬或者春天嗰時出現，因為呢啲時間好多時會有大量積雪，搞到多獵物走唔甩<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；過捕又常見於搵地頭嘅時期，因為狼喺呢啲時間會零舍想確保自己有足夠嘅肉<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。過捕亦都比較常見於中型獵物嗰度，因為咬喉嚨係一種簡單又快捷嘅殺生方法－所以喺殺中型獵物嗰時，狼特別容易有得殺完一隻即刻走去殺下一隻<sup id="cite_ref-zimen19811718_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimen19811718-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="開餐"><span id=".E9.96.8B.E9.A4.90"></span>開餐</h4></div> <p>殺死咗隻獵物之後，狼就要開餐。狼會好興奮噉由多個方向咬落去隻獵物條屍嗰度，嘗試將條屍撕開做一塊塊，並且食大舊嘅肉。狼開起餐上嚟會有兩個次序－「邊個食先」同「食邊個部位先」<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>一般嚟講，個狼群嘅父母會開餐先（佢哋通常係最落力殺獵物嘅），確保自己有足夠體力持續噉生仔女，而喺嘢食少嗰陣，通常啲年紀比較大、但又未成熟嘅仔女會分到嘅肉會比較少。狼群父母食飽之後就會唞，由得啲仔女任食任玩隻獵物嘅屍體，啲仔女會成群噉撲上去條屍嗰度，將屍體身上大舊嘅肉撕落嚟，再擔埋一邊慢慢食<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>狼喺「食邊個部位先」方面都相當講究：佢哋興最先食獵物體內嘅大型<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="內臟">內臟</a>，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟">心臟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83" title="胃">胃</a>等（呢啲大型內臟最好營養）；然後，佢哋會食因為冇咗大型內臟而暴露出嚟嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎">腎</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%BE" title="脾">脾</a>，打後再食髀等部位嘅肌肉。一隻狼喺一餐當中可以食等同佢體重 15 至 19% 噉重嘅肉<sup id="cite_ref-mechboit201_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechboit201-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_signatus_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Canis_lupus_signatus_-_01.jpg/450px-Canis_lupus_signatus_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Canis_lupus_signatus_-_01.jpg/675px-Canis_lupus_signatus_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Canis_lupus_signatus_-_01.jpg/900px-Canis_lupus_signatus_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5090" data-file-height="3054" /></a><figcaption>一隻狼行路嗰陣興將後腳踏落去前腳嘅腳印嗰度，等自己少啲腳印<sup id="cite_ref-mech1314_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech1314-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社交行為"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BA.A4.E8.A1.8C.E7.82.BA"></span>社交行為</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobo_marcando_su_territorio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lobo_marcando_su_territorio.jpg/300px-Lobo_marcando_su_territorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lobo_marcando_su_territorio.jpg/450px-Lobo_marcando_su_territorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lobo_marcando_su_territorio.jpg/600px-Lobo_marcando_su_territorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>一隻狼喺樖樹嗰度屙尿－喺度宣示呢一帶係佢嘅地頭。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="狼群組成"><span id=".E7.8B.BC.E7.BE.A4.E7.B5.84.E6.88.90"></span>狼群組成</h4></div> <p>狼具有社會性，基本嘅社會單位係一公一乸嘅狼掕住佢哋嘅未成年仔女<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一個典型嘅狼群會有一家狼，包括 5 至 11 隻狼，當中兩隻成年（個狼群嘅阿爸阿媽），三至六隻有返噉上下大但未成年，再加埋一至三隻幼狼，而有陣時會有兩至三個噉嘅狼家庭組合埋一齊成一個狼群<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而有記錄指有狼群可以大到有成 42 隻狼噉多<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，呢種唔同狼家族合作一齊行動嘅情況喺大型有蹄類動物（由於遷徙等原因）多咗嗰時最常見<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺最理想嘅情況下，一對狼兩公婆每年都會生到仔女，而啲仔女一般會跟住阿爸阿媽一齊行動，起碼跟 10 個月，而一隻狼喺性方面發育成熟或者個狼群唔夠嘢食（通常因為多咗細佬妹）嗰陣，就會離群自立<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003121213_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003121213-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一隻離開父母去自立嘅狼，無論公乸，都可以有好多方法求存：佢哋可以留喺父母個群附近，但有啲會一路行去離父母地頭成幾百公里遠嘅地方，而通常當佢哋（一）搵到唔係佢哋親戚嘅異性做伴侶，而且（二）兩隻開始一齊去搵冇敵對狼群嘅地方做地頭嗰時，一個新嘅狼群就會誕生－佢家族嘅血脈就會傳承落去<sup id="cite_ref-nowak1983_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowak1983-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼群好少可會接納冇血緣關係嘅成員：如果有一隻狼嘗試走去加入一個同佢冇血緣關係嘅狼群，個狼群通常會郁手殺死佢；衹有喺好偶然嘅情況下，狼群先會接納同佢哋冇血緣關係嘅成員，喺呢種情況下，九成係個狼群嘅父母喺度領養一隻未成年（一到三歲）嘅狼，而且佢哋覺得呢隻狼唔會對佢哋或者佢哋親生仔女造成威脅，亦都有啲情況係個狼群嘅父母其中一方死咗，所以淨低嗰隻父母搵個新伴侶嚟延續個狼群<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003121213_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003121213-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howlsnow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Howlsnow.jpg/210px-Howlsnow.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Howlsnow.jpg/315px-Howlsnow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Howlsnow.jpg/420px-Howlsnow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>一隻嚎叫緊嘅狼</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="地盤性"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.9B.A4.E6.80.A7"></span>地盤性</h4></div> <p>狼係一種有強烈地盤性嘅動物：一個狼群會霸住一笪大過佢哋生存所需好多嘅地，確保自己嘅獵物供應，並且會主動噉攻擊入侵佢哋地盤嘅動物－包括狼群外嘅狼；一個狼群嘅地盤嘅核心地帶有大約 35 平方公里（14 平方英里）噉大，而佢哋有一半以上嘅時間都會喺地盤核心嗰度渡過<sup id="cite_ref-jedrzejewski2007_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jedrzejewski2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；地盤邊緣地帶通常會係獵物比較密集嘅地方，但狼傾向避開去呢啲地方打獵，目的似乎係想避免同第啲地盤嘅狼群爭獵物－兩個狼群打交對雙方嚟講都係可以致命嘅<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。地盤嘅大細主要由獵物多寡同個狼群啲幼狼嘅年紀話事－喺獵物密度低嘅地區，又或者多仔女進入 6 個月大（狼 6 個月大嗰陣零舍需要營養）嘅時候，狼群就要霸大啲地盤確保獵物供應<sup id="cite_ref-mech20031926_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech20031926-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；一個狼群每日會大約行勻佢哋地盤 9% 嘅地方去搵獵物（平均每日行 25 公里，即係 16 英哩），好少可會離開地盤，衹有喺真係好缺嘢食嗰時先會冒險走出地盤外搵嘢食<sup id="cite_ref-jedrzejewski2007_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jedrzejewski2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一個狼群主要有兩種方法話俾第啲狼群知「呢帶係我地頭」－<i>嚎叫</i>（howling）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%91%B3%E6%A8%99%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="氣味標識">氣味標識</a>（scent marking）<sup id="cite_ref-hepter1998_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepter1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。嚎叫指隻狼向天叫，等周圍一帶都聽到佢把聲同知佢存在，呢種行為喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>身上都見得到；但一般認為，氣味標識比嚎叫更加有效，氣味標識指隻狼喺自己地頭嘅某啲地方屙低<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF" title="尿">尿</a>（研究指屙尿佔氣味標識嘅 60 至 80% <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）又或者用<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9B%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="肛門">肛門</a>附近嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA" title="腺">腺</a>留低分泌物，令到嗰啲地方有自己陣除，好多時仲會加埋喺自己地頭啲樹嗰度留低自己嘅爪痕，等路過嘅狼聞到陣除同見到爪痕就知呢笪地經已有狼群霸咗；單獨嘅狼好少可會做氣味標識，但一旦佢哋搵到伴侶開始想要有自己地盤嗰陣，就會開始起勢係噉做氣味標識；一個狼群喺佢哋地頭入面，會大約每隔 240 米（260 碼）做氣味標識，通常做喺岩石、樹、同大型動物嘅骨頭附近，而一個呢啲標記閒閒都可以維持兩至三個禮拜<sup id="cite_ref-mech20031926_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech20031926-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1706842">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table[class*="mbox-small"]{display:table}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right noprint" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em"><div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_howls.ogg" title="File:Wolf howls.ogg">狼嘅嚎叫聲</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Wolf_howls.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Wolf_howls.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Wolf_howls.ogg/Wolf_howls.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="line-height:1.1em"><hr /><i class="selfreference">播呢個檔案有問題？睇吓<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E6%89%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫手 (無呢版)">媒體幫手</a>。</i></div> </div> <p>地盤受侵犯對狼嚟講係可以致命嘅：一個狼群入侵第個狼群嘅地盤會造成兩個狼群關係緊張，會令受入侵嘅狼群提升自己做氣味標識嘅頻率；如果增加氣味標識趕唔走入侵者，兩個狼群通常就會打交，嘗試殺死對方。呢種情況似乎並唔罕見－有喺美國明尼蘇達州做嘅研究報告指，有 14 至 65% 有狼死亡嘅個案都係因為狼與狼之間打交引致嘅<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="溝通"><span id=".E6.BA.9D.E9.80.9A"></span>溝通</h4></div> <p>狼曉用各種方式同同類溝通<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼有能力發出唔同嘅聲，用聲向同類傳達<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="訊息">訊息</a>：好似係正話提到嘅嚎叫噉，嚎叫可以用嚟喺打獵前後叫個狼群集合、宣示地盤主權、同埋喺走失咗嗰陣搵返同伴等等<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，雖然大眾媒體好興描繪狼向住<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89" title="月光">月光</a>嚎叫，但呢個查實衹係<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA" title="都市傳說">都市傳說</a>－研究發現，狼嚎叫嘅行為根本唔受月光或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%9B%B8" title="月相">月相</a>影響<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；除咗嚎叫，狼仲曉（好似狗噉）吠，尤其係喺覺得自己受威脅嗰陣就會噉做<sup id="cite_ref-lopez19783941_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez19783941-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，不過通常冇狗吠得噉大聲或者噉持續<sup id="cite_ref-lopez19783941_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez19783941-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>除咗聲，狼仲會用表情同姿勢嚟溝通。一隻狼嘅表情姿勢好反映到佢有冇自信：一隻有自信嘅狼郁起上嚟會慢而有條理，身體擺喺高位；相比之下，一隻冇自信嘅狼行路身體會擺喺低位，而且耳仔同尾會耷低－呢點同狗又係好相似<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenz_emotions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lorenz_emotions.png/420px-Lorenz_emotions.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lorenz_emotions.png/630px-Lorenz_emotions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Lorenz_emotions.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>狼嘅各種表情；X 軸代表攻擊性，Y 軸代表<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="恐懼">恐懼</a>，最右上角嗰個表情就係狼又驚又打算攻擊（例如俾敵人趕咗入死角）嗰時嘅表情。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同第啲物種互動"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E7.AC.AC.E5.95.B2.E7.89.A9.E7.A8.AE.E4.BA.92.E5.8B.95"></span>同第啲物種互動</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="競爭"><span id=".E7.AB.B6.E7.88.AD"></span>競爭</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos,_Canis_lupus_-_Juraparc,_Vallorbe,_Vaud,_Switzerland_-_20090822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ursus_arctos%2C_Canis_lupus_-_Juraparc%2C_Vallorbe%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland_-_20090822.jpg/300px-Ursus_arctos%2C_Canis_lupus_-_Juraparc%2C_Vallorbe%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland_-_20090822.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ursus_arctos%2C_Canis_lupus_-_Juraparc%2C_Vallorbe%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland_-_20090822.jpg/450px-Ursus_arctos%2C_Canis_lupus_-_Juraparc%2C_Vallorbe%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland_-_20090822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ursus_arctos%2C_Canis_lupus_-_Juraparc%2C_Vallorbe%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland_-_20090822.jpg/600px-Ursus_arctos%2C_Canis_lupus_-_Juraparc%2C_Vallorbe%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland_-_20090822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>一隻狼喺度吠隻啡熊。</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>同其他犬</dt></dl> <p>狼通常會宰制住自己環境內嘅其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%A7%91" title="犬科">犬科</a>物種。以郊狼為例：喺北美，灰狼殺死郊狼係好常見嘅事，尤其係喺冬天（因為喺呢個時間，郊狼會冒險走去偷狼殺嘅肉，狼見到會郁手攻擊）；狼亦都會主動襲擊郊狼嘅竇同殺死幼郊狼（不過好少可會食啲幼郊狼）；目前冇紀錄試過有郊狼成功殺死灰狼，淨係試過有郊狼當犬數上佔重大優勢嗰時，會夠膽追趕灰狼<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而喺歐亞大陸，灰狼對待亞洲胡狼嘅方法同佢哋對待郊狼嘅方法近乎一樣，而一個地區多咗灰狼往往會搞到亞洲胡狼數目大減<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而再細隻嘅犬科就更加唔係灰狼嘅對手－<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B8%E8%B2%93" title="狸貓">狸貓</a>係狼嘅獵食對象，喺春天同夏天往往會有大量狸貓俾狼殺死<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；狼亦都會因為爭動物屍體而殺死各種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8" title="狐狸">狐狸</a>，好多時殺完狐狸之後仲會食埋條屍<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>同熊</dt></dl> <p>相比之下，狼同<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A" title="熊">熊</a>之間嘅關係就比較複雜，狼有陣時能夠打低熊，但有時又會俾熊宰制住：好似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A1%E7%86%8A" title="啡熊">啡熊</a>噉，成年嘅啡熊公閒閒地兩米長，而啡熊喺爭動物屍體嗰時多數會打贏狼，但狼一群上嗰陣可以輕易擊退侵犯佢哋嘅竇嘅啡熊，同時狼同啡熊都會殺對方啲仔女，爭在啡熊似乎唔多鍾意食狼－報告指，狼多數會食佢哋殺嘅啡熊，但啡熊通常淨係會食幼狼<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；細隻啲嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%BB%91%E7%86%8A" title="美洲黑熊">美洲黑熊</a>就冇啡熊噉能夠抵抗狼－根據喺北美做嘅研究，狼時不時會主動走去搵美洲黑熊嘅竇，殺死啲黑熊而且殺咗之後唔食，而美洲黑熊喺爭嘢食嗰時多數會輸俾狼<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>同貓科</dt></dl> <p>狼能夠輕易噉宰制細隻過<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%99%8E" title="老虎">老虎</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93%E7%A7%91" title="貓科">貓科</a>動物，研究顯示，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%B1%B1%E8%B2%93" title="歐亞山貓">歐亞山貓</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E5%B0%BE%E8%B2%93" title="短尾貓">短尾貓</a>等都唔係狼嘅對手<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%8D%85" title="美洲獅">美洲獅</a>為例，狼平時比較少會撞到同地區嘅美洲獅，因為兩者興喺唔同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%94" title="海拔">海拔</a>嘅地方搵食，但一到冬天，積雪會搞到獵物走入山谷，令到狼同美洲獅比較有機會碰頭；狼因為佢哋通常一大群上，而美洲獅偏向獨行，所以兩者撞親面，死嘅通常都會係美洲獅，狼跟住仲會搶埋美洲獅殺嘅獵物；此外仲有報告指，狼有陣時會殺死美洲獅乸同呢啲乸身邊嘅幼獅<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>老虎係少數有能力對狼造成威脅嘅動物<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有喺俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%88%88%E5%AE%89%E5%B6%BA" title="內興安嶺">內興安嶺</a>（Sikhote-Alin）做嘅研究詳細噉紀錄咗狼虎互動：研究員睇到老虎嘅存在令狼嘅數量急跌，甚至乎搞到當地嘅狼絕種，而似乎係得有人類獵老虎、抑制老虎數量嗰時，狼先可以喺有老虎嘅地方生存。老虎對狼嘅打擊似乎主要在於老虎爭嘢食爭贏，多過係因為老虎走去食狼－研究顯示，老虎好少主動去攻擊狼，而且好多時殺咗狼之後唔會食<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>同鬣狗</dt></dl> <p>狼同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%A3%E7%8B%97" title="鬣狗">鬣狗</a>（hyena；註：鬣狗雖然個名叫「狗」，但其實並唔係一種犬科動物）似乎大致上打成平手：喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>、中亞、同印度等地，狼有陣時會同鬣狗爭嘢食，而喺有狼嘅地區，鬣狗食嘅肉當中有唔少都係由狼郁手殺嘅。單打獨鬥嘅話，狼通常唔夠鬣狗打，甚至可以俾鬣狗食落肚<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；但狼群能夠輕易噉喺犬數上贏鬣狗，並且趕走鬣狗<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="合作"><span id=".E5.90.88.E4.BD.9C"></span>合作</h4></div> <p>有研究報告試過見到狼同第啲物種合作： </p> <ul><li>喺 1994 年，以色列南部有研究員發現三隻狼同一隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%8B%E9%AC%A3%E7%8B%97" title="條紋鬣狗">條紋鬣狗</a>（striped hyena）嘅腳印，而且望落似係四隻一齊行緊；而喺 1998 年同一個地區，研究員見到一個狼群，4 隻成年 3 隻未成年，同一隻條紋鬣狗一齊行，而且隻條紋鬣狗仲要係喺個狼群之間行（唔係跟喺個狼群後面）。有動物學家推測，狼同條紋鬣狗有可能合作：狼比較擅長獵食大隻又跑得快嘅動物，而條紋鬣狗就嗅覺勁過狼，仲曉打開人類揼嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%90%E9%A0%AD" title="罐頭">罐頭</a>等嘢食容器，所以兩個物種的確有合作嘅可能性<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>有一份喺 1921 年發佈嘅報告聲稱，試過搵到有<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Custer_Wolf" class="extiw" title="en:The Custer Wolf">一隻獨行嘅狼</a>一路行，一路有兩隻郊狼似乎喺佢兩邊比較遠嘅地方活動；嗰兩隻郊狼喺發現有危險嗰時會警告隻狼，而且仲有目擊者話呢兩隻郊狼會走去食嗰隻狼殺嘅屍體，雖然嗰隻狼唔會俾兩隻郊狼埋佢身<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="繁殖"><span id=".E7.B9.81.E6.AE.96"></span>繁殖</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_wolves_mating_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>一公一乸嘅狼喺度交配。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="狼群根基"><span id=".E7.8B.BC.E7.BE.A4.E6.A0.B9.E5.9F.BA"></span>狼群根基</h4></div> <p>一個狼群嘅根基通常係兩公婆嘅一對狼：狼行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一夫一妻制">一夫一妻制</a>（monogamy），一公一乸嘅狼做咗伴侶之後，多數會喺埋一齊直到其中一隻死咗為止，而如果兩公婆是但一隻死咗，生還嗰隻會搵新伴侶，延續個狼群<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998248_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998248-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；有時狼群可以多過一對夫妻，呢種情況通常係嘢食等資源充裕嗰時先會有，而且兩對夫妻要係有啲血緣、但冇<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%AA%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="近親繁殖">近親繁殖</a>嘅（例如可能兩兄弟，各自搵咗隻唔係佢哋親戚嘅狼乸做伴侶），而幾對噉樣嘅夫妻可以局部共享地盤<sup id="cite_ref-mech23_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech23-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。多數情況下，一個狼群會殺死外來嘅成年狼，除非佢哋夫妻其中一個死咗，淨低嗰個要搵新伴侶；而對於外來嘅非成年狼，狼群有可能會領養佢哋－受領養嘅狼多數係一至三歲大嘅公，而一隻噉嘅狼公大個咗可能會揀佢啲繼姐妹做伴侶，再同佢老婆去第度開新狼群<sup id="cite_ref-mech23_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech23-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼喺絕大多數情況下都會避免近親繁殖<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>雖然話狼群嘅根基通常係兩夫妻，但都有報告試過發現第啲形式嘅狼群。已知嘅非一夫一妻式狼群有以下呢啲<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>一隻成年公掕兩隻成年乸；</li> <li>一隻成年公掕一隻成年乸，再加一隻由隻公同打前伴侶生、細過兩歲嘅仔；</li> <li>一隻成年乸同一隻成年公，再掕住隻公嘅細佬；</li> <li>有一個喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%9F%B3%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="黃石國家公園">黃石國家公園</a>觀察到嘅狼群包含 12 隻源自唔同狼群嘅成年狼，以及佢哋細過四歲大嘅仔女，成個狼群有成 42 隻狼噉多；</li> <li>狼裏面有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="動物同性性行為">同性性行為</a>，所以有陣時會有（例如）兩隻狼公走埋一齊，組成生唔到仔嘅狼群<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="交配"><span id=".E4.BA.A4.E9.85.8D"></span>交配</h4></div> <p>狼去到兩歲就算成熟，而到咗三歲左右算喺性上成熟。一隻狼幾時第一次生仔視乎環境因素而定：當嘢食多或者狼嘅數目唔多嗰時，狼會趁後生生仔嚟有效噉運用充裕嘅資源；成熟嘅狼乸每年都可以生仔，一年通常會生一竇仔，而且狼乸唔似得郊狼乸噉有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="更年期">更年期</a>，所以去到幾老都有得嘗試生仔<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998248_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998248-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼乸通常喺冬天後半橛嗰時開始進入兩個禮拜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%83%85%E6%9C%9F" title="發情期">發情期</a>（estrus period），準備繁殖。喺呢個時候，年紀大嘅仔女會行開先，然後兩歲大嗰啲會行開，最後啲幼狼都會暫時離開，俾兩夫妻交配。個狼群打後會聚返埋一齊，但仲會避開兩夫妻一陣<sup id="cite_ref-heptner1998248_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner1998248-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="狼竇"><span id=".E7.8B.BC.E7.AB.87"></span>狼竇</h4></div> <p>狼會起竇養育保護幼狼：通常到咗夏天，狼就會郁手為幼狼起新竇；起竇嗰陣，狼乸會搵一啲天然有瓦遮頭嘅地方，例如大岩石嘅裂縫、河畔上嘅峭壁、或者有植物𢫏住嘅窿，甚至索性重用狐狸等細隻動物用過嚟做竇嘅地方；跟住啲狼要按情況調整吓個地方，例如係狼可能搵咗個之前有狐狸住過嘅地洞，而為咗方便佢哋自己郁動，會掘大啲個地洞；個竇離水源唔會超過 500 米（500 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%BC" title="碼">碼</a>）遠，通常會向南等個竇多啲陽光照射（暖啲同啲雪易啲溶），同埋遠離人類活動（不過有個案搵到有狼喺馬路同火車軋附近起竇）。竇周圍會有些少空曠地方，等啲幼狼可以喺度唞同玩。喺野外，啱用嚟做竇嘅地方唔多，所以狼竇通常會由一個家庭嘅狼共享<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。大肚嘅狼乸會留喺地盤中心嗰頭嘅竇，避免地盤邊界位比較常會發生、唔同狼群相遇同打交嘅情況<sup id="cite_ref-mech20034246_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech20034246-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_occidentalis_(Etapas_de_crecimiento)_-_Miren_Leyzaola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Canis_lupus_occidentalis_%28Etapas_de_crecimiento%29_-_Miren_Leyzaola.jpg/450px-Canis_lupus_occidentalis_%28Etapas_de_crecimiento%29_-_Miren_Leyzaola.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Canis_lupus_occidentalis_%28Etapas_de_crecimiento%29_-_Miren_Leyzaola.jpg/675px-Canis_lupus_occidentalis_%28Etapas_de_crecimiento%29_-_Miren_Leyzaola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Canis_lupus_occidentalis_%28Etapas_de_crecimiento%29_-_Miren_Leyzaola.jpg/900px-Canis_lupus_occidentalis_%28Etapas_de_crecimiento%29_-_Miren_Leyzaola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>狼嘅成長圖；最左嘅係啱啱出世嘅狼，跟住係三個禮拜大嘅狼，然後係兩個月大嘅狼，最右嘅係一歲大嘅狼。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="佗仔湊仔"><span id=".E4.BD.97.E4.BB.94.E6.B9.8A.E4.BB.94"></span>佗仔湊仔</h4></div> <p>狼兩公婆交咗配之後就要諗佗仔湊仔：隻狼乸會佗仔佗 62 至 75 日，到咗春天或者初夏嗰時會生仔；生幾多隻視隻狼乸嘅年紀而定，後生狼乸一胎通常生 4 至 5 隻，年紀大啲嘅狼乸一胎會生 6 至 8 隻，而有紀錄年紀大啲嘅狼乸可以一嘢生 14 隻噉多；啲仔女有 60 至 80% 都會養唔大<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。啱啱出世嘅狼仔係又盲又聾嘅，啲毛呈灰啡色而且又短又軟，多數重大約 300 至 500 克（11 - 18 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A3%AB" title="安士">安士</a>），到咗 9 至 12 日大嗰時先會開眼。直至啲幼狼曉自己離竇為止，佢哋阿媽會一路留喺個竇嗰度，照顧佢哋同餵奶俾佢哋食，而佢哋阿爸就會獨力孭起打獵嘅職責。到咗三個禮拜大嗰時，幼狼會嘗試離開個竇，開始食固體嘢食，同兄弟姐妹之間玩打交；幼狼喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>頭四個禮拜生得最快－體重喺呢段期間可以增長成 30 倍<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；到咗 1.5 個月大，啲幼狼就會有足夠嘅敏捷度，曉有危險嗰陣靠自己走佬，而且仲會開始真正噉打交，甚至兄弟姐妹間按「邊個打交叻啲」分級<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到咗秋天，幼狼通常就有能力陪父母同阿哥家姐去打獵<sup id="cite_ref-mech20034246_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech20034246-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="帶病"><span id=".E5.B8.B6.E7.97.85"></span>帶病</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/300px--Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="100" data-mwtitle="Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-(Canis-lupus)-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-(Canis-lupus)-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻患有嚴重犬瘟熱嘅狼；佢喺度係噉抽搐。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="病毒性疾病"><span id=".E7.97.85.E6.AF.92.E6.80.A7.E7.96.BE.E7.97.85"></span>病毒性疾病</h3></div> <p>狼可以帶多種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="病毒性疾病">病毒性疾病</a>（viral disease；由<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>引起嘅病），常見嘅有<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B2%E7%8B%97%E7%97%85" title="癲狗病">癲狗病</a>（rabies）：喺俄羅斯、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>、同印度等地，狼係癲狗病嘅一個主要帶病動物；一隻惹咗癲狗病嘅狼有 8 至 21 日嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%BD%9B%E4%BC%8F%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病潛伏期">潛伏期</a>，而發病會令一隻狼情緒變唔穩定、離開所屬嘅狼群、同每日行成 80 公里（50 哩），提升佢惹到其他狼嘅機會率。惹咗癲狗病嘅狼唔驚人，甚至仲會主動攻擊人類，可以搞到惹癲狗病俾人類<sup id="cite_ref-graves20077795_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves20077795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%AC%E7%98%9F%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犬瘟熱 (無呢版)">犬瘟熱</a>（canine distemper）係一種會攻擊<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嘅病，對<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>嚟講可以致命，但狼好少可會死於犬瘟熱<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%AC%E7%B4%B0%E5%B0%8F%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犬細小病毒 (無呢版)">犬細小病毒</a>（canine parvovirus）會引致<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%B4" title="脫水">脫水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3%E8%B3%AA" title="電解質">電解質</a>不平衡、同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%97%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="敗血病">敗血病</a>等，對幼狼嚟講可以致命，但成年嘅狼通常都唔會死於呢種病毒<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="細菌性疾病"><span id=".E7.B4.B0.E8.8F.8C.E6.80.A7.E7.96.BE.E7.97.85"></span>細菌性疾病</h3></div> <p>狼亦都可以帶有多種嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細菌性疾病 (無呢版)">細菌性疾病</a>（bacterial disease；由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>引起嘅病），常見嘅有<sup id="cite_ref-graves20077795_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves20077795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mech211_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech211-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%AC%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%B0%8F%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="豬布魯氏菌 (無呢版)">豬布魯氏菌</a>（<i>Brucella suis</i>）係一種主要感染<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AC" title="豬">豬</a>嘅細菌，但有唔少豬以外嘅動物都可以惹呢隻菌上身；<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%B9%BF" title="馴鹿">馴鹿</a>可以惹到豬布魯氏菌，而狼可以由馴鹿身上惹到豬布魯氏菌；成年嘅狼唔會點受呢種菌影響，但狼乸惹到呢隻菌會搞到佢生嘅幼狼惹到，而豬布魯氏菌可以嚴重噉削弱幼狼<sup id="cite_ref-mech211_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech211-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%A7%86%E7%97%85" title="萊姆病">萊姆病</a>（lyme disease）可以完全噉削弱成年嘅狼，但研究顯示萊姆病好少可會對狼嘅數目有明顯影響<sup id="cite_ref-mech211_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech211-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%8E%E7%AB%AF%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E9%AB%94%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈎端螺旋體病 (無呢版)">鈎端螺旋體病</a>（leptospirosis）可以由受感染嘅獵物或者尿嗰度惹到，會引致<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%87%92" title="發燒">發燒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%83%83%E5%8F%A3" title="無胃口">無胃口</a>、嘔吐、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E8%A1%80" title="貧血">貧血</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E5%B0%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血尿 (無呢版)">血尿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%96%B8" title="黃疸">黃疸</a>、同死亡；喺農場附近住嘅狼零舍容易惹到呢隻病，而噉似乎係因為呢啲狼比較易接觸到牲畜嘅大小便<sup id="cite_ref-mech211_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech211-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="寄生蟲"><span id=".E5.AF.84.E7.94.9F.E8.9F.B2"></span>寄生蟲</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg/300px-Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg/450px-Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg/600px-Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>一隻因為疥蟎而患上<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%A5%E7%98%A1" title="疥瘡">疥瘡</a>嘅野生狼</figcaption></figure> <p>狼身體表面同體內都可以有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%9F%B2" title="寄生蟲">寄生蟲</a>，喺前<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>地區嘅狼據講帶有至少 50 種唔同嘅寄生蟲<sup id="cite_ref-graves20077795_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves20077795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雖然呢啲寄生蟲多數都唔會對正常嘅狼造成明顯傷害，但如果惹到寄生蟲嘅係本身經已有病或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="營養不良">營養不良</a>嘅個體，寄生蟲就會對隻狼有危險性<sup id="cite_ref-mech202028_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech202028-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而且狼仲有機會會將寄生蟲傳俾第啲動物－狼帶嘅寄生蟲可以傳俾狗，狗跟住有機會將呢啲寄蟲傳俾人，而喺狼會獵食牲畜嘅地區，佢哋仲有機會可以傳啲寄生蟲俾牲畜<sup id="cite_ref-graves20077795_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves20077795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="體外"><span id=".E9.AB.94.E5.A4.96"></span>體外</h4></div> <p>有多種<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E8%82%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="節肢動物">節肢動物</a>都會寄生喺狼身體表面，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%B3%E8%9D%A8" title="跳蝨">跳蝨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%A8%E4%B9%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="蝨乸">蝨乸</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%8E" title="蟎">蟎</a>呀噉。當中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%A5%E8%9F%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疥蟎 (無呢版)">疥蟎</a>（mange mite；學名：<i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i>）對狼造成嘅危害最大，尤其係對幼狼，不過狼（唔似得狐狸）好少會發展出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%9B%E5%9B%8A%E8%9F%B2%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毛囊蟲病 (無呢版)">毛囊蟲病</a>（mange）<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；蝨乸可能會搞到狼唔舒服，但好少可會引致死亡；而<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%B1" title="蜱">蜱</a>（tick）就係對狼危害比較大嘅寄生蟲之一，可以搞到一隻狼惹到萊姆病同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%BD%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%91%E9%BB%9E%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="落磯山斑點熱 (無呢版)">落磯山斑點熱</a>（Rocky Mountain spotted fever）－後者係可以致命嘅<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="體內"><span id=".E9.AB.94.E5.85.A7"></span>體內</h4></div> <p>有好多種生物都會寄生喺狼體內： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="原生動物">原生動物</a>（protozoan）：會寄生喺狼體內嘅原生動物品種數量十隻手指數得嗮<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%AC%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%85%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犬新包蟲 (無呢版)">犬新包蟲</a>（<i>Neospora caninum</i>）：會寄生喺狼體內，而呢點令好多農民擔心－呢種寄生蟲可能會透過狼傳俾牲畜，而帶有呢種寄生蟲嘅牲畜<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E7%94%A2" title="流產">流產</a>嘅機會會提升 3 至 13 倍<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>有多個品種嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吸蟲綱 (無呢版)">吸蟲綱</a>（alaria）都會惹到狼。呢啲吸蟲通常係興寄生喺嚙齒目、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="兩棲類">兩棲類</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類">魚類</a>等細隻嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>身上，而狼將呢啲動物食落肚嗰陣，會惹到呢啲寄生蟲；呢啲寄生蟲多數會住喺狼嘅腸胃或者肝嗰度，由對隻狼冇乜影響以至搞到隻狼個肝有事或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E7%98%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消瘦 (無呢版)">消瘦</a>嘅都有<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%9B%E8%9F%B2%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絛蟲綱 (無呢版)">絛蟲綱</a>（tapeworm；<i>Eucestoda</i>）喺狼當中好常見，因為呢啲寄生蟲興寄生喺有蹄類、細隻哺乳類、同魚類身上－呢啲動物冚唪唥都係狼成日會食嘅。絛蟲一般都唔會對狼做成乜嘢大傷害，不過呢點視乎啲絛蟲嘅大細同數量以及隻狼本身嘅體質而有異。狼有絛蟲嗰時通常會<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E7%A7%98" class="mw-redirect" title="便秘">便秘</a>、有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%95%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="過敏">過敏</a>反應、同營養不良。有絛蟲嘅狼好多時屙嘅大便裏面會有絛蟲嘅蛋，而呢啲絛蟲蛋跟手就會流落去地下嘅草嗰度，然後俾啲有蹄類食返落肚－造成一個循環<sup id="cite_ref-mech208_105-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物分類"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>生物分類</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg/300px-Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg/450px-Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg/600px-Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%B2%B3%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="冰河時期">冰河時期</a>白令陸橋嘅狼嘅想像圖</figcaption></figure> <p>「<i>Canis lupus</i>」呢個學名係由<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="植物學">植物學</a>家同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="動物學">動物學</a>家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="林奈">林奈</a>（Carl Linnaeus）喺 1758 年佢出版《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="自然系統">自然系統</a>》（Systema Naturae）嗰時改嘅<sup id="cite_ref-carl1758_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carl1758-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當時林奈主要係研究歐亞狼（<i>Canis lupus lupus</i>），及後嘅動物學家有幫手進一步研究狼嘅次品種，最後喺 2005 年整合咗有關 38 個次品種嘅知識，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>仲被列咗為狼嘅次品種之一<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="群體結構"><span id=".E7.BE.A4.E9.AB.94.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>群體結構</h3></div> <p>狼適應能力高，可以喺多種環境當中生存，所以喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%8C%97%E7%95%8C" title="全北界">全北界</a>（Holarctic）廣泛地區都有狼分佈。現代嘅狼研究表示，狼有多個次品種，而呢啲次品種之間嘅差異係源於環境上嘅差異嘅<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schweizer2016_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schweizer2016-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－唔同地區嘅環境都唔同<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如係溫度會影響啲狼嘅毛皮要有幾厚、有嘅植物會決定啲狼要點匿埋、同有乜獵物會影響啲狼要有乜牙嚟有效噉咬肉等等<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="歐洲結構"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>歐洲結構</h4></div> <p>根據喺 2000 年代做嘅研究，歐洲嘅狼以南北分，主要有五個<i>聚類</i>（cluster；一個聚類係遺傳上零舍彼此之間相似、又同第啲族群唔相似嘅族群），當中三個聚類喺意大利、喀爾巴阡山脈、以及巴爾幹半島一帶，另外兩個佔據中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90" title="北歐">北歐</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭">烏克蘭</a>乾草原。意大利嘅狼係一個受孤立嘅族群，遺傳多樣性低；巴爾幹聚類由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9E" title="克羅地亞">克羅地亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="保加利亞">保加利亞</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘">希臘</a>等東南歐嘅狼組成；中北歐嘅聚類就包括嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" title="芬蘭">芬蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a>、白俄羅斯、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭">波蘭</a>、同俄羅斯等地嘅狼；而喀爾巴阡山脈狼就係中北歐聚類同巴爾幹聚類嘅混合。根據現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>研究，呢啲聚類結構可能反映咗狼古時由一啲凍嘅庇護地重新擴張、各自適應新環境、以及喺某啲地方俾人類獵殺而造成嘅<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="北美結構"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E7.BE.8E.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>北美結構</h4></div> <p>北美嘅狼成六個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%9E%8B" title="生態型">生態型</a>（ecotype；遺傳同生態環境上彼此分離嘅族群）。呢六個生態型分別係<i>西森林</i>（West Forest）、<i>北森林</i>（Boreal Forest）、<i>極北</i>（Arctic）、<i>高極北</i>（High Arctic）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%8A%AC%E5%B3%B6" title="巴芬島">巴芬</a>（Baffin）、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E8%A9%A9%E7%9C%81" title="卑詩省">卑詩</a>（British Columbia）。喺 2016 年做嘅研究發現，降水同每日平均溫度間距係最能夠影響狼生態型形成嘅因素<sup id="cite_ref-schweizer2016_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schweizer2016-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而狼生態型嘅遺傳特性反映狼偏好留喺佢出世嘅地形嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-schweizer2016_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schweizer2016-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="進化史"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E5.8C.96.E5.8F.B2"></span>進化史</h3></div> <p>狼喺好耐之前經已存在喺地球上。目前最早嘅狼<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>發現於曾經係加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E9%99%B8%E6%A9%8B" title="白令陸橋">白令陸橋</a>東部嘅阿拉斯加<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE%E7%8F%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="費爾班克斯">費爾班克斯</a>嗰度。呢舊化石最高估計有成 1,000,000 年噉古老。10 幾萬年前嘅狼經已有相當嘅多樣性，啲牙硬淨過現代嘅灰狼（尤其係前臼齒），塊面前方嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BB%E7%AA%81" title="吻突">吻突</a>（rostrum）比較短，而某啲肌肉比較發達。噉據估計係因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E5%B7%A8%E5%9E%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4" title="更新世巨型動物群">當時嘅動物好大隻</a>，搞到狼需要適應以食屍體同骨為主。當時嘅狼似乎比較多有牙爆裂嘅情況（呢點同經已絕咗種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E7%8B%BC" title="恐狼">恐狼</a>相似），噉可能係因為佢哋食屍體多或者因為要同第啲食肉動物競爭而焗住要食嘢食得快，而且嗰陣時嘅狼似乎亦都好興咬動物嘅骨<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a>嘅研究俾嘅結果有啲唔同：呢啲研究顯示，現代嘅狼同狗同源，有個共同祖先，而呢個共同祖先可能喺 20,000 年前（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>上嚟講好近）就存在；遠古嘅狼似乎面臨過一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E7%93%B6%E9%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="種群瓶頸">種群瓶頸</a>（population bottleneck；指一個種群因為一啲災難性嘅事件而數目急速下降）<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，跟手再好快噉由淨低嗰個族群嗰度重新發展過<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。噉亦都意味住，當時原本嘅狼唔夠一種新嘅狼鬥，而俾新狼取代<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_%26_Aenocyon_dirus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Canis_lupus_%26_Aenocyon_dirus.jpg/600px-Canis_lupus_%26_Aenocyon_dirus.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Canis_lupus_%26_Aenocyon_dirus.jpg/900px-Canis_lupus_%26_Aenocyon_dirus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Canis_lupus_%26_Aenocyon_dirus.jpg/1200px-Canis_lupus_%26_Aenocyon_dirus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3620" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>狼（左）同恐狼（右）嘅骨架比較；恐狼明顯大隻啲，而且個頭殼比例上都大啲。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="混種"><span id=".E6.B7.B7.E7.A8.AE"></span>混種</h3></div> <p>包括狼在內嘅多個犬科物種有共同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="染色體">染色體</a>數（78）<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以喺遺傳上相當接近，能夠生<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E7%A8%AE" title="雜種">雜種</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：喺好耐之前，包括亞洲胡狼同灰狼在內嘅幾個犬科物種之間有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="基因流動">基因流動</a>（gene flow；唔同族群之間<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>交流，即係話兩個族群有生雜種），而證據顯示，非洲嘅犬科物種有同中東嘅狼同狗生雜種；現代嘅狼同郊狼明顯有喺遺傳上嘅混雜<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而事實係郊狼同狼有好近期嘅共同祖先，不過呢個共同祖先似乎經已絕咗種<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺世界多個地方，狼都會主動同第啲犬科雜交：近期喺意大利做嘅研究顯示，有啲意大利狼公有狗嘅血統，表示狼乸會喺野外同狗公交配<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="高加索山脈">高加索山脈</a>，有 10% 嘅狗－包括負責保護牲畜嘅狗－係同狼雜交配種而成嘅<sup id="cite_ref-caucasusdogs_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caucasusdogs-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而雖然好少可有人能夠觀察到亞洲胡狼同狼交配（直至 2019 年為止都未有個案），但對高加索山脈以及保加利亞嘅胡狼做嘅遺傳研究顯示，亞洲胡狼同灰狼喺史上曾經雜交過<sup id="cite_ref-caucasusdogs_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caucasusdogs-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo,_Poland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png/600px-F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png/900px-F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png/1200px-F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>狼同狗生嘅雜種；左圖係一隻狼公同一隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E6%9E%B6%E7%8B%97" class="mw-disambig" title="曲架狗">曲架狗</a>生嘅，而右圖係一隻萊卡同一隻狼乸生嘅。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="保育"><span id=".E4.BF.9D.E8.82.B2"></span>保育</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg/240px-Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg/360px-Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg/480px-Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3914" data-file-height="4886" /></a><figcaption>2003 年喺洛磯山脈影到嘅一隻狼</figcaption></figure> <p>狼嘅保育係由廿世紀中開始嘅。喺廿世紀中之前，人類喺科技上嘅進步令到佢哋橫掃成個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>，狼唔夠人類打，喺唔少地方都絕咗種。及後，生態保育專家等人員嘅努力令到狼嘅犬口下降喺 1970 年代停止，而喺法律保護、土地運用嘅改變、同人口由鄉下移去城市等嘅因素影響之下，狼仲成功噉重新進入一啲佢哋絕咗種嘅地區，雖然喺唔少地區，人同狼爭獵物、人為咗自身安全獵狼、同生境嘅分裂等因素依然令狼受到威脅。不過總體上，狼到咗家陣經已好穩陣，所以佢哋喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄">國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄</a>（IUCN Red List）當中俾人列為「最唔使理」（Least Concern；完全唔受威脅）等級<sup id="cite_ref-boitani2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boitani2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北美"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E7.BE.8E"></span>北美</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="最北方"><span id=".E6.9C.80.E5.8C.97.E6.96.B9"></span>最北方</h4></div> <p>狼喺北美嘅極北之地好強。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>，狼喺佢 80% 嘅原生地當中都仲有活動，所以加拿大可以話係狼呢個物種嘅要塞，有大約 50,000 至 60,000 隻狼（俾<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="生態學家">生態學家</a>評定為一個相當理想嘅數字）。喺加拿大，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="第一民族">第一民族</a>（First Nation；指加拿大嘅土著）嘅人可以自由噉獵狼，但第啲人就要攞牌先可以噉做，而每年加拿大可以有成 4,000 隻狼俾人類獵殺。而喺阿拉斯加，狼嘅犬口大約有 6,000 至 7,000 隻，而人類亦都可以喺有限制之下獵狼，而喺嗰頭，估計每年有大約相當於總犬口 15% 嘅狼俾人獵殺<sup id="cite_ref-mech321324_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech321324-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="美國本土"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9C.8B.E6.9C.AC.E5.9C.9F"></span>美國本土</h4></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F" title="美國本土">美國本土</a>（contiguous United States），狼一路去到 1973 年都俾人列為瀕危物種而受到保護。喺嗰時，美國本土嘅狼形勢惡劣到淨係喺明尼蘇達州嗰度有幾百隻同喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="密歇根州">密歇根州</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="盧瓦爾島">盧瓦爾島</a>（Isle Royale）嗰度有。喺法律保護下，明尼蘇達州嘅狼去到 2000 年代中經已恢復到有 3,000 隻，而且仲成功返咗去<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%9E" title="威斯康辛州">威斯康辛州</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="密歇根上半島">密歇根上半島</a>（Upper Peninsula of Michigan）呢兩個佢哋之前生存過嘅地方<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到咗 1970 年代尾，加拿大西南部嘅狼越過加拿大同美國嗰條邊界，到咗美國西北嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="蒙大拿州">蒙大拿州</a>，以及於 1986 年喺蒙大拿州嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="冰川國家公園 (美國)">冰川國家公園</a>（Glacier National Park）起咗個竇。1995 年，美國聯邦政府開始將狼重新引入去黃石國家公園（狼喺 1930 年代由黃石國家公園絕跡）以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E9%81%94%E8%8D%B7%E5%B7%9E" title="愛達荷州">愛達荷州</a>中部<sup id="cite_ref-mech321324_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech321324-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由嗰時開始，狼嘅足跡偏及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="洛磯山脈">洛磯山脈</a>（Rocky Mountain）北部地區，當中蒙大拿州、愛達荷州、同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E4%BF%84%E6%98%8E%E5%B7%9E" title="懷俄明州">懷俄明州</a>喺 2010 年代中同後加埋至少有 1,700 隻狼，而同期喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%B7%9E" title="華盛頓州">華盛頓州</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E" title="俄勒岡州">俄勒岡州</a>，甚至乎<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加州">加州</a>等地，都有一定數目嘅狼群<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="墨西哥"><span id=".E5.A2.A8.E8.A5.BF.E5.93.A5"></span>墨西哥</h4></div> <p>自從 1970 年代尾開始，美國同墨西哥就有協力幫手做狼嘅保育。佢哋首先做嘅嘢係捉嗮墨西哥野外嘅狼先，以防佢哋滅絕，而喺 1977 年至 1980 年，墨西哥當局捉咗 5 隻野狼（4 隻公 1 隻大咗肚嘅乸），並且用佢哋開始搞個配種計劃。由呢個計劃生出嚟嘅狼由 1998 年開始，就有俾官方放生去美國西南嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="亞利桑拿州">亞利桑拿州</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="新墨西哥州">新墨西哥州</a>野外，等狼呢個物種喺嗰啲地區重新發展。直至 2017 年，墨西哥嘅狼配種計劃產生咗 143 隻喺野外生存嘅狼同 240 隻俾人養住搞配種嘅狼<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_Lupus_Signatus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canis_Lupus_Signatus.JPG/300px-Canis_Lupus_Signatus.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canis_Lupus_Signatus.JPG/450px-Canis_Lupus_Signatus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canis_Lupus_Signatus.JPG/600px-Canis_Lupus_Signatus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>喺伊比利半島影到嘅一個狼群</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐亞"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E4.BA.9E"></span>歐亞</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="歐洲"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2"></span>歐洲</h4></div> <p>歐洲－唔包括俄羅斯、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="白俄羅斯">白俄羅斯</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭">烏克蘭</a>呢三個地區－嘅狼非常健康：歐洲有大約 12,000 隻狼，分佈喺 28 個國家<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；根據多個<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="歐洲人">歐洲人</a>嘅條約，狼都係一個受法律保護嘅野生物種，而多個歐洲國家都有法例限制人對狼嘅危害，不過某啲歐洲國家並冇嚴格噉執行呢啲法例<sup id="cite_ref-boitani2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boitani2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而自從 1980 年左右起，歐洲嘅狼就由打前嘅瀕危狀態反彈，重新進入佢哋之前絕咗跡嘅地區，而且歐洲喺經濟上轉型，少咗人做<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%89%A7%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="畜牧業">畜牧業</a>，令到少咗歐洲人因為想保護牲畜而殺狼<sup id="cite_ref-mech321324_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech321324-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼喺多個歐洲地區數目都唔錯：據估計喺 2016 年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="巴爾幹半島">巴爾幹半島</a>（Balkans）嗰頭有大約成 4,000 隻狼，<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E9%98%A1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="喀爾巴阡山脈">喀爾巴阡山脈</a>（Carpathian Mountains）嗰頭有大約 3,400 至 3,800 隻，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅的海三國">波羅的海三國</a>（Baltic states）有 1,700 至 2,200 隻，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="意大利半島">意大利半島</a>（Italian peninsula）有 1,100 至 2,400 隻；而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="伊比利半島">伊比利半島</a>（Iberian peninsula）西北就喺 2007 年估計有 2,500 隻<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="前蘇聯"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E8.98.87.E8.81.AF"></span>前蘇聯</h4></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="前蘇聯">前蘇聯</a>地區，狼嘅形勢都唔差：狼喺蘇聯統治期間，曾經俾人大規模有組織噉獵殺，但佢哋依然喺好多前蘇聯地區存活。據 2010 年代中嘅估計，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" title="格魯吉亞">格魯吉亞</a>（Georgia）有 1,500 隻狼，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="哈薩克">哈薩克</a>（Kazakhstan）有 20,000 隻，而俄羅斯就有 45,000 隻，而且呢啲地區嘅狼犬口似乎好穩定<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。俄羅斯政府有陣會俾錢人獵狼，俄羅斯嘅狼估計每年至少有 20 至 30% 嘅俾人獵殺，但似乎俄羅斯噉做並唔明顯影響狼嘅數目<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中東"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E6.9D.B1"></span>中東</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" title="中東">中東</a>嘅狼生存得唔錯，多得<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a>呢三個國家通力合作<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003137_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003137-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺 2010 年代初，土耳其境內估計有成 7,000 隻狼<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而雖然狼喺當時嘅土耳其並冇法律保障，但因為狼係法定嘅打獵對象，得有牌打獵嘅人先可以喺打獵季節合法獵殺佢哋<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；以色列自從 1954 年開始就有法律保護狼，而且能夠有效噉執行保育政策，令到以色列嘅狼有保障，而且仲有擴散去周圍國家。沙特阿拉伯多沙漠地區，而成個<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="阿拉伯半島">阿拉伯半島</a>同期估計大約有 300 至 600 隻狼<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003137_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003137-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>嘅狼似乎好活躍<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="再東啲"><span id=".E5.86.8D.E6.9D.B1.E5.95.B2"></span>再東啲</h4></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="南亞">南亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" title="東亞">東亞</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>，狼都生存得唔錯： </p> <ul><li>位於南亞北部嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a>係狼嘅重要要塞。印度喺 1972 年給予狼法律上嘅保護，而據 2000 年代估計，喺印度北方嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E8%AC%A8-%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="查謨-克什米爾邦">查謨-克什米爾邦</a>（Jammu and Kashmir）大約 60,000 平方公里（23,000 平方哩）嘅範圍之內，大約有 300 隻狼<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003137_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003137-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>據 2000 年代嘅估計，<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>大約有 10,000 至 20,000 隻狼<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003328_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003328-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>據 2000 年代嘅估計，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F" title="黑龍江">黑龍江</a>嗰頭有大約 650 隻狼，而再近期啲嘅研究顯示，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>各地都有狼分佈<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003328_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003328-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同人類嘅相處"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E5.98.85.E7.9B.B8.E8.99.95"></span>同人類嘅相處</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/240px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/360px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/480px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>一個雕像描繪兩個人類<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%8A%E5%AD%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="臊孲子">臊孲子</a>食隻狼乸嘅奶；個雕像取材自羅穆路斯與雷穆斯嘅傳說。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化影響"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>文化影響</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="神話傳說"><span id=".E7.A5.9E.E8.A9.B1.E5.82.B3.E8.AA.AA"></span>神話傳說</h4></div> <p>狼喺世界多個地方嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="神話">神話</a>同民間傳說當中都有出現，而且好多時都身處於令古人又敬又畏嘅地位：喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="希臘神話">希臘神話</a>裏面，狼俾人認為係太陽神（兼光明同秩序之神）<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85" title="阿波羅">阿波羅</a>（Apollo）嘅一個象徵<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬人">古羅馬人</a>就將狼同佢哋嘅打仗同農業之神<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF" title="瑪斯">瑪斯</a>（Mars）扯上關係<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，仲有傳說話<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>嘅建國者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%A9%86%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%88%87%E9%9B%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF" title="羅穆路斯與雷穆斯">羅穆路斯與雷穆斯</a>（Romulus and Remus）係由一隻狼乸湊大嘅<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="北歐神話">北歐神話</a>裏面就有相傳最終會吞噬眾神之父<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%B8%81" title="奧丁">奧丁</a>（Odin）嘅恐怖巨狼<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%84" title="芬里厄">芬里厄</a>（Fenrir）<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而奧丁佢自己又有養咗另外兩隻狼做寵物<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；喺遠東嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="神道教">神道教</a>傳說入面，狼俾<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>稱之為「オオカミ」（<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="日羅">日羅</a>：ōkami；<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="和製漢字">和製漢字</a>：狼）同奉為神靈嘅使者，而且神道教仲有傳說話狼會保護農作物免受野豬同鹿（會食農作物嘅動物）侵襲，令日本人傳統對狼有種尊敬嘅態度<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>人化成狼</dt></dl> <p>此外，有多個地方嘅民間都有傳說話人可以變成狼。古希臘神話有個故仔話<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%8A%E5%8D%A1%E7%BF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萊卡翁 (無呢版)">萊卡翁</a>（Lycaon）呢個國王因為做咗衰嘢（將佢其中一個仔殺咗，仲煮咗嚟諗住俾<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF" title="宙斯">宙斯</a>食）而俾宙斯罰佢要變做狼<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而及後<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>歐洲多地都有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%8B%BC" title="人狼">狼人</a>嘅傳說，話有啲人會變身成狼去殺人<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而某啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97" class="mw-redirect" title="美洲土著">美洲土著</a>部落自古就有傳說話使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="巫術">巫術</a>嘅人曉靠著起狼皮變身成狼，跟手仲會殺人同搞墳墓<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>凶星天狼</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%BC%E6%98%9F" title="天狼星">天狼星</a>（Sirius；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="古希臘文">古希臘文</a>：Σείριος）以狼命名，喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA" title="唐人">唐人</a>嘅傳統星象學說當中，俾人視為一粒「主侵略之兆」嘅凶星<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：天狼星係地球夜晚天上面最光嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星">恆星</a>，所以早喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="戰國時代">戰國時代</a>經已有古漢人觀察得到，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E5%8E%9F" title="屈原">屈原</a>就喺《九歌·東君》當中講到「舉長矢兮射天狼」，以天狼星比喻位於楚國西北嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="秦國">秦國</a><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而打後嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>大文豪<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%9D%B1%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇東坡">蘇東坡</a>又有喺《江城子．密州出獵》提到「會挽雕弓似滿月，西北望，射天狼」，以天狼星嚟去比喻威脅北宋西北邊境嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏">西夏</a><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dore_ridinghood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dore_ridinghood.jpg/210px-Dore_ridinghood.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dore_ridinghood.jpg/315px-Dore_ridinghood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dore_ridinghood.jpg/420px-Dore_ridinghood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>1883 年一幅描繪小紅帽嘅畫</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="文學描述"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E6.8F.8F.E8.BF.B0"></span>文學描述</h4></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%9E%E7%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="大壞狼">大壞狼</a></div> <dl><dt>遠古文學</dt></dl> <p>遠古時期好多歐洲以至近東嘅文學作品都有狼嘅形象出現，而且多數都唔將狼視為好嘢。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%A2" title="伊索">伊索</a>（Aesop）有喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="伊索寓言">佢嘅幾個寓言</a>當中將狼描繪成破壞同危險嘅象徵，觸及當時以牧羊為生計－所以唔多鍾意狼－嘅古希臘人嘅神經，例如佢個出名作品《<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC%E5%9A%9F%E5%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="狼嚟喇">狼嚟喇</a>》就用咗狼嚟做大奸角，亦都令到「嗌狼」（to cry wolf）到咗廿一世紀喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西人">西人</a>之間成為「講大話」嘅比喻詞，而且伊索嘅另外幾個作品都有以「牧羊人同狗一齊合作對抗狼」做主題<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經">聖經</a>（一本對西人影響深遠嘅書）提咗狼 13 次，多數都係攞狼嚟做貪婪同破壞嘅代表，例如喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="新約">新約</a>當中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" title="耶穌">耶穌</a>本人將佢嘅追隨者比喻成羊，迫害佢追隨者嘅人比喻成狼<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>後期文學</dt></dl> <p>喺中世紀以至摩登時代嘅歐洲文學當中，狼依然以扮演人類嘅敵人為主。出名嘅童話故事《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B4%85%E5%B8%BD" title="小紅帽">小紅帽</a>》將狼描繪成能夠模仿人類講嘢，甚至乎係類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%A7%A6%E7%8A%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="強姦犯">強姦犯</a>噉嘅形象（被描繪成會跟蹤同傷害細路女），而有學者指出，小紅帽係狼嘅形象喺近代西方文化當中惡劣嘅主因之一<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；類似嘅狼角色亦都有喺《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%9A%BB%E8%B1%AC%E4%BB%94" title="三隻豬仔">三隻豬仔</a>》同《<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%83%E9%9A%BB%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A" title="狼同七隻小山羊">狼同七隻小山羊</a>》等嘅故仔當中出現<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90" title="東歐">東歐</a>嘅俄羅斯文學裏面好興描述狼攻擊人類同牲畜，而喺呢啲故仔入面，人類往往跟住就會同狗一齊去獵殺狼<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺廿世紀嘅歐美文學當中，狼嘅形象開始有所改善。喺 1894 年出版、到咗廿一世紀都仲相當受歡迎嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>故事集《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A2%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%87%E8%AD%9A" title="叢林奇譚">叢林奇譚</a>》（The Jungle Book）當中，狼唔係被描繪成鍾意食肉嘅奸角，而係以家族形式生存、座右銘為「狼嘅力量在於狼群，狼群嘅力量在於狼」嘅高貴動物（呢點同同期嘅文學作品差天共地）；<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="生物學家">生物學家</a>仲有讚賞叢林奇譚，指出呢本書對狼嘅描繪比較準確，例如動物學研究有發現狼打獵嘅成功的確取決於狼－尤其係成年狼公－嘅數量<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，即係話「狼嘅力量在於狼群，狼群嘅力量在於狼」係準確嘅<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同時由 1980 年代起，日本<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%BC%AB" title="動漫">動漫</a>興起，日本人將佢哋傳統對狼嘅正面描繪傳去歐美，幫手改變咗狼喺歐美文化產物當中嘅形象<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人狼衝突"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E7.8B.BC.E8.A1.9D.E7.AA.81"></span>人狼衝突</h3></div> <p>人同狼之間會有衝突。人類會因為多種原因想獵殺狼，而研究顯示，人類活動會令周圍嘅狼<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E9%86%87" title="皮質醇">皮質醇</a>（cortisol；一種反映<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="心理壓力">心理壓力</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="荷爾蒙">荷爾蒙</a>）水平提升<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="獵食牲畜"><span id=".E7.8D.B5.E9.A3.9F.E7.89.B2.E7.95.9C"></span>獵食牲畜</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinook2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chinook2.gif/270px-Chinook2.gif" decoding="async" width="270" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chinook2.gif/405px-Chinook2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Chinook2.gif 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>1900 年嘅一幅畫；描繪狼圍攻一隻公牛。</figcaption></figure> <p>狼成日都會獵食人養嘅牲畜，而呢點喺狼嘅保育上係一個大問題：牲畜對狼嚟講係容易嘅獵食對象，因為牲畜往往喺人類保護嘅環境下進化，搞到唔多識保護自己<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；所以喺野外唔夠嘢食嗰陣，狼往往會走去獵食牲畜，呢種情況喺多大型野生動物俾狼獵食嘅北美少見啲，但喺歐亞成日會發生<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；狼最常會趁夏天－牲畜喺度食草－嗰時，走去獵食<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%BF%E7%BE%8A" title="綿羊">綿羊</a>（歐洲）、馴鹿（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="斯堪的納維亞">斯堪的納維亞</a>北部）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E7%BE%8A" title="草羊">草羊</a>（印度）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" title="馬">馬</a>（蒙古）、仲有係牛同<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E9%9B%9E" title="火雞">火雞</a>（北美）<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003305_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003305-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；狼獵牛或者馬多數會殺一兩隻，但獵起火雞、羊、馴鹿嗰時好可能會殺一柞<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；狼有時更加會攻入農場嗰度獵食牲畜<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003305_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003305-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼甚至未必使獵食牲畜－狼嘅存在會令牲畜感到心理壓力，而呢股心理壓力時不時會搞到牲畜流產、體重跌、或者肉質變差<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003305_174-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003305-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。狼對牲畜嘅傷害搞到從事畜牧業嘅人有誘因殺佢哋，而且目前除咗殺嗮啲狼之外，冇完美嘅方法防止狼獵食牲畜<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003305_174-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003305-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；因為噉，有多個國家喺做狼嘅保育嗰陣，都焗住要貼錢俾國內嘅畜牧業，喺狼為畜牧業造成經濟損失嗰時俾錢做補償或者提供政府<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="保險">保險</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="狼對狗"><span id=".E7.8B.BC.E5.B0.8D.E7.8B.97"></span>狼對狗</h4></div> <p>因為狼同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>都係強勢嘅食肉動物，所以兩者成日都會打交<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。單打獨鬥嘅話，狗通常都會俾狼殺死，而且爭嘢食唔會夠狼爭；但狼群通常狼數唔多（頂櫳得嗰十零隻，當中得兩三隻成年），而且如果佢哋喺人類多嘅地區同狗碰頭，狗會喺數量上佔重大優勢之餘仲有人類撐佢哋，所以喺呢種情況下，狼多數唔夠狗打<sup id="cite_ref-lescureux2014_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lescureux2014-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼有時會殺狗，而某啲個別地區嘅狼族群仲興以狗肉做重要糧食來源。例如喺克羅地亞，狼殺狗殺得多過殺綿羊，俄羅斯嘅狼據講會壓制流浪狗嘅數量，而喺廿一世紀初嘅斯堪的納維亞同美國威斯康辛州，狼攻擊狗俾人視為一個生態問題<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsin_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；狼可能會喺人類屋企附近或者森林當中攻擊狗<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsin_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，會殺死多種嘅獵狗，當中年紀大嘅狗最受影響，因為呢啲狗唔似得後生啲嘅狗噉細膽，往往唔曉驚同避開狼，不過有啲大型嘅狗種可以同狼打交打到不相上下<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsin_180-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。值得一提嘅係，狼攻擊起有人陪伴嘅狗上嚟，好多時會狼死得好交關，仲會忽視隻狗身邊嘅人<sup id="cite_ref-mech2003305_174-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mech2003305-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根據紀錄，全世界每年俾狼殺嘅狗數量查實好少，但「狼殺狗」嘅現象就引起唔少人為佢哋啲狗擔憂：喺唔少文化當中，人都視狗為好朋友，當佢哋係屋企人同工作夥伴，而呢種對「狼會殺狗」嘅恐懼有時會令公眾支持獵人殺狼<sup id="cite_ref-lescureux2014_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lescureux2014-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>牧羊狗</dt></dl> <p>有唔少生態學家指出，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E7%BE%8A%E7%8B%97" title="牧羊狗">牧羊狗</a>可以幫手減少人同狼嘅衝突，而噉做可以間接幫手保育狼<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：牧羊狗唔係特別有攻擊性，但因為狗同狼相近，所以佢哋能夠一定程度上同狼溝通；牧羊狗能夠向狼做出一啲曖昧行為，例如係好幾隻牧羊狗一齊向住啲狼做出吠、邀請佢哋玩、或者有攻擊性嘅舉止等等嘅舉動，呢啲舉動可以干擾狼，令到佢哋無所適從（不過噉做有陣時會搞到牧羊狗冇命）<sup id="cite_ref-lescureux2014_178-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lescureux2014-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。事實係，歐亞喺歷史上不嬲有用開牧羊狗嚟抵抗狼對牲畜嘅獵食，而且頗有成效<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="狼對人"><span id=".E7.8B.BC.E5.B0.8D.E4.BA.BA"></span>狼對人</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenier_Saint_Martin_loup_MdlaC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Grenier_Saint_Martin_loup_MdlaC.jpg/270px-Grenier_Saint_Martin_loup_MdlaC.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Grenier_Saint_Martin_loup_MdlaC.jpg/405px-Grenier_Saint_Martin_loup_MdlaC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Grenier_Saint_Martin_loup_MdlaC.jpg/540px-Grenier_Saint_Martin_loup_MdlaC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3345" data-file-height="2950" /></a><figcaption>1833 年嘅一幅畫；描繪狼攻擊人。</figcaption></figure> <p>雖然狼並唔算係人類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%95%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="天敵">天敵</a>，但多個社會傳統上都會畏懼狼<sup id="cite_ref-linnell2002_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnell2002-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一隻狼對人類會有乜反應視乎隻狼嘅經驗而定：未試過見到人獵狼甚至俾人餵過嘅狼唔會驚人<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而狼喺受到挑釁嗰時可能會攻擊人，不過呢啲攻擊多數都衹係限於咬手腳，而且咬起上嚟通常唔會好用力<sup id="cite_ref-linnell2002_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnell2002-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>狼獵食人嘅案例唔多，不過的確有可能發生，當中以女人同細路最受威脅：如果一隻狼因為長期唔受人侵害而變到唔驚人，有可能會走去嘗試獵食人。俾狼獵食嘅人通常會重複噉個頭同塊面俾狼咬，跟住隻狼會拖佢走同食佢，制止方法通常係殺死攻擊人嗰隻狼。狼獵食人嘅個案通常都係喺六月至八月發生，因為呢啲月份最多人會為咗帶牲畜食草或者採<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E8%8E%93" class="mw-redirect" title="野莓">野莓</a>等嘅目的而走入森林嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-linnell2002_184-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnell2002-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另一方面，有初生仔女要養嘅狼喺六月至八月零舍有壓力要搵嘢食，所以可能會焗住要攻擊人<sup id="cite_ref-linnell2002_184-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnell2002-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>癲狗病</dt></dl> <p>狼另一個對人類造成嘅可能危害係<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B2%E7%8B%97%E7%97%85" title="癲狗病">癲狗病</a>（rabies）：狼唔多會帶癲狗病，但可以由狗、狐狸、同<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E7%8B%BC" title="胡狼">胡狼</a>等動物身上惹到癲狗病；因為狼屬於強壯又大隻嘅動物，所以佢哋惹起癲狗病上嚟相當危險；據估計，俾有癲狗病嘅狼咬危險過俾有癲狗病嘅狗咬 15 倍<sup id="cite_ref-linnell2002_184-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnell2002-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；一隻惹咗癲狗病嘅狼通常會單獨行動，行到離開佢哋地盤好遠嘅地方，近乎隨機噉咬傷多個人（以成年男人為主）同牲畜。有癲狗病嘅狼對人造成危害嘅情況喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>東部、中東、同中亞等地常見，喺歐洲本土就比較少見：根據紀錄，喺 2002 年同打前嗰 50 年間，歐洲同俄羅斯總共得 8 宗因為癲狗病嘅狼而死人嘅個案，不過喺南亞就有成 200 宗<sup id="cite_ref-linnell2002_184-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnell2002-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="人類獵狼"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E7.8D.B5.E7.8B.BC"></span>人類獵狼</h4></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E7%8B%BC" title="獵狼">獵狼</a></div> <p>世界多個國家都有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E7%8B%BC" title="獵狼">獵狼</a>（wolf hunting）嘅傳統。獵狼好多時係為咗保護牲畜，但有陣時人又會為咗想要狼嘅毛皮等嘅原因走去獵狼。獵狼唔容易：第廿六任<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="美國總統">美國總統</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="西奧多羅斯福">西奧多羅斯福</a>（Theodore Roosevelt；佢有打獵嘅嗜好）就指出，狼係一種古惑、感覺靈敏、耐力勁、而且能夠制服同殺死獵狗嘅動物，所以好難獵殺<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為噉，獵狼人要用好多計仔嚟引狼同殺狼，好似係殺竇入面嘅幼狼、用狗追蹤佢哋、用<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%A8%E9%B1%89%E9%B9%BC" title="番木鱉鹼">番木鱉鹼</a>（Strychnine）毒佢哋、模仿狼叫、同設陷阱等等<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="俄羅斯人">俄羅斯人</a>就有噉嘅方法獵狼－獵人會用有人類氣味嘅繩索包圍住一群狼，如果狼驚人除嘅話就會驚到唔識走（不過呢種做法對習慣人陣除嘅狼冇效）；而蒙古同中亞多地嘅人有用<a href="/wiki/%E9%B7%B9" title="鷹">鷹</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%BC%E5%B1%AC" title="隼屬">隼</a>獵狼嘅傳統（之但係呢種傳統喺廿一世紀開始息微）。現代人可以坐<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%98%87%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="直昇機">直昇機</a>由高空用槍械射殺狼，呢種做法好有效，不過有爭議性<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg/420px-Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg/630px-Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>兩位俄羅斯獵人展示佢哋殺嘅狼。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人狼合作"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E7.8B.BC.E5.90.88.E4.BD.9C"></span>人狼合作</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a></div> <p>狼同人有可能合作。有啲人會為咗貪得意等嘅原因養狼做寵物，或者養佢哋幫手做嘢，不過養狼唔係人人都做得嘅：狼同狗喺遺傳上好接近，但唔似得狗噉具有服從性同本能上對人友好，所以訓練一隻狼聽話相當難；此外，狼需要好大嘅活動空間－一隻典型嘅狼要有 26 至 39 平方公里（10 - 15 平方英哩）嘅面積做運動，先會健康；再加上狼野性發作起上嚟可以好危險。因為呢啲緣故，養狼呢家嘢幾乎淨係得受過專業動物處理訓練嘅人先會做得嚟，而一般人衹能夠養狗<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="圖庫"><span id=".E5.9C.96.E5.BA.AB"></span>圖庫</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 306px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 304px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_wolf_canis_lupus_family_canidae_or_plains_tundra_or_timber_wolf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="雪地上嘅一隻狼"><img alt="雪地上嘅一隻狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Arctic_wolf_canis_lupus_family_canidae_or_plains_tundra_or_timber_wolf.jpg/456px-Arctic_wolf_canis_lupus_family_canidae_or_plains_tundra_or_timber_wolf.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Arctic_wolf_canis_lupus_family_canidae_or_plains_tundra_or_timber_wolf.jpg/684px-Arctic_wolf_canis_lupus_family_canidae_or_plains_tundra_or_timber_wolf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Arctic_wolf_canis_lupus_family_canidae_or_plains_tundra_or_timber_wolf.jpg/912px-Arctic_wolf_canis_lupus_family_canidae_or_plains_tundra_or_timber_wolf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">雪地上嘅一隻狼</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Laenulfean_-_wolf_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一隻就快開餐嘅狼"><img alt="一隻就快開餐嘅狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_Laenulfean_-_wolf_%281%29.jpg/212px-Flickr_-_Laenulfean_-_wolf_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_Laenulfean_-_wolf_%281%29.jpg/319px-Flickr_-_Laenulfean_-_wolf_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_Laenulfean_-_wolf_%281%29.jpg/425px-Flickr_-_Laenulfean_-_wolf_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1887" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一隻就快開餐嘅狼</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2loups@ombre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="兩隻休息緊嘅狼"><img alt="兩隻休息緊嘅狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2loups%40ombre.jpg/400px-2loups%40ombre.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2loups%40ombre.jpg/600px-2loups%40ombre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2loups%40ombre.jpg/800px-2loups%40ombre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">兩隻休息緊嘅狼</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Wolf_Nuka_(7263470836).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一隻狼"><img alt="一隻狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/North_American_Wolf_Nuka_%287263470836%29.jpg/232px-North_American_Wolf_Nuka_%287263470836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/North_American_Wolf_Nuka_%287263470836%29.jpg/348px-North_American_Wolf_Nuka_%287263470836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/North_American_Wolf_Nuka_%287263470836%29.jpg/465px-North_American_Wolf_Nuka_%287263470836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一隻狼</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_10zz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一隻嚎叫緊嘅狼"><img alt="一隻嚎叫緊嘅狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Canis_lupus_10zz.jpg/388px-Canis_lupus_10zz.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Canis_lupus_10zz.jpg/582px-Canis_lupus_10zz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Canis_lupus_10zz.jpg/775px-Canis_lupus_10zz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一隻嚎叫緊嘅狼</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2004%EB%85%84%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="幾隻出咗世冇幾耐嘅幼狼"><img alt="幾隻出咗世冇幾耐嘅幼狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2004%EB%85%84%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80.JPG/400px-2004%EB%85%84%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2004%EB%85%84%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80.JPG/600px-2004%EB%85%84%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/2004%EB%85%84%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">幾隻出咗世冇幾耐嘅幼狼</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 362px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 360px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Running_Wolf_2_(5696466615).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一隻奔跑緊嘅狼"><img alt="一隻奔跑緊嘅狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Running_Wolf_2_%285696466615%29.jpg/540px-Running_Wolf_2_%285696466615%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Running_Wolf_2_%285696466615%29.jpg/810px-Running_Wolf_2_%285696466615%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Running_Wolf_2_%285696466615%29.jpg/1079px-Running_Wolf_2_%285696466615%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="1744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一隻奔跑緊嘅狼</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="兩隻狼食緊隻鹿"><img alt="兩隻狼食緊隻鹿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg/400px-Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg/600px-Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg/800px-Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">兩隻狼食緊隻鹿</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolves_in_the_Snow_(12033410484).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="雪地上嘅兩隻狼"><img alt="雪地上嘅兩隻狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wolves_in_the_Snow_%2812033410484%29.jpg/451px-Wolves_in_the_Snow_%2812033410484%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wolves_in_the_Snow_%2812033410484%29.jpg/677px-Wolves_in_the_Snow_%2812033410484%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wolves_in_the_Snow_%2812033410484%29.jpg/902px-Wolves_in_the_Snow_%2812033410484%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">雪地上嘅兩隻狼</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%A7%91%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="犬科動物">犬科動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC%E7%8B%97" title="狼狗">狼狗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8" title="狐狸">狐狸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E7%8B%BC" title="恐狼">恐狼</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-boitani2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boitani2018_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boitani2018_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boitani2018_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Boitani, L., Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. (2018). "Canis lupus". <i>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i>. IUCN. 2018. e.T3746A119623865.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carl1758-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carl1758_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carl1758_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Linnæus, Carl (1758). "Canis Lupus". <i>Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i>. Tomus I (in Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Packard, J.M., 2003. Wolf behavior: reproductive, social, and intelligent. In: Mech, L.D., Boitani, L. (Eds.), <i>Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 35–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Capitani, C. L. A. U. D. I. A., Bertelli, I., Varuzza, P., Scandura, M., & Apollonio, M. (2004). A comparative analysis of wolf (Canis lupus) diet in three different Italian ecosystems. <i>Mammalian Biology</i>, 69(1), 1-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barja, I. (2009). Prey and prey-age preference by the Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus in a multiple-prey ecosystem. <i>Wildlife Biology</i>, 15(2), 147-154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muro, C., Escobedo, R., Spector, L., & Coppinger, R. P. (2011). Wolf-pack (Canis lupus) hunting strategies emerge from simple rules in computational simulations. <i>Behavioural processes</i>, 88(3), 192-197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ballard, W. B., Carbyn, L. N., & Smith, D. W. (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&=&context=usgsnpwrc&=&sei-redir=1&referer=https%253A%252F%252Fscholar.google.com.au%252Fscholar%253Fhl%253Den%2526as_sdt%253D0%25252C5%2526q%253Dtiger%252Bprey%252Bon%252Bwolf%2526btnG%253D#search=%22tiger%20prey%20wolf%22">Wolf interactions with non-prey</a></i> (PDF). DigitalCommons @ University of Nebraska - Lincoln.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trousdale, A. (1989). Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf?. <i>Children's literature in Education</i>, 20(2), 69-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiel, R. P., Merrill, S., & Mech, L. D. (1998). Tolerance by denning wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance. <i>Canadian Field Naturalist</i>, 112, 340-342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Virányi, Z., Gácsi, M., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Belényi, B., Ujfalussy, D., & Miklósi, Á. (2008). Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). <i>Animal cognition</i>, 11(3), 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Creel, S., & Rotella, J. J. (2010). Meta-analysis of relationships between human offtake, total mortality and population dynamics of gray wolves (Canis lupus). <i>PloS one</i>, 5(9), e12918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heptner1998-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-0">12.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-1">12.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-2">12.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-3">12.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-4">12.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-5">12.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-6">12.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-7">12.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-8">12.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-9">12.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-10">12.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998_12-11">12.11</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Heptner, V.G. & Naumov, N.P. (1998). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. pp. 164–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech1974-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech1974_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech1974_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, D. L. (1974). "Canis lupus". <i>Mammalian Species</i>. 37 (37): 1–6. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L.D. (1970). <i>The Wolf: the Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species</i>. Natural History Press. p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited</i>. p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopezp18-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lopezp18_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lopezp18_16-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lopezp18_16-2">16.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lopezp18_16-3">16.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lopezp18_16-4">16.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited</i>. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, Luke & Barrett, Priscilla (2011). <i>A Field Guide to the Carnivores of the World</i>. New Holland Publishers. p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonald, D.W. (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. pp. 129-132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopez1978p23-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lopez1978p23_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). Of Wolves and Men. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech1314-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech1314_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech1314_21-1">21.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 13 - 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Therrien, F. O. (2005). "Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behaviour of extinct predators". <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. 267 (3): 249–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paquet2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Paquet2003_24-0">24.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Paquet2003_24-1">24.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Paquet2003_24-2">24.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Paquet, P. & Carbyn, L.W. (2003). "Gray wolf Canis lupus and allies". In Feldhamer, George A. & Chapman, J.A. (eds.). <i>Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation</i>. JHU Press. pp. 482–510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christiansen, Per; Wroe, Stephen (2007). "Bite Forces and Evolutionary Adaptations to Feeding Ecology in Carnivores". <i>Ecology</i>. 88 (2): 347–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 16-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lop1978p1920-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lop1978p1920_29-0">29.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lop1978p1920_29-1">29.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 19 - 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Earle, M (1987). "A flexible body mass in social carnivores". <i>American Naturalist</i>. 129 (5): 755–760.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorkin, Boris (2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators". <i>Lethaia</i>. 41 (4): 333–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1966). The Wolves of Isle Royale. <i>Fauna Series 7. Fauna of the National Parks of the United States</i>. p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mechboit201-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mechboit201_34-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mechboit201_34-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 109-110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newsome, Thomas M.; Boitani, Luigi; Chapron, Guillaume; Ciucci, Paolo; Dickman, Christopher R.; Dellinger, Justin A.; López-Bao, José V.; Peterson, Rolf O.; Shores, Carolyn R.; Wirsing, Aaron J.; Ripple, William J. (2016). "Food habits of the world's grey wolves". <i>Mammal Review</i>. 46 (4): 255. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hepter1998-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hepter1998_38-0">38.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hepter1998_38-1">38.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hepter1998_38-2">38.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hepter1998_38-3">38.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. pp. 213 - 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gable, T. D.; Windels, S. K.; Homkes, A. T. (2018). "Do wolves hunt freshwater fish in spring as a food source?". <i>Mammalian Biology</i>. 91: 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, Riley. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=86">Alaska's Salmon-Eating Wolves</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726132441/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=86">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年7月26號，.". <i>Wildlifenews.alaska.gov</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McAllister, I. (2007). <i>The Last Wild Wolves: Ghosts of the Rain Forest</i>. University of California Press. p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, T.K. (2019). "Ch3-What wolves eat". <i>Wolves: Spirit of the Wild</i>. Chartwell Crestline. p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, D. R. (1995). "The introduction, increase, and demise of wolves on Coronation Island, Alaska". In Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H., Seip, D. R. (eds.). <i>Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world</i>. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. pp. 275–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech2003119121-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003119121_46-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003119121_46-1">46.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 119 - 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nowak1983-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nowak1983_48-0">48.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nowak1983_48-1">48.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nowak1983_48-2">48.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nowak, Ronald M. & Paradiso, John L. (1983). <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i> (4th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 196 - 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graves200743-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves200743_51-0">51.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves200743_51-1">51.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves200743_51-2">51.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves200743_51-3">51.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Will (2007). <i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i>. Detselig Enterprises. p. 43 - 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 199 - 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 200 - 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 201 - 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 202 - 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Will (2007). <i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i>. Detselig Enterprises. p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimen19811718-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zimen19811718_57-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zimen19811718_57-1">57.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Zimen, Erik (1981). <i>The Wolf: His Place in the Natural World</i>. Souvenir Press. p. 217 - 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 54 - 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 122 - 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 2 - 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech2003121213-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003121213_64-0">64.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003121213_64-1">64.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 1 - 2, 12 - 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jedrzejewski2007-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jedrzejewski2007_65-0">65.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jedrzejewski2007_65-1">65.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Schmidt, K.; Theuerkauf, J. R.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Kowalczyk, R. (2007). "Territory size of wolves Canis lupus: Linking local (Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland) and Holarctic-scale patterns". <i>Ecography</i>. 30: 66–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. D. (1977). "Wolf-Pack Buffer Zones as Prey Reservoirs". <i>Science</i>. 198 (4314): 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech20031926-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech20031926_67-0">67.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech20031926_67-1">67.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 19 - 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, R. P.; Mech, L. D. (1975). "Scent-marking in wolves". <i>American Scientist</i>. 63 (6): 628–637.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, D.L.; Adams, L.G.; Meier, T.J.; Burch, J.W.; Dale, B.W. (2003). "Ch.8-The Denali Wolf-Prey System". <i>The Wolves of Denali</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Busch 2007, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopez19783941-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lopez19783941_73-0">73.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lopez19783941_73-1">73.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 39 - 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 266 - 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, Jim (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124173505/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1998/3/weavingwolfweb.cfm">Weaving A New Web: Wolves Change An Ecosystem</a>". <i>Smithsonian National Zoological Park</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giannatos G. (April 2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227175433/http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Action%20Plans/Greece%20Golden%20Jackal%20Action%20Plan%202004.pdf">Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece</a>" (PDF). <i>WWF Greece</i>. pp. 1–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 261 - 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 263 - 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunquist, Melvin E. & Sunquist, Fiona (2002). <i>Wild cats of the world</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yellowstonenationalpark.com/wolves.htm">Conservation Groups Challenge Bush Administration Wolf Killing Plan — "It's going to be open season on wolves," says Natural Resources Defense Council</a>". <i>Yellowstone National Park.com</i>. July 25, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 264 - 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grooms, Steve (2010). "Cougar Wolf Interactions: It's a Lot Like Cats and Dogs". <i>International Wolf</i>. 20 (2): 8–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, R. (1964). <i>The World of the Tiger</i>. Cassell & Company. p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heptner, V.G. & Sludskii, A.A. (1992). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats)</i>, Volume 2. BRILL. pp. 313, 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miquelle, D.G., Stephens, P.A., Smirnov, E.N., Goodrich, J.M., Zaumyslova, O.Yu. & Myslenkov, A.I. (2005). "Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy and Conservation Implications". In Ray, J.C., Berger, J., Redford, K.H. & Steneck, R. (eds.). <i>Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity</i>. Island Press. pp. 179–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monchot, H. & Mashkour, H. (2010). "Hyenas around the cities. The case of Kaftarkhoun (Kashan- Iran)". <i>Journal of Taphonomy</i>. 8 (1): 17–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan. <i>IUCN</i>. pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nayak, S.; Shah, S.; Borah, J. (2015). "Going for the kill: an observation of wolf-hyaena interaction in Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India". <i>Canid Biology & Conservation</i>. 18 (7): 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dinets, Vladimir; Eligulashvili, Beniamin (2016). "Striped Hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) packs: Cooperation, commensalism or singular aberration?". <i>Zoology in the Middle East</i>. 62: 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrit, Dixon (January 7, 1921). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/news/Historic/NewsReleases/1921/19210103.pdf">World's Greatest Animal Dead</a>" (PDF). <i>US Department of Agriculture Division of Publications</i>. p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heptner1998248-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998248_94-0">94.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998248_94-1">94.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-heptner1998248_94-2">94.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. pp. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech23-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech23_95-0">95.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech23_95-1">95.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 2 - 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). <i>Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity</i>. St. Martin's Press. p. 436 - 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. p. 234 - 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech20034246-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech20034246_101-0">101.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech20034246_101-1">101.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 42 - 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. p. 249 - 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 46 - 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, M.W. (1978). <i>The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior</i>. Garland STPM. p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech208-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-0">105.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-1">105.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-2">105.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-3">105.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-4">105.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-5">105.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-6">105.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech208_105-7">105.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 208 - 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graves20077795-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves20077795_106-0">106.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves20077795_106-1">106.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves20077795_106-2">106.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-graves20077795_106-3">106.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Will (2007). <i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i>. Detselig Enterprises. p. 77 - 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech211-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech211_107-0">107.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech211_107-1">107.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech211_107-2">107.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech211_107-3">107.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 211 - 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech202028-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mech202028_108-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 202 - 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319050632/http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/er/publications/pdfs/wolf_impact.pdf">Effects of Wolves and Other Predators on Farms in Wisconsin: Beyond Verified Losses</a>" (PDF). <i>Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubey, J. P.; Jenkins, M. C.; Rajendran, C.; Miska, K.; Ferreira, L. R.; Martins, J.; Kwok, O. C. H.; Choudhary, S. (2011). "Gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a natural definitive host for Neospora caninum". <i>Veterinary Parasitology</i>. 181 (2–4): 382–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wozencraft, C. W. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reader, D. M. (eds.). <i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 1 (3rd ed.)</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff H, Gates CC, Mariani S, et al. (2007). "Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou". <i>Mol. Ecol</i>. 16 (19): 4149–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schweizer2016-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-schweizer2016_113-0">113.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-schweizer2016_113-1">113.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-schweizer2016_113-2">113.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Schweizer, Rena M.; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Harrigan, Ryan; Knowles, James C.; Musiani, Marco; Coltman, David; Novembre, John; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Genetic subdivision and candidate genes under selection in North American grey wolves". <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. 25 (1): 380–402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geffen, ELI; Anderson, Marti J.; Wayne, Robert K. (2004). "Climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf". <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. 13 (8): 2481–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pilot, Malgorzata; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz; Branicki, Wojciech; Sidorovich, Vadim E.; Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Stachura, Krystyna; Funk, Stephan M. (2006). "Ecological factors influence population genetic structure of European grey wolves". <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. 15 (14): 4533–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flower, Lucy O.H.; Schreve, Danielle C. (2014). "An investigation of palaeodietary variability in European Pleistocene canids". <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. 96: 188–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, Jennifer (2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/open/v16n06/eear2913.pdf">Ecology drives evolution in grey wolves</a>" (PDF). <i>Evolution Ecology Research</i>. 16: 461–473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stronen, Astrid V.; Jä™Drzejewska, Bogumiå'a; Pertoldi, Cino; Demontis, Ditte; Randi, Ettore; Niedziaå'Kowska, Magdalena; Pilot, MaÅ'Gorzata; Sidorovich, Vadim E.; Dykyy, Ihor; Kusak, Josip; Tsingarska, Elena; Kojola, Ilpo; Karamanlidis, Alexandros A.; Ornicans, Aivars; Lobkov, Vladimir A.; Dumenko, Vitalii; Czarnomska, Sylwia D. (2013). "North-South Differentiation and a Region of High Diversity in European Wolves (Canis lupus)". <i>PLOS ONE. 8</i>, (10). e76454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schweizer, Rena M.; Robinson, Jacqueline; Harrigan, Ryan; Silva, Pedro; Galverni, Marco; Musiani, Marco; Green, Richard E.; Novembre, John; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Targeted capture and resequencing of 1040 genes reveal environmentally driven functional variation in grey wolves". <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. 25 (1): 357–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. (2018). "Paleogenomic Inferences of Dog Domestication". In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds.). <i>Paleogenomics. Population Genomics</i>. Springer, Cham. pp. 273–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Freedman, Adam H.; Gronau, Ilan; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego; Han, Eunjung; et al. (2014). "Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs". <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. 10 (1). e1004016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Skoglund, Pontus; Ersmark, Erik; Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love (2015). "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds". <i>Current Biology</i>. 25 (11): 1515–1519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue, Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves". <i>Genome Research</i>. 26 (2): 163–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koblmüller, Stephan; Vilà, Carles; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Dabad, Marc; Ramirez, Oscar; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2016). "Whole mitochondrial genomes illuminate ancient intercontinental dispersals of grey wolves (Canis lupus)". <i>Journal of Biogeography</i>. 43 (9): 1728–1738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne, R. (1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". <i>Trends in Genetics</i>. 9 (6): 218–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne, R. K.; Benvenista, R. E.; Janczewski, D. N.; O'Brien, S. J. (1989). "17-Molecular and biomechanical evolution of the Carnivora". In Gittleman, J. L. (ed.). <i>Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution</i>. Springer. pp. 477–478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vila, C.; Leonard, J. (2012). "1-Canid Phylogeny and the Origin of the Domestic Dog". In Ostrander, E. A.; Ruvinski, A. (eds.). <i>Genetics of the Dog</i> (2 ed.). CABI. p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne, R. & Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). "Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog". <i>BioEssays</i>. 21 (3): 247–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gopalakrishan, Shyam; Vieira, Filipe G.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Raundrup, Katrine; Heide Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Meldgaard, Morten; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Mikkelsen, Johan Brus; Marquard-Petersen, Ulf; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Dalén, Love; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018). "Population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in North America". <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. 14 (11): e1007745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Carøe, Christian; Montero, Marc de Manuel; Kuderna, Lukas; Serres, Aitor; González-Basallote, Víctor Manuel; Liu, Yan-Hu; Wang, Guo-Dong; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Mirarab, Siavash; Fernandes, Carlos; Gaubert, Philippe; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Budd, Jane; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018). "Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis". <i>Current Biology</i>. 28 (21): 3441–3449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, T. M.; Vonholdt, B. M.; Candille, S. I.; Musiani, M.; Greco, C.; Stahler, D. R.; Smith, D. W.; Padhukasahasram, B.; Randi, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Ostrander, E. A.; Tang, H.; Wayne, R. K.; Barsh, G. S. (2009). "Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves". <i>Science</i>. 323 (5919): 1339–1343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iacolina, Laura; Scandura, Massimo; Gazzola, Andrea; Cappai, Nadia; Capitani, Claudia; Mattioli, Luca; Vercillo, Francesca; Apollonio, Marco (2010). "Y-chromosome microsatellite variation in Italian wolves: A contribution to the study of wolf-dog hybridization patterns". <i>Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde</i>. 75 (4): 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caucasusdogs-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-caucasusdogs_133-0">133.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-caucasusdogs_133-1">133.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopaliani, N.; Shakarashvili, M.; Gurielidze, Z.; Qurkhuli, T.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2014). "Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)". <i>Journal of Heredity</i>. 105 (3): 345–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moura, A. E.; Tsingarska, E.; Dąbrowski, M. J.; Czarnomska, S. D.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Pilot, M. G. (2013). "Unregulated hunting and genetic recovery from a severe population decline: The cautionary case of Bulgarian wolves". <i>Conservation Genetics</i>. 15 (2): 405–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech321324-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech321324_135-0">135.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech321324_135-1">135.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech321324_135-2">135.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 321–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet-region2-rev.pdf">Wolf Recovery under the Endangered Species Act</a>" (PDF). <i>US Fish and Wildlife Service</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/es/species/mammals/wolf/2016/FINAL_NRM%20summary%20-%202015.pdf">Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Program 2015 Interagency Annual Report</a>" (PDF). <i>US Fish and Wildlife Service</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/02062/FINAL_2018%20WDFW_WOLF_REPORT_11April2019.pdf">Washington Gray Wolf Conservation and Management 2018 Annual Report</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E5%92%97%E6%95%88%E5%98%85%E9%8F%88" title="Wikipedia:失咗效嘅鏈"><span title=" since 十月 2019">失咗效嘅鏈</span></a></i>]</span></sup>" (PDF). <i>Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=171100&inline">Wolf Management Update California Department of Fish and Wildlife April - June 2019</a>". <i>California Department of Fish and Wildlife</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nie, M. A. (2003). <i>Beyond Wolves: The Politics of Wolf Recovery and Management</i>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heffelfinger, James R; Nowak, Ronald M; Paetkau, David (2017). "Clarifying historical range to aid recovery of the Mexican wolf". <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. 81 (5): 766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/europe-great-place-be-large-meat-eater-180953664/?no-ist">Europe is a Great Place to be a Large Meat-Eater</a>". <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/carnivores/conservation_status.htm">Status of large carnivore populations in Europe 2012-2016</a>". <i>European Commission</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldthorpe, G. (April 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310327160_The_wolf_in_Eurasia_-_a_regional_approach_to_the_conservation_and_management_of_a_top-predator_in_Central_Asia_and_the_South_Caucasus">The wolf in Eurasia - a regional approach to the conservation and management of a top-predator in Central Asia and the South Caucasus</a>". <i>Fauna & Flora International</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolvesandhumans.org/pdf-documents/Wolves%20in%20Russia.pdf">The Wolf in Russia - situations and problems</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070923194508/http://www.wolvesandhumans.org/pdf-documents/Wolves%20in%20Russia.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2007年9月23號，." (PDF). <i>Wolves and Humans Foundation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech2003137-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003137_146-0">146.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003137_146-1">146.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003137_146-2">146.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Şekercioğlu, Çağan (December 15, 2013). "Turkey's Wolves Are Texting Their Travels to Scientists".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-and-nature-of-turkey/wolves-in-turkey/">Wolves in Turkey</a>". <i>iberianature.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Busch, R. H. (2007). <i>Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World (3 ed.)</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech2003328-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003328_150-0">150.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003328_150-1">150.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin, Garry (2012). <i>Wolf</i>. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek, Rudolf (2007). <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. translated by Angela Hall. D.S. Brewer. p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin, Garry (2012). <i>Wolf</i>. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, John (1997). "On the Extinction of the Japanese Wolf". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. Nanzan University. 56 (1): 129–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin, Garry (2012). <i>Wolf</i>. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin, Garry (2012). <i>Wolf</i>. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brosch, Noah (2008). <i>Sirius Matters</i>. Springer. p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《九歌·東君》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《江城子．密州出獵》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin, Garry (2012). <i>Wolf</i>. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 38 - 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bright, Michael (2006). <i>Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible</i>. pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin, Garry (2012). <i>Wolf</i>. Reaktion Books Ldt. p. 64 - 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Will (2007). <i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i>. Detselig Enterprises. p. 21, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassidy, K, DW Smith, LD Mech, DR MacNulty, DR Stahler, MC Metz (2006). "Territoriality and interpack aggression in wolves: Shaping a social carnivore's life history. Rudyard Kipling's Law of the Jungle Meets Yellowstone's Law of the Mountains". <i>Yellowstone Science</i>. 24 (1): 37–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kipling, R. (2016). <i>The jungle book</i>. Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/NobleWolf">Noble Wolf</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195531/https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/NobleWolf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年8月25號，.. <i>TV Tropes</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Creel, S., Fox, J.E., Hardy, A., Sands, J., Garrott, B., & Peterson, R.O. (2002). "Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk". <i>Conservation Biology</i>. 16 (3): 809–814.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mech2003305-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003305_174-0">174.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003305_174-1">174.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003305_174-2">174.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003305_174-3">174.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mech2003305_174-4">174.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanak, A.T., Dickman, C.R., Silva-Rodriguez, E.A., Butler, J.R.A., Ritchie, E.G. (2014). "Top-dogs and under-dogs: competition between dogs and sympatric carnivores". In Gompper, M.E. (ed.). <i>Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lescureux2014-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lescureux2014_178-0">178.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lescureux2014_178-1">178.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lescureux2014_178-2">178.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D.C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) in a conservation context". <i>Biological Conservation</i>. 171: 232–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boitani, L. (1983). "Wolf and dog competition in Italy". <i>Acta Zoologica Fennica</i> (174): 259–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisconsin-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wisconsin_180-0">180.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wisconsin_180-1">180.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wisconsin_180-2">180.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Backeryd, J. (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/inst/ekol/forskning/projekt/skandulv/publikationer/studentarbeten/backeryd-2007-wolf-attacks-on-dogs-in-scandinavia-1995-2005.pdf">Wolf attacks on dogs in Scandinavia 19952005 – Will wolves in Scandinavia go extinct if dog owners are allowed to kill a wolf attacking a dog?</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717212002/https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/inst/ekol/forskning/projekt/skandulv/publikationer/studentarbeten/backeryd-2007-wolf-attacks-on-dogs-in-scandinavia-1995-2005.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年7月17號，." (PDF). <i>Examensarbete</i>, Institutionen för ekologi, Grimsö forskningsstation. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shivik, John A. (2006). "Tools for the Edge: What's New for Conserving Carnivores". <i>BioScience</i>. 56 (3): 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mertens, A., Schneider, H., 2005. What is wrong with Romanian livestock guarding dogs? A discussion. Carnivore Damage Prevent. <i>News 9</i>: 9–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Espuno, Nathalie; Lequette, Benoit; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Migot, Pierre; Lebreton, Jean-Dominique (2004). "Heterogeneous response to preventive sheep husbandry during wolf recolonization of the French Alps". <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i>. 32 (4): 1195–1208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linnell2002-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-linnell2002_184-0">184.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-linnell2002_184-1">184.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-linnell2002_184-2">184.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-linnell2002_184-3">184.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-linnell2002_184-4">184.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-linnell2002_184-5">184.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Linnell, J. D. C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/634986149343022620_Linnell%20NINA%20OP%20731%20Fear%20of%20wolves%20eng.pdf">The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans</a> (PDF). <i>Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (NINA)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 300 - 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, T. (1909). <i>Hunting the grisly and other sketches; an account of the big game of the United States and its chase with horse, hound, and rifle</i>. G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 179–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Will (2007). <i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i>. Detselig Enterprises. p. 121 - 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, P. & Weide, B. (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094049/http://writetochangetheworld.wikispaces.com/file/view/CanYouTurnAWolfIntoADog.pdf">Can You Turn a Wolf into a Dog</a>" (PDF). <i>Wild Sentry</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2></div> <ul><li>Apollonio, Marco; Mattioli, Luca (2006). <i>Il Lupo in Provincia di Arezzo</i> (in Italian). Editrice Le Balze. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9788875391232" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88-7539-123-2</a>.</li> <li>Bibikov, D. I. (1985). "<i>Volk: Proiskhozhdenie, sistematika, morfologia, ekologia [The Wolf: History, Systematics, Morphology and Ecology]</i>" (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow, USSR. ASIN B001A1TKK4.</li> <li>Coleman, Jon T. (2006). <i>Vicious: Wolves and Men in America</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780300119725" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-11972-5</a>.</li> <li>Dutcher, Jim; Dutcher, Jamie (2003). <i>Wolves at Our Door: The Extraordinary Story of the Couple Who Lived with Wolves</i>. William Andrew. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780743400497" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7434-0049-7</a>.</li> <li>Fischer, Hank (1995). <i>Wolf Wars</i>. Falcon. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781560443520" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-56044-352-0</a>.</li> <li>Fuller, Todd K. (2004). <i>Wolves of the World</i>. Voyageur Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780896586406" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-89658-640-6</a>.</li> <li>Graves, Will (2007). <i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i>. Detselig Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781550593327" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-55059-332-7</a>.</li> <li>Grooms, Steve (1999). <i>Return of the Wolf</i>. Northword Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781559717175" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-55971-717-5</a>.</li> <li>Hampton, Bruce (1997). <i>The Great American Wolf</i>. Holt Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780805055283" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8050-5528-3</a>.</li> <li>Harrington, Fred H.; Paquet, Paul C. (1982). <i>Wolves of the world: perspectives of behavior, ecology, and conservation</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780815509059" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8155-0905-9</a>.</li> <li>Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781886106819" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-886106-81-9</a>.'</li> <li>Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <i>Of Wolves and Men</i>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780743249362" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7432-4936-2</a>.</li> <li>Marvin, Garry (2012). <i>Wolf</i>. Reaktion Books Ldt. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781861898791" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-86189-879-1</a>.</li> <li>McIntyre, Rick (1996). <i>A Society of Wolves: National Parks and the Battle over the Wolf</i>. Voyageur Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780896583252" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-89658-325-2</a>.</li> <li>McNamee, Thomas (1998). <i>The Return of the Wolf to Yellowstone</i>. Holt Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780805057928" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8050-5792-8</a>.</li> <li>Mech, L. David (1966). <i>Wolves of Isle Royale</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior, Park Service.</li> <li>Mech, L. David (1981). <i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780816610266" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8166-1026-6</a>.</li> <li>Mech, L. David (1993). <i>The Way of the Wolf</i>. Voyageur Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780896581791" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-89658-179-1</a>.</li> <li>Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780226516967" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7</a>.</li> <li>Murie, Adolph (1944). <i>Wolves of Mount McKinley</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior, Park Service.</li> <li>Musiani, Marco; Boitani, Luigi; Paquet, Paul C. (2010). <i>The World of Wolves: New Perspectives on Ecology, Behaviour, and Management</i>. University of Calgary Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781552382691" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-55238-269-1</a>.</li> <li>Nie, Martin (2003). <i>Beyond Wolves: The Politics of Wolf Recovery and Management</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780300119725" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-11972-5</a>.</li> <li>Peterson, Rolf Olin (1977). <i>Wolf Ecology and Prey Relationships on Isle Royale</i>. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series.</li> <li>Weaver, John (1978). <i>Wolves of Yellowstone</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior, Park Service.</li> <li>Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). <i>The Wolves of North America, Part I</i>. New York, Dover Publications, Inc.</li> <li>Zimen, Erik (1981). <i>The Wolf: His Place in the Natural World</i>. Souvenir Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780285624115" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-285-62411-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canis_lupus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canis lupus"><span style="">Canis lupus</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="維基物種">維基物種</a>有資料講：<i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canis lupus">Canis lupus</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%8C%84" title="維基語錄">維基語錄</a>收錄咗同呢篇文相關嘅摘錄： <b><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/q:Wolf" class="extiw" title="zh:q:Wolf">Wolf</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiawolfcenter.org/">California Wolf Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolf.org/">The International Wolf Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/livingwithwildlife/pdfs/wolf_safety_brochure.pdf">Staying Safe in Wolf Country</a>, Alaska Department of Fish and Game. (January 2009).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukwct.org.uk/">UK Wolf Conservation Trust</a>.</li> <li>Watch <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/Death_of_a_Legend/"><i>Death of a Legend</i></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/cry_of_the_wild/"><i>Cry of the Wild</i></a>.</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=狼&oldid=1341620">https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=狼&oldid=1341620</a>」收</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Special:分類">屬於1類</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%8B%BC" title="Category:狼">狼</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">屬於5隱類：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A8%A1%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8%E5%98%85%E7%89%88%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:模用重複參數嘅版面">模用重複參數嘅版面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1wayback%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="Category:Webarchive模wayback連結">Webarchive模wayback連結</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%8F%88%E5%98%85%E9%A0%81" title="Category:有失效鏈嘅頁">有失效鏈嘅頁</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89hAudio%E5%BE%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%98%85%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="Category:有hAudio微格式嘅文章">有hAudio微格式嘅文章</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%A8%E7%B7%8AISBN%E9%AD%94%E8%A1%93%E9%8F%88%E5%98%85%E7%89%88" title="Category:用緊ISBN魔術鏈嘅版">用緊ISBN魔術鏈嘅版</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 呢版上次改係2019年10月29號 (禮拜二) 12:38 嘅事。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="plainlinks">呢版嘅呢個版本已經<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%E9%A0%81%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:頁歷史 (無呢版)">修訂過</a>。<br />除咗標準編輯，個修訂嘅呢個版本亦可能會有<br />真實性錯誤、破壞、或者同<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GNU%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%89%8C%E7%85%A7%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Wikipedia:GNU自由文件牌照文字">GNU自由文件牌照文字</a>唔相容嘅情況。<br /></span></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">私隱政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC">關於維基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%AC%E8%81%B2%E6%98%8E">免責聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行為準則</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">開發人員</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh-yue.wikipedia.org">統計</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&diff=prev&oldid=1341620&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手提版</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kmnzc","wgBackendResponseTime":1291,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.689","walltime":"0.979","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4485,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":19054,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2115,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":125192,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 535.476 1 -total"," 22.08% 118.214 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.95% 47.902 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.92% 42.401 3 Template:Side_box"," 7.79% 41.715 1 Template:Listen"," 7.76% 41.538 1 Template:Sister_project"," 6.49% 34.751 1 Template:Deadlink"," 5.47% 29.293 1 Template:Multiple_image"," 5.19% 27.776 1 Template:Fix"," 4.60% 24.622 1 Template:Jpingauto"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.067","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1532938,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kmnzc","timestamp":"20241124115537","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u72fc","url":"https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%8B%BC","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18498","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18498","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-04-20T05:39:37Z","dateModified":"2019-10-29T12:38:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5a\/Canis_lupus_265b.jpg","headline":"\u72ac\u79d1\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u55ba\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u5730\u5340\u751f\u6d3b"}</script> </body> </html>